Task 1: Internal

Memo INTERNAL

MEMO

Market Review
The two companies selected for evaluation include Unilever and GlaxoSmithKline. The two work
separately in the grocery and snacks and drug businesses. They are traded on the London Stock Exchange
and could be the largest organization with a market capitalization of £ 84.8 billion at GSK and £ 123.4
billion at Unilever. GSK competes with Pfizer, Amgen, Lundbeck and Merck & Co. for pharmaceuticals.
Meanwhile, Unilever works in the family and single-item industry, along with major competitors such as
PepsiCo, Nestle, Johnson & Johnson, Colgate Palmolive and Henkel. GSK showed the highest development
rate of 4% to friends in the industry, while Unilever recorded a slightly lower development rate of 2.9%.
After acquiring Pfizer's stake, GSK is looking to the bright future and is focusing on innovative research
into new drugs to treat malignancies. Unilever is also investing resources in innovative work to further
develop new articles that guarantee supportability.

Financial Position Analysis

Liquidity the parts classified according to liquidity consisted of the current part and the fast part. Unilever
showed a pattern of expansion in two ratios, with current ratios showing upward trends of 0.73, 0.78 and
15.91. Increasing awareness of solidity (2017, 2018, and 2019) also points to the organization that handles
that liquidity. Tissues showed rapid rates above 0.5 and expansion patterns of 0.56, 0.57, and 0.59. The
current part of GSK recorded an enlargement pattern with recorded values of 0.60, 0.75 and 0.81. The
expanding pattern shows that the organization is trying to monitor liquidity.
Regardless of this, the proposed quality should exceed 1.0. This means that the organization can, of course,
fulfill its current financial obligations (Otekunrin, Nwanji, Olowookere, Egbide, Fakile, Lawal, Ajayi,
Falaye and Eluyela 2018, p.738). The percentage of organizations is over 0.5, with growth patterns of 0.39,
0.51 and 0.59 in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. Due to its high strength, Unilever had an excellent
liquidity share compared to GSK. Nonetheless, the two organizations may face financial obligation issues as
they add new financial obligations to their day-to-day operations. This means that interest rates on loan
chiefs are declining and can affect stock raising. Considering that liquidity was decided, installment
payments of short-term advance payments were also regarded as a problem. The situation of the
organization needed further evaluation to discover the supportability of the activity.
Dissolution possibility

I. The dissolution potential of the organization was analyzed on the basis of liquidity stocks, taking into
account the account holder's relationship to the value ratio. (Both are the same, but why did they warm up?)
Liquidity conditions indicate that organizations may run into some problems in acquiring their current
monetary debt. .. Unilever shows that the ratio of commitment to value is on the rise at 1.14, 1.76, 1.70,
indicating that the organization's commitment level is higher than value (Parapat, 2018, p.5). The withdrawn
capital commitments are reported to be 0.53, 0.64 and 0.63, indicating stable long-haul commitment levels.

II. The GSK saw an upward trend of 4.90, 7.10, and 1.66 in capital valuation obligations. The withdrawn
capital commitments were reported at 0.80, 0.85, and 0.56, indicating the long-range commitment levels
paid. GSK, unlike the Unilever organization, has a higher level of commitment, but in 2019, it will help
assess the organization's ability to make reasonable profits, so it has a transportation and temporary financial
commitment. I paid off my debt very continuously.

B. Profitability
I. Organizational profits are categorized as a function of total net sales and return on value (ROE).
Unilever's net income increased from 2017 to 2018 and decreased in 2019. Net sales for the three years
2017-2019 were 11.27, 18.42 and 10.82. Performance patterns have shown vulnerabilities in the patterns of
net revenue captured by the performance of the association. Unilever's ROE followed a pattern similar to
total net sales. (Which leads (GP, OP, NP ...) expanded from 2017 to 2018 and decreased from 2018 to 2019
to 45.08, 79.79, 43.40. II. GSK is 5.08, 11.76. , Showed net income with an expansion pattern of 13.76.
20172019 (Jayawardhana 2016, p.77). GSK showed an expanding pattern in benefits that connoted a
superior future pattern. GSK showed an increment in ROE from 2017 to 2018 that diminished from 2018 to
2019 with figures of 62.17, 110.19, and 28.70. The ROE showed no detectable example on ROE (Dauderies
and Annand 2019, p45). The two organizations had comparative patterns in ROE that showed no example of
return on value for the three years investigated. It makes their pay and productivity unusual dependent on
the threeyear examination led.

