Pathology

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. Atelectasis.
2. Pneumonias
3. Stages of lobar Pneumonia
4. COPDs: Emphysema, Chronic bronchitis, Bronchial asthma,
Bronchiectasis.
5. Lung abscess.
6. Pulmonary tuberculosis:
7. Primary tuberculosis
8. Secondary tuberculosis
9. Morphologic varieties, e.g. Pleuritis.
10. Occupational lung diseases: Mainly Pneumoconiosis.
11. Hyaline membrane disease.
12. Tumours of lung & pleura.
13. Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Questions:
LE:
1. Discuss the classification, etiopathogenesis of carcinoma lung and write
the morphology of small cell carcinoma.
SE:
1. Define atelectasis. Discuss the types and their causes.
2. What are the types of atelectasis in the lung?
3. Enumerate the stages in the evolution of lobar pneumonia. List the
complications.
4. Bronchopneumonia.
5. Vial pneumonias.
6. Emphysema-Definition, types and aetiology.
7. Panacinar emphysema.
8. Aetiology and pathology of bronchiectasis.
9. Gross, microscopy and complications of bronchiectasis.
10. Write a note on silicosis. Enumerate and name various pneumoconiosis.
11. Silicosis.
12. Oat cell carcinoma lung.
13. Spread of bronchogenic carcinoma.

SA:
1. Mention the stages and complications of lobar pneumonia.
2. Differences between lobar and Bronchopneumonia.
3. Enumerate the conditions that cause COPD.
4. Morphology of bronchiectasis.
5. Gross appearance of lung in bronchiectasis.
6. Complications of bronchiectasis.
7. Name asbestos related lung lesions.
8. Etiology of bronchogenic carcinoma.
9. Spread of bronchogenic carcinoma.
10. Paraneoplastic Syndromes of oat cell carcinoma lung.
11. Difference between Emphysema & Bronchiectasis

Cardiovascular Pathology:
Vascular diseases: Atherosclerosis, Monckeberg’s medial calcification,
Aneurysm and Arteritis and tumours of Blood vessels.
Questions:
LE:
1. Discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Mention the
complications of atherosclerosis.
2. Enumerate The risk factors of atherosclerosis and discuss the role of lipid and
endothelial injury in its pathogenesis.
SE:
1. Role of macrophages in atherosclerosis.
2. Syphilitic aortitis.
SA:
1. Complicated lesions of atherosclerosis.
2. Secondary changes in atheromatous plaque.
3. Raynaud’s phenomenon.
4. What is Raynaud’s phenomenon?
5. Definition and causes of Aneurysm.
6. Morphology of syphilitic aneurysm.
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3)THE HEART

Cardiovascular Pathology:

1. congenital Heart disease: Atrial septal defect, Ventricular septal

defect, Fallot’s tetralogy, Patent ductus arteriosus.
2. Ischemic Heart disease: Myocardial infarction.
3. Rheumatic heart disease- Pathogenesis.
4. Infective Endocarditis-Causes and Pathogenesis.
5. Hypertension and hypertensive heart disease.
 6. Cardiomyopathy-basic concepts.

Questions:
LE:
1. A 50 year old man is admitted with sudden onset of central chest
pain of 6 hours duration. What is your probable diagnoses?
Mention appropriate investigations. What morphological changes
in the target organs are expected?
2. Define Rheumatic fever. Describe the etiopathogenesis and
pathology of rheumatic heart disease.
3. Discuss pathogenesis and morphology of rheumatic heart
disease.
4. Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, morphology and
complications of Infective Endocarditis.

SE:
1. Fallot’s tetralogy.
2. Write about the enzyme changes in myocardial infarction.
3. Morphology of heart in chronic rheumatic heart disease.
4. Heart in endocarditis.
5. Libman Sach’s endocarditis.
6. Complications and the prognosis of subacute bacterial
endocarditis.
7. Extracardiac lesions of subacute bacterial endocarditis.
8. Pericarditis.
SA:
1. Mention four components of Fallot’s tetralogy.
2. Four complications of myocardial infarction.
3. Corpulmonale-Definition and three causes.
4. Aschoff’s body.
5. Morphology of aschoff body.
6. Morphology of vegetations in infective endocarditis.
7. Cardiomyopathy-Definition and types.

