March 9, 2015

APPENDIX 5.7-A

Emissions Estimation
Methodology

Submitted to:
BURNCO Rock Products
8157 132 Street
Surrey, BC
V3W 4N5
REPORT

Reference Number: 1114220046-561-R-Rev1-4700

Distribution:
1 Electronic Copy - BURNCO Rock Products
2 Hard Copies - Golder Associates Ltd.
 APPENDIX 5.7-A - EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

Table of Contents

1.0  INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................... 1 

1.1  Project Description.................................................................................................................................... 1 

1.2  Indicator Compounds................................................................................................................................ 2 

1.3  Emission Source Activities ........................................................................................................................ 3 

2.0  EMISSIONS ESTIMATION .................................................................................................................................... 4 

2.1  Bulldozing Emission.................................................................................................................................. 4 

2.2  Fugitive Road Dust ................................................................................................................................... 5 

2.3  Material Handling Emission ...................................................................................................................... 7 

2.4  Vehicle Exhaust ........................................................................................................................................ 8 

2.5  Dredging ................................................................................................................................................... 9 

2.6  Screening ................................................................................................................................................. 9 

2.7  Crushing ................................................................................................................................................. 10 

2.8  Conveyor Transfers ................................................................................................................................ 11 

2.9  Stockpile Wind Erosion ........................................................................................................................... 12 

2.10  Propane Combustion Emission .............................................................................................................. 13 

2.11  Tugboat Emission ................................................................................................................................... 14 

2.12  Summary of Emission Rates .................................................................................................................. 16 

3.0  CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 17 

4.0  REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 18 

TABLES
Table 1: Emission Activity Types..................................................................................................................................... 3 

Table 2: TSP30 and TSP15 Empirical Constants .............................................................................................................. 4 

Table 3: Scaling Factors for PM10 and PM2.5 ................................................................................................................... 4 

Table 4: Particulate Matter Size Dependant Constants ................................................................................................... 6 

Table 5: Particle Size Multipliers for Material Handling ................................................................................................... 8 

Table 6: Particulate Emission Factors ........................................................................................................................... 10 

Table 7: Crusher Particulate Emission Factors ............................................................................................................. 11 

Table 8: Conveyor Transfer Point Emission Factors ..................................................................................................... 12 

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Table 9: Scaling Factors for Stockpile Wind Erosion ..................................................................................................... 13 

Table 10: Emission Factors for Propane Combustion ................................................................................................... 14 

Table 11: Emission Factors for Tugboat Emission- Underway Mode ............................................................................ 15 

Table 12: Emission Factors for Tugboat Emission - Maneuvering Mode ...................................................................... 15 

Table 13: Emission rate of activities in BURNCO Project (tonne/day) .......................................................................... 16 

APPENDICES
APPENDIX A 
Detailed Breakdown of Emission Rates 

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
BURNCO Rock Products Ltd. (BURNCO) has proposed to construct and operate an aggregate mine using wet
extraction techniques in Howe Sound, British Columbia (the Project).

This Appendix supplements Volume 2, Part B - Section 5.7 of the Environmental Assessment Certificate
Application/Environmental Impact Statement. The general approach used to evaluate the potential air quality
effects of the Project included the following steps:

 Estimate the air emissions from the Project for the phase of activity (i.e., construction, operations,
and reclamation and closure) determined to have the highest (i.e., bounding) quantity of
air emissions.

 Develop a meteorological dataset for use in the dispersion modelling.

 Predict the concentrations and deposition rates of indicator compounds released from the bounding phase
of the Project dispersion modelling.

 Use dispersion modelling to predict the concentrations and deposition rates of the non-indicator compounds
required as inputs to other disciplines affected by changes in air quality (e.g., human health).

 Compare the predicted indicator compound concentrations to available criteria and standards, and assess
the relevant significance of these effects.

This appendix outlines the first (bolded) step, namely the estimation of air emissions estimations from the Project.

1.1 Project Description

During the operational period of the aggregate facility five major activities will occur each year. These
activities are land clearing (expected to occur over a 30 day period), aggregate extraction and initial processing
(dredging, primary crushing and screening), conveying from pit to processing plant, processing
(crushing and screening) and storage of material in the processing plant area and transfer to barge. A tugboat will
be used to barge the aggregate from the Project to BURNCOs’ facilities in Langley and Burnaby.

During each operational year the excavation pit will be expanded, land will therefore need to be cleared to
accommodate the expansion. The overburden soil will be hauled and stored in berms (eventually vegetated) to
the north and east of the pit area. Land clearing will be conducted using a dozer and excavator. The emissions
from land clearing are expected to be a significant portion of the Project’s particulate emissions; however,
land clearing is expected to occur, at most, over 30 days throughout the year.

Due to the availability of power on site, through a BC Hydro transmission line coupled with a neighbouring
sub-station, the need for diesel combustion equipment (both mobile and stationary) will be limited. The main
aggregate extraction and processing equipment such as the dredger, screens and crushers will be powered
electrically. Quarried and processed material will be transferred around the Project site using a network of
conveyors, thereby eliminating the use of haul vehicles for aggregate movement.

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Due to the wet mining process most of the conveyed material will have moisture content of 5% or greater; for
material conveyed from the stockpiles to the barge, covered conveyors will be used.

The wet extraction process will consist of a flooded aggregate pit area below existing groundwater levels. Sand
and gravel will be extracted from the pit using an electrically powered floating clamshell dredge, equipped with a
primary crusher and a floating conveyor system. No pit dewatering will be required, and no explosives will be
used. The wet extraction technique will act as a fugitive dust and particulate control technique thus eliminating
the potential for fugitive particulate emissions. A berm will also be built on the south and north sides of the pit
area.