C. Funder

I. Donor shares are divided into earnings per share (EPS) and PER. Unilever EPS showed that EPS
increased from 2017 to 2018 and decreased in the second half of 2019. Detailed figures include $
2.43, $ 4.11 and $ 2.40 from 2017 to 2019. EPS development has shown that the total is uncertain
but has a low value of $ 2.40. Unilever's PER is 22.11, 13.51, 24.37 and 2017 2019. Quality showed
that price-earnings ratio declined from 2017 to 2018 and expanded in late 2019. This shows the
eccentricity of the price-earnings ratio of Unilever stock.

II. GSK EPS showed that EPS increased from 2017 to 2019. Include published numbers $ 0.80, $
1.95, and $ 2.36 from 2017 to 2019. EPS progression shows a positive future run, with totals
showing an expansion pattern (Sari 2019, p.421). GSK's P / E was 17.57, 20.21 and 50.24 between
2017 and 2019. Quality indicates that P / E expanded from 2017 to 2019. This shows the pattern of
price-earnings ratio growth and shows that GSK stocks have a bright future. Financial investor
equities tended to be GSK against Unilever because the expansion pattern was shown by GSK
Financial rather than Unilever, which was unusual. Recommendations for D. Penco Unilever has
shown minimal execution in terms of liquidity and liquidation. This means you can sink into
commitments or evolve your bottom line to improve performance later. In any case, an analysis of
profits and donor shares revealed that organizations have a fleeting example of donor outcomes and
profits (Bragg 2018, p.21). She made a wise effort to eliminate the variability of organizational
enforcement. GSK has announced equivalent executions in terms of liquidity and liquidation by
posting minimal executions. Anyway, the patterns of productivity and donor share showed that the
organization has a pattern of expansion. These show that organizations can perform better in the
future. Penco should be investing resources in GSK stocks and predicting the future will show that
productivity will increase and fund lenders will generate reliable and evolving profits from
speculation. GSK, unlike Unilever, helps Penco grow its profits.
TASK 2: COMPANY FUNDING

a. Introduction to Working Capital

Working capital refers to the funds in a company used to manage routine operations to ensure efficient running of
a company for profitability and sustainability. It involves the management of current assets involved with the
daily activities that include cash, receivables, accounts payables, and inventory management (Nikolov, Schmid &
Steri 2018, p. 26). A company may need short term or long-term working capital. Short-term working capital
helps entities deal with immediate needs for cash such as dealing with emergencies, taking advantage of
opportunities such as discounts or low prices from suppliers. It also helps to smoothen immediate needs for when
the other assets hold up cash. A company also needs long term funds that take more than one year to repay. The
long-term funds help the company to purchase heavy equipment and machinery used for expanding the capacity
of the business. The expansion helps to meet rising demand from the growing market.
 b. Bank Loan and Equity Financing

I.Short-term sources of grants include commercial securities, bank statements, lines of credit/revolving lines of credit,
and inventory/receivables upfront checks. Delovaya Gazeta represents the security of the foreign exchange market
provided by large enterprises for temporary arrangements. A large corporation undertakes to pay the amount signed
below on a set date as collateral belonging to a responsible bank or real company (Nikolov, Schmid and Steri, 2018, p.
26). Although it has the advantage of lower interest rates than standard advance, there are limitations to large
companies.

