Physical Education Project file on

Chess

Submitted by:
Anirudha Thakur
Class : 11th Science
Group A
Roll no. 17
 Contents

❖ History of Chess
❖ Rules and Regulations
❖ Measurements of Chess Board
❖ Equipments Required
❖ Terminology
❖ Important Tournaments
❖ Important Personalities
❖ Chess Titles
 HISTORY

The history of chess can be traced back nearly 1500 years to its earliest
known predecessor, called chaturanga, in India; its prehistory is the subject of
speculation. From India it spread to Persia. Following the Arab invasion and
conquest of Persia, chess was taken up by the Muslim world and
subsequently spread to southern Europe. The game evolved roughly into its
current form by about 1500 CE.

Precursors to chess originated in

India.There, its early form in the
7th century CE was known as
chaturaṅga, which translates to
"four divisions (of the military)":
infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and
chariotry. These forms are
represented by the pieces that
would evolve into the modern
pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.

Chess was introduced to Persia from India and became a part of the princely
or courtly education of Persian nobility.Around 600 CE in Sassanid Persia, the
name for the game became chatrang, which subsequently evolved to
shatranj after the conquest of Persia by the Rashidun Caliphate, due to the
lack of native ch and ng sounds in the Arabic language.The rules were
developed further during this time; players started calling "Shāh!" (Persian for
"King!") when attacking the opponent's king, and "Shāh Māt!" (Persian for
"the king is helpless" – see checkmate) when the king was attacked and
could not escape from attack. These exclamations persisted in chess as it
traveled to other lands.

The game was taken up by the Muslim world after the early Arab Muslims
conquered the Sassanid Empire, with the pieces largely keeping their
Persian names. The Moors of North Africa rendered the Persian term
"shatranj" as shaṭerej, which gave rise to the Spanish acedrex, axedrez and
ajedrez; in Portuguese it became xadrez, and in Greek zatrikion, but in the
rest of Europe it was replaced by versions of the Persian shāh ("king").
 1. From the exclamation "check" or "checkmate" as it was
pronounced in various languages.

2. From the first chessmen known of in Western Europe (except

Iberia and Greece) being ornamental chess kings brought in as
curios by Muslim traders.

The Mongols call the game shatar, and in Ethiopia it is called senterej, both
evidently derived from shatranj.

The game reached Western Europe and Russia

by at least three routes, the earliest being in the
9th century. By the year 1000 it had spread
throughout Europe.Introduced into the Iberian
Peninsula by the Moors in the 10th century, it
was described in a famous 13th-century
manuscript covering shatranj, backgammon
and dice named the Libro de los juegos.

Chess spread throughout the world and many

variants of the game soon began taking
shape.Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders and
others carried it to the Far East where it was transformed and assimilated
into a game often played on the intersection of the lines of the board rather
than within the squares.Chaturanga reached Europe through Persia, the
Byzantine empire and the expanding Arabian empire.Muslims carried chess
to North Africa, Sicily, and Iberia by the 10th century.

The game was developed extensively in Europe. By the late 15th century, it
had survived a series of prohibitions and Christian Church sanctions to
almost take the shape of the modern game. Modern history saw reliable
reference works,competitive chess tournaments, and exciting new variants.
These factors added to the game's popularity,further bolstered by reliable
timing mechanisms (first introduced in 1861), effective rules,and charismatic
players.
 Rules and Regulations

How the Pieces Move

■ Knight – Each player starts with two knights. They are the
only pieces that can jump over other pieces.
■ Pawn – Each player starts with 8 pawns. Pawns are the
weakest piece, but are also the more valuable at the end of
the game because they can be promoted into other valuable
pieces. Pawns can move forward only, and attack diagonally.
■ Queen – The queen combines a bishop and a rook by
attacking diagonally and in a straight line. The queen is the
strongest piece.
■ King – The most important piece, the king must be
protected at all times. Kings can move one space in any
direction.
■ Bishop – Each player starts with two bishops, a light squared
bishop and a dark squared bishop. They each attack
diagonally but cannot protect or attack each other.
■ Rook – Each player starts with two rooks and they are the
second most powerful piece in the game. Rooks attack in
straight lines sideways, forward and backwards.

Initial Setup
At the beginning of the game, the pieces are arranged as shown in
the diagram: for each side one king, one queen, two rooks, two
bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The pieces are placed, one
on a square, as follows:
● The rooks are placed on the outside corners, right and left edge.
 ● The knights are placed immediately inside of the rooks.

● The bishops are placed immediately

inside of the knights.

● The queen is placed on the central

square of the same color as that of the
player: white queen on the white
square and black queen on the black
square.

● The king takes the vacant spot

next to the queen.

● The pawns are placed one square in front of all of the other
pieces.