Once conveyed to the processing plant, using over water conveyors and an underground conveyor from the pit
lake to the processing plant area, the aggregate material will be stored in surge pile. At the plant the aggregate
material will undergo the following processing:

 Transfer of aggregate material from surge pile to dry screening using a partially underground conveyor;

 Dry screening to extract fines and 20 mm crushed gravel;

 Crushing the remaining aggregate material;

 Dry screening of the crushed material to separate the aggregate into three sizes fractions;

 The fines and the 20 mm crushed gravel will then be wet-screened to extract four more aggregate size
fractions; and

 All seven aggregate sized fractions will be sourced to stockpiles in the plant area.

Within the plant area fugitive particulate emission control practices will include enclosure of crushers and screens,
enclosure of transfer points, water sprays and covered conveyors from stockpiles to the barge. A tugboat will be
used to ship the aggregate once the aggregate is loaded onto the barge. It should be noted that the emissions of
barge tugboat would be small compared to other activities occurring at the Project.

Emissions of NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 from tug movements will be assessed only at the human health receptors
(that will include the McNab Strata community) in the vicinity of the Project. The modelling will include emissions
of the tug while maneuvering in the vicinity of the Project dock area.

1.2 Indicator Compounds

The assessment of air quality focused on predicting changes in the concentrations of selected indicator
compounds. These indicator compounds represent compounds that are expected to be emitted from the Project,
and are generally accepted as indicative in changing air quality, and for which relevant air quality criteria exist.
These indicator compounds fall into the following 2 general categories:

 Particulate Matter, including total suspended particulates or particulate nominally smaller than 30 µm in
diameter (TSP or TSP30), particles nominally smaller than 10 µm in diameter (PM10), and particles nominally
smaller than 2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5);

 Combustion Gases: nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and sulphur dioxide (SO2).

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Although not specific air quality indicators, additional compounds were assessed for use by other disciplines. For
these indicators, refer to Chapter 9.1 and associated appendices of the Environmental Assessment Certificate
Application/Environmental Impact Statement.

1.3 Emission Source Activities

Based on the Project description, as described in Section 1.1, activities that would result in particulate emissions
are listed in Table 1. Particulate matter emissions associated with diesel vehicle exhaust will be included in the
inventory and subsequent modelling.
Table 1: Emission Activity Types
Indicator Compound Producing
Major Activities
Activity
Bulldozing
Fugitive road dust
Land Clearing
Material handling
Vehicle exhaust
Dredging
Aggregate Extraction and Initial
Screening
Processing
Crushing
Material handling
Conveying from Pit to
Conveyor transfers
Processing Plant
Stockpile wind erosion
Material handling
Stockpile wind erosion
Screening
Processing
Crushing
Propane combustion
Vehicle exhaust
Transfer to Barge Material handling
Shipping Tugboat emission

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2.0 EMISSIONS ESTIMATION

Activities that generate indicator emissions were identified in section 1.3. Emission rates for the various emission
activities will be calculated based on a relevant emission factors (such as US EPA AP-42 1995) and activity data
supplied by BURNCO. For emission activities that would have emission controls, as specified by BURNCO, an
appropriate emission reduction factor will be applied to the emission rate calculation.

2.1 Bulldozing Emission

Bulldozing activities will be undertaken during the land clearing (pit expansion) phase, this activity is expected to
result in fugitive particulate emissions. Fugitive particulate emissions from bulldozing were quantified using the
method detailed in AP-42 Chapter 11.9 Western Surface Coal Mining (US EPA 1998b). The emission factors for
TSP30 and particulate nominally smaller than 15 µm in diameter (TSP15) were calculated as follows:

Where:

 = the emission factor for particulates (kg/hour/equipment)

 = the silt content of the material handled (% weight)

 = the material handled moisture content (% weight)

 = empirical constant (unitless)

 = empirical constant (unitless)

 = empirical constant (unitless)

The empirical constants (a,b,c) used for TSP30 and TSP15 are presented in Table 2.
Table 2: TSP30 and TSP15 Empirical Constants
Constant TSP30 TSP15
A 2.6 0.45
B 1.2 1.5
C 1.3 1.4

Scaling factors in Table 3 are used to convert TSP30 emission to PM10, and TSP15 emission to PM2.5.
Table 3: Scaling Factors for PM10 and PM2.5
PM10 from TSP30 PM2.5 from TSP15
Scaling Factor 0.75 0.105

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The equation used to calculate the particulate emission rates is as follows:

Where:

 = the emission rate (tonne/day)

 = the number of pieces of equipment (equipment)

 = the daily operating hours (hours/day)

 = the unit conversion factor to equate the mass unit –

The mean silt and moisture content of overburden, provided in AP-42 Chapter 13.2.4, Table 13.2.4-1
(US EPA 2006b), was assumed to be the silt and moisture content of the overburden handled at the Project.

During the land clearing phase the bulldozers’ engines are assumed over the entire operating day; however, the
equipment is not expected to be bulldozing the entire time. Therefore, a utilization factor of 80% was assumed,
and applied bulldozing fugitive particulate to emissions.

2.2 Fugitive Road Dust

Hauling activities will be undertaken during the land clearing (pit expansion) phase. Vehicles will be used to haul
the overburden soil out from the pit expansion area to berms located to the north and east of the pit. This activity
is expected to result in fugitive particulate emissions. Road fugitive particulate emissions were quantified using
the method detailed in AP-42 Chapter 13.2.2 Unpaved Roads (US EPA 2006a). The emission rate and factor
calculations are as follows:

.