II.Confirmation by a financial institution means an obligatory security in which a bank recognizes and guarantees
certain contributions at a predetermined date in the future. The bank maintains the savings as defined in the draft and
provides installment guarantees with certain future information. Recurring loan renewal involves a unique form of
loan that, after receiving the loan and completing the payment process, provides funds to eligible individuals to re-
take a naturally similar loan term. This allows the customer to access a loan of a similar amount after a refund
without the administrative verification process involved in obtaining the loan.

III.It shows the adaptability to get a loan to the fullest extent possible and according to the needs of the client. It also
provides a quick interaction for loan verification as clients meet all requirements to obtain a loan upon repayment.
Customers can use the organization's accounts receivable account to receive advance payments or payments from
delinquents after organization formation, and the organization can process advance payments. The ease of openness
to eligible substances has the advantage of rapidly increasing the liquidity of the company.
IV. In any case, only institutions with a history of exchange can use the office, and the advance payment does not
increase without a problem of moving from one category to another. Accounts receivable loans have a quality
comparable to loan offerings, but cover accounts receivables as insurance collateral from the organization's resources.
This is only for organizations with a history of exchanges and reputable reputations and allows up to 80% of the
organization's receivables as a qualifying amount for further promotions. (Pros and cons of individual conversions,
each advantage must be assigned to an independent line)
V. Long-term savings include initial public offering (IPO) / secondary investment / capital increase, term loan,
venture capital / private equity fund transaction, bond / debt, private placement and rental / installment plan. The first
sale of a share usually involves a substantive offer to people of an interesting proposal for raising capital to acquire
the substance (Vera, 2018, p. 14). The arrangement requires the responsible entity to use an exchange intermediary
assigned responsibility to the speculative bank to regulate the supply of offers, commonly referred to as drift offers.
Post-IPO offerings are listed on public exchanges, allowing shares to move publicly between investors and other
potential financial backers. Exchanges allow organizations to exchange parts of themselves with additional sectors of
the business to accommodate the shift in offers. Starting with one person and moving on to the next is called
secondary attribution. It also helps organizations increase liquidity through free offer exchanges.
VI.A A company may similarly grant free issuance to existing investors to raise additional capital within the
company, including by offering an additional offer to a funding share price. It lacks market openness, as the value of
the proposal fluctuates with available capacity (Nikolov, Schmid and Steri, 2018, p. 28).
VII. A term loan refers to a depleted source of assets when a business receives cash advances from a financial
institution and promises to repay an amount within a specified period. Cash-related loans include special premiums
that are not regularly fixed and must be explicitly and regularly paid until the loan is fully repaid. Loan terms range
from 1 to 10 years, but in some cases can go up to 30 years. By providing voting rights, he takes advantage of funding
the company without weakening its controlling interest. It also helps reduce the liability for valuations because
interest is considered a derivative of expenses when calculating usable wages.
Ⅷ. In any case, it has the disadvantage that it has to be paid regularly for a certain period of time regardless of the
financial value of the organization. Likewise, it can trigger liquidation if a company neglects its fixed contributions
due to a financial emergency. Each source is independently in small verses
IX. An investor is a person or company with high total assets that seeks to invest resources in a material byinjecting
cash flow to support its activities. Financial speculator wish to possess a significant level of the organization they
contribute yet don`t wish to claim more than 50%of the shareholding of the organization (Nikolov, Schmid and Steri
2018, p19). The ramifications of the under half offer proprietorship involve entailsnot having controlling interests on
the dynamic course of the firm. It enjoys the benefit of keeping up with controlling interest on the tasks of a
substance. Nonetheless, it has the weakness of presenting the organization to liquidity issues should the investor or
financial speculator pull out. Private value has a comparability to financial speculator yet generally purchase 100% of
the organization focused on. They have an interest in controlling the dynamic course of the organization. It enjoys the
benefit of profiting money to an organization when they wish to sell the organization. Be that as it may, assuming
wishing to keep up with proprietorship private value actually has controlling interests and will impact the heading the
organization takes as far as ventures.
X. Bond alludes to obligation instruments with a proper pay that has a security to back up the sum progressed.
Businesses secure significant interest payments on principal by bundling bonds and guaranteeing installment
payments on certain dates (Giudici and McCahery, 2019, p. 31). A bond is a type of security that is not insured
except that it is based on the credit value of the borrower's assets. The advantage of asset-based bonds is that they
are deductible for valuation purposes when benefits change.

