“THREE STAGES SEDIMENT FILTER AND UV LIGHT PURIFIER:

A WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM”

An Undergraduate Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Engineering

University of Rizal System

Morong, Rizal

In Partial Fulfilment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Gera, Dian Aegemil F.

Mendoza, Mark Allen T
Perez, Keith Jeswel N.
San Jose, Carl Nielsen S.

August 2021
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled, “Three Stages Sediment Filter and UV Light Purifier: A Water

Treatment System” has been prepared and submitted by Mendoza, Mark Allen, Perez,

Keith Jeswel, San Jose, Carl Nielsen, Gera, Dian Aegemil. In partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering is

hereby recommended for approval.

August _________, 2021 Engr. Ezekiel Fritz M. Vidanes

Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree Bachelor of

Science in Mechanical Engineering by the Oral Examination Committee.

DR. GLENN M. ISON ENGR. JULIUS CARL T. BERINGUEL

Member Member

ENGR. MERIE ANN C. DUDANG

Chairman

Accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Mechanical Engineering.

FRANCISCO B. CULIBRINA, PECE, Ph.D.

Date Dean, College of Engineering

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 This research was fulfilled by the will and grace of God Almighty who gave the

researchers wisdom, strength and will to finish this research entitled, “Three Stages

Sediment Filter and UV Light Purifier: A Water Treatment System”

This study wouldn’t be possible without this people who helped and guide the

researchers throughout this journey.

Engr. Roy Andrada, research instructor, for guiding the researchers throughout

their journey finishing this thesis;

Engr. Ezekiel Fritz M. Vidanes, researchers’ adviser, for giving the researchers

suggestions that helped greatly in their decisions upon making the actual output.;

Engr. Merie Ann C. Dudang, the chairman of the panel, for helping the

researchers towards the completion of their second output;

Engr. Julius Carl T. Beringuel, statistician, for extending His knowledge and for

the kind comments and valuable point of view which provided direction in the study;

Dr. Glenn M. Ison, critic reader, for giving the needed technical correction and

comments in terms of the content of the research paper, making the researchers

motivated and believing that the researchers can make it.

ASEAN Engr. Francisco B. Culibrina, Dean, College of Engineering for

allowing the researchers to conduct the study;

To the researchers’ family, friends and love ones who shown support for the

researchers in terms of both financial and moral support;

1
 Most importantly, to God Almighty who destined the researchers to be together

and be fate to fulfil this research as one. Your grace and unconditional love and

guidance made the researchers strived hard and be strong;

From the researchers, we thank you very much. Your gestures are very much

appreciated

The Researchers

2
 DEDICATION

We would like to dedicate this study to the Lord Almighty for giving us wisdom,

patience, and knowledge to go through this journey.

To our supportive family and friends for always encouraging and helping us

financially and emotionally.

And lastly, to our professors, for without whom, we won’t be able to come up with

new ideas to add in our thesis.

This is all for you!!

The Researchers,

Mendoza, Mark Allen T

Perez, Keith Jeswel N.

San Jose, Carl Nielsen S.

Gera, Dian Aegemil F.

“’FOR I KNOW THE PLANS I HAVE FOR YOU’ SAID THE LORD”, ‘PLANS TO
PROSPER YOU AND NOT TO HARM YOU, PLANS TO GIVE YOU HOPE AND
A FUTURE’”
JEREMIAH 29:11

3
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL SHEET ………………………………………………….. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………… iii

DEDICATION ………………………………………………………….. iv

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………..

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………….. v

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………..

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………

Chapter

1 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

Background of the Study ………………………….. 1

Objectives of the Study ……………………………. 5
Theoretical Framework ……………………………. 6
Conceptual Framework ……………………………. 8
Significance of the Study ………………………….. 10
Scope and Limitation ………………………………. 11
Definition of Terms ………………………………… 13
Notes ………………………………………………… 14

2 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

Research Technical Design ……………………….. 16

Research Instrument ……………………………...... 18
Procedure and Methods of the Study …………….. 22
Statistical Treatment ………………………………... 23
Notes …………………………………………………. 24

Chapter 1

4
 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT

This chapter includes introduction, background of the study, objectives of the

study, theoretical and conceptual framework, and significance of the study, hypothesis,

scopes and limitations, and definition of terms.

