CHRA Manual
CHRA Manual
CHRA Manual
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CHRA MANUAL 2nd EDITION
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
Chapter 1 : Introduction 1
Chapter 2 : Concepts 4
References
Appendices
Forms
Department of Occupational Safety & Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia December 2000
CHRA MANUAL 2nd EDITION
APPENDICES
FORMS
Form A : List of chemicals
Form B : Work unit description
Form C : Task description
Form D : Workplace exposure assessment
Form E : Risk matrix
Form F : Action to be taken
Department of Occupational Safety & Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia December 2000
CHRA MANUAL 2nd EDITION
PREFACE
These guidelines may be cited as the Manual for the Assessment of the Health Risks arising
from the use of Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace: Second Edition (hereinafter referred
to as “the Manual”). The purpose of this Manual is to provide guidance for assessors to
conduct an assessment of the health risks arising from the use, handling, storage or
transportation of chemicals hazardous to health at the workplace as required by the
Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standard of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to
Health) Regulation 2000 [P.U.(A) 131].
This is the revised edition of the 1996 manual. This revision is necessary due to the
enforcement of the Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labelling
of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations in 1997 and the Occupational Safety and Health (Use
and Standard of Exposure of Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations in 2000.
I would like to thanks the staffs of the Division of Industrial Health for their effort in the
preparation and publication of this Manual.
Director General
Depatment of Occupational Safety and Health
Malaysia
December 2000
Department of Occupational Safety & Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia December 2000
CHRA MANUAL 2nd EDITION
Chapter 1
Protecting employees from the adverse effects of chemicals is one of the primary
duties of an employer under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994. To
perform this duty, an assessment of all chemicals used in the workplace must be
carried out in order to identify, evaluate and control any health risk associated with
work activities involving the use of the chemicals.
Under the Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standard of Exposure of
Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000, hereinafter referred to as
USECHH Regulations 2000, the duty to perform an assessment of health risks arising
from the use of chemicals hazardous to health at the place of work is mandatory
whereby employers are not permitted to use any chemicals hazardous to health unless
an assessment has been conducted. To provide guidelines for employers and safety
and health practitioners, this manual has been compiled to assist them on the
procedures and protocol for conducting an assessment, hereinafter referred to as
chemical health risk assessment or in short CHRA.
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The USECHH Regulations 2000 stipulates that the assessment conducted must
contain the following: -
(b) The method and procedures adopted in the use of the chemicals hazardous to
health;
(e) The risk to health created by the use and the release of chemicals from work
processes;
(g) The measures, procedures, and equipment necessary to control any accidental
emission of a chemical hazardous to health as a result of leakage, spillage, or
process or equipment failure;
1.3. Application
This manual had been prepared to provide guidance for assessors to conduct a CHRA
by going through a step-by-step procedure and using prescribed techniques and
format. This manual is to be used by an assessor for the purpose of conducting
assessment of health risks arising from the use, handling, storage or transportation of
chemicals hazardous to health in the place of work as required by the USECHH
Regulations 2000.
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The steps described in this Manual are appropriate for all type of assessment.
However the amount of work and detail of a particular assessment will depend on the
chemicals hazardous to health involved and the complexity of the work processes in
which there are used. There are basically two types of assessments depending on the
chemical use situation and the complexity of the work process: -
Generic assessments may be done for a number of similar workplaces such as a chain
of fast-food outlets or service stations.
It should be emphasized that generic assessment is only valid for work activities that
are clearly similar, with comparable levels of risk, and which have the same type of
control measures to control those risks.
For other situations, a full assessment should be conducted for each and every
workplace where chemicals hazardous to health are used. A report must be made of
the assessment and presented to the employer.
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Chapter 2
Before going into assessment there are a few basic concepts that the assessor must
understand. These are:
a) Hazard, exposure and risk
b) Rating hazard, exposure and risk
c) Similar risk groupings or Work units
2.1.1. Hazard
2.1.2. Exposure
2.1.3. Risk
Risk is the likelihood that a substance will cause adverse health effects or illness in
the conditions of its use. The risk to health usually increases with the severity of the
hazard, the amount used, and the duration and frequency of exposure.
Mesch and Kugele (1992) have suggested a risk equation as follows:
Which proposes that health risk is a function of three (3) things, i.e.:
a) The likelihood of exposure or contact with the chemical (How);
b) The potential of the chemical to cause harm or its hazard (How Bad); and
c) The degree of exposure to the chemical (How Much).
Risk has also been defined as the probability of over exposure and the consequences
of that exposure. This is so because a potentially toxic chemical may cause death or
serious health effects if the exposure is substantial. Therefore the risk equation can
also be defined as
The hazard component will take into consideration the nature of hazard and the
potential adverse health effects from the possible routes of entry or contact,.
The exposure component looks at the chance of overexposure occurring by taking into
account the frequency of exposure, the duration of exposure, and the intensity or
magnitude of exposure.
Before any risk conclusion is made one has to take into account the work practices
and personal factors including individual susceptibility.
The approach adopted by this manual is qualitative with a rating system, in that the
severity of hazard and the chance of overexposure are rated on a five- (5) scale rating.
To ensure that the risk rating value is consistent with the hazard or exposure rating,
the above equation (2) is redefined thus:
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Similar tasks means that the workers are having similar potential for exposure.
Exposed to the same chemical hazardous to health means that the workers are
potentially exposed to the same hazard. Even though the workers are exposed to the
same chemical hazardous to health the risk may not be the same as other factors may
affect the severity of the health effects, such as susceptibility. Therefore the risk to
health could only be said to be similar.
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Chapter 3
The procedures in carrying out a CHRA is given in Appendix 3, which consists of ten
steps:
The employer of a place of work is to appoint an assessor who has the knowledge and
basic skills in doing an assessment. The appointed assessor must be given the
authority to do the work, and should have enough resources to gather information,
consult the appropriate people, review existing records and examine the workplace.
The employer should be aware of the limitations in the experience and knowledge of
the personnel conducting an assessment and should be willing to engage specialist
assistance, if necessary. Refer Chapter 4.
3.1.2. Step 2: Gather Information about Chemicals, the Work and Work
Practices
The purpose of this step is to identify all chemicals hazardous to health found in the
workplace and to gather information about the work and work practices involving
chemicals hazardous to health. Refer Chapter 5.
An inspection of the work areas where chemicals are used, handled, or released into
the working environment is necessary before the workers is divided into work units
for assessment.
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During this inspection identify where and how chemicals hazardous to health are used
or handled or released; who are exposed to the chemicals hazardous to health; and
how they are exposed. Refer Chapter 6.
