Lecture 1-Foundation of Engineering Economy - UQU
Lecture 1-Foundation of Engineering Economy - UQU
Lecture 1-Foundation of Engineering Economy - UQU
Lecture 1
Foundation of Engineering
Economy
Associate Professor. Mohamed El Ashhab
ﻣﺣﻣﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺩ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺏ.ﺩ
Economy Vs Accounting
Engineering
Accounting
Economy
‐ve +ve
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Economy Vs Accounting
Evaluating past performance Evaluating and predicting future events
Past Future
Present
Problem
200 $/Month
60 minutes A
100 $/Month
B
30 minutes
A – Short distance
B – Short Time
Evaluation Criteria
A – Safety
B – Money (Cost)
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1.1 What is Engineering Economy?
Engineering economy is a collection of
techniques that simplify comparison of
alternatives on an economic basis.
1.2 Performing an EE. Study
• Time Value of Money: is the principle that the
purchasing power of money can vary over
time; it is the most important concept in
Engineering Economy.
• The value of money at a future point in time
might be calculated by accounting for interest
earned or inflation accrued.
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1.2 Performing an EE. Study
• Alternatives: An alternative is a standalone
solution for a given situation.
• Cash Flows: The estimated Inflow (Revenues) and
Outflows (Costs) of money are called cash flows.
• Alternative Selection: Every situation has at least
two alternatives. In addition to the one or more
formulated alternatives, there is always the
alternative of inaction, called the Do Nothing
(DN) alternative.
1.2 Performing an EE. Study
• Evaluation Criteria: Whether we are aware of it
or not, we use criteria every day to choose
between alternative. For example, when you
drive to the faculty, you decide to take the “best”
route. But how did you define best? Was the best
route the safest, shortest, fastest or cheapest?
• Intangible Factors: In many cases, alternatives
have noneconomic or intangible factors that are
difficult to quantify; goodwill, convenience, and
friendship.
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Evaluation Criteria
Forging workshop Flower shop
1000 $/Month 900 $/Month
Money Tangible Factors
Convenience Intangible Factors
Evaluation Criteria
Project A Project B
106 206
100 200
Interest Rate A = 6 / 100 = 6 % Interest Rate B = 6 / 200 = 3 %
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1.3 Interest Rate, and Rate of Return
• Interest = end amount – original amount
• Interest rate is interest over specified time period
based on original amount
• Interest rate (%) = (interest accrued per time unit
/original amount) x 100%
• Example: End amount = 112 $ and original
amount = 100 $ then,
• Interest = 112 – 100 = 12 $
• Interest rate (%) = (12 /100) x 100% = 12%
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Situation 1
Project A Project B
Interest Rate A = 10 % Interest Rate B = 5 %
One Month One Month
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1.3 Interest Rate, and Rate of Return
• Interest period: The time unit of the interest
rate is called interest period. By far the most
common interest period used to state an
interest rate is 1 year. Shorter time periods
can be used, such as 1% per month.
• The term interest rate is more appropriate for
the borrower’s perspective, while Rate of
return is better from the investor’s
perspective.
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Situation 2
Project A Project B
Interest Rate = ?
ROR = ? ROI = ?
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1.3 Interest Rate, and Rate of Return
• Interest rate and rate of return (ROR) have
same numeric value, but different
interpretations
• The term Return on Investment (ROI) is used
equivalently with Rate of Return (ROR) in
different industries.
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1.4 Equivalence
• If the interest rate is 6% per year $ 100 today
(present time) is equivalent to $ 106 one year
from today. Amount in one year = 100 + 100
(0.6) = 100 (1+0.6) = $106
Interest Rate = 6% per year
‐1 0 1
106 One year
94.34 Last year from now
100 Now
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1.5 Interest Rates
• Interest rate are classified into:
1. Simple interest rate
2. Compound interest rate
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Example (Simple)
Price = 105,000 SR
Price after discount = 100,000 SR
Number of years = 2 years = 5 years
Interest rate = 10 %
100,000 Interest amount / year = 100,000 * 10% = 10,000 $/year
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Mistake
100 80 58
1 2 3
58 + 5.8 = 63.8
110 88 63.8
‐30 ‐30 ‐30
80 58 33.8
33.8 7.18
4 5
33.8 + 3.38 = 37.18 7.18+ 0.718 = 7.898
37.18 7.898
‐30 ‐30
7.18 ‐22
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Simple Interest
• Simple interest is always based on the original
amount, which is also called the principal
– Interest per period = (principal) x (interest rate)
– Total interest =
(principal) x (interest rate) x (n periods)
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Simple Interest Example
Example:
• Invest $1000 at 5% per year
Solution:
• Interest, year 1 = 1000 (0.05) = $50
• Interest, year 2 = 1000 (0.05) = $50
• Interest, year 3 = 1000 (0.05) = $50
• Interest over 3 years = 1000 * 0.05 * 3 = $150
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Simple Interest Computation
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Compound interest
• Compound interest is based on the principal
plus all accrued interest
• Interest per period = (principal + accrued
interest) x (interest rate)
• Total interest = (principal) x (1 + i)n – principal
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Compound Interest Example
• Example: Invest $1000 at 5% per year compounded
• Interest, year 1 = 1000 (0.05) = $50
• Total amount due after year 1 = 1000+50 = 1050
• Interest, year 2 = 1050 (0.05) = $52.50
• Total amount due after year 2 = 1050+52.50 = 1102.50
• Interest, year 3 = 1102.50 (0.05) = $55.13
• Total amount due after year 3 = 1102.50 +55.13=
1157.63
• Interest over 3 years = 1157.63–1000 = $157.63
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Compound Interest Computation
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Simple and Compound Difference
• An extra of = 1157.63– 1150 = $7.63 is paid
compared to simple interest over the three‐
years period
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1.6 Terminology and Symbols
• P = Value of amount of money at a time
designated as the present or time zero. Also, P
is referred to as Present worth (PW), Present
Value (PV ).
• F = Value of amount of money at some future
time. Also F is called Future Worth (FW) and
Future Value (FV).
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1.6 Terminology and Symbols
• A = Series of consecutive, equal end‐of‐period amounts
of money. Also, A is called the Annual Worth (AW);
dollars per year, dollars per month.
• N = number of interest periods; year, months, days.
• i = interest rate or Rate of Return per time period;
percent per year, percent per month, percent per day.
• t = Time, stated in periods; years, months, days.
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Terminology Example
• Example
Borrow $5,000 today and repay annually for 10 years
starting next year at 5% per year compounded.
Identify all symbols.
• Solution
P = $5,000, n = 10 years, and i = 5% per year
Find: A = ? per year
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1.7 Cash Flows
• Cash flows are Inflows and Outflows of money.
• Samples of cash inflow estimates:
– Revenues (from sales and contracts)
– Operating cost reductions (resulting from an alternative)
– Salvage value
• Samples of cash outflows estimates:
– First cost of assets
– Engineering design cost
– Operating costs
• End‐of‐period convention: all cash flows occur at the
end of an interest period
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Cash Flow Time Scale
• Cash flow diagram t = 0 is the present, and time t = 1 is
the end of time period 1.
• We assume that the periods are in years for now.
• The time scale for this example is set up for 5 years.
• Since the end of year convention places cash flows at
the ends of years, the “1” marks the end of year 1.
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Example of Positive and Negative CF
• A vertical arrow pointing up indicates a
positive cash flow. Conversely, an arrow
pointing down indicates a negative cash flow.
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