REVIEW 2

SUBJECT- INTRODUCTION TO INNOVATIVE PROJECTS (IIP)

SUBJECT CODE - PHY1901
SUBJECT FACULTY - Dr. Vigneshwaran Swaminathan

DOCUMENTED BY
- ADARSH PRASAD (20BCE1519)
- PRIYANSHU SINGH (20BCE1397)
- ATTHUNURI RAJESHREDDY (20BCE1658)
- MANIGANDAN R (20BCE1223)
- PRAFUL MITTAL (20BCE1557)
- MELVIN MATHEW JOHNCY (20BCE1564)
- PRANVAT SINGH (20BCE1645)

ABOUT OUR TOPIC

USE OF ROBOTS IN THE MEDICAL INDUSTRY

Due to the growth of knowledge in Artificial Intelligence as well as InternetOfThings

(IoT), the use of robots in factories has increased significantly. Majority of vehicle
manufacturers are investing heavily in programmable robots. They decrease the
room for error marginally and are worth every penny.

Similarly, the work of robots is being encouraged in the medical field. Some surgical
exercises were carried out by engineers and doctors a few months ago. In the
experiment, they performed a small surgery on a grape by just removing its upper
epidermal layer. Such an intricate work was successfully carried out by the robot.

This exercise gave ideas to everyone who was interested in investing into robots for
medical purposes. Be it for making/manufacturing medicine or performing several
surgical movements, the use of robots along with Artificial Intelligence in the medical
industry is one promising premise.
Screenshots of the deciding and meeting process:

Debating on each other topics:

Shortlisting the topics:

Dividing the work among ouselves:

Our team conducted several Google Meets to decide on which member will
work on which aspect of the project. The above screenshots show the
decision making process. Via screen sharing, the workload was divided and
noted down to make the work distinction easy.
After that, we had a physical meeting to discuss the selected topic where we
went through a brainstorming process to give various solutions on the use of
robots in the medical industry.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

The project “Use of robots in medical industry “ states the higher importance and
greater value robotics blended with the high research and innovation in simultaneous
areas of Artificial Intelligence and InternetOfThings will have in the increasing and
much needed area of medical industry.The stakeholders of this critical project
include the engineers working on this everyday growing robotic chain industry along
with crucial tie-ups with private sector hospitals and government to ensure this
technology can be accessed by anyone and no medical patient would have to travel
long distances to avail or look upon good doctors who are usually based in metro
cities.
The significance of this remains in the fact that many countries in the world including
India does not have the required amount of doctors on a average population basis as
set up by the World Health Organisation so the usage of robotics will cure this
problem.The need for this work is because it reduces human error and also
negligence by doctors or medical staff which leads to huge losses in terms of money
and life .In India alone medical errors have occurred on an increasing basis
especially in remote areas. The customer which is in this case is the medical patient
will hugely benefit from this as he can avail the best of facilities near his
home.Although high cost and lack of people’s trust in this new infrastructure will be
there in the initial stages but as time passes it will be a crucial part in medical
hospitals which in long term also will raise the health standards of the people due to
timely and appropriate treatment.
 MODEL USED FOR OUR PROBLEM-

Walla’s four-stage process has played main role in our project. It's simple and
insightful approach will help us gain more ideas on implementing our project
Idea. The 4 stages are discussed below: -

1.Preparation:

This is where we have collected all the details regarding our project.

For this part of the process, we are seeking to understand what the problem
is, what kind of design freedom is available and what constraints have been
placed on the solution. With that understanding, we begin exploring concepts
trying to work out a reasonable solution.

2.Incubation:

This is the part of the process where we have to stop consciously thinking
about the problem. For us, this most often comes when we switch to working
on another project, when we are walking to and from work, or while we are
sleeping. Planning for incubation to be part of our work is important.

3.Illumination:

Some designers, especially those in the past, unduly over emphasise that
flash of genius where a solution came to them without much work. We believe
that those moments happen, but not without a lot of work. That work happens
in the preparation stage. Thomas Edison is attributed with saying that genius
is 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration, Spencer Kimball added that
perspiration must precede inspiration. Both of these match Wallas’s model.
Most of the time, the ideas that come to us end up working well. Other times
the problems require further incubation, preparation, or even abandonment.
4.Verification:

This part of the process exactly where we gain experience :

Verification is the stage where “both the validity of the idea is tested, and the
idea itself is reduced to exact form.”This will often help in testing robots and by
creating detailed sketches and solid CAD models. Verification also often
includes some sort of mathematical calculation to prove the suitability of our
idea. Furthermore creating various scenarios for the robot to be tested in
along with different environments (changing the cooling,heating,etc)
Performing surgery on non living objects to check the accuracy will also come
under this stage of Walla’s model.