Identify all the chemicals hazardous to health to which the work unit is exposed to,
either from the chemicals used or handled by the work unit or chemicals released
from the work activities. Refer Chapter 7.
The purposes of this step are to assess the exposure of the work unit to each of the
chemical hazardous to health used/handled by or exposed to the work unit and at the
same time assess the adequacy of the existing control measures (Step 6). Refer to
Chapter 8.
The presence and adequacy of existing control measures are evaluated for each work
unit. This assessment is to be conducted simultaneously with the exposure
assessment. The adequacy of existing control measures is assessed by inspecting the
existing control measures; checking records of air sampling, biological monitoring;
and checking records on the inspection, testing and examination of control equipment.
Refer to Chapter 9.
Conclude the assessment for each work unit. This will be useful in determining
whether actions to control risk need to be identified. Before concluding the
assessment the assessor needs to consider the following:
The risk to each hazardous chemical is evaluated by combining the hazard rating and
the exposure rating to give the risk rating. A risk rating of 3 or greater is considered to
be significant while below that the risk is considered as not significant. Refer to
Chapter 10.
The assessor should not only submit but also present his assessment report to the
employer so as to inform and highlight him on his findings and recommendations.
Refer Chapter 12 for details of the records to be kept.
The assessment made will not be applicable for all times or changing situations.
Therefore the assessment needs to be reviewed from time to time. The USECHH
Regulations 2000 stipulate the requirements for reviewing an assessment. An
assessment needs to be reviewed:
1. When there has been a significant change in the work to which the assessment
relates. A significant change in the work means that the risk situation has changed,
such as due to:
• Changes in the chemicals used or handled;
• A significant change in the quantity of chemicals hazardous to health used;
• Changes in methods or rate of work
• Deterioration in the efficiency of control equipment; or
• Plant failure or system failure.
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Chapter 4
It is recommended that an assessment team be set up to ensure that the assessment can
run smoothly. This team is to be headed by a registered assessor and assisted by one
or more of the following team members where appropriate:
a) Interpret the information in the Chemical Safety Data Sheets (CSDS) and
labels;
b) To understand the hazard classification as prescribed by the Occupational
Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous
Chemicals) Regulations 1997;
c) Observe the conditions of work and foresee potential problems;
d) Communicate effectively with employees, contract workers, managers,
specialists and others;
e) Draw all the information together in a systematic way to form valid
conclusions about exposures and risks;
f) Report the findings accurately to all parties concerned.
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For the purpose of complying with the USECHH Regulations 2000, the appointed
assessor must be registered with the Director General of Occupational Safety and
Health, Malaysia. For details please refer to the Guidelines for the Registration of
Assessors, Hygiene Technician and Occupational Health Doctor (ISBN:983-2014-06-
9). Refer to Appendix 4.
In certain cases, an assessor may not be able to conclude the assessment due to lack of
expertise or information. The assessor is not expected to conduct employee exposure
monitoring, biological monitoring or health surveillance unless he/she is competent to
do so. The assistance of a specialist may be required. The common specialist who
may be consulted upon may include, but is not limited to, the following:
a) An industrial hygienist – an expert on the exposure evaluation and control
b) An occupational health physician – expertise on health surveillance programme.
c) A hygiene technician −expertise on the inspection and testing of local exhaust
ventilation system and the monitoring of airborne contaminants; and
d) A toxicologist – an expert on chemical toxicity.
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Chapter 5
a) List of chemicals used or released in the workplace and their harmful effects;
b) The nature and degree of exposure to the chemicals;
c) Exposure standards and performance criteria against which to evaluate the risk
to health; and
d) Recommended control measures for the chemical substance.
Create an inventory of all chemicals hazardous to health used or released in each work
area and obtain health hazard information on each. Use Form A to capture the
necessary information. This information may be obtained from the chemical register,
which is mandatory to be kept by the employer under the USECHH Regulations 2000.
A detailed discussion on the register is found under paragraph 5.2.1.
Obtain the layout plan for each work area where chemicals hazardous to health are
used or released. In the absence of such layout plan, a sketch should be made showing
the locations of the machinery, tanks or vessels, engineering control equipments,
barriers or enclosures, the locations of chemicals hazardous to health and the locations
of employees.
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Obtain the process flowchart for all work processes carried out in the premise. The
flowchart should show the various steps in the process starting from the raw material
to the finished product or starting from the preparatory stage to the completion of the
tasks.
Obtain the accident and incidence records. This record gives information on the
nature of accidents or incidences occurring.
Obtain monitoring reports by competent persons, if such monitoring was carried out.
Obtain health surveillance records. This record should include the biological
monitoring results, biological effect monitoring results, and summary of complaints
and cases of occupational illnesses diagnosed.
Obtain records of training conducted. The record should include the training syllabus,
training schedules and attendance.
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5.1.10.PPE Programme
Where a CSDS is not available, the supplier should be contacted to get a copy of the
CSDS. Under the OSH (Classification, Packaging & Labelling of Hazardous
Chemicals) Regulations 1997 it is the supplier’s duty to furnish an up-to-date CSDS.
Refer to Appendix 6 for explanation on the CSDS requirements.
For other information the sources of information will depend on the type of
information. The Personnel or Human Resources Department will most probably keep
the employees’ particulars and training records; the Maintenance Department will
probably have records on the maintenance of the engineering control equipment; the
Medical Department or clinic will probably keep the health surveillance records, and
the Production Department should have the plant layout and the process flow chart.
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Chapter 6
In this chapter the discussion is on the assigning of workers into similar risk groups or
work unit so that assessment could be conducted for each work unit where there are
exposures to chemical hazardous to health.
Identify all potential exposures by reviewing the various tasks carried out by the work
unit in normal operations and any foreseeable abnormal exposures such as from leaks
or accidental releases. Likelihood of an increase in exposure such as change in the
physical form of the chemical as a result of the task (e.g. grinding, spraying), increase
in exposure duration due to increased workload, heavy intake by doing heavy work or
malfunctioning of control equipment need to be considered.
Assess how frequent job or task is carried out. Whether it is a routine or non-routine
task; production of one-off items or isolated batches, trials; maintenance work, repair
operations; etc.