12 3

Where:

 = the emission factor (g/VKT)

 = empirical constant (lb/VMT)

 = surface material silt content (%)

 = empirical constant (unitless)

 = mean vehicle weight (imperial tons)

⁄
 = unit conversion factor to equate units of mass and distance travelled by vehicle – 281.9 ⁄

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Constants and vary depending on the particle size, Table 4 shows the constants (US EPA 2006a) used for this
calculation.
Table 4: Particulate Matter Size Dependant Constants
Constants Units PM30 (TSP) PM10 PM2.5
lb/VMT 4.9 1.5 0.15
unit less 0.7 0.9 0.9

Average silt content value found in AP-42, Chapter 13.2.4 Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles
(US EPA 2006b) was referenced to provide the silt content of the surface material. Mean vehicle weight was taken
from the vehicle manufacture’s specification sheet, with the assumption of vehicles travelling fully loaded on one
way and empty on the return trip.

Using the emission factor calculated, the emission rate is then calculated as follows:

1
100

Where:

 = the emission rate (tonne/day)

 = the daily vehicles distance travelled (km/day)

 = unit conversion factor to equate units of mass –

 = the emission rate control reduction (%)

The travelled distance by vehicles were estimated by the distance between the centre point of the land clearing
area to the berms east and north of the pit area. The number of trips made by vehicles was estimated using the
total overburden removed each year and haul truck’s maximum load capacity.

Precipitation will act as a natural dust suppressant. A precipitation control factor may be applied to the
calculated emission rate to correct for precipitation suppression:

365
.
365

Where:

 . = the precipitation corrected emission rate (tonne/day)

 = the number of days in a year with at least 0.254 mm of precipitation.

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Within the inventory the precipitation reduction correction was not applied to fugitive road particulate emissions.
The reason for this is the period which land clearing occurs is unknown, and land clearing will lasts for 30 days or
less each year. It is possible to have no precipitation during this period, and implementing the precipitation control
factor may conservatively estimate the unpaved road dust emissions.

Fugitive road dust particulate emissions are expected to comprise a significant portion of the total Project emission.
Therefore, a watering truck will be used to reduce the unpaved road dust emissions. Watering the roads is
expected to reduce the emissions by 55% according to Table 6-7 of WRAP Fugitive Dust Handbook (Countess
Environmental 2004).

2.3 Material Handling Emission

Aggregate material will be handled and transferred at various stages and locations throughout the Project site; this
handling will result in the release of particulate emissions. Material handling occurs during land clearing, conveying
from pit to processing plant, processing and transferring to barge activities. All material handling emissions are
calculated using the method outlined in AP-42 Chapter 13.2.4 Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles (US EPA
2006b). The emission factor calculation is listed below:

0.0016 2.2
.

Where:

 = the emission factor (kg/tonne)

 = the particle size multiplier (dimensionless)

 = the mean wind speed (m/s)

 = the material moisture content (%)

And the emission rate equation is:

1
100

Where:

 = the emission rate (tonne/day)

 = the material handled (tonne/day)

 = the control efficiency of the dust control technique (unitless)

 = the unit conversion factor to equate the mass unit -

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To obtain representative local wind speed data, Port Mellon meteorological station’s hourly wind record over five
years period (2008-2012) was downloaded from the BC Ministry of Environment (MoE) website (BC MoE 2014),
and used to calculate the maximum daily average wind speed. The Port Mellon meteorological station is operated
by Environment Canada.

The particle size multipliers are provided in AP-42 Chapter 13.2.4 – Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles
(US EPA 2006b), the particle size multipliers are presented in Table 5.
Table 5: Particle Size Multipliers for Material Handling
Description Value
TSP ≤ 30 µm, unitless 0.74
PM10, unitless 0.35
PM2.5, unitless 0.053

The moisture content of the material handled varies depending on where the material transfer occurs within the
processing stage. The moisture content values were provided by BURNCO.

For some of aggregate the transfer points control measures such as partial enclosure or partial enclosure and
water spray are implemented to reduce particulate emissions. These controls were assumed to have similar
reduction efficiencies as the controls for screening operations. An emission control efficiency of 50% was applied
to partially enclosed drops, while an emission control efficiency of 75% was applied to partially enclosed drops
with mist spray. Control efficiency values were provided in Pits and Quarries Guidance Chapter 8 (Environment
Canada 2009)

2.4 Vehicle Exhaust

Various diesel powered surface equipment will be used within the Project site and expected emissions include
particulates, SO2 and NO2. During the Project’s operational phase surface equipment that will be used will include
a bull dozer, haul trucks, a forklift, an excavator, and a loader. These vehicle emissions are expected to occur as
a result of land clearing and processing activities. Emission rates for all vehicular exhaust were calculated using
the same method as US EPA NON-ROAD model. NON-ROAD uses the emission factors provided in documents
published by US EPA (2004b, 2004c, 2010). TSP emission was assumed to be the same as that of PM10. The
general equation used for finding particulate, SO2 and NO2 emissions is as follows:

Where:

 = emission rate (tonne/day)

 = emission factor (g/hp-hr)

 = the output power of engine used (hp)

 = load factor (unitless)

 = Time that the engine is in operation (hours)

 = Unit conversion factor to equate the unit of time and mass

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As previously mentioned in 2.1, bulldozing emission applied a utilization rate of 80% to the activity. However, this
machinery is assumed to be operating even during the time they are not bulldozing. Therefore the exhaust
emissions are calculated based on 14 hour per day emission rate.