Background of the Study

Around the area where one of the members of this research group grew up.

There is a common misconception about the quality of drinking water from ground,

wherein the water from the deep well/ ground water is cleaner than that of processed

water in water treatment plants. Environmental researchers have found 58 percent of

groundwater in the Philippines intended for drinking contaminated with the coliform

bacteria.

The researchers came up with the idea of creating a device that treats water into

an ideal quality of which it is clean and safe for human consumption. The device will

contain a three-stage filter and UV light purifier device that shows the level of acidity,

turbidity and total dissolved solids contained in the water using a microcontroller that

utilizes different sensors. Also, the researchers will compare the lead, cadmium and

total suspended solids levels processed by the device if it is within acceptable range.

There are many ways in water filtration systems, horizontal and vertical filters. As

of now its either pressurized tank or gravity-fed is used to supply water to the filtration.

Based on the study of EverCreative LLC (2021) entitled "Everything You Need To Know

About Gravity Water Filter" this device uses the pull of gravity to filter water, the water

will be fed to the top of the device. There are also pros and cons in the gravity water

filter. The device is very efficient and effective, it is very simple but it is also very

5
functional. The downside of this device is that commercial devices like gravity water

filters are very expensive. There are also needs to be considered in this device which

includes the space of the area, the volume it can produce and the acidity of the water.

With the study of Krishpersad Manohar (2016), "Performance Characteristic of a

Plastic Bottle Bladderless Pressure Tank”. The study uses plastic bottles as a

pressurized tank which is measured by 2 liters per bottle. The drainage container

capacity ranges from 2 to 20 liters to maintain the flow rate from 10 to 24 liters per

minute. These studies emphasized that it can be applied on the three stages of a

sediment filter since it does not need electricity in pushing the water for the filter.

More likely stated by Jeff Walter et. al. in their study "Gravity-Fed Water System

for Developing Community '' that the design should have a process to follow. The

system should have parameters such as pipe sizes, elevation differentials between

entry and exit pipes, pipe lengths and tube locations to provide a maximum flow to the

design. Typically, the design is used for dam and spring catchment to collect the water,

the water is now piped down via gravity and undergoes different filtration processes.

According to Brinda Das and P.C. Jain (2017), ”manually collecting water

samples and sending them to a lab for testing and analysis is the traditional technique

of checking water quality”. This procedure is inefficient, time-consuming, and wastes

manpower. To measure the quality of water, we created a water quality monitoring

system that examines the quality of water in real time using several sensors like: pH,

total dissolved solids, and turbidity.

The research project design will be composed of three stage sediment filters

which include carbon filter, UV light and sensors. In accordance with John Woodard

6
(2019) that a sediment filter collects and eliminates particle matter from your water,

such as dirt and debris. Sediment refers to all non-liquid particle debris in your water. It

prevents all of this solid particle from entering the water supply and obstructing the

effectiveness of water filtration devices.

With the statement of Minnesota Department of Health (2020), that granular

activated carbon filter is a tried-and-true way to remove certain pollutants from water,

particularly organic compounds. GAC filters can also be used to remove pollutants like

hydrogen sulfide or chlorine from water, which give it an unpleasant odor or flavor.

As stated by Hydronix Water Technology (2020) filtered water is not clean as it

is. Some microorganisms are still alive during the filtration process that's why the

introduction of UV light in water purification occurs to eliminate protozoa. It is much

safer than using chemicals like chlorine.

Clean drinking water and sanitation facilities are necessary for every daily

routine, but not all have access to these things. In the Philippines, 1 out of 10 people

don't have a proper drinkable water source. According to the World Health Organization

West Pacific Philippines (2019) during 2016 139000 lives were devastated because of

acute watery diarrhea. This worsen when El Niño phenomenon occurs, due to

temperature increase water sources are drying up.