Measurement of Chess Board

One of the beautiful things about chess is that the chessboard
takes so little space to play. At the same time, you can express
your personal style through the art form of the chessboard you
own.
● The World Chess Federation recommends chess board squares be 2
to 2.5 inches (5 to 6.5 centimeters), making an entire chess board 16
to 20 inches.
 Equipments
● Chess Board
● 8 White Pawns and 8 Black pawns,
2 White Knights and 2 Black Knights,
2 White Bishops and 2 Black Bishops,
2 WhiteRook and 2 Black Rook,
1 White Queen and 1 Black Queen,
1 White King and 1 Black King.
● Chess Clock

Terminology
Annotation – Each player records their
moves to keep track of illegal moves and
so chess fans can study them later. There
are many ways to annotate chess, but
most revolve around the initial of the
piece (K for King, N for Knight, B for
Bishop, Q for Queen, and R for Rook) as
well as the square that piece has moved to
on that turn. Each move of chess is made
up of 1 white move and 1 black move.

● Algebraic Notation – Refers to the piece

that is moving and its coordinates on the board.
Example – 1.f3 and 1. Nf3 or 1…f6 and 1…Bf6
● Descriptive – An older way of recording notation. It describes a chess
game from each player’s perspective as if flipping the board rather
than from white’s perspective like algebraic notation does.
Example – 1. P-K4 P-K4

Checkmate
A position in which the king has no chances of avoiding capture.
This is the objective end of a chess game.
En Passant
En Passant may only occur when a pawn is moved two squares on its
initial movement. When this happens, the opposing player has the
option to take the move pawn “en passant” as if it had only moved one
square. This option, though, only stays open for one move. The En
Passant move was developed after pawns were allowed to move more
than one square on their initial move.

Pawn promotion
If a pawn reaches the opponent's edge of the table, it will be promoted –
the pawn may be converted to a queen, rook, bishop or knight, as the
player desires. The choice is not limited to previously captured pieces.
Thus it's theoretically possible to have up to nine queens or up to ten
rooks, bishops, or knights if all pawns are promoted.

Mate
This is a shortened version of checkmate. It means a king has no
chances to avoid capture.

Stalemate
This refers to a game that ends in a draw, as there aren’t any legal moves
left.

Illegal Move
When a player attempts to move a piece to a square it cannot properly
move to. Also, a player may try to move a piece while they are in
check. This is not permitted at any time.
An illegal move can include a player not realizing their king is in check,
and they attempt to move another piece. It can also include a player
accidentally moving into check.

Pin
When a piece is preventing another piece from moving because of
the piece that is being attacked behind it. Often a piece is pinned
when it is between a bishop or rook and the opponent’s king or
queen, the most valuable pieces
Rating
Your ELO rating is a score that indicates how strong a player is.

Adjust
When a player wants to centralize a piece on the square it is on. The
player must say “adjust” out loud in tournament play and then
reposition the piece. This signifies that the player doesn’t mean to
move the piece, but is only adjusting it.

Sacrifice
A sacrifice is when a player gives up a strong piece, or multiple pieces,
in exchange for a better position or a checkmate. An example would
be giving up your queen in order to expose the king and deliver a
checkmate.

Castling
Castling queenside or kingside means you must move your king two
squares in one direction or the other, and the rook “jumps” over it.
This is all considered one move and is annotated as 0-0 for kingside
castling and 0-0-0 for queenside castling.

Resign
To concede loss of the game. The traditional way to resign is by tipping
over one’s king.
 Important Tournaments
Bilbao Chess Masters Final
The Bilbao Chess Masters Final (previously called the Grand Slam Chess
Final) is an annual chess tournament which between 2008-12 brought
together the strongest players from the previous year's "Grand Slam"
events. Series organisers Grand Slam Chess Association (GSCA) became
defunct in 2012 due to the demise of the Grand Slam hosts and
scheduling problems but the Bilbao Masters continued as an annual
invitational event until 2016.

Norway Chess
Norway Chess is an annual closed chess tournament, typically taking
place in the May to June time period every year. The first edition took
place in the Stavanger area, Norway, from 7 May to 18 May 2013. The
2013 tournament had ten participants, including seven of the ten
highest rated players in the world per the May 2013 FIDE World
Rankings. It was won by Sergey Karjakin, with Magnus Carlsen and
Hikaru Nakamura tied for second place.

Tata Steel Chess Tournament

The Tata Steel Chess Tournament is an annual chess tournament
held in January in Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands. It was called the
Hoogovens tournament from its creation in 1938 until the sponsor
Koninklijke Hoogovens merged with British Steel. Magnus Carlsen
holds the record for most wins at the tournament, with seven titles to
his name. Viswanathan Anand is the only other player to have won the
event five or more times.

Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting

The Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting is an elite chess tournament
held every summer in Dortmund, Germany. Dortmund is an invite-only
event, with the exception that one slot at Dortmund is awarded to the
winner of the annual Aeroflot Open in Moscow.
Tal Memorial
The Tal Memorial is an annual chess tournament played in Moscow
from 2006 to 2018 with the exception of 2015, to honour the memory of
the former World Champion Mikhail Tal (1936–1992). Many of the world's
strongest players compete. In 2014 it was held only as a blitz
tournament and the classical event.

