Physical Education Investigatory Project On Athletics
Physical Education Investigatory Project On Athletics
Physical Education Investigatory Project On Athletics
DHE?/NKANAL
CERTIFICATE
Physical education teacher “Mr.Chinmaya sir” for their able guidance and support in
completing my project
“Mr.A.K.Mallick” and vice principal sir “Mr.Jayant Kumar Sahu” for providing me with all the
facility that was required
History of Athletics
In the 17th century, a sport festival called the Cotswold Olympic Games
came up in England which featured athletics in the form of sledgehammer
throwing competitions.
Similar competitions like the L’Olympiade de la Republique were held in the
revolutionary France. It is an early variant of the modern Summer Olympic
Games. The major event of that competition was a running event with
various ancient Greek disciplines.
In 1880, the Amateur Athletic Association or AAA was established in
England as the first national body for athletics and it began organizing its
own athletics competition every year called the AAA Championships.
The New York Athletic Club of the United States also started organizing
national competitions called the USA Outdoor Track and Field
Championships in 1876. These sports became codified and standardized by
the English AAA and some other general sports organizations in the late
19th century like the Amateur Athletic Union.
In the Olympic Games in 1896, an athletic competition was included as one
of the competitions at the quadrennial multi-sport event. At first, it was
organized for men only.
In 1928 Olympics, women’s events were introduced in the athletics
program
Athletics – Categories
Athletics can be divided into five different categories:
Masters Athletics
Senior Athletics
Under 23
Junior
Youth
In the Masters of Athletics group, age groups spanning five years for
athletes aged 35 and above are put. In senior athletics, there is no upper
age limit but younger people competing in endurance events have some
limitations. Under 23, as it suggests, athletes under the age of 23 are put.
Age groups under 20 are kept in the junior group and under18 are in the
youth group.
In these events, men and women compete separately. These are played in
indoor and outdoor formats. All the indoor competitions are held in winter
while the outdoor events are held in summer. Therefore, the name, track
and field competitions was defined by the venue of sport.
A variety of running events are held on the track and are categorized
according to distance:
Sprints
Middle-distance
Long-distance
Some combined events like decathlons are organized for men and
heptathlons for women, where the athletes compete in various track and
field events.
The prestigious track and field competitions are held within athletic
championships at multi-sport events like the Olympic Athletics Competition
and World Championships. The Paralympic Athletics Competition and the
IPC World Championships are also organized.
These track and field events have become the most prominent part of the
major athletic championships. Many famous athletes come from the world
of sports to this discipline
Relay Races
In relay races, there are four runners in each participating team. When the
race starts, the runner has to run to his milestone where he has to pass the
baton to his teammate and then he will pass on to the next teammate, with
the aim of being the first team to finish. Running events with hurdles and
steeplechase are variations of the flat running themes where the athletes
must clear all the obstacles on the track during the race.
Field Events
The field events include jumping and throwing competitions
Throws
Jumps
In long jumps and triple jumps, jumps are measured by the distance to
which the athlete has jumped. In high jumps and pole vaults, the
measurement is done according to height up to which an athlete has
jumped.
Road Running
In road running competitions, the athletes have to run long distances on
roads which are conducted on course of tarmac roads or paved roads. Most
of these races finish in some track of a stadium. The most popular form of
this event type are marathon races
. These can be of any distance, but mostly are classified into marathon, half
marathon, 10 km, and 5 km races. The marathon races are only one of
these events which are held at the IAAF World Championships in Athletics
and also in the Summer Olympics.
Half marathon races are held in the IAAF World Half Marathon
Championships annually.
The marathon races are the only running event held in the IPC Athletics
World Championships and in the Summer Paralympics.
The five most prestigious marathon races at the elite level are conducted in
the World
Marathon Majors series which include the Berlin, Boston, Chicago, London,
and the New York City marathons. This road running sport originated
among the male servants who ran alongside the
carriages of the aristocrats in the 18th century, and also the people who ran
errands forlong distances for their masters.