The calculation method follows that of US EPA NON-ROAD model for selecting the appropriate emission factor
and load factors. Emission factors vary depending on the substance of interest, the sulphur content of the fuel,
the emission type, the equipment type, and the equipment model year. The emission factors are found using the
methods in Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling – Compression Ignition –
Report No. NR-009c (US EPA 2004b). Load factor is determined by the type of equipment defined in Median Life,
Annual Activity, and Load Factor Values for Nonroad Engine Emissions Modeling – Report No. NR-005c (US EPA
2004c).

2.5 Dredging
Aggregate material will be dredged during the active phase of the Project. This is a wet process, as the aggregate
will be dredged from below the waterline within an artificial lake. Therefore, this process is not expected to produce
any particulate emissions.

2.6 Screening
There are five screens present on the Project site; screening activities are expected to generate particulate
emissions. The screens are part of the aggregate extraction and initial processing and the processing activities.
Screening particulate emissions where based on the method provided in AP-42 Chapter 11.19.2 Crushed Stone
Processing and Pulverized Mineral Processing (US EPA 2004a). The equation for determining the emission rate
for screening activities is as follows:

1
100

Where:

 = the emission rate (tonne/day)

 = the emission factor (kg/tonne)

 = the material handled (tonne/day)

 = the emission reduction efficiency (%)

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Different emission factors are used for TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 emissions. Table 6 shows the emission factors for
controlled and uncontrolled screens.
Table 6: Particulate Emission Factors
TSP PM10 PM2.5
Uncontrolled Screen 0.0125 0.0043 0.000291
Controlled Screen 0.0011 0.00037 0.000025

Of the five screens used on the Project site, three are expected to have control measures. As seen in Table 6,
AP-42 Chapter 11.19.2 (2004a) provides emission factors for controlled and uncontrolled screens, however, the
description of control measures were not clearly defined. Therefore, uncontrolled emission factors were
conservatively used in the emission rate calculation and the control efficiency term was used to account for
emission reductions based on a control measure. Control efficiency values were provided in Pits and
Quarries Guidance, Chapter 8 (Environment Canada 2009), where applicable. The screens in the processing
area are partially enclosed and are expected to reduce emission rates by 50%. The wash plant screen (processing
activity) is described to be a totally wet process; therefore no particulate emissions are expected from this activity.

2.7 Crushing
Mined aggregate will be crushed into smaller aggregate sizes during the aggregate extraction and initial processing
and the processing activities. Crushing is expected to generate particulate emissions. The emission rate of
crushing activities are calculated using emission factors provided in AP-42 Chapter 11.19.2, Crushed Stone
Processing and Pulverized Mineral Processing (US EPA 2004a). Crushing particulate emissions will be quantified
as follows:

1
100

Where:

 = the emission rate (tonne/day)

 = the emission factor (kg/tonne)

 = the material handled (tonne/day)

 = the emission reduction efficiency (%)

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AP-42, Chapter 11.19.2 (US EPA 2004a) provides emission factors used in crushing operations. Table 7 shows
the emission factors of particulate emissions from different types of crushers.
Table 7: Crusher Particulate Emission Factors
TSP PM10 PM2.5
(kg/tonne) (kg/tonne) (kg/tonne)
Primary Crushing 0.0027 0.0012 0.0006
Tertiary Crushing 0.0027 0.0012 0.00005

There are two crushers at the Project, a jaw crusher and a fines crusher. The jaw crusher will be used for primary
crushing, when the aggregate material is dredged. The fines crusher will be used to further reduce the aggregates
in size. Therefore, the jaw crusher will use the emission factors for primary crushing, and the fines crusher will
use the emission factors for tertiary crushing.

The crushers used at the Project site are partially enclosed to minimize the particulate emissions. The emission
control efficiency used was assumed to be 85% and was provided in Pits and Quarries Guidance, Chapter 8
(Environment Canada 2009).

2.8 Conveyor Transfers

Mined aggregate is transferred to the processing area by a conveyor. The drop of aggregate at conveyor transfer
point (conveyor to conveyor) is expected to generate particulate emissions. The emission rate of a conveyor to
conveyor transfer is calculated using the method outlined in AP-42 chapter 11.19.2 Crushed Stone Processing
and Pulverized Mineral Processing (US EPA 2004a). The equation is as follows:

1
100

Where:

 = the emission rate (tonne/day)

 = the emission factor (kg/tonne)

 = the number of transfer points (number)

 = the material handled (tonne/day)

 = the emission reduction efficiency (%)

 = unit conversion factor to equate units of mass -

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The emission factors provided in AP-42 chapter 11.19.2 Crushed Stone Processing and Pulverized Mineral
Processing US EPA (2004a) are as follows:
Table 8: Conveyor Transfer Point Emission Factors
Description Units TSP PM10 PM2.5
Conveyor Transfer
Point kg/tonne 0.0015 0.00055 0.000139
(uncontrolled)
Conveyor Transfer
kg/tonne 0.00007 0.000023 0.0000065
Point (controlled)

Emission factor for PM2.5 for uncontrolled conveyor transfer point was not provided in AP-42 11.19.2 Crushed
Stone Processing and Pulverized Mineral Processing US EPA (2004a). Therefore, the emission factor was
estimated using the ratio of TSP and PM2.5 for controlled conveyor transfer point emission factor.

The conveyor transfer point is in the material processing area, where the aggregate is expected to be still wet from
dredging. Therefore, the emission factor for controlled conveyor transfer point was used in estimating the
emissions from this activity.