London Chess Classic

The London Chess Classic is a chess festival held at the Olympia
Conference Centre, West Kensington, London. The flagship event is a
strong invitational tournament between some of the world's top
grandmasters.

Important Personalities Of Chess

Magnus Carlsen

Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen(born 30

November 1990) is a Norwegian chess
grandmaster who is the current World
Chess Champion, World Rapid Chess
Champion, and World Blitz Chess
Champion.

He first reached the top of the FIDE

world rankings in 2010, and trails only
Garry Kasparov in time spent as the
highest rated player in the world. His
peak classical rating of 2882 is the
highest in history. He also holds the
record for the longest unbeaten streak
at the top level in classical chess.
Garry Kasparov

Garry Kasparov is a Russian

chess player. A grandmaster,
Kasparov is a former World
Chess Champion who was
ranked No. 1 for 255 months
during his career that spanned
21 years. After his retirement,
Garry Kasparov focused on
writing and politics; he founded a
social movement called the
United Civil Front, which is part
of an opposition coalition in
Moscow.

Viswanathan Anand

Viswanathan Anand (born 11

December 1969) is an Indian
chess grandmaster and a
former world chess champion.
He became the first
grandmaster from India in 1988,
and is one of the few players to
have surpassed an Elo rating of
2800, a feat he first achieved in
2006.
Anand is a five-time world
chess champion.He defeated
Alexei Shirov in a six-game
match to win the 2000 FIDE
World Chess Championship, a
title he held until 2002. He
became the undisputed world
champion in 2007, and defended his title against Vladimir Kramnik in
2008.
Hikaru Nakamura

Hikaru Nakamura (born December 9,

1987) is an American chess
grandmaster and streamer. A chess
prodigy, he was at the time the
youngest American to earn the title of
Grandmaster, aged 15 years and 79
days. Nakamura is a five-time United
States champion.He won the 2011
edition of Tata Steel Chess
Tournament Group A and
represented the United States at five
Chess Olympiads, winning a team
gold medal and two team bronze
medals.

Bobby Fisher

Robert James Fischer (March 9,

1943 – January 17, 2008) was an
American chess grandmaster and
the eleventh World Chess
Champion.
A chess prodigy, at age 13 he won a
game which was dubbed "The
Game of the Century". At age 14 he
became the youngest ever U.S.
Chess Champion, and at 15 he
became both the youngest
grandmaster (GM) up to that time
and the youngest candidate for
the World Championship. At age
20, Fischer won the 1963/64 US
Championship with 11 wins in 11
games, the only perfect score in
the history of the tournament.
 Important Awards and Titles

Titles and rankings

Chess titles are titles awarded to players based on their skill,

performance, and rank. A player who has earned a chess title is often
referred to as a "titled player" or by their actual title (e.g.,
grandmaster). Chess titles are awarded by governing chess bodies
and federations. The most prestigious titles are conferred by FIDE,
while national federations (like US Chess) also have their own titles. If
a player has a title, they are extremely strong players and are likely a
master.

As mentioned, FIDE awards the most prestigious chess titles. Once

earned, these titles are held for life. Here are the eight titles that FIDE
awards:

Grandmaster
The highest title awarded in chess (aside from the title of world
champion) is the title of grandmaster. In order to achieve this title, a
player must reach an established classical or standard FIDE rating of
2500 and earn three grandmaster norms in international
competition.
International Master

The international master (IM) title is the second most difficult title to
attain. To earn this title, a player must reach an established classical
or standard FIDE rating of 2400 and achieve three international
master norms in international competition.

FIDE Master

The FIDE master (FM) title is earned by any player who achieves a
classical or standard FIDE rating of 2300 in international competition.

Candidate Master

The candidate master (CM) title is earned by any player who achieves
a classical or standard FIDE rating of 2200 in international
competition. No norms are required.

Woman Grandmaster

The woman grandmaster (WGM) title is exclusive to women and is

earned by achieving an established classical or standard FIDE rating
of 2300 as well as three WGM norms in international competition.

Woman International Master

The woman international master title is exclusive to women and is

earned by achieving an established classical or standard FIDE rating
of 2200. Three norms are required for the WIM title.

Woman FIDE Master

The woman FIDE master (WFM) title is exclusive to women and is

earned by achieving an established standard FIDE rating of 2100.
 Woman Candidate Master

The woman candidate master (WCM) title is exclusive to women and

is earned by achieving an established classical or standard FIDE
rating of 2000. No norms are required.

➔ It is important to note that women can earn any title, whether or not
it is a woman's title. In cases where a player has earned more than
one title (e.g., IM and WGM), it is up to the player to determine which
title they use. It is also worth mentioning that some of these titles
(e.g, CM, WFM, and WCM) are awarded for strong results in a national
or international event and not solely by the rating criteria above.

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