Conclusion:

Although we have many prescriptive design processes in engineering, we

were drawn to the notion of the ‘natural’ thought process, which brought us to
use Wallas’s natural process. We can also use the notion of incubation to plan
out how to use our time and avoid cramming or just sitting down and doing a
tough project all at once, where there is no time for incubation.

BRAINSTORMING POINTS

Medical field using robotics:

1. Neurological

Brain surgery involves accessing a buried target surrounded by delicate

tissue, a task that benefits from the ability for robots to make precise and
accurate motions based on medical images.

2. Orthopaedics

The benefit of robot assistance in orthopaedics is accurate and precise bone

resection. Through good bone resection, robotic systems can improve
alignment of implant with bone and increase the contact area between implant
and bone, both of which may improve functional outcomes and implant
longevity. Orthopaedic robots have so far targeted the hip and knee for
replacements or resurfacing.
3. General Laparoscopy

Robot assistance for soft-tissue surgery was first done in 1988 using an
industrial robot to actively remove soft tissue during transurethral resection of
the prostate.

4. Emergency response

Few medical robot systems are suitable for use outside of the operating room,
despite significant research funding on medical devices for disaster response
and battlefield medicine. Typical goals for such research include improved
extraction of patients from dangerous environments, rapid diagnosis of
injuries, and semiautonomous delivery of life-saving interventions.

5. Radiosurgery

The CyberKnife is a frameless radiosurgery system consisting of a robotic arm

holding a linear accelerator, a six degree of freedom robotic patient table
called the RoboCouch, and an X-ray imaging system are being used in
radio-surgeries.

Other medical fields that are using robots are Prosthetics and Exoskeletons,
Assistive and Rehabilitation systems, Vascular systems.

Advantages –

1. Smaller incisions and less trauma in surgeries

The nature of robotic surgery is less invasive, which means the patient
experiences less pain and quicker recovery time. The arms that are used by
robots are often operated by air pressure, powered by compressed air and
electricity to control the operation. The ‘hands’ of each arm, which hold each
of the necessary surgical tools, are also smaller than human hands, which
eliminates the need for large incisions. The surgeon remains in the operating
room throughout the procedure. Thus, the team that operates also monitors
the patient during operations.

2. Reduce surgeons fatigue

Surgeries, especially ones that take multiple hours, are exhausting for the
attending surgeon. The team is on their feet for hours at a time, completing
the surgery and attending to the patient. Surgery robots allow the surgeon to
feel at ease while operating while overlooking the operation. This could help
keep surgeons by preventing fatigue-related errors and reducing the potential
for medical malpractice/errors.

3. Higher Surgical Accuracy-

Some surgeries like from orthopaedic operations to neurological procedures

often require a high degree of accuracy. One slip of the scalpel or misplaced
set of forceps can cause damage or even result in the death of the patient.
Surgical robots are not susceptible to the shaking or other strain-related
movements. Each robotic hand can rotate 360 degrees multiple times,
something that human hands can’t do. This increases their range of motion,
which is an improvement over traditional laparoscopic tools as they are
straight and unable to bend so they are harder to manipulate. High quality
camera sensors provide a clear view of the operation progress in real time.

Disadvantages-

1. Increased cost of treatment-

The increased cost of treatment is also one of the disadvantages of medical

technology.

Mostly all the treatments and surgeries through technology are very costly, like
robotic surgery, and other kinds of technological machinery surgeries are very
costly.

Most of the patients belong to rural areas and are poor. For poor patients, it’s
impossible to pay for such costly surgeries.

Technology increased health care but also increased the cost of treatment,
which is impossible for the patients to pay.

2. Lack of Information of patients-

Since the majority of the patient's data will be kept in online databases, the
information can be made public via hackers. Hence it is susceptible to
malpractice and is an unsafe deal. The robot software can be bypassed as
well which can create serious harm to the patient’s and the doctors.

3. Hiring Skilled Staff-

Over the past decade manufacturers have found it harder to source skilled
staff members to fill the specialised roles in their factories. The introduction of
automation adds another layer to that conundrum as the robots require
programming and a knowledge of how to operate them. Skilled staff members
will be recruited as a result.

Success rate of robotics in medical industry so far:

During the brainstorming session conducted by the team, each member kept
his estimate of the success rate of using robots in the medical field out of
which one member estimated it to be 80%, other estimated it to be 50%,
another member estimated it to be 60% while 3 members went with 40%.

Several other points of solution as discussed within the group members are:-

Solutions
21.Stericlean robots, fully H₂O resistant, meet the strictest requirements for
the medical field.

22. Cleanroom robots are suited for applications in environments that require
very low particle emissions such as the medical industry.