For a complete assessment the work units should not only be limited to production or
maintenance workers but those persons who may be in the work area and exposed to
chemicals hazardous to health. Work units are to be considered from these groups of
people:
- Production employees
- Ancillary or support employees (e.g. cleaners, maintenance staff,
laboratory staff)
- Contractors on site
- Visitors
- Supervisors and managers
- Students
- Office workers
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This is where the assessor needs to identify and observe the tasks carried out by
workers in a certain work area where workers are exposed to chemical hazardous to
health and should be assigned work units for evaluation based on similar risks
Employees and other workers should be assigned work units based on the same
chemical substances used or handled and carrying out similar job tasks. The steps to
categorise a work unit is as follows:
b) For each department or work area get the list of job title groups;
c) For each job title groups identify the chemical hazardous to health they were
using or exposed to, the tasks carried out and the location within the work
area;
f) Where the chemical hazardous to health used or exposed to and the tasks are
similar for a number of job title groups, they may be group together and
considered as a single work unit (e.g. a line leader and the production
operators under his supervision may be considered a work unit);
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Chapter 7
The hazard rating is used to prioritise hazard based on the potential health effect of
the chemical. The hazard of a chemical is rated on a 1 to 5 scale with a rating of 1
implying not hazardous and a rating of 5 implying most hazardous to health. This
hazard rating is harmonised with the classification of hazardous chemical for Part B
hazardous chemicals (categories of hazard based on health effect) under the
Occupational Safety and Health (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of
Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997, hereinafter referred to as CPL Regulations.
Hazard information can be obtained from various sources. A complete CSDS provides
useful information such as the hazard description, the toxicity data, and the acute and
chronic health effects. Based on the toxicity data, the health effects and the risk
phrases assigned to each hazardous, the hazard of each chemical can be evaluated and
assigned a hazard rating (HR).
However, for chemicals released into the work environment as a result of chemical
reaction, decomposition or thermal degradation, hazard information may need to be
obtained from other sources as the supplier’s CSDS only provides information on the
supplied products.
The sources of information have already been discussed under Chapter 5. However, a
summary of the necessary information and its sources is given below:
Information Source
Health effects, LC50 and LD50 CSDS, MSDS, ICS card, Poison centre,
chemical safety literature
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For the purpose of assigning a hazard rating, chemicals hazardous to health need to be
categorised into two groupings based on systemic effects and local effects. These
groupings are meant to separate those chemicals that may be absorbed into the body
and causing damage to organs or systems of the body and those that may cause effect
at the site of contact either on the skin or eyes.
b) Use Table 1 to get hazard rating based on the health effect description or use
Table 2 to get hazard rating based on the hazard classification or hazard
categories, or risk phrases;
d) Assign a single hazard rating based on the greatest degree of hazard from
Group 1 hazard categories: -
f) For a chemical substance or preparation that fall solely under Group 2, i.e. do
not fall into Group 1, the hazard rating assigned is to be based on Group 2.
Note:
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Acute effects:
Acute lethal effects (R20 to 28)
Non-lethal irreversible effects after single exposure (R39, 40)
Corrosive (R34, R35)
Irritant (R36 to 38, R41)
Sensitiser (R42, R43)
Chronic effects:
Severe effects after repeated or prolonged exposure (R48)
Carcinogen (R40, R45, R49)
Mutagen (R46, R40)
Reproductive hazards (R60 to 64) including
teratogen (R47 – this r-phrase no
longer in use in EU))
For assessment purposes these health hazard categories (i.e. harmful and corrosive)
will be used to determine the hazard rating.
Since this chemical is harmful if inhaled or ingested, the exposure through these two
routes must be assessed. Even though exposure to skin is not assessed, control of skin
contact is mandatory because of the “sk” notation.
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Chronic - - - -
R34 3
- R38 R36 2
- R43 2
R49(1) R45(1) 5
Carcinogenic Chronic R49(2) R45(2) 4
- R40(3) 3
R46(1) 5
Mutagenic R46(2) 4
R40(M2) 3
R47(1) 5
Teratogenic R47(2) 4
EXPOSURE
ASSESSMENT Inhala- Skin Eyes Inges- All Routes
REQUIRED tion tion
Note: For R39 and R48, the classification of the chemical or preparation need to be
considered together in determining the hazard rating.
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Chapter 8
The purpose of determining exposure rating is to assess the potential of the chemical
hazardous to health entering the body through the various routes of entry causing
systemic effects or potential for contact with the eyes, skin or the respiratory tract
causing localised effects.
The first step is to identify who are exposed and what chemicals hazardous to health
used or formed in the process carried out by the work unit.
The next step is to identify the tasks in which chemicals hazardous to health are being
used or where there is likely exposure to chemicals hazardous to health during normal
operation by going through their work procedures, observation of the various tasks
performed and interviewing the members of the work unit.
Exposures are evaluated by assessing the likelihood of contact of the work unit with
the hazardous chemical; how the chemicals are released into the work environment;
the method of handling the chemical; the way the chemical enters the body; the
frequency and duration of exposure; and the intensity or magnitude of each exposure.
Apart from assessing exposures during normal operation, the possibility of exposure
due to spillage, leaks or accidental entry into the body such as through injection is to
be considered.
Special consideration is required for some person who may be at increased risk, such
as pregnant women; person with medical condition such as suffering from bronchitis
or asthma; untrained or inexperienced workers; smokers, who may be at increased
risk of additive or synergistic effects.
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Where a chemical exerts a direct effect on the skin or the eyes, such as corrosives
and irritants, an ‘Sk’ notation should be made to indicate that skin and eye
exposure needs control regardless of absorbed dose.
a) Frequency of exposure, F;
b) Duration of exposure, D; and
c) Intensity or magnitude of exposure, M.
The more frequent or the longer the duration a hazardous chemical is used, the higher
is the degree of exposure. The greater the amount of chemical being absorbed into or
enters the body or in contact with the eye/skin the higher is the degree of exposure.
For assessing the likelihood of acute effects, the frequency of exposure is determined
as the frequency of exposure has a significant effect on the degree of exposure. For
example, twice the frequency would yield a two-fold increase in exposure. The
frequency of potential exposure can be estimated from observation of the work
activities and feedback from the workers and management. Frequency rating is used
and is determined from Table 3:
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For estimating exposure intensity or magnitude there are two possible ways, either
quantitatively or qualitatively. In the presence of quantitative inhalation exposure
data, this will form the basis of the estimate.
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For chemicals with acute effects, the exposure will be based on instantaneous
measurement result. The magnitude rating is assigned based on the fraction of the
measurement result to the ceiling limit or the maximum exposure limit, whichever
results in a higher exposure rating. Refer Table 5.
For chemicals with chronic exposures the time period for assessment period is one
week and will be based on the 8 hours time-weighted-average (TWA) exposure. The
magnitude rating is assigned based on the ratio of the TWA to the 8-hour TWA limit.