After a typhoon in the Philippines people are struggling to find clean and safe

water after flooding. Stored water is not enough to sustain days of shortage for

sanitation and hydration. According to Gabriel Pabico Lalu (2020), the water outages,

according to MWSS Regulatory Office, were caused by reduced production at

Maynilad's La Mesa water treatment facility, as water from typhoon-affected dams like

7
Ipo Dam increased turbidity levels, or a high particulate level that makes the water

murky.

Also, the Food and Drug Administration of the Philippines set the following

parameters to follow for processing of the clean drinking water.

Variables Maximum Allowable Level

Acidity/ pH Level 6.5 - 8.5

Turbidity 5NTU

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 600 mg/L

Fecal Coliform 1.1 MPN/mL

Total Coliform 1.1 MPN/mL

Heterotrophic Plate Count 500 CFU/mL

Units: NTU - Nephelometric Turbidity unit, mg - Milligrams, L - Liters, CFU - Colony

Forming Unit, MPN - Most Probable Number

The study is supported by the following Law:

“The water quality standard set in 1978 was revised in accordance

with Chapter I Section 4 of the Philippine Code of Sanitation and in view

of the recently adopted 1993 WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality.

The standard is the result of a collaboration between several government

agencies and is intended to assist waterworks officials, water supply

system operators (both public and private), health and sanitation

authorities, and the general public in determining the requirements for

safe and potable water: The standard cover requirements of the

acceptable values for the determined parameters in measuring water

quality. The parameters include the microbiological, physical, chemical

8
 and radiological compositions of the water. The standard also delineates

values established in conforming with the medical and health implications

of the parameters as opposed to values established purely to satisfy

aesthetic requirements.”

The researchers decided to conduct a three stage sediment filter with carbon

filter, ultraviolet light and sensor, to produce good quality of drinkable water. The

researcher will test the acidity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids,

lead and cadmium of deep well water.

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aims to design a three sediment and uv light water

treatment system

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

To develop a Three Stage Sediment Filter and UV Light Purifier: A Water Treatment

System qualitative description –

To determine the level of the acceptability of the Three Stage Sediment Filter and UV

Light Purifier: A Water Treatment System in terms of:

1.1. Reliability;

1.2. Portability;

1.3. Usability;

1.4. Maintainability;

1.5. Weighted mean – questionnaire checklist

9
To test the functional suitability of the Three Stage Sediment Filter and UV Light

Purifier: A Water Treatment System in terms of:

Mean and SD – record sheet

a. pH level;

b. Turbidity;

c. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).

To test the performance efficiency of the Three Stage Sediment Filter and UV Light

Purifier: A Water Treatment System in terms of:

Mean and SD – record sheet

d. Fecal Coliform

e. Total Coliform

f. Heterotrophic Plate Count

To identify the significance difference between the functional suitability and performance

efficiency of the Three Stage Sediment Filter and UV Light Purifier: A Water Treatment

System. Anova

Based on the findings, what user's manual can be utilized for the three stage sediment

filter and uv light purifier: a water treatment system?

Hypothesis

There is no significance difference between functional suitability and

performance efficiency of title

10
Theoretical Framework

The following are the principles and theories wherein this study is anchored:

In the mid of 1700s, water filtration was obtained by Joseph Amy where his

design was a simple layer of material that results in purifying drinking water. Behind the

words “water filtration” a process in which solid particles present in a suspension are

separated from the liquid porous medium. The method of filtration of water where the

solids accumulated are referred to as filter cake while the liquid that passes through the

filter is filtrate.

Using the method of filtrating water has now evolved throughout the years where

there is now a lot of variation in filtration. This research using the method of three phase

filtration will be used starting with the gravel or pebbles that separates large amount of

solid particles while sand separates small solid particles then passes through the

charcoal which blocks micron particles along with the foul odor and other toxins then will

result to a filtrate.

Arthur Downes & Thomas P. Blunt sterilization of bacteria exposed to short

wave-length light also known as ultraviolet lights. Ultraviolet rays are used to purify

water things like bacteria, viruses, cysts like cryptosporidium and giardia through an

ultraviolet wavelength that is germicidal. That germicidal wavelength scrambles the

living organisms DNA. They can no longer produce and reproduce in order to make you

sick.