23. Metalheads for surgical precision.

24. Blood-drawing and disinfecting robots help put ‘care’ back into healthcare.

25. Robotic assistance for a better life.

26. Telemedical network for increasing accessibility.

27. The power of exoskeletons.

28. Robots in the supply chain.

29. Robots disinfecting hospital rooms.

30. Nanorobots swimming in blood

31. Micro robots will be used in providing shocks during heart failure.

32. An AI based hand that can be useful for handicapped / prosthetic arms

33. A chip that can be implanted in mind to read the process that takes inside
brain and also to manipulate the electric signals

34. A robot that will replace all the instruments required during medical
emergency
35. An AI based/ prosthetic robotic spinal cord.

36. AI symptoms checker

37. Robots to detect rare symptoms - AI-based biotech platform that maps
diseases to accelerate the discovery and development of breakthrough
medicines.

38. Deep learning for targeted treatment- Goal is to develop AI to get the right
treatment to the right patients at the right time by using artificial intelligence to
produce a better target selection and provide previously undiscovered insights
through deep learning.

39. AI medical Image Analysis - It supports a doctor's view of images and

scans. This enables radiologists or cardiologists to identify essential insights
for prioritising critical cases, to avoid potential errors in reading electronic
health records (EHRs) and to establish more precise diagnoses.

40. Forecasting Kidney Disease- Acute kidney injury (AKI) can be difficult to
detect by clinicians, but can cause patients to deteriorate very fast and
become life-threatening. With an estimated 11% of deaths in hospitals
following a failure to identify and treat patients, the early prediction and
treatment of these cases can have a huge impact to reduce life-long treatment
and the cost of kidney dialysis.

41. Creating more precise medical reports using analytics and data

42. Blood solution report generating robot

43. Genome sequencing robot

44. Laser and ultrasound treatment robot

45. Multiple surgery performing robot

46. Radiation controller robot during cancer treatment

47. Nervous system disorder sensing robot

48.Targeted therapy robot

49. Disinfectant robot used prior surgeries

50. Antibacterial robots

51. BMI measuring robot

52. Nanobots in bloodstream

53. VR headset to control the medical robots remotely

54. Advanced programming language to make it easy for doctors to operate

the robot.

55. 4K camera module for displaying operational procedures

56. Fibre Optics for better data transmission

57. Ample supply of water/cooling agent

58. 360 field of view and range of motion

59. Advanced DNA sequencing

60. Medicine loaded , robotic injectors

61. Humanoid medicine dispenser

62. Brainwave detecting headphones / cap / visor

63. Robots to perform Anaesthesia.

64. Use of robots in medical training.

65. Predicting future results of a surgery using machine learning.

66. Robots to hand down necessary surgical equipment while in a surgery.

67. Use of robots in tumour removal.

68. Robots to take daily care of elderly people.

69. Use of robots in endoscopy.

70. Use of robots in biopsy.

71. Robot to give emotional support to patients during operations using NLP.

72. Robots to replace humans in scanning (example: CT scans)

Out of all the solutions (70) list the number of solutions that are going to
be implemented in the project are: -

In this review, from all the 70 ideas and solutions our team has decided to implement
the solution on robots, and how these robots emulate the human mind to make
decisions and work. That is how AI will be used at the robotic functions and IoT level
to transform data into useful information for improved decision-making processes,
thus creating a foundation for new services. AI adds value through machine learning
capabilities, and IoT adds value to AI through connectivity, signalling, and data
exchange.

Now, let’s talk about the existing technologies and methods that are currently
operated in medical sectors. All the operations and surgeries are performed by the
doctors themselves. The information of the patients and their treatment are stored in
files and papers. There are high chances that these files become outdated. These
treatment methods become very costly and complicated especially when it comes to
severe diseases and operations. Hence the introduction of robots in the medical
field, transforming how surgeries are performed, streamlining supply delivery and
disinfection, enabling providers to focus on engaging with and caring for patients.
The development of medical robots, including surgical-assistants, modular, and
autonomous mobile robots will not only make the operations less complicated, but
will also be able to give assistance to doctors and surgeons during long surgeries.

They increase the efficiency of the medical methods and operations. Robots are
currently used not only in the operating theatres but also in clinical settings to
support healthcare workers and enhance patient care. The use of robotics and
automation also extends to research laboratories where they are used to automate
manual, repetitive, and high-volume tasks so technicians and scientists can focus
their attention on more strategic tasks that make discoveries happen faster.

Streamlined workflows and risk reduction provided by medical robotics offer value in
many areas. For example, robots can clean and prep patient rooms independently,
helping limit person-to-person contact in infectious disease wards.

At such a pace of evolving technology, robots will function more autonomously. As a

result, doctors, nurses, and other healthcare workers will be able to spend more time
providing direct patient care.
MIND MAP

END