Refer to Table 5.
For a work unit exposed to a particular chemical at various job tasks, estimation of the
8-hour exposure may be determined by measuring the average concentration for each
task (C) and the average duration (D) for each task exposure.
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≥ 3 x O.E.L* 5
≥ O.E.L but < 3 x O.E.L 4
≥ 0.5 O.E.L. but < O.E.L 3
≥ 0.1 O.E.L, but < 0.5 O.E.L. 2
< 0.1 O.E.L 1
*Note that (a) OEL is used because the limit used is not only limited to the Malaysian
Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) as in the absence of a Malaysian
PEL, other exposure limits may be adopted;
(b) 3xPEL is the Maximum Exposure Limit under the USECHH
Regulations 2000
Where workers are exposed to two or more chemicals that are not known to act
independently of each other, they should be treated as acting additively and a
“combined OEL’ can be made which should not exceed unity.
For example, toluene and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) are common solvents that act
on the same target organ i.e. the central nervous system. OEL of toluene is 100 ppm
and MEK is 200 ppm. If 50 ppm of toluene and 80 ppm of MEK are present in the
workplace air, then
Which means that the combined exposure is above the OEL. From Table 6 below, the
Magnitude Rating assigned for exposure to the MEK and toluene exposure is 4.
5 >3
4 1-3
3 0.5 - 1
2 0.1 - 0.5
1 < 0.1
The estimation of exposure is made for the two main routes of entry, i.e. the
inhalation route and dermal route of exposure. If the contribution to the overall
exposure by ingestion is significant, record the finding and suggest appropriate
actions to be taken. The flowchart to determine exposure is given in Appendix 17.
The magnitude of exposure is assessed based on the estimated absorbed dose through
inhalation and skin absorption. It must be borne in mind that skin or eye absorption is
not only from direct contact with liquid substances but also from airborne gas, vapour
or particulate. Where this is the case, the airborne chemical concentration may be
considered when assessing the degree of skin or eye exposure.
For this estimation we can look at the degree of chemical release or presence and the
degree of chemical absorbed or likely to be absorbed at the exposure boundary. As a
rule of thumb, twice the volumes of material released will double the concentration.
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The degree of chemical release or presence in the environment can be estimated from
the chemical's physicochemical properties, the process characteristics, the quantity
used, the method of handling, and the atmospheric conditions. This information may
be obtained from the Chemical Safety Data Sheet, process descriptions, and from
observation of environmental conditions. Refer to Appendix 11 and 12.
Use Table 7 to determine the degree of release or presence for inhalation exposure.
The degree of release assigned will be based on the observation resulting in the
greatest degree of release.
For example a worker frequently contaminated his clothing while using Chemical B,
a non-volatile liquid (i.e. low release into the air) but is lipophilic (high ability to
dissolve fat and hence able to be absorbed through the skin). The degree of release is
assigned is Moderate.
DEGREE OBSERVATION
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Use Table 8 below to assess the degree of chemicals being inhaled and absorbed
through skin. Chemical substances with the ability to be absorbed through the skin
include organic solvents and many pesticides. The degree of chemical absorbed or
contacted should be based on the observation resulting in the greatest degree.
*Refer to Appendix 16
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LOW LOW 1
MODERATE 2
HIGH 3
MODERATE LOW 2
MODERATE 3
HIGH 4
HIGH LOW 3
MODERATE 4
HIGH 5
The magnitude (MR) above may however be modified by other factors such as bad
work habits, poor personal hygiene, complaints of ill effects, results of biological
monitoring or biological effect monitoring, signs and symptoms of related disease or
illness or confirmed cases of occupational disease or illness. Use Table 10 below to
modify the magnitude rating before assigning the exposure rating.
MR
adjustment MODIFYING FACTORS
factor
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Based on the frequency or duration rating and the magnitude rating, an exposure
rating may be assigned. Use Table 11 below to assign the exposure rating:
1 2 3 4 5
1 1 2 2 2 3
2 2 2 3 3 4
FREQUENCY RATING/
DURATION RATING
3 2 3 3 4 4
4 2 3 4 4 5
5 3 4 4 5 5
Note: Assign ER=5 if confirmed case(s) of occupational disease due to exposure to the
chemical hazardous to health have been reported for the particular work unit.
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Chapter 9
Control measures are all the steps taken to prevent or minimise risks. They include
elimination of the hazardous chemical; substitution of the chemicals hazardous to
health with a less hazardous chemical; isolation of the process releasing hazardous
chemical; the use of engineering control equipment; adoption of safe work practices
and procedures; and the use of personal protection. Control equipment is equipment
used for controlling risks, such as a local exhaust ventilation system, water spray or
enclosure. In trying to control the identified risks, the measures taken should be in a
certain hierarchy or order of priority and an assessment of the adequacy of the control
measures need to be made.
g) Adoption of safe work systems and practices that eliminate or minimise the
risk to health; and
This includes the total removal of a hazardous chemical by the use of other
processes not involving chemicals hazardous to health.
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b) Substitution
Safe work system and procedures that eliminate or minimises the risk to health
can be adopted.
Other measures although do not directly remove or minimise the risk, are equally
important as they support or strengthen the above control measures and are part of a
chemical health risk management.
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a) Personal hygiene;
Washing hands before partaking of food by hand
Keeping fingernails short and clean
Bathing, where contamination is widespread
The existing control measures need to be assessed whether they are adequate or not.
Taking into consideration the following factors we can assess whether the control
measures are adequate or not: -
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a) Suitability;
b) Use
c) Effectiveness; and
d) Maintenance.
9.3.1. Suitability
iv) Adaptability
Suitable if control measures are adapted to the work capacity and
capability of the workers involved.
v) Route of entry
Control measures selected prevent entry of the chemical through the
probable entry route.
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i) In general
Minimal contamination of the air, work clothing, or work surfaces,
odour or irritating sensation;
Minimal or no release or emission of chemical into the working
environment;
Minimal or no exposure or contact of workers to chemical;
9.3.3. Maintenance
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Chapter 10
Chapters 6 and 8 have described the procedures to estimate the values of hazard rating
(HR) and exposure rating (ER), respectively. These values are used to compute the
risk based on equation (3) below: -
When the square root is not a whole number, the next highest whole number is
designated as the risk rating.
Example: HR = 3; ER = 4;
∴ RR = √ (3 x 4)
= 3.46
Thus assigned RR =4
A fast and easy way to compute the risk rating is to use the risk matrix. Refer Table
12.
To prioritise action to control risk is by using the risk matrix below. For each work
unit, enter the name of the chemical in the appropriate cell.
