Aeduc 2 Principles and Methods of Teaching

Research Assignment 1

We started with WHY do you want to take this course. Now we will proceed with the end in
mind. We will begin discussion with the our “would - be” students/ learners in mind. How do they
learn? Or you can start with how do you learn?
How Theories of Learning have evolved over time?
Research and read on the following theories, concepts for discussion during the class. You
should be able to differentiate each concept with the other. Maximum of one paragraph for the
discussion of each theory. Please provide the necessary source link.

1. Behavioral Learning Theory

A study of stimulus–response interactions is used to describe and understand learning
and behavior. All behaviors are taught through interaction with the environment, according to
behaviorism. According to this learning theory, behaviors are acquired from their environment,
and intrinsic or inherited characteristics have very little influence on behavior. A common
example is positive reinforcement, just like when our Accounting 5 teacher offered a price to
student who will get the highest score in the final exam.

2. Social Learning Theory

According to social learning theory, social behavior is learned through seeing and
imitating the actions of others. The observer will look at the behavior as well as the rewards and
punishment that follow. If the observer believes the benefits outweigh the risks, they are more
inclined to emulate the conduct. However, if the observer does not value the reinforcement
highly enough, they will not model the behavior. For example, in A87 subject, through
observing, students were able to think of a business they wanted to conduct a study about.
They tend to learn on the experiences of the pioneers with which they will formulate their plan
for a better result.

3. Cognitivism - Cognitive Psychology

Cognitivism is a learning philosophy that emphasizes the internal processes and
connections that occur during the learning process. The learner is regarded as a data
processor. Learning is characterized as a change in a learner's schemata, which can be
understood as schema or symbolic mental creations. This theory is also difficult to put into
reality because it is impossible to comprehend the cognitive structures that exist in every
student's mind. This learning theory usually happens in all accounting subjects where a student
really needs to think critically in order to learn the lesson.
4. Social Cognitive Theory
The emphasis on social impact, as well as external and internal social reinforcement, is
a distinguishing element of SCT. SCT takes into account the particular ways in which people
learn and sustain behaviors, as well as the social context in which they do so. The idea
considers a person's past experiences, which influence whether or not they will engage in
behavioral action. For example, upon joining the pre-market day where groups already learned
something from the event, then suddenly end up getting to the final market day. With their past
experiences, they ware able to operate their chosen business better by learning from the result
of their previous strategy.

5. Social Cultural Theory

Sociocultural theory is a new psychological theory that examines society's fundamental
contributions to individual development. The link between developing people and the culture in
which they inhabit is emphasized in this theory. Human learning, according to sociocultural
theory, is essentially a social process. Sociocultural theory examines not just how adults and
peers affect individual learning, but also how cultural beliefs and attitudes influence how
learning occurs. NSTP I and NSTP II brings the most of this learning theory. As students were
able to encounter other people and new environment where they were able to observed and
learn from.

6. Cognitive Neuroscience
The goal of cognitive neuroscience is to use findings from brain research to better
understand the mind's mechanisms. How do neurons in the brain produce chemical and
electrical signals that lead to cognitive processes? The study of cognitive function arising from
the physical and chemical activity of neurons in the brain is known as cognitive neuroscience.

7. Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

According to cognitive dissonance theory, when an individual's action contradicts his or
her opinions and beliefs, an underlying psychological tension is formed. This underlying tension
then leads a person to adjust their attitude in order to achieve consistency in their thoughts and
behaviors. This applies on answering essay questions in general education subject such as A9.
Opinions and beliefs are often the main topic of questions being asked, therefore, there should
be consistency in terms of thoughts in order to express one’s opinion very well.

8. Transfer of Learning
 The utilization of previously gained knowledge and abilities in new learning or problem-
solving circumstances is referred to as transfer of learning. It shows the ability to apply what has
been learned in one setting or context to another. When we learn anything new, it goes from our
working memory to our long-term memory and may be retrieved. This applies to financial
accounting subjects, as the topics learned form it can also be applied in answering auditing
problems.

9. Constructivist Theory
Learners are active participants in their learning journeys, according to constructivist
theory, and knowledge is constructed via experiences. As events unfold, each individual reflects
on their own experience and integrates new concepts into their existing knowledge. Learners
create schemas to arrange their newly acquired information. As for me, review subjects greatly
serve as the main storage of everything I have learned for almost four years of studying and
preparing for the CPALE.