THE LYMPHOID SYSTEM

Syllabus:
XVI. Lymphoreticular System & Spleen
[1] Lymphadenitis-a) Non specific.
[2] Causes of lymph node enlargements: a) Reactive hyperplasia,
 b) Primary Tumours-Hodgkin’s and Non Hodgkin’s Lymphomas,
c) Metastatic Tumours.
[3] Causes of Splenic Enlargements.
[4] Thymus: Thymoma.

Questions:
LE:
1. Classify Lymphomas. Describe the pathology of Hodgkin’s
lymphoma.
2. Discuss and describe real classification of non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma.

SE:
1. Gross and microscopy of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
2. Nodular sclerosis type of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
3. R.S. cell.
4. Classify non Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
5. Hypersplenism.
SA:
1. Classification of Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
2. Morphology of Reed Sternberg cell.
3. Causes of splenomegaly.

THE ORAL CAVITY & SALIVARY GLANDS

Syllabus:
Pathology of the Alimentary Tract
[1] Oral Pathology: Ulcers, leucoplakia, carcinoma, oral cavity diseases.
Tumours and precancerous lesions of salivary glands.
[2] Salivary gland tumours: Mixed, Warthin’s
.Questions:
SE:
1. Leucoplakia.
2. Leucoplakia of oral cavity.
3. Etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of structures in the oral cavity.
4. Pleomorphic adenoma.
SA
1. Definition and morphology of leucoplakia.
2. Name salivary gland tumours.
3. Microscopy of Pleomorphic Adenoma.
7)THE LIVER, BILIARY TRACT &
EXOCRINE PANCREAS
Syllabus:
Clinical pathology:

a. Liver Function test.

Questions:
SA:
1. Name The liver function tests.
2. Four indications of liver biopsy.
3. Four indications for liver biopsy.
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Syllabus:
Hepato-Biliary Pathology:
[1] Jaundice: types, aetio-pathogenesis and diagnosis.
[2] Hepatitis: acute, chronic, neonatal.
[3] Alcoholic liver disease.
[4] Cirrhosis: Postnecrotic, Alcoholic, Metabolic and Portal
hypertension.
[5] Liver abscesses: Pyogenic, parasitic and Amoebic/Anaerobic.
[6] Tumours of Liver.
[7] Diseases of the Gall Bladder: Cholecystitis, Cholelithiasis,
Carcinoma.

Questions:
LE:
1. Define and classify cirrhosis. Describe the pathology and
complications of alcoholic cirrhosis.

SE:
1. Morphology of liver in hepatitis A.
2. Serological markers of Hepatitis B and their clinical
significance.
3. Serum markers of hepatitis B viral infection.
4. Liver abscess.
5. Pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease.
6. Morphology of alcoholic hepatitis.
7. Wilson’s disease.
8. What are the complications of portal cirrhosis?
9. Cholelithiasis.
 10. Etiology of hepatoma.
11. Fatty liver
12. CVC liver
13. Amoebic abscess liver

GIT

1. Acute gastritis
2. Chronic gastritis
3. Duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer;
4. Differences between duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer in terms of
pathologic changes, clinical features
5. Enterocolitis
6. Mal absorption Syndrome.
7. Appendicitis.
8. Intestinal obstruction: Intussusception and Volvulus.
9. Inflammatory Bowel disease
10. Distinguishing features of Crohn’s disease and Ulcerative Colitis in
terms of pathologic changes.
11. Ca Colon
12. Peritonitis
13. Ulcerative lesions of intestine
14. Typhoid intestine
15. Tuberculous intestine
16. Barrett’s esophagus
17. Ca Stomach
18. Amoebic colitis

THE KIDNEY & LOWER FOR URINARY TRACT

Syllabus:
Clinical Pathology: Renal Function Test.

Questions:
SE:
1. Urinary casts.
SA:
1. Enumerate the Urinary casts.
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Syllabus:

Pathology of kidney and urinary tract:

Etiology, pathogenesis, pathologic features and diagnostic features
of each of the following disorders:

1. Renal malformations: Polycystic kidneys, types and clinical

features.
2. Glomerular diseases- nephritic and nephrotic syndrome
3. Tubulointerstitial diseases: Acute tubular necrosis and
pyelonephritis.
4. Renal vascular disorders: eg: kidney changes in
hypertension.
5. Renal tumours: Renal cell carcinoma, nephroblastoma.
6. Urolithiasis and Obstructive Uropathy, Hydronephrosis.
7. Urinary bladder: Inflammatory lesions and tumours.