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RR=2
HAZARD RATING
The above risk matrix may be used to identify and prioritise control strategies.
Priority in implementing control measures will depend on the degree of risk, the
number of person at risk, and the practicability of the control measures.
For the purpose of prioritising action to control risks, two categories can be assigned
under significant risk:
Category 1
Use Form E to summarise the risk conclusion for each chemical found in the
work unit.
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Category 2
This is considered intolerable risk, where the chemical hazardous to health
should be eliminated. If this is not possible then substitution of the hazardous
chemical with a less hazardous chemical; total enclosure of the process and
handling system; or isolation of the work to control emission of chemicals
hazardous to health is to be adopted so that employees exposure are kept well
below the permissible exposure limits.
For example,
A work unit J exposed to chemical Y with hazard rating of 5 and exposure rating of 1
(i.e. risk rating of 3). Another work unit K is exposed to chemical Z with hazard rating
of 3 and exposure rating of 5 risk rating of 4.
This shows that the control strategies for J would be based on elimination of chemical
Y, possibly by substituting Y with a less hazardous chemical (i.e. low hazard rating)
so that the risk now will be not significant.
For K, the control strategies will be based on the reduction of exposures to a level
where the exposure rating is 1.
Based on the risk decision and the assessment of existing control measures there are 4
conclusions that could be reached from the assessment. These conclusions are denoted
by C1, C2, C3, C4 or C5.
C1: Risks not significant now and not likely to increase in future
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The conclusion of the assessment, taking into considerations the significance of risk
and the adequacy of control measures, is summarised in Table 13 below:
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Chapter 11
The actions to be taken are based on the risk decision obtained at the end of the
assessment. These actions include:
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Apart from the general line of action to be taken under 11.1 exposure to these
chemical substances warrant special attention and action: -
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Training is necessary for those employees who are exposed or are likely to be exposed
to chemicals hazardous to health. These include:
Chapter 12
The assessor shall communicate the result of the assessment to the employer in the form of a
report containing the following information:
Executive Summary
- One page summary of the purpose, main activities, findings and conclusions.
Background
Introduction
- Description of work site, processes carried out and workers
- Summary of previous assessments and findings
Assessment Methods
- Describe the assessment methodology
Findings
- Results of hazard determination for the chemicals used/exposed to
- Results of exposure assessment
- Adequacy of existing control measures
- Risk decisions
Conclusions
Discussion of findings
- Discuss factors that contribute to the significant health risks
Action to be taken
- List down the actions to be taken by the employer in accordance with The
Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standard Exposure of Chemicals
Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000Recommendations to minimize the health
risks of workers to chemicals
Assessor’s Particulars
- Name and DOSH Registration Reference
- Location and Date of Assessment
Appendices
- Forms A, B, C, D, E and F
- Machines lay-out and the location of the workers selected for assessment
- Process flow-chart
- Other relevant information
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Chapter 13
Review of an assessment is necessary to check whether the risk situation has changed or there
is a need to change the control strategies or alter exposure parameters. A review is to be
carried out when
a) There has been a significant change in the work to which the assessment relates;
b) More than five years have elapsed since the last assessment; or
c) Directed by the Director General, Deputy Director General or the Director of
Occupational Safety and Health.
Significant change in the work means changes that may affect the risk decisions, the
adequacy of control measures or the conclusion of an assessment. This may include
• Changes in the chemicals used or handled; or
• Increasing or decreasing utilisation of chemicals hazardous to health used; or
• Changes in the methods or rate of work; or
• Deterioration in the efficiency of control equipment; or
• Plant failure or system failure; or
• New information on the hazards of the chemical becomes available; or
• New or improved control measures become practicable.
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5. Assessment of The Health Risks Arising From The Use of Hazardous Chemicals in
The Workplace - A Manual of Recommended Practice, Department of Occupational
Safety and Health, Malaysia, First Edition, 1996.
6. Mesch, K.A. and Kugele, T.G. (1992) Use of Organotin Stabilisers-Risk Assessment
Analysis. Journal of Vinyl Technology 14.
8. P.U.(A) 131: Occupational Safety and Health (Use and Standard of Exposure of
Chemicals Hazardous to Health) Regulations 2000. Malaysian government gazette:
4th April 2000.
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APPENDIX 1
ROUTES OF ENTRY
In industry inhalation is the most significant route of entry. The respiratory system consists of the upper
respiratory tract (nose, mouth and throat), the air passage ways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and respiratory
bronchioles) and the gas exchange area (alveoli). The total surface area of the alveoli in a healthy adult is 90
square metres. A worker performing a moderate task inhales about 8.5 cubic metres of air in the course of an 8-
hour shift.
For liquid or solid particulate, size and shape of the particles are among the key factors that influence the site of
deposition, retention, distribution and ultimate health effect. Generally particles larger than 50 µm aerodynamic
diameter are prevented from entering the system as a result of inadequate suction power. Particles between 10
and 50 µm are effectively filtered in the nose. Particles of 7-10 µm on impact with the mucous surface are
carried outwards by the ciliary escalator up the pharynx within a few hours where they are either expectorated or
swallowed. Particles of 0.5-7 µm aerodynamic diameter are deposited in the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli.
Very soluble particles pass through the lungs in minutes. Less soluble matter trapped in the alveolar region is
scavenged by large phagocytic cells which either cross the alveolar membrane or exit via the ciliary escalator to
be ultimately swallowed or expectorated. Particles smaller than 0.5 µm and gases remain airborne and are
exhaled out.
One of the prime functions of the skin is to provide a protective barrier for the body against invasion by foreign
substances. The skin is not a perfect barrier and its large surface area (about 1.7 square metres for the average
adult) and its direct contact with the external milieu render it vulnerable to hostile environment. Absorption
through the skin is another important route of chemical entry, especially for chemicals that are lipid soluble such
as pesticides. These chemical penetrated the intact skin and get into the blood stream. Other chemicals may
enter the body through cuts or damaged skin. Different parts of the body have different skin structure and
thickness and hence different resistance to chemical penetration.
Forearm 1
Palm of hand 1
Dorsum of hand 2
Abdomen 2
Follicle-rich sites (e.g. scalp, forehead, angle of jaw) 4
Intergenious axilla 4 -7
Scrotum almost complete
Ingestion does not constitute a significant route of exposure of industrial chemicals because:
•Fewer chemicals can enter via this route.
•The duration of exposure via ingestion is usually shorter than by any other routes
•For many chemicals oral toxicity is lower than inhalation toxicity or skin penetration
•The hazard can be significantly reduced by the prohibition of eating or drinking in the workplace and
good personal hygiene.