2.9 Stockpile Wind Erosion

Stockpiles will be used to store mined aggregated and processed aggregate material. These stockpiles are
expected to generate particulate emissions as they are exposed to wind. Stockpile wind erosion occurs as a result
of conveying from pit to processing plant, and, processing activities. The emission rate from stockpile wind erosion
is calculated using the method provided in Control of Open Fugitive Dust Source (US EPA 1988). The emission
rate equation is as follows:

365
1.9
1.5 235 15

Where:

 = the TSP emission rate (kg/day/ha)

 = the silt content (% weight)

 = the number of days with precipitation > 0.2 mm (days)

 = the percentage of time that unobstructed wind speed is greater than 19.3 km/h (%)

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Emission rates for PM10 and PM2.5 were found by using scaling factors provided in AP-42
Chapter 13.2.5 – Industrial Wind Erosion (US EPA 2006c); these factors are shown in Table 9.
Table 9: Scaling Factors for Stockpile Wind Erosion
Description Value
PM10 0.5
PM2.5 0.075

Wind speed data from Port Mellon meteorological station were used to estimate the occurrence of wind speed
being greater than 19.3 km/h. The silt content of the stockpiles were provided by BURNCO. For the overburden
stockpile, where the silt content was unknown, the mean silt content value of overburden, provided in AP-42
Chapter 13.2.4 Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles (US EPA 2006b) was used.

Two of the stockpiles in the processing area have mist spray as an emission control measure. The emission
reduction efficiency was assumed to be 50% and provided in Pits and Quarries Guidance Chapter 8 (Environment
Canada 2009).

As the wind erosion equation suggests, precipitation acts as a natural dust suppressant which reduces the
emissions generated from stockpiles. However, to conservatively estimate the stockpile wind erosion, the number
of days with precipitation greater than 0.2 mm was assumed to be 0.

2.10 Propane Combustion Emission

Project equipment (screens, crushers, vehicles, tools, etc.) will require maintenance from time to time.
A propane powered welder will be used to repair equipment. The combustion from propane is expected to
generate particulates, SO2, and NO2. Propane combustion emission is calculated using the method outlined in
US EPA AP-42 Section 1.5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion (US EPA 2008). The emission rate calculation
is as follows:

Where:

 = the emission rate (tonne/day)

 = the emission factor (lb/103gal)

 = the propane used (litre/day)

 = the unit conversion factor to equate the volume and mass -
.

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Particulate emissions from propane combustion is assumed to be similar to the emission for natural gas and is
expected to be less than 10 µm, as stated in Chapter 1.4 of AP-42 (US EPA 1998a). The emission factors for
propane combustions is provided in US EPA AP-42 Section 1.5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion (2008), and
shown in Table 10.
Table 10: Emission Factors for Propane Combustion
Substance Units Value
TSP lb/103 gal 0.7
PM10 lb/103 gal 0.7
PM2.5 lb/103 gal 0.7
SO2 lb/103 gal 1.5
NO2 lb/103 gal 13

2.11 Tugboat Emission

Mined aggregate materials are transported by a barge pulled by a tugboat. The tugboat emissions include
particulate emissions, sulphur oxides (SOx), and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The exhaust emission from Project related
tugboats from the Project site to its destination were calculated using the method outlined in 2005 – 2006 BC
Ocean-Going Vessel Emissions Inventory (The Chamber of Shipping 2007). Within The Chamber of Shipping
(2007) marine vessels are categorized as travelling in two modes underway mode and maneuvering mode;
emission factors are based on the operation mode of the vessel.

The addition of one tug boat a day to the ocean-going vessel traffic in the Howe Sound are predicted to be
negligible. Based on conversations with Health Canada, emissions of NO2, SO2, PM2.5 and PM10 from tug
movements will be assessed only at the human health receptors (that will include the McNab Strata community)
in the regional study area (RSA). The modelling will include emissions of the tug while maneuvering in the vicinity
of the Project dock area.

It was assumed that the tugboat would be in maneuvering mode approximately 90 minutes each day, and the
tugboat would be in underway mode when travelling. The emission rates of particulates, SOx, and NOx are
calculated using the equation below:

Where:

 = the emission rate (g/duration of travel)

 = the engine power at maximum continuous rating (kW)

 = the emission factor (g/kWh)

 = the load factor (%)

 = the duration of travel per day (hour/day)

 = the unit conversion factor to equate the volume and mass -

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 APPENDIX 5.7-A - EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

The emissions factors for NOx, in both underway mode and maneuvering mode are provided in The Chamber of
Shipping (2007). Similarly, the emission factor for PM10 and PM2.5 in maneuvering mode was provided The
Chamber of Shipping (2007). The emissions factors for particulate matter (TSP, PM10 and PM2.5) for underway
mode are a function of brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and the sulphur content within the fuel. The
emission factor for SOx, in both underway mode and maneuvering mode are a function of the sulphur content
within the fuel. Table 11 and Table 12 summarize the emission factors used to calculate the emission rates. It
was assumed that the calculated SOx emissions represented SO2, and the calculated NOx emissions represented
NO2.
Table 11: Emission Factors for Tugboat Emission- Underway Mode
TSP PM10 PM2.5 SOx NOx
Slow Vessel –
Underway 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.006 17.00
Mode
2005-2006 BC
Calculated from Ocean-Going
Assumed to be Calculated from
Comment sulphur content 90% of PM10 Vessel
same as PM10 sulphur content
and BSFC Emissions
Inventory

Table 12: Emission Factors for Tugboat Emission - Maneuvering Mode

TSP PM10 PM2.5 SOx NOx
Slow Vessel –
Maneuvering 1.12 1.12 1.01 0.02 49.64
Mode
2005-2006 BC 2005-2006 BC 2005-2006 BC
Ocean-Going Ocean-Going Ocean-Going
Assumed to be Calculated from
Comment Vessel Vessel Vessel
same as PM10 sulphur content
Emissions Emissions Emissions
Inventory Inventory Inventory

The sulphur content of the fuel was provided by the tugboat operator Seaspan Marine (L. Pyper, 2014, pers.
comm.). The brake specific fuel consumption is provided in The Chamber of Shipping (2007).