Questions:
LE:
1. 8yr old boy presented with oliguria, hypertension and
smoky urine. What is your diagnosis? Discuss the etiology
and pathology of this condition.
2. Describe the aetio-pathogenesis, Gross and microscopy of
chronic pyelonephritis.
SE:
1. Adult polycystic kidney disease.
2. Flea bitten kidney
3. Morphology of acute glomerulonephritis.
4. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.
5. Classification and pathogenesis of Rapidly progressive
glomerulonephritis
6. Renal changes in Diabetes mellitus.
7. Large white kidney
8. What are the renal changes in hypertension?
9. Contracted granular kidney
10. Hydronephrosis.
11. Wilm’s tumour.
SA:
 1. Horse shoe kidney.
2. List the causes of acute renal failure.
3. Urinary findings in acute nephritis.
4. causes of nephrotic syndrome.
5. Microscopy of chronic pyelonephritis.
6. Hydronephrosis.
7. Morphology of Renal cell carcinoma.
8. Morphology Of transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.
9. Bence – Jones protein.
10. Urine examination

THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM & PROSTATE.

Syllabus: Reproductive System (Male & Female)

Questions:
SE:
1. Benign prostatic hyperplasia.
2. Write briefly about Benign prostatic hyperplasia.

SA:

1. Classification of testicular tumours.

2. Name Germ cell tumours of testis.
3. Microscopic appearance of seminoma.
4. Secondary effects of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

11) THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT

Questions:
LE:
1. Describe the aetiology, pathology and spread of carcinoma cervix.
2. Classify tumours of the uterus. Discuss the pathology of leiomyoma. Add a
note on the secondary changes in leiomyoma.
3. Classify tumours of ovary. Discuss the gross and microscopy of serous
tumours of ovary.
4. Classify tumours of ovary. Discuss the gross and microscopy of mucinous
tumours of ovary.
SE:
1. Role of virus in carcinoma of cervix.
2. Classification of ovarian tumours.
3. Serous cystadenoma of ovary.
4. Struma ovarii.
5. Hydatidiform mole.
6. Choriocarcinoma.
7. Risk factors of carcinoma cervix.
8. Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
9. Krukenberg’s tumor
10. Dermoid cyst
11. Morphology of hydatidiform mole/ Vesicular mole

12)THE BREAST
LE:
1. Classify Tumours of the breast. Discuss the etiopathogenesis and pathology
of carcinoma breast.
2. Classification of tumours of breast.
3. Etiology of carcinoma of breast.
4. Paget’s disease of the breast.
5. Prognostic Factors of carcinoma breast.
6. Gross and microscopy of Fibroadenoma.
7. Phyllodes
8. Morphology of infiltrating duct carcinoma.

13)THE SKIN
Questions:
SE:
1. Nevus.
2. Malignant melanoma.
SA:
1. Name Pigmented lesions of skin.
2.Etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of skin.
3. Aetiology, Morphology and microscopy of basal cell carcinoma.
4. What is rodent ulcer? Write few lines about it.
5. Microscopy of Melanoma

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Questions:
LE:
1. Classify bone tumours and write the morphology of osteosarcoma.
SE:
1. Pyogenic osteomyelitis.
2. Tuberculous osteomyelitis.
3. Classification of Bone tumours.
4. Chondrosarcoma.
5. Pathogenesis and pathology of Gout.
6. Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid arthritis.
SA:
1. Sequestrum.
2. Complications of pyogenic osteomyelitis.
3. Osteoid osteoma.
4. Gross And microscopic appearance of osteosarcoma
5. Enumerate chondrogenic tumours.
6. Microscopy of Osteoclastoma
7. Microscopic appearance of Ewing’s sarcoma.
8. Osteochondroma
9. Gouty tophi.
10. Giant cell tumour of bone

16)SOFT TISSUE TUMOURS

1. Mesenchymal Tumours: i) Benign, e.g.: Fibroma, Lipoma.
2. Malignant, e.g.: Fibrosarcoma, Liposarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, Synovial
sarcoma.

17)THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Questions:
SE:
1. Gliomas
2. Meningioma.
3. Morphology of Meningioma.
4. Berry Aneurysm.
SA:
1. CSF findings in tuberculous meningitis.
2. CSF findings in viral meningitis.
3. Classification Of brain tumours.
4. What is astrocytoma? How does it differ from glioma?
5. Types of Meningioma histologic.
6. Subarachnoid haemorrhage.
7. CSF findings in pyogenic meningitis
8. Difference between pyogenic & tuberculous meningitis