For some chemicals ingestion can become problematic when personal hygiene is poor. Awareness of
this hazard is essential to minimise accidental contact by contaminated skin or protective gloves. Accidental,
careless or irresponsible contamination of the food chain can also lead to ingestion hazard.
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APPENDIX 2
HEALTH EFFECTS
Acute effects are effects that are caused by short periods of exposure (e.g. seconds or
minutes) to high concentrations of a substance. An example of acute effect is carbon
monoxide poisoning where a brief exposure to a high concentration of carbon
monoxide causes asphyxiation.
Chronic effects or long-term effects are effects that resulted from repeated or
prolonged exposure (continuing day after day or week after week), typically involving
relatively low levels of a substance. An example of chronic effect is silicosis, where
prolonged exposure over a number of years to crystalline silica causes fibrosis of the
lungs.
A local effect is one that occurs at the site of first contact with the chemical. An
example is the corrosive action (chemical burn) on the skin caused by an acid
spillage. Irritation of the eyes, skin or the respiratory system is another example of
local effect.
A systemic effect occurs at a site distant from the initial point of contact, and
takes place after a chemical has been absorbed into the body. An example is lead that
enters the body either by inhalation of dust of fumes or by ingestion. It is then
absorbed into the blood where it exerts its effect by interfering in the production of
haemoglobin in red blood cells. Chronic lead poisoning may result in a reduced ability
of the blood to distribute oxygen throughout the body, a condition known as anaemia.
Immediate effects are toxic effects that develop soon after exposure occurs. An
example is narcosis due to the inhalation of a high concentration of toluene vapour.
Delayed effects are effects occurring some time after exposure has taken
place. An example is mesothelioma, a lung cancer that occurs many years after first
exposure to asbestos fibres.
Target Organs
The target organ of target tissue is the organ or tissue where adverse effect occurs.
This differs from chemical to chemical as different chemical substance may affect
different organs in the body in different ways. The reason for this may be the
tendency of a particular to accumulate in a specific tissue or organ. Cadmium, for
example, can accumulate in the kidneys and, with repeated exposure can cause kidney
failure. For some chemical substance there may be more than one target organ. For
example, exposure to inorganic mercury compounds can lead to renal toxicity and
central nervous system toxicity.
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Reversible effects are effects that subside once exposure ceases. An example is the
irritation or the eyes, skin and respiratory tract, resulting from exposure to chlorine
gas. These effects recede once exposure ceases.
Irreversible effects are effects that remain following the cessation of exposure,
and may even progress. Cancer is a typical example of an irreversible effect. n-
Hexane is a chemical that demonstrates both reversible and irreversible effects,
depending on the level and duration of exposure. Repeated exposure to n-hexane can
cause peripheral neuropathy (disease of the peripheral nerves), an irreversible effect.
Acute exposure to n-hexane can lead to narcosis, due to a repressive effect on the
central nervous system.
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APPENDIX 3 -1
2. Gather Information
Information Go to step 7: C4
sufficient?
4. Determine Degree of
Hazard
5. Evaluate Exposures
Exposure
Estimated with Go to step 7: C5
certainty ?
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APPENDIX 3-2
6. Assess Adequacy of
Control Measure
8. Identify Actions to be
Taken C2: Risk
Control Significant but
Adequate? Not Adequately
Controlled
Y
9. Keep Record C3: Risk
Significant and
Not Adequately
controlled
C5: Uncertain
About Exposure
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APPENDIX 4
REGISTRATION AS AN ASSESSOR
General
OR
OR
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OR
OR
e) (i) possess the Higher School Certificate / Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan Malaysia
(STPM) , a Polytechnic certificate or equivalent with at least a credit in
chemistry at the Malaysian Certificate of Education (MCE) / the Sijil
Persekolahan Malaysia (SPM) level;
(ii) has a minimum of seven (7) years practice in occupational safety and health;
(iii) has successfully attended the course for assessor on chemical health risk
assessment conducted by NIOSH or by any training provider recognised by
DOSH; and
(iv) has passed the examination for assessors conducted by NIOSH.
OR
* However for those with qualifications not recognised by the Government of Malaysia they
may be registered on condition that they, in addition to the respective conditions under
paragraphs b), c) or d) had passed the examination for assessor conducted by NIOSH.
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SUMMARY REPORT OF A CHEMICAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT APPENDIX 4b
Work Area/ Work Unit No. Workers Chemicals hazardous to Assessment Recommendations
Department in Work Unit health in Work Unit Conclusions
I hereby declare that the particulars in this report are accurate to the best of my knowledge.
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APPENDIX 5
FORMAT OF THE CHEMICAL REGISTER
Disediakan oleh (nama dan tandatangan) : …..………………………………………… Tarikh disediakan: ___/ ___/ ____
Jawatan: ……………………….………………………………………………………..
Bilangan bahan kimia digunakan Bilangan bahan kimia yang dihasilkan Bilangan sisa bahan kimia yang dihasilkan
Nota:
* Jenis: B = Bahan keluaran sampingan O = Bahan selainnya P = Produk R = Bahan mentah W= Bahan buangan
** CSDS: Kewujudan Risalah Keselamatan Bahan Kimia; Tandakan (Y) jika ada; dan (N) jika tiada
*** Kuantiti: Nyatakan sama ada purata setahun atau sebulan
**** No. CAS: Nombor bahan kimia seperti yang didaftar dengan '
Chemical Abstract Service'di Amerika Syarikat
# Kelas: Pengelasan bahan kimia menurut Peraturan-Peraturan Keselamatan dan Kesihatan Pekerjaan (Pengelasan, Pembungkusan dan Perlabelan Bahan Kimia Berbahaya), 1997.
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APPENDIX 6
The duty to furnish an up-to-date CSDS for each hazardous chemical is on the supplier as
stipulated under Regulation 9(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health (Classification,
Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997 [P.U. (A) 143],
hereinafter referred to as the Regulations. A supplier is a person who supplies chemicals and
includes a formulator, a manufacturer, an importer or a distributor.