11
 A filtrate is a drinkable water but it is still not safe which is why the researchers

will use ultraviolet lights to purify water. As we all know even a filtered water is clean

with no foul odor or taste it cannot be exempted if it has bacteria. This research device

is made to purify the water after going through the three stage filtration.

The use of programming language and interfacing techniques in microcontrollers

by Philips Semiconductor that pertains to communication of other devices. Many

microcontrollers design typically mix multiple interfacing methods. In a very simplistic

form, a microcontroller system can be viewed as a system that reads from appliances

inputs, performs processing and writes to code an output.

Using microcontrollers, the researchers will be able to know the ph level output of

the water once the device starts working. Sensors will be attached and are responsible

for detecting the water’s pH level.

Conceptual Framework

In Figure 1, the conceptual framework of the study, the researchers use the IV-

DV model or the independent variable and dependent variable. Water treatment system

as the independent variable and the apparatus and devices used in research will be the

dependent variables.

In Figure 1, the water treatment system which is composed of three stage

sediment filters and UV Light Purifier as the independent variable pertains to the device

12
that will be made by the researchers. This device will produce good quality of water that

can be consumed and will be used for sanitation in case of emergency or any

circumstances that needs clean and safe water.

For the other dependent variables, the device will measure the acceptability of

the device in terms of functional, suitability, reliability, portability, usability,

maintainability, performance, efficiency. To measure the issues of the untreated water

from the deep well in terms of pH level, turbidity and the total dissolved solids (TDS),

the researchers will create a measuring device which is the Arduino sensors, to test

these variables. To measure the level of effectiveness of the device in terms of fecal

coliform, total coliform and heterotrophic plate count the researcher will consult for

laboratory testing.

13
 Figure 1.1

A Conceptual Model Showing the Three Stages Sediment Filter and UV Light Purifier:
A Water Treatment System

14
Significance of the Study

This study envisioned to benefit the following:

Environment. This device will be of help as an eco-friendly water treatment to

ensure that a deep well water can survive even if the study is being conducted. There

will be no change on current structures that can harm any structural formation of any

location or place.

Community. It will be beneficial for a certain community which relies on deep

well water for their household supply. The researchers created a device that can

potentially help a deep well water drinkable without any worries. The device will also be

available not only on certain establishments but also to the people living in their own

household.

Water treatment facility. These could potentially help other water treatment

facilities on methods of filtering and purifying water even if it is designed on a deep well.

The device can be used in flexible ways such as changing or altering the method of

filtration that uses reverse osmosis.

Future researchers. This study is flexible and can be used to other studies as a

basis in filtration and purification of water. It can either be a change of filtration method

and an innovation of using a purification method.

Scope and Limitations

The researchers will develop and design a water purification system. The group

will assess the safety to consume and cleanliness of the water produced by the device.

15
This also means that the person responsible for the study will do lab testing to

determine if the produced water is on par with the national standards.

The researchers will utilize a microcontroller device to analyze certain variables

related to the quality of the water namely the pH level, turbidity and total dissolved

solids (TDS). This part of the device will show the values of the said variables through

the LED display.

This study will be conducted at the Deluta compound residences located in Sitio

Libis Lagundi Morong Rizal making use of the available water tank and deep well water

source that fits the requirement for the study.

The research is mainly focused in crafting a water treatment device that will filter

the water and then purify it making it safe for human consumption. The researcher will

also limit the cost to the maximum possible making use of both new and recycled

materials available.

The system consists of three main parts, An external water reservoir, filtering

device and water purifier. The device itself only contains the filtering device and the

water purifier. To filter Water will make use of a three-stage sediment filtration. The

device can hold Eight Liters of water at maximum and produce clean water constantly

while connected to the water source. Also, the design will include UV light water purifier.

The researchers only included reservoir tanks that are above ground and are

connected to sources that are limited to deep wells. The device could be connected to

most reservoirs as long as it is elevated, the reason behind that is the gravity will assist

the water to enter the device to be processed into drinking water.