XI. However, they have a monetary obligation, which is a monetary obligation that arises intermittently on a
specific date with a specific contribution amount, regardless of the organization's goals. It also has a higher level
of management, requiring a small investment before the reserve is depleted. Businesses may find it difficult to
meet those financial obligations, especially when faced with financial constraints due to their extreme financial
situation.
XII. Private arrangements create a source of external assets for the organization, but provide stocks and various
protections to those with high total assets and partnerships. Transactions other than public donations are restricted
to certain financial sponsors only (Vera, 2018, p. 16). They use their funding secretly, but as a branching point for
tax-free sales of an organization's stake for personal appraisal purposes. A private position does not require the
involvement of an administrative body such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), so support can
quickly increase with minor regulatory cycles.
XIII. A rental/purchase credit is a source of capital used directly to raise or purchase equipment or land. The
lease gives the lessee the right to use it, but when a purchase is included, the inability to purchase gives the lessee
the freedom to use and purchase the equipment.

c. Recommendation

From a financing commitment cost perspective, financing is a worthy choice for businesses to ensure the deductible
value of one-to-one interest. This reduces payment liability and increases the level of benefits. This also helps to
ensure freedom of movement and allows for best practices for venture capital firms without the impact of new
investors that weaken companies' control over their income. However, organizations must provide the standard
payments needed to support emergency loans and avoid liquidation because they are unable to pay the required
amount. Depending on the severity level, including starting other ventures with execution vulnerabilities, the best
sources of funding include the use of cost funds. Intrinsic risk means enduring adversity that could affect the amount
of premiums needed for an emergency loan. Mandatory funds can also limit an organization's ability to expand
equipment and seek additional emergency loans when needed. As investors suffer misfortunes in such ventures, the
value of funding moves away from such risks. By valuing asset sources based on value and risk, the ideal way to
finance a business is to combine the two sources of capital. A transition in a new direction requires the use of cost
funds to test the presentation of an item in a new market. In any case, after the testing the market, the organization
would then be able to utilize obligation financing to expand speculation on a tried and working plan of action with a
component of sureness on incomes to fund the reimbursement plan. A 60% obligation financing and a 40% value
financing will be proper as it additionally raises the profit from value of the investors.

Task 3: Cost Accounting

Question 1
I. Cost accounting ensures that expenses incurred by an organization are legally recorded to aid in subsequent cost
management and to determine appropriate options. These include fixed costs, variable costs, semi-fixed costs, and
absolute costs depending on the reported costs (Bragg, 2016, p. 5). A fixed cost is a cost that does not change during
expansion. This includes rent, advertising, defense, office compensation and deterioration. Variable costs represent
the costs of a firm that change as the rate of creation changes. This includes direct labor, raw parts, stock and picking
costs. Semi-fixed or variable costs are costs that are not directly proportional to the level of generation. Total cost
includes all costs associated with creation and includes fixed, variable and semi-fixed costs. Small Section
II. Cost accounting has an obvious feature that sets performance standards significantly different. Create a system to
display expenses incurred by a company to replace the Accounting subfield (Datar and Rajan, 2018, p. 10). Assist
the board with important data used for dynamic interaction. The information and data helped establish standard
financial planning and expenses. The information obtained helps determine the cost of goods and record the cost of
labor and products produced by the company. It also identifies lost assets and time to help companies address
deficiencies during creation.
III. Cost accounting is at the heart of the association's goals. The implications of cost accounting include cost
characterization, cost assurance, cost management and rate planning as central destinations (Loft 2020, p. 1919).
Characterization of costs involves cost ordering, which provides simplified control. A cost sequence can include
fixed, variable, semi-fixed/semi-parametric costs, and any cost. Value assurance comes from the ability to know the
unit value of a product. When setting the cost of sales, unit cost is used to determine net profit. Cost characterization
allows organizations to understand the different classifications of organizational costs. Executives can track
expenditure items and track development. Understanding specific cost units helps boards make choices that help
create products and controls with perfect costing. Understanding the top-down cost structure of a given association
can establish norms that help businesses replicate cost classifications. The heart of the guideline serves as a
proficient management of the vast amount of cost information accumulated to handle cost investigations. Cost
accounting has established guidelines that organizations can use to rationally record their expenses.