10. Holistic Learning Theory

Holistic theory promotes a balanced approach to learning, implying that learning can
begin in any of the domains—theory, practice, or the human spirit. It is centered on the idea that
each person derives identity, meaning, and purpose from their relationships to their local
community, the natural environment, and humanitarian principles like compassion and peace.
NSTP I and NSTP II brings the most of this learning theory. As students were able to encounter
other people and new environment where they were able to observed and learn from.

11. Humanistic Learning Theory

It involves the concept of learning through watching the behavior of others and what
results from that behavior. However, it entails that learning dies not have to involved a behavior
change, but it comes as a result of the observation. NSTP I and NSTP II brings the most of this
learning theory. As students were able to encounter other people and new environment where
they were able to observed and learn from.

12. Drive Reduction Theory

The purpose of motivated action is to reduce a drive state, according to this learning
theory. It is considered that every motivated activity is caused by drives that emerge from a
disruption in equilibrium, and that responses that reduce those drives are reinforced or
strengthened.

13. Information Processing Theory

 This focuses on the way information is stored in our brain. The theory explains how our
brains filter information from what we're paying attention to right now to what gets stored in our
short-term or working memory, and then into long-term memory. The premise is that we
perceive something through our sensory memory, which is everything we can see, hear, feel, or
taste in a given moment; our short-term memory is what we use to remember things for very
short periods of time; and our long-term memory is what we use to remember things for very
long periods of time.

14. Level of Processing Theory

The levels of processing model examine the depth of memory processing and predicts
that the more information is processed, the longer a memory trace would persist. Memory is
merely a by-product of the depth with which information is processed, and there is no apparent
boundary between short and long-term memory. According to this, we can process information
in three ways: structural, phonemic, and semantic processing.

15. Multiple Intelligence Theory

Gardner theorizes that people have various types of intelligence, including musical,
interpersonal, spatial-visual, and linguistic intelligences, in order to capture the complete variety
of abilities and talents that they possess. According to the multiple intelligence, idea, everyone
possesses all eight intelligences to varied degrees of proficiency, and a person's learning style
is unrelated to their regions of greatest intelligence. Physical education subjects encompass this
multiple intelligence theory as that subject doesn’t only focus on one’s knowledge, but also on
one’s talent and skills.

16. Situated Learning Theory

This article explains the process and growth of learning when individuals have the
opportunity to participate in a community of practice. What ultimately supports knowledge
production is the interaction of the learner and the expert in the community of practice, as well
as the progression of the former into a level of expertise in a contextualized situation. This
applies for on-the-job training which I will this summer.

17.Transformative Learning Theory

The principle behind transformative learning, also known as transformation learning, is
that learners can modify their thinking based on new information. It is the idea that while
learners acquire new information and engage in critical reflection, they are also assessing their
previous beliefs and understandings and transforming their entire worldview. Just like in Ethics
subject where we were being taught of different worldviews and strategies on how to deal with
life’s ethical problem.
18. Experiential Learning Theory
Concrete learning, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization, and active
experimenting are the four stages of the experiential learning theory. The first two stages of the
cycle are concerned with grasping an experience, whereas the third and fourth stages are
concerned with altering an experience. It contends that effective learning occurs when the
student progresses through the cycle, which they can engage at any time.

19. Whole Brain Thinking/ Quadrant Brain Model

Whole Brain Thinking, created by Ned Herrmann, splits the brain into four quadrants.
Analytical, Practical, Relational, and Experimental reflect separate parts of the brain. While we
all have these quadrants, it suggests that we all have a favored method of thinking that we
aren't even aware of. Some of us enjoy being creative and thinking outside the box. Others, on
the other hand, are only interested in the facts. It explains why some students excel in some
areas while struggling in others.

20. Learning Style Theories

Theories of "Learning Styles" sought to categorize people depending on how they learn -
based on individual strengths, personal preferences, and other characteristics including
motivation and preferred learning environment.

21. Learning by Teaching

Learning by teaching is a method in which students must first comprehend subject
before preparing presentations or lesson plans to teach their classmates. This strategy is
designed to assist the presenter in improving their own knowledge of the content. This states
that teaching others helps you learn at the same time. Learning through teaching encourages
students to act as teachers in order to improve their learning experience through teamwork. As
for me, this applies for every reporting we were tasked to do. And also, through helping our
fellow students who didn’t get the lesson firsthand. We were able to remember and master the
lesson while helping others understand it as well.

References
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