16
Definition of Terms

Water Treatment System – the device designed and develop by the researchers to

process water fit to human consumption,

Three Stage Sediment Filter – is a filter that utilizes three different sediments to remove

solids from water.

Ultraviolet Light Purifier – a water purifier that emits certain frequency of light to kill

microbes contained in the water.

Sensors – are devices used by the Water Treatment System to determine the different

variables such as Acidity, Turbidity, and Total Dissolved Solids

Microcontroller – is a electronic device controlling the sensors.

Acidity/pH – pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14,

with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7

indicates a base

Turbidity - is the amount of cloudiness in the water. This can vary from a river full of

mud and silt where it would be impossible to see through the water (high turbidity), to a

spring water which appears to be completely clear (low turbid- ity).

Total Dissolve Solids - is the term used to describe the inorganic salts and small

amounts of organic matter present in solution in water.

Fecal Coliform - is a facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-

sporulating bacterium.

Total Coliform - give a general indication of the sanitary condition of a water supply.

Total coliforms include bacteria that are found in the soil, in water that has been

influenced by surface water, and in human or animal waste.

17
Heterotrophic Plate Count - is a procedure for estimating the number of live, culturable

heterotrophic bacteria in water and for measuring changes in swimming pools or during

water treatment and distribution.

18
 NOTES

Das, B., & Jain, P. C. (2017, July 1). Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring System using
Internet of Things. International Conference on Computer, Communications and
Electronics (Comptelix). https://fardapaper.ir/mohavaha/uploads/2017/10/Real-
Time-Water-Quality-Monitoring-System-using-Internet-of-Things.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR1yRs7Hn0qxi5SytZf_R6gXQ7w6F_UHIAx-
YfMKI3w97D_G3aAujKOznIE

HYDRONIX Water Technology. (2020, June 3). All You Need to Know about UV Water
Filters. Hydronix.
https://hydronixwater.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-uv-water-filters/?
fbclid=IwAR1_9jDj1Meb3LPhJRivkJ3PxGHBlSnZRKhlJX9rNNXitBv5-
ROP_uWAHT4

Lalu, G. P. (2020, November 24). MWSS probes Maynilad for water interruptions after
typhoon Ulysses. INQUIRER.Net.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1363890/mwss-probes-maynilad-for-water-interruptions-
after-typhoon-ulysses

Minnesota Department of Health. (2020, August 10). Water Treatment Using Carbon
Filters: GAC Filter Information: Environmental Health: Minnesota Dept. of Health.
https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/environment/hazardous/topics/
gac.html?
fbclid=IwAR1bosC4oGt_9rh2W8krsV287O2Jz2ddSkR1y5RK7Ocw_gywT--
1M03ZLR8

Moran, J. (2018, May 8). Everything You Need To Know About Gravity Water Filter. The
Berkey.
https://theberkey.com/blogs/water-filter/everything-you-need-to-know-about-gravity-
water-filter

Walter, J., & Al., E. T. (2022, February 2). Gravity-Fed Water System for Developing
Communities. TeachEngineering.Org.
https://www.teachengineering.org/activities/view/cub_gravityfed_activity1?
fbclid=IwAR0K4qsNFUPB6pNmqJaYzvMJ3rBwjJfceSjzzKxRAIQtUUbmNWuAC-
xEdu4

Woodard, J. (2019, December 6). What is a Sediment Filter and How Does It Work?
FreshWater Systems.

19
https://www.freshwatersystems.com/blogs/blog/what-is-a-sediment-filter-and-how-does-
it-work?fbclid=IwAR24IlsJRLb-
ewVQHW8F1aixPLwkiJ9_fiwHTS_S2wHFPzqbJmvaGV3G9fw

World Health Organization West Pacific Philippines. (2019, March 22). Water shortage
in the Philippines threatens sustainable development and health. World Health
Organization. https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/water-
shortage-in-the-philippines-threatens-sustainable-development-and-health?
fbclid=IwAR1LgyVlqyjav5SgqtR686QiSGMFhZBLYHH4CYr-
HGsoSkNBVfxFgvX3YC4

THEORY ON WATER FILTRATION: BRIEF HISTORY

https://haguewaterofmd.com/history-water-filtration/#:~:text=In%20the%20mid
%2D1700s%2C%20Joseph,available%20for%20sale%20in%201750.