Question 2 Part a

I.Developing a budget too early can lead to inaccurate cost and revenue forecasts. Determination of costs and benefits
depends on assumptions about several time-sensitive factors. The greater the difference in time between projected
costs and revenues and actual accruals, the greater the deviation between actual costs and projected budget values.
II. A budget helps you plan your activities over the years and forms the basis of your company's activities. Delays in
budget execution cause planned processes to fail, incurring financial costs to the company. Financing costs include
the need to cover operating and other fixed costs until production begins.
iii. The effect of an increase in budget is to stimulate spending, allowing you to increase your next budget. As a
result, other departments in the organization may overstate actual costs to ensure that there is no budget surplus.
When overrun by departments, the profit of the organization is lowered.
iv. Buffer Inventory helps companies maintain additional inventory in stores to avoid running out of stock. Inventory
costs result in a loss of revenue when a customer orders an item but the inventory is depleted. It is also associated
with future costs when customer loyalty decreases due to the low credibility of a company that consistently provides
a product or service.
v. The organization's net income reflects earnings for the reporting year. If the degree of budget execution varies
depending on the net profit, it is assumed that the profit is evenly distributed throughout the year. However, buying
patterns may be unevenly distributed throughout the year, and distorted results may appear in year-end performance
analysis. vi. The success of a budget depends on the interdepartmental operations working together toward the same
goals and objectives. The lack of synergy translates to financial costs associated with duplication of work and
standardization of the quality of work output from the departments.
vii. The implementation of a budget may be faced by challenges during the implementation process that requires a
coordinated effort to implement. Inadequate pressure on stakeholders to achieve goals will manipulate results and fail
to contribute to achieving the same goals. The cost of uncoordinated efforts includes overlapping responsibilities or
internal competition that can hinder the achievement of company objectives and result in losses.
viii. Budgeting involves many assumptions due to the unpredictability of the future. However, by evaluating several
factors that influence the market, you can ensure that the budget figures match the actual figures accurately. Failure to
align budget figures with market trends and demand can result in budget figures that differ significantly from actual
figures, resulting in poor performance.

PART B

Other IT transformation organizations align their financial plans to align with their customers' plans, aligning their
customers' IT improvements and innovation progress, creating a dependent, low-cost model. Nevertheless, Exciteco
has a solid financial plan that does not match the customer's financial plan. This has driven key customers who had to
re-evaluate their management away from other customers with dominant innovations but more expensive. Exciteco
needs to adjust its engagement plan that thinks about its customers so that it can propose innovative changes
according to their plans to ensure maintainability in a rapidly changing environment. Tissues that do not adapt
quickly enough are still more likely to age.
ii. The two offices, P and G, operate freely and most functions run autonomously. This leads to duplication of assets
and consequently underutilization. Therefore, the asset loss is still high. Both offices also operated autonomously
with no coordination, leading to churn of primary customers.
iii. Division P will not give G an additional opportunity to meet the needs of its customers, and the entire
organization will suffer as a result. The extremely harsh climate also created tension for the performance. The internal
climate seeks fairness typical of a lack of coordination and cooperation, which has resulted in general
disappointment.