The information that a supplier should provide on the CSDS is stipulated in Regulation 9(2)
of the Regulations and consists of the following:
(a) The chemical product itself including the trade or common name of the chemical
and the company identification with details of the supplier ;
(b) The composition of the ingredients that clearly identifies the hazardous
chemical for the purpose of conducting a hazard evaluation;
(c) Hazard identification;
(d) First-aid measures;
(e) Fire-fighting measures;
(f) Accidental release measures
(g) Handling and storage;
(h) Exposure controls and personal protection (including possible
methods of monitoring workplace exposure);
(i) Physical and chemical properties;
(j) Stability and reactivity;
(k) Toxicological information (including the potential routes of entry into
the body and the possibility of synergism with other chemicals or hazards
encountered at work);
(l) Ecological information;
(m) Disposal information;
(n) Transport information; and
(o) Date of preparation of the Chemical Safety Data
Sheet.
The regulations also require that the supplier reviews and revises the CSDS whenever there are
new information on the particular hazardous chemical.
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APPENDIX 7
Example 1:
Example 2:
Preparation Y contains 45% sulphuric acid and 55% non-hazardous ingredients. This
preparation has been classified as corrosive (R35). Referring to Table 2 Y is
classified:
Example 3:
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APPENDIX 8
Sampling Strategy
Objective of Strategy
The objective of the sampling strategy is to reduce the variation in the sampling results so that a reliable
estimate can be made of the time- weighted average exposure concentration.
Variations in Results
Estimates of occupational exposure averages are affected by a number of factors. Error in sampling can broadly
be categorised as random error and systematic error.
Random errors cannot be prevented but can be accounted for statistically. Typical random errors are:
-random sampling device errors (as random fluctuations in pump flow rate)
-random analytical method errors (as random fluctuations in a chemical laboratory procedure)
-random intraday (within day) environmental fluctuations in a contaminant’s concentration.
-random interday (between days) environmental fluctuations in a contaminants concentration
Systematic errors are errors cannot be accounted for statistically but can be prevented. These errors include:
-systematic errors in the measurement (improper calibration, improper use of equipment, erroneous
recording of data, etc.) and
-systematic changes in a contaminant’s airborne concentration (as due to the employee moving to a
different exposure concentration or shutting off an exhaust fan)
Sampler Deployment
The deployment of samplers will depend on the purpose of sampling, whether concerning contaminant
emissions or concerning contaminant exposures. For assessing emissions, the device is located at a fixed point
and for assessing exposure, the sampler is placed within the breathing zone of the exposed worker.
The breathing zone is an ill-defined atmospheric region extending outwards from the face and chest within
which it is assumed that the concentration of the contaminant is identical with that in which air actually enters
the nose. In order to overcome the practical difficulties associated with measurement at the entrance to the nose,
it is common practice to locate the sampler at an unspecified distance in front of the face or by attaching it at the
worker’s shirt collar or lapel.
(Although the commonest site is the lapel, studies have shown that sampler mounted at that location is capable
of producing a result anywhere from one half to twice the actual exposure concentration).
The results of exposure sampling are intended for eventual comparison with some form of hygiene standard
such as Occupational Exposure Limits of Threshold Limit Values. These standards have been developed usually
from dose-effect relationships where the dose is the estimated body burden of the contaminant accumulated over
a short time for a substance producing acute effects or over a long period for a substance giving rise to chronic
effects. In order to predict the biological effects of exposure to a fast acting contaminant, it is necessary to
sample for brief periods of time so as to detect the transient concentration peaks. Conversely if the airborne
substance only produces its effects in the long term after a build-up of a large body burden, then a series of
measurements of atmospheric concentrations carried out over an extended time period will be appropriate.
The possible sampling systems are listed below in descending order of accuracy in estimating exposure:
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Who to sample ?
The purpose is to get the highest exposure from a group of workers doing a similar job at the same work area.
The highest exposed worker may be determined from observation of the workplace. These factors may be
considered when selecting the highest risk worker:
a) nearness to source;
b) duration and frequency of exposure;
c) nature of work or work practice; and
d) availability of control measures
If it is not possible to identify the most exposed worker to be sampled due to the homogeneity of the exposure,
then a random selection workers need to be carried out such that a least one of the randomly selected worker for
sampling will represent the high exposure subgroup.
Preparation
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Preparation for monitoring of airborne contaminant is the crucial stage in deciding the best strategy to be
adopted. It starts with the preliminary inspection and ends when samples are collected. Steps in the preparatory
stage are:
• preliminary inspection is carried out to identify the air contaminants to be sampled and the high
risk workers for exposure monitoring
• look up air sampling method (e.g. NIOSH Methods) to determine the instruments to be used; the
appropriate sampling media; the pump flow rate; the number of samples to be prepared based on
the minimum and maximum sample volume recommended; the number of blanks; and the sample
handling and transport requirements
• discharging and charging of pump batteries
• calibration of pumps to desired flow rate
• preparation of sampling media
• e.g. filters to be conditioned inside the weighing room before initial weighing
• packing of sampling media
• check availability of monitoring forms, whirling hygrometer and other equipment
Taking samples
Taking samples involve various activities from the assembling of sampling instruments to the transportation of
samples for chemical analysis. The steps involved are:
• assemble sampling instruments
• assemble selected workers & record their particular
• brief them on the purpose of monitoring & the do’s and don’ts
• mount the sampling device on to the workers
• start pump & record start time
• during monitoring,
• check pump flow rate & condition of sampling device & sample
• measure & record the wet and dry bulb temperatures & the record weather conditions
• observe work routines and practices
• observe availability and effectiveness of control measures
• at the end of sampling period,
• collect the samples and packed properly so as not to dislodge particulate or escape of contaminant
during handling & transportation of sample
• check pump flow rate - final flow rate to be within ± 10% of the initial flow rate
• sent sample for analysis
Analyse sample
Analysing of samples includes the chemical analysis and the determination of the sample concentration.
• for gravimetric analysis, condition the filter first before weighing
• determine the amount of sample collected
• determine the volume of air sampled ( flow rate X sampling duration )
• determine contaminant concentration
• blanks correction
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APPENDIX 9
In Malaysia the occupational exposure limits (OEL) are termed Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)
and these are found in various Regulations gazetted by the Government. For the purpose of this
manual, the OEL to be used is the Malaysian PEL.
Where a PEL is not available for a chemical substance, the assessor may use other OEL such as the
Threshold Limit Values (TLV) published by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH).
The OEL for a liquid mixtures where the atmospheric composition of the vapour above the mixture is
similar to that of the mixture, may be determined by the use of the following formula if the percentage
weight composition and OEL of individual components are known:
An application of this formula to calculate the ‘in-house’ OEL is for an organic solvent mixture such
as white spirit that contained alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics.
For work shifts longer than eight hours adjustment has to be made to the OEL since the longer the day
over which the contaminant is absorbed, the shorter the period of recovery before the next insult. This
adjustment is by multiplying the OEL with the following factor (Brief and Scala, 1975):
8 x 24 - H
H 16
where H is the number of hours worked.