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 APPENDIX 5.7-A - EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

2.12 Summary of Emission Rates

Table 13 presents a summary of emission rate for different activities occurring within the Project.
Table 13: Emission rate of activities in BURNCO Project (tonne/day)
Indicator
Compound
Major Activities TSP PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2
Producing
Activity

Bulldozing 4.38E-02 8.45E-03 4.60E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00

Fugitive road
4.88E-02 1.36E-02 1.36E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
dust
Land Clearing
Material
1.00E-03 4.75E-04 7.19E-05 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
handling
Vehicle
4.63E-03 4.63E-03 4.49E-03 1.44E-04 4.45E-02
exhaust
Dredging 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Aggregate Extraction and Initial
Screening 1.10E-02 3.70E-03 2.50E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Processing
Crushing 5.06E-04 2.25E-04 1.13E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Material
1.39E-03 6.56E-04 9.94E-05 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
handling
Conveying from Pit to Processing Conveyor
3.50E-04 1.15E-04 3.25E-05 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Plant transfers
Stockpile wind
1.25E-04 6.27E-05 9.41E-06 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
erosion
Material
8.20E-03 3.88E-03 5.88E-04 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
handling
Stockpile wind
1.14E-04 5.70E-05 8.55E-06 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
erosion
Screening 5.33E-02 1.83E-02 1.24E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Processing
Crushing 1.43E-03 6.35E-04 2.65E-05 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Propane
2.09E-06 2.09E-06 2.09E-06 4.49E-06 3.89E-05
combustion
Vehicle
1.40E-03 1.40E-03 1.36E-03 4.59E-05 1.21E-02
exhaust
Material
Transfer to Barge 1.80E-02 8.51E-03 1.29E-03 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
handling
Tugboat
Shipping 3.21E-03 3.21E-03 2.89E-03 1.00E-04 2.70E-01
emission

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 APPENDIX 5.7-A - EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

3.0 CONCLUSIONS
The air quality assessment involved emission rate quantification of activities that occur within the Project. The
emission estimation methods were adopted from the emission formulas and emission factors published by US
EPA. Some of the activities are expected to implement emission controls, where appropriate, accepted emission
reduction efficiencies were applied to the calculated emission rates.

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 APPENDIX 5.7-A - EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

4.0 REFERENCES
British Columbia Ministry of Environment (BC MoE). 2014. BC Air Data Archive Website. Available at:
http://envistaweb.env.gov.bc.ca/. Accessed June 2014.

The Chamber of Shipping. 2007. 2005 – 2006 BC Ocean-Going Vessel Emissions Inventory.

Countess Environmental. 2004. WRAP Fugitive Dust Handbook.

Environment Canada. 2009. Pits and Quarries Guidance. Available at: http://www.ec.gc.ca/inrp-
npri/default.asp?lang=En&n=A9C1EE34-1 Accessed June 6, 2014.

Golder (Golder Associates Ltd.). 2013. BURNCO McNab Creek Aggregate Project Conceptual Air Dispersion
Model Plan. Technical Memorandum submitted to Ministry of Environment.

Pyper, Luke. 2014. Port Engineer. Seaspan ULC. Telephone Conversation with Taishi Baba (Golder) on
July 3, 2014.

US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). 2010. Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for
Nonroad Engine Modeling – Compression-Ignition, NR-009d.

US EPA. 2008. AP-42, Fifth Edition Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Chapter 1.5
Liquefied Petroleum Gas Combustion.

US EPA. 2006a. AP-42, Fifth Edition Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Chapter 13.2.2
Unpaved Roads.

US EPA. 2006b. AP-42, Fifth Edition Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Chapter 13.2.4
Aggregate Handling and Storage Piles.

US EPA. 2006c. AP-42, Fifth Edition Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Chapter 13.2.5
Industrial Wind Erosion.

US EPA. 2004a. AP-42, Fifth Edition Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Chapter 11.19.2
Crushed Stone Processing and Pulverized Mineral Processing.

US EPA. 2004b. Exhaust and Crankcase Emission Factors for Nonroad Engine Modeling – Compression-Ignition.
NR-009c.

US EPA . 2004c. Median Life, Annual Activity, and Load Factor Values for Nonroad Engine Emissions Modeling,
NR-005c.

US EPA. 1998a. AP-42, Fifth Edition Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors: Chapter 1.4. Natural Gas
Combustion.

US EPA. 1998b. AP-42, Fifth Edition Compilation of air Pollutant Emission Factors: Chapter 11.9 Western Surface
Coal Mining.

US EPA. 1988. Control of Open Fugitive Dust Source.