PART C
A stable spending plan hurts Exciteco employees as the administration strives to achieve its static goals. The tension
is passed on to the workers competing with each other. The result is free work that copies resources and loosens
collaboration and coordination of exercises towards a common goal. Financial planning delights companies with their
ability to adapt to the changes that arise from their customers' innovations that affect their innovation needs. This has
created some embarrassment for innovation as Division G feeds the PDA with old-fashioned elements.

QUESTION 3

i.About half of the loss of important customers was due to the rapidly changing mechanical environment. It was
assumed that any delay in reconciliation would result in loss of business. A fire at a customer's plant was an entirely
external variable that could reduce interest. The lack of publicity status is entirely internal as the organization has
refused not to reopen closed labs.
ii.The R&D office was closed on the grounds that one of the customer's main production facilities had been instigated
by external factors due to a fire. However, the return option was given and Exciteco refused to do so, adding to the
low income.
iii. The cause of the downsizing was discovered remotely as customer factories were consumed and interest waned.
However, an opportunity has been given to renew and regain lost interest, and the employee may be rehired to cover
the increased interest.
iv.The unshakable nature of the functional design was disappointing inwardly rather than outwardly. This is because
the external climate, which was a climate of rapidly changing innovation, needed an internal climate that was adapted
to the change. The organization had a solid business design that resulted in the loss of important customers.
v. The external environment demanded a change in innovation to fit the model, but Exciteco was unable to
accommodate the new change. Failure to adapt to progress is due to internal factors rather than external
circumstances. Researchers and developers have neglected their understanding of the market model by focusing on
gathering the goals set by the organization, thus focusing on where they are at the expense of transformational
change.
ⅵ. Dissatisfaction with the coordination between P and G offices to reallocate assets and help G meet changing
market needs is more of an internal flaw than a problem with the external environment.

QUESTION 4

i.The study of variability is an analysis of how feasible a planning system is in predicting its actual quality.
Identifying the sources of differences and making them provide managers with the opportunity to change current
functional deficiencies. Continued study of changes will uncover the reasons for this, until actual consumption and
payments do not match the planned quality.
ii. Businesses will understand the variables that lead to financial differences. Understanding these factors from top to
bottom allows the administration to build a system of change of selected factors. However, some variables occur
remotely and are caused by organizational influences, called wild factors. A variety of variables influence and change
the intrinsic and intrinsic capacity of the Board of Directors. Therefore, examining variation can help leaders
understand and incorporate differences based on manageability and implement sustainable improvement.
iii. Exciteco faces different functional difficulties because of the readiness of a spending plan with a steady nature.
Examination of the fluctuations will show that one reason for variety happened because of the organization embracing
a steady spending plan against the suggested financial plan for organizations managing in innovation that arrangement
following the mechanical changes anticipated from their customers. The shift of their planning strategy will bring
about numerous functional changes that will guarantee the issue of overproducing on old items and lacking new
innovation items doesn`t happen. The new planning will keep away from such shortcoming and save the organization
on costs. When offices P and G neglect collaboration and asset sharing, organizations can change coordination
between business units that have lost important customers.
iv. The differences highlight the shortcomings of your current spending plan and give you an opportunity to change
your next financial plan. Organizations copied the association's numerous assets, which cost considerable money.
Changes show these duplicates and require resource sharing. The pervasive reallocation of assets from P to G also
showed that representatives were not cooperating, which was reflected in the low year-over-year returns at that point
in time. Organizations can ensure that a planned effort is made between offices so that association limits are used
productively and, ideally, deducted from additional limits that P has but does not disclose to G. We cut staff at the end
of our main customer premises. , they can rethink P's materials and staff after the main customer returns.
v. The Innovative Work Office was substandard as employees focused more on gathering information than studying
market models. The expense brought about was delivering cell phones with an out of date innovation that Exciteco
customers didn't require. The innovative work group should zero in on understanding business sector drifts by liaising
with their customers to direct them in creating developments to fit the market patterns.
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