For example, a worker working on a 12-hour work shift will be working for 12 hours and then rest for
the next 12 hours (the recovery period) before the next 12 hours exposure. The adjustment factor is
0.5, meaning that the OEL for this worker is half that for a worker working an 8-hour shift.
The limitation of this formula is that it does not apply to continuous 24-hour
exposure, work periods of less than 7-8 hours per day or 35 hours per week or for concentration-
dependent acute toxicant.
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APPENDIX 10
A worker is exposed to toluene once a day for a five-day working week. The average
duration of exposure to toluene is about 3.5 hours per day. Measurement using direct
reading equipment showed that the average concentration of toluene is 350 ppm
(PEL = 200 ppm).
A worker is exposed to asbestos fibres. Results of two samples taken over an 8-hour
period are:
Duration Results
200 minutes 1.1 fibre/ml
230 minutes 1.3 fibre/ml
(PEL for asbestos exposure is 1 fibre/ml)?
Computation:
a) Similar exposure:
TWA concentration = (1.1 x 200) + (1.3 x 230)
200 + 230
b) Zero exposure:
TWA concentration = (1.1 x 200) + (1.3 x 230) + (0 x 50)
200 + 230 + 50
= 519
480
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APPENDIX 11
Estimation of Exposures
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APPENDIX 12
DEGREE OF RELEASE
The degree of chemical reception and reception is influenced by the following factors:
a) Work Practice
nature of handling / work practice
manual or mechanised operation
good or bad work practice
b) Air Intake
rate of breathing
carrying out light, moderate or heavy work
c) Contaminated Clothing & Surfaces
degree of contamination
d) Workers Awareness
information, instruction & training
e) Personal Hygiene
cleanliness of face & hands
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APPENDIX 13
The potential for skin or eye absorption is influenced by the following factors
chemical characteristics
the higher the fat solubility the higher is the skin penetrability
the higher the molecular weight the slower is the absorption rate
chemical with ' skin'notation means that it can be easily absorbed through
the skin
nature of contact
direct or indirect
work practices
good or bad practices affect the degree of skin/eye contact
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APPENDIX 14
Methanol 5.0
Toluol (Industrial) 5.0
Methyl Propyl Ketone 5.2
V.M & P 5.8
Perchlorethylene 6.0
Nor. Propyl Acetate 6.1
Sec. Butyl Acetate 6.5
Solox (Anhydrous) 6.5
Isobutyl Acetate 90% 7.0
Apco thinner 7.0
Ethyl Alcohol, Den. No. 1 7.7 Medium
Solox 8.0
Isoproply Alcohol 99% 8.6
Nor. Propyl Alcohol 9.1
Solvsol 24/34 9.4
Nor. Butyl Acetate 9.6
Diethyl Carbonate 9.6
Methyl Butyl Ketone 9.7
Xylol (Industrial) 9.7
Monochlor Benzol 10.0
Tertiary Butyl Alcohol 11.9
Sec. Butyl Alcohol 14.0
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APPENDIX 15
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APPENDIX 16
Light Work
Moderate Work
Heavy Work
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APPENDIX 17
SELECT A
WORK UNIT
GO THRU’
TASK
IDENTIFY CHEMICAL
HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH
ASSIGN ER = 1
DETERMINE FREQUENCY,
DURATION
SKIN/EYE
INHALATION
IRRITATION
OR SKIN
OR
ABSORPTION
CORROSION?
Y
Y
ANALYSE EXPOSURE
MEASUREMENT
RESULT RESULT? ASSIGN ‘SK’
QUALITATIVE ESTIMATE
OEL? -DEGREE OF RELEASE MAGNITUDE FOR
-DEGREE OF ABSORPTION SKIN/EYE
Y (TABLE 7 & 8) CONTACT
ASSIGN MR
(TABLE 5) ASSIGN MR
(TABLE 9)
DETERMINE ER
(TABLE 11)
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No. Name of Chemical & Indicator Physical form Source of Classification of Risk Phrases Skin Hazard
ingredient Information hazard notation ? Rating
CHEMICAL MOVEMENT Include the storage, movement, handling and use, transportation and disposal
Department of Occupational Safety & Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia September 2000
CHRA MANUAL 2nd EDITION
1.WORK AREA 7.EMPLOYEE HEALTH FEEDBACKS Describe any ill-effects experienced by employees
2.JOB TITLE
3.NUMBER OF EMPLOYEE (attach list of employees as appendix) 8.REPORT ON HEALTH EFFECTS Summarise cases of health effects reported to employer
Male: Female:
4.CATEGORY OF WORKERS IN WORK UNIT (TICK)
Production workers Maintenance workers 9.WORKERS WITH SUSCEPTIBLE CONDITIONS Describe conditions
Visitors/students/ Forklift/Truck driver 11.POSSIBILITY OF MIXED EXPOSURES Presence of other chemicals affecting the same system/organ
inspector
Others Crane operator
13.OTHER COMMENTS
Work Arrangements (tick): Normal Shift work
Department of Occupational Safety & Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia September 2000
CHRA MANUAL 2nd EDITION
Chemical Hazardous Task Frequency Routes Of Existing Suitable & Maint. Adequate? Degree Degree MR ER
To Health Duration Entry Controls Effective Testing & Yes / No Chemical Contact/
Yes/No Exam. Release Inhale
COMMENTS:
Department of Occupational Safety & Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia September 2000
CHRA MANUAL 2nd EDITION
COMMENTS:
Department of Occupational Safety & Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia September 2000
CHRA MANUAL 2nd EDITION
EXPOSURE RATINGS
1 2 3 4 5
RISK SIGNIFICANT –
CATEGORY 1
HAZARD RATINGS
5
RISK SIGNIFICANT-
CATEGORY 2
Department of Occupational Safety & Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia September 2000
CHRA MANUAL 2nd EDITION
1.3.Ventilation
1.4.Work practice/
System of work
1.5.Personal protection
2.MAINTENANCE OF
CONTROL EQUIPMENT
(Whether maintenance was appropriate &
adequate)
3.MONITORING OF AIR
CONTAMINANT
(Provide summary and attach details as
appendix. Whether monitoring was
appropriate & adequate)
4.BIOLOGICAL
MONITORING
(Provide summary and attach details as
appendix. Whether monitoring was
appropriate & adequate)
5.HEALTH SURVEILLANCE
(Summarise the conclusions, and attach
details as an appendix if appropriate)
Department of Occupational Safety & Health, Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia September 2000