US EPA. 1995. AP 42, Fifth Edition Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume 1: Stationary Point
and Area Sources.

o:\final\2011\1422\11-1422-0046\1114220046-561-r-rev1-4700\1114220046-561-r-rev1-4700-emission estimate 9mar_15.docx

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Reference No. 1114220046-561-R-Rev1-4700 18
 APPENDIX 5.7-A - EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

APPENDIX A
Detailed Breakdown of Emission Rates

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Table A-1: Detailed Breakdown of Emission Rates

Emission Rate
Major Activity Detailed Activity (tonne/day)

TSP PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2

I.1 Land Clearing A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Bulldozing 2.19E-02 4.22E-03 2.30E-03
I.1 Land Clearing A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Excavating 2.19E-02 4.22E-03 2.30E-03
A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Material Drop into Rock Trucks -
I.1 Land Clearing 5.02E-04 2.37E-04 3.59E-05
Material Drops
A4 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Material from Rock Trucks to
I.1 Land Clearing 5.02E-04 2.37E-04 3.59E-05
Berm - Material Drops
A5 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Rock Trucks - Fugitive Road
I.1 Land Clearing 4.88E-02 1.36E-02 1.36E-03
Dust
I.1 Land Clearing B1 - Exhaust Emissions - Excavator 8.76E-04 8.76E-04 8.49E-04 2.73E-05 8.43E-03
I.1 Land Clearing B2 - Exhaust Emissions - Rock Trucks (3) 3.24E-03 3.24E-03 3.15E-03 1.01E-04 3.12E-02
I.1 Land Clearing B3 - Exhaust Emissions - Bulldozer 5.09E-04 5.09E-04 4.93E-04 1.59E-05 4.89E-03
I.2 Overburden A - Fugitive PM Emissions - Stockpile Wind Erosion 4.38E-05 2.19E-05 3.28E-06 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
I.3 Dredging A - Fugitive PM Emissions - Dredging 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
I.4 Grizzly Screen
A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Screening 5.50E-03 1.85E-03 1.25E-04
(6" material)
I.4 Grizzly Screen
A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Dewatering Screen 5.50E-03 1.85E-03 1.25E-04
(6" material)
I.4 Grizzly Screen A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Grizzly Screen to Surge Material
5.20E-04 2.46E-04 3.73E-05
(6" material) conveyor - Material Drops
I.5 Jaw Crushing A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Crushing 5.06E-04 2.25E-04 1.13E-04
A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Jaw Crusher to Surge Material
I.5 Jaw Crushing 1.73E-04 8.21E-05 1.24E-05
conveyor - Material Drops
A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Conveyor transfer point - Mine
I.6 Surge Material 3.50E-04 1.15E-04 3.25E-05
area to Surge Material - Conveyor Transfer Point
A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Conveyor to Surge Material -
I.6 Surge Material 6.94E-04 3.28E-04 4.97E-05
Material Drops
II.1 Surge Material A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Stockpile Wind Erosion 8.16E-05 4.08E-05 6.12E-06
A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Front End Loader to Dry Screen
II.1 Surge Material 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
conveyor - Material Drops

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 APPENDIX 5.7-A - EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

Emission Rate
Major Activity Detailed Activity (tonne/day)

TSP PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2

II.1 Surge Material B - Exhaust Emissions - Loader 1.02E-03 1.02E-03 9.85E-04 3.83E-05 9.77E-03
II.2 Dry Screen 1 A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Screening 3.13E-02 1.08E-02 7.26E-04
A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Dry Screen 1 to Crusher
II.2 Dry Screen 1 9.69E-04 4.58E-04 6.94E-05
conveyor - Material Drops
A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Dry Screen 1 to 20 mm Crushed
II.2 Dry Screen 1 1.39E-04 6.56E-05 9.94E-06
Gravel Stockpile conveyor - Material Drops
II.3 Crushing A - Fugitive PM Emissions - Crushing 1.43E-03 6.35E-04 2.65E-05
II.4 Dry Screen 2 A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Screening 2.21E-02 7.59E-03 5.13E-04
A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Dry Screen 2 to Crusher
II.4 Dry Screen 2 3.08E-04 1.46E-04 2.21E-05
conveyor - Material Drops
II.5 25 mm Crushed A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Dry Screen 2 to 25 mm Crushed
4.29E-04 2.03E-04 3.07E-05
Rock Rock Stockpile conveyor - Material Drops
II.5 25 mm Crushed A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Conveyor to 25 mm Crushed
8.58E-04 4.06E-04 6.15E-05
Rock Rock Stockpile - Material Drops
II.5 25 mm Crushed
A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Stockpile Wind Erosion 8.88E-06 4.44E-06 6.66E-07
Rock
II.6 10 mm Crushed A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Dry Screen 2 to 10 mm
3.78E-04 1.79E-04 2.71E-05
Gravel Crushed Gravel Stockpile Conveyor - Material Drops
II.6 10 mm Crushed A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Conveyor to 10 mm Crushed
1.51E-03 7.16E-04 1.08E-04
Gravel Gravel Stockpile - Material Drops
II.6 10 mm Crushed
A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Stockpile Wind Erosion 3.55E-05 1.78E-05 2.66E-06
Gravel
II.7 20 mm Crushed A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Dry Screen 2 to 20 mm Crushed
2.13E-04 1.01E-04 1.52E-05
Gravel Gravel Stockpile Conveyor - Material Drops
II.7 20 mm Crushed A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Conveyor to 20 mm Crushed
8.51E-04 4.03E-04 6.10E-05
Gravel Gravel Stockpile - Material Drops
II.7 20 mm Crushed
A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Stockpile Wind Erosion 5.04E-05 2.52E-05 3.78E-06
Gravel
II.7 20 mm Crushed A4 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Screen 1 conveyor to 20 mm
2.78E-04 1.31E-04 1.99E-05
Gravel Crushed Gravel Stockpile - Material Drops