FILTRATION: VARIATION OF FILTRATION https://www.mrwa.com/WaterWorksMnl

/Chapter%2018%20Filtration.pdf

UV LIGHTS ON BACTERIA: The discovery of the damaging effect of sunlight on

bacteria; P. E. Hockberger (2000)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/12097536_The_discovery_of_the_damaging_
effect_of_sunlight_on_bacteria

UV LIGHTS ON DRINKING WATER: Drinking water treatment with ultraviolet light for
travelers – Evaluation of a mobile lightweight system; L. F. Timmerman, K. Ritter, D.
Hillebrandt, and T. Kupper (2015)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147789391500174X#!

MICROCONTROLLER: Used of microcontrollers on devices; M, Rafiquzzaman (2017)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119448457.ch1

20
 Chapter 2

DESIGN METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research technical design, research instruments, the

procedure and methods of the study, the project design models and statistical

treatment.

Research Technical Design

This study will utilize descriptive and experimental types of research for

functionality and suitability of three stages of sediment filter and UV purifier in treating

deep well water.

The study will also use descriptive research, in accordance with Shona

McCombes (2019), that descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically

describe a population, situation or phenomenon. This implies that this research method

uses questionnaire checklists or surveys to a particular group to conduct data.

According to Formplus (2020), that experimental research is a scientific

approach, where one or more independent variables are operated and delivered to one

or more dependent variables in order to quantify the latter impact. The effect of

independent variables on dependent variables is frequently observed and recorded over

time for a plausible conclusion among the variables given.

21
 In this study, descriptive and experimental research design will be used to

identify whether the three sediment filters and UV light purifier are functional for treating

deep well water.

As shown in the figure, the researchers will construct a water treatment system

composed of three sediment filters and a UV Light Purifier that can purify deep well

water. From the purifier the research will test the pH level, Total Dissolved Solid and the

Turbidity of both the treated and untreated deep well water. To measure the total

coliform, fecal coliform and heterotrophic plate count of the treated water the researcher

will have laboratory testing to test whether it meets the national standard.

22
 Figure 2

The Development of Three Stages Sediment Filter and UV Light Purifier:

A Water Treatment System

Research Instrument

23
 The research instrument used contains data of the water after it goes to the

three stage sediment filter and UV light purifier, the data are the following:

● Functional Suitability

● Reliability

● Portability

● Usability

● Maintainability

● Performance Efficiency

Functional Suitability this characteristic represents the degree to which a product

or system provides functions that meet stated and implied needs when used under

specified conditions.

Reliability is the probability that a product, system, or service will perform its

intended function adequately for a specified period of time, or will operate in a defined

environment without failure.

Portability is a product's ability to be easily and safely carried and be used in a

variety of situations without increasing the user's effort and workload. Product portability

can greatly enhance human experience during product use, and, thus, is set to be a

design goal in many designs pro projects.

Usability is a quality attribute that assesses how easy user interfaces are to use.

The word usability also refers to methods for improving ease-of-use during the design

process.

24
 Maintainability is the probability that a failed component or system will be

restored or repaired to a specified condition within a specified period or time when

maintenance is performed in accordance with prescribed procedures.

Performance Efficiency refers to the peak level of performance that uses the

least number of inputs to achieve the highest amount of output. Efficiency requires

reducing the number of unnecessary resources used to produce a given output,

including personal time and energy.

The research instrument used contains data of the water after it goes to the

three-stage sediment filter and uv light purifier, the data are the following:

● pH level/ Acidity

● Turbidity

● Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

pH level/ Acidity is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from

0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater

than 7 indicates a base. pH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen

and hydroxyl ions in the water.