The first modern marathon was held in the 1896 Summer Olympics and this
event led to the growth of road running competitions into yearly events like
the Boston Marathon, the Lake Biwa Marathon, and Fukuoka Marathons.
Race-Walking
Just like it sounds, race-walking is a form of competitive walking which
takes place in the open air – on roads and on running tracks as well. Race-
walking is the only sport in athletics which is judged on the basis of the
technique used by the athletes.
The athletes must have one foot on the ground with the other advancing leg
straightened
as to not get an advantage by running a little bit. If the advancing leg is
bent at the knee,
Race-Walking Competitions
Contents
1. ATHLETICS – OVERVIEW
2. ATHLETICS – HOW TO PLAY?
Track and Field
Relay Races
Field Events
Road Running
Race-Walking
Cross Country Running
Mountain Running
3. ATHLETICS − VENUES
Track and Field Stadium
Cross-Country Courses
Road Courses
4. ATHLETICS – CHAMPIONSHIP
Competitions
Olympic Games
Paralympics Games
World Championships
IAAF Championships
Commonwealth Games
5. ATHLETICS – CHAMPIONS
Athletics-venues
Cross-Country Courses
The cross-country competitions are held at venues which have long distance
courses for running. As these are performed in open air and over long
distances, the courses are heavily dependent and affected by the
environment.
In the professional and elite levels of cross-country races, the courses have
to be looped. Each lap has to be at least 1750 meters to about 2000 meters
in length. All natural and/or manmade obstacles like deep ditches, thick
undergrowth etc. must be completed on foot throughout the course
Road Courses
According to the IAAF, all the courses must be along man-made roads,
bicycle paths, or footpaths. The traffic has to be cordoned off the roads
during the competition. These races might start and/or finish at a track and
field stadium.
Athletics - Championships
Competitions
The athletic competitions are divided into three types:
International Championships − In international championships, athletes
who represent their country or region compete with each other.
National Championships − National championships are endorsed by a
national governing body which decides the best athletes of the events for
the country.
Annual meetings and races − Annual one-day meetings and races are the
basic level of competition. They are often invitational and organized by
sports organizations, sports promoters, and other institutions.
Olympic Games
The first event of athletics in a global arena was held at the Summer
Olympics in 1896. The four major sports of athletics have been featured in
the Olympic athletics program since its very beginning in 1896. However,
the cross country races have been dropped out the program. The
competitions of the Olympic are the most prestigious athletics contest as
they are the most watched events of the Summer Olympics. There are a
total of 47 athletics events held at the Olympics, in which 24 are for men
and 23 are for women
Paralympics Games
Athletics events like wheelchair racing are held in which the athletes
compete in lightweight racing chairs. A sighted guide is provided to the
visually impaired contestants. In 2012 Summer Paralympics in London,
medals were given to the guides for piloting in cycling for the first time.
International events for athletes with physical disabilities are held since
1952. The International Paralympic Committee is responsible for the
competitions in athletics, and hosts the Paralympic Games for the physically
challenged since 1960
World Championships
The primary global athletics championships are held by the IAAF called the
IAAF World Championships in Athletics. This features an event program
quite identical to the Olympics.
Athletics like road running, race-walking, and track and field are featured in
the competition
Although cross country running is not held at the World Championships, it
has its own discrete global championships called the IAAF World Cross
Country Championships. These cross country championships have been held
annually since 1973.
Commonwealth Games
At the Commonwealth Games, athletics is one of the sports which gets
quite a lot of attention along with other major events. It has been in the
Commonwealth Games since its inaugural edition, the 1930 British Empire
Games.
1 Methods
o 1.1 Biosphere reserve
o 1.2 National parks
o 1.3 Wildlife sanctuaries
o 1.4 Biodiversity hotspots
o 1.5 Gene sanctuary
o 1.6 Community reserves
o 1.7 Sacred groves
2 Benefits
3 Reserves
4 Agriculture