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 APPENDIX 5.7-A - EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

Emission Rate
Major Activity Detailed Activity (tonne/day)

TSP PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2

II.8 Wash Plant
A - Fugitive PM Emissions - Screening 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Screen
II.8 Processing
B - Exhaust Emissions - Forklift 3.83E-04 3.83E-04 3.72E-04 7.67E-06 2.37E-03
Plant Area
II.9 14 mm Concrete A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - WP to 14 mm Concrete Stone
2.08E-04 9.85E-05 1.49E-05
Stone Stockpile conveyor - Material Drops
II.9 14 mm Concrete A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Conveyor to 14 mm Concrete
4.16E-04 1.97E-04 2.98E-05
Stone Stone Stockpile - Material Drops
II.9 14 mm Concrete
A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Stockpile Wind Erosion 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Stone
II.10 10 mm A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - WP to 10 mm Concrete Stone
2.08E-04 9.85E-05 1.49E-05
Concrete Stone Stockpile conveyor - Material Drops
II.10 10 mm A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Conveyor to 10 mm Concrete
4.16E-04 1.97E-04 2.98E-05
Concrete Stone Stone Stockpile - Material Drops
II.10 10 mm
A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Stockpile Wind Erosion 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Concrete Stone
II.11 Washed Sand A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - WP to 5 mm Washed Sand
1.31E-04 6.18E-05 9.35E-06
(5mm) Stockpile conveyor - Material Drops
II.11 Washed Sand A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Conveyor to 5 mm Washed
2.61E-04 1.24E-04 1.87E-05
(5 mm) Sand Stockpile - Material Drops
II.11 Washed Sand
A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Stockpile Wind Erosion 1.92E-05 9.58E-06 1.44E-06
(5 mm)
II.12 20 mm A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions - WP to 20 mm Concrete Stone
2.08E-04 9.85E-05 1.49E-05
Concrete Stone Stockpile conveyor - Material Drops
II.12 20 mm A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Conveyor to 20 mm Concrete
4.16E-04 1.97E-04 2.98E-05
Concrete Stone Stone Stockpile Material Drops
II.12 20 mm
A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions - Stockpile Wind Erosion 0.00E+00 0.00E+00 0.00E+00
Concrete Stone
A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Drop of 25 mm Crushed Rock to
III.1 Hopper 4.29E-04 2.03E-04 3.07E-05
Hopper - Material Drops
A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Drop of 10 mm Crushed Gravel
III.1 Hopper 7.57E-04 3.58E-04 5.42E-05
to Hopper - Material Drops

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 APPENDIX 5.7-A - EMISSIONS ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY

Emission Rate
Major Activity Detailed Activity (tonne/day)

TSP PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2

A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Drop of 20 mm Crushed Gravel
III.1 Hopper 1.75E-04 8.29E-05 1.26E-05
to Hopper - Material Drops
A4 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Drop of 14 mm Concrete Stone
III.1 Hopper 2.08E-04 9.85E-05 1.49E-05
to Hopper - Material Drops
A5 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Drop of 10 mm Concrete Stone
III.1 Hopper 2.08E-04 9.85E-05 1.49E-05
to Hopper - Material Drops
A6 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Drop of 5 mm Washed Sand to
III.1 Hopper 1.31E-04 6.18E-05 9.35E-06
Hopper - Material Drops
A7 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Drop of 20 mm Concrete Stone
III.1 Hopper 2.08E-04 9.85E-05 1.49E-05
to Hopper - Material Drops
A1 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Hopper to Barge conveyor -
III.2 Barge 1.17E-02 5.51E-03 8.35E-04
Material Drops
A2 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Conveyor to Barge - 25 mm
III.2 Barge 8.58E-04 4.06E-04 6.15E-05
Crushed Rock - Material Drops
A3 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Conveyor to Barge - 10 mm
III.2 Barge 1.51E-03 7.16E-04 1.08E-04
Crushed Gravel - Material Drops
A4 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Conveyor to Barge - 20 mm
III.2 Barge 3.51E-04 1.66E-04 2.51E-05
Crushed Gravel - Material Drops
A5 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Conveyor to Barge - 14 mm
III.2 Barge 4.16E-04 1.97E-04 2.98E-05
Concrete Stone - Material Drops
A6 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Conveyor to Barge - 10 mm
III.2 Barge 4.16E-04 1.97E-04 2.98E-05
Concrete Stone - Material Drops
A7 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Conveyor to Barge - 5 mm
III.2 Barge 2.61E-04 1.24E-04 1.87E-05
Washed Sand - Material Drops
A8 - Fugitive PM Emissions: Conveyor to Barge - 20 mm
III.2 Barge 4.16E-04 1.97E-04 2.98E-05
Concrete Stone - Material Drops
B - Exhaust Emissions - Seaspan Commander
III.3 Tugboat 3.15E-03 3.15E-03 2.83E-03 9.89E-05 2.67E-01
(Underway Mode)
B - Exhaust Emissions - Seaspan Commander
III.3 Tugboat 6.59E-05 6.59E-05 5.95E-05 1.08E-06 2.92E-03
(Maneuvering Mode)
IV.1 Welding C - Combustion 2.09E-06 2.09E-06 2.09E-06 4.49E-06 3.89E-05

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Reference No. 1114220046-561-R-Rev1-4700 A-4
Golder Associates Ltd.
Suite 200 - 2920 Virtual Way
Vancouver, BC, V5M 0C4
Canada
T: +1 (604) 296 4200