Turbidity is caused by particles suspended or dissolved in water that scatter light

making the water appear cloudy or murky. Particulate matter can include sediment -

especially clay and silt, fine organic and inorganic matter, soluble colored organic

compounds, algae, and other microscopic organisms.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) is the term used to describe the inorganic salts and

small amounts of organic matter present in solution in water. The principal constituents

25
are usually calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium cations and carbonate,

hydrogen carbonate, chloride, sulfate, and nitrate anions.

A research instrument is a tool to measure or collect and analyze data. In this

study, the research instrument used contains data of the test for the comparison of the

water from the deep well, the water processed by the device and the water

standard/quality mandated by the national government of the Philippines. The

properties for the comparison of water from the device, the water processed by the

device and the standard set by the government are as follows:

● Fecal Coliform

● Total Coliform

● Heterotrophic Plate Count

Fecal coliform bacteria are bacteria that are transported from humans, cattle, and

wildlife through their feces. If the conditions are favorable for growth, bacteria reproduce

quickly. Most bacteria thrive in conditions that are dark, warm, and damp, as well as in

the presence of food.

Total coliforms are a group of bacteria that are not hazardous to humans with a

few exceptions. Pathogens are bacteria, parasites, and viruses that can cause health

problems in people if they are ingested. Total coliforms are considered by the EPA to be

a useful indicator of other pathogens in drinking water.

26
 The heterotrophic plate count (HPC), also known as the standard plate count, is

a method for assessing the quantity of live, culturable heterotrophic bacteria in water

and detecting changes in swimming pools or during water treatment and distribution.

The researchers will use different laboratory tests to determine the quality of the

drinking water.

Data gathering will be conducted in the product of the laboratory test of the water

produced by the water treatment device and the deep well. The levels of Fecal Coliform,

Total Coliform, Heterotrophic Plate Count.

The table below shows variables above the different levels that are set by the

government.

Variables Maximum Allowable Methods of Analysis

Level

Fecal Coliform 1.1 MPN/100mL Multiple Tube

Fermentation

Total Coliform 1.1 MPN/100mL Multiple Tube

Fermentation

Heterotrophic Plate 500 CFU/mL Pour Plate

Count

27
The tables above are based on the standards set by the Philippine Government

agencies, namely the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,

Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water, Department of Health. The laboratory

results of the variables above will show if the water produced by the device is a pass on

the standards set by the said government agencies.

Procedure and Method of the Study

A. Conduct of the Study

The research has started with identifying the problem and finding solutions

through discussion and consulting each other and people that are not involved in

the making of the research about problems that are persistent in their respective

communities and found a solution.

The group have come up with their titles and presented their ideas during

the title proposals. Then after the approval of the proposed title, the researchers

began constructing chapter one of the research, with the usage mainly revolving

around the internet for finding related literature and studies with great similarity

and significance to the study. Following the completion of chapter one, the

chapter two went underway after, the group then consulted their instructors for

checking and seek advice that may help further the buildout of the chapter 1 & 2.

B. Conduct of the Design and Experiment

The Researchers took several actions to Design and Develop the Water

Treatment device.

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 Designing Phase. In this part the group is deciding what the device will

contain. The system consists of two main parts, First is the water reservoir and

the second is the water treatment device which has the filter and the water

purifier.

Construction Phase. This time the researchers are constructing the device

to fit the intended use and place of installation.

Development Phase. This phase will further improve the device of its

impracticalities from construction, making it more efficient and Aesthetically

pleasing to the eyes.

Testing Phase. This is the final part that the researchers are to partake in,

in this the device will be tested with its acceptability, performance efficiency and

level of effectiveness to determine that the hypotheses are correct.

Project Design Models

The designated design for the project includes the development of a three-stage

water filter and UV light purifier composed of sediment filter, thus it can filter out deep

well water.

For the achievement of this project there are elements that are considered.

Primarily the filtration and purification of deep well water which indicate the

effectiveness of the performance of the water treatment system.

For the filtration and purification of deep well water shall be a factor of developing

the three stage sediment filters. The design for the device is a gravity-fed water system.

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Gravity fed water system uses gravity to pull water from higher ground and distribute

water to the lower ground of the system. To sustain the system flow of water to the

sediment filter which is composed of gravel, sand and charcoal. For the purification the

researcher will provide a UV light purifier.

In the design the research will also provide three sensors which include the

turbidity sensor, acidity sensor, total dissolve sensor and mono led monitor that will

show the said measurements. All of these sensors will be indicated to the output

container to show the results of the tests. This research will also require an Arduino

which the turbidity sensor, acidity sensor, total dissolve sensor and mono led display

are both linked. The Arduino will act as the circuit board for controlling and commanding

the led display, which will display the turbidity, acidity, and total dissolved solids data

collected by the sensors. For the total suspended solid, lead and cadmium laboratory

testing will be utilized.

Figure 1

Arduino Uno and pH Level Sensor

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 Figure 2

Turbidity Sensor and Arduino Uno

Figure 3

TDS meter and Arduino Uno

The water that will be utilized in this project is deep well water; thus, the

result of the test will be measured by taking samples from the device’s filtered water and

the deep well water. The water filter has a water source, three sediment filters and

water reservoir as shown in figure 4 positioned respectively. The water will come from

the water source on higher ground, followed by stages of sediment filters and reservoir

with UV Light. The pH level sensor, turbidity sensor and total dissolved sensor is

31
connected to the reservoir. The water supply will be 5-15L in volume and the sediment

filter will have a dimension of 4in diameter and a height of 31 the piping that will be used

is 1in diameter and 2in diameter pipes, PVC angle tube, T-tube, valves and faucet outlet

and the reservoir will also be in 5-15L in volume. The pH level, turbidity and total

dissolved solid will be tested before filtering the deep well and after filtering the deep

well water.

Figure 4

Conceptual Design of the Three Stage Sediment Filter and UV Light Purifier with
Arduino Component and Sensors

Results of the questionnaire is to determine the weighted mean of every variable

and the standard deviation for the level of acceptability of the integrated system three

stage sediment filter and uv light purifier.

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 Where W is weighted average, n number of average, Wi weight applied to x

values and Xi data values to be average.

Where M is the mean, summation of observations and divided by the total

number of observations.

Where S for standard deviation, xi values in the data distribution, x bar for the

sample mean, and n for the total number of observations.

Ohm’s Law can be used to validate the static values of circuit components where, V for

voltage, I for current and R for resistance.

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Statistical Treatment

The following statistical measures were used to interpret the result of the study:

To determine the level of acceptability of the project in terms of Functional

Suitability, Reliability, Portability, Usability, Maintainability and Performance Efficiency,

weighted mean will be utilized.

The output of this study was evaluated through the use of a 5-point scale and its
corresponding verbal interpretation.

5 – Extremely Acceptable

4 – Very Much Acceptable

3 – Moderately Acceptable

2 – Unacceptable

1 – Highly Unacceptable

To determine the level of effectiveness of the project in terms of Fecal Coliform,

Total Coliform and Heterotrophic Plate Count, mean and standard deviation will be

used.

The output of this study will be evaluated using the following scale and its

corresponding verbal interpretation.

Less than Maximum Allowable Value - Very Effective

Equal to the Maximum Allowable Value - Effective

Greater than the Maximum Allowable Value - Not Effective

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 NOTES

Blog, F. (2020, January 23). Experimental Research Designs: Types, Examples &
Methods. Formplus. https://www.formpl.us/blog/experimental-research

McCombes, S. (2020, September 3). Descriptive research. Scribbr.

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/descriptive-research/?
fbclid=IwAR1_9jDj1Meb3LPhJRivkJ3PxGHBlSnZRKhlJX9rNNXitBv5-
ROP_uWAHT4

CONTINUITY EQUATION: http://www.fsl.orst.edu/geowater/FX3/help/8_Hydraulic_Refe

rence/Continuity_Equation.htm#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20fundamental
%20principles,as%20the%20Continuity%20of%20Flow.&text=Q%3DVA%2C%20when
%20flow%20is,area%20decreases%20and%20vice%20versa.

EQUATIONS OF MOTIONS: https://www.aplustopper.com/equations-of-motion/

OHM’S LAW: https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/direct-current/chpt-2/voltage

-current-resistance-relate/

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