Acids & Bases Guided Notes

Acids & Bases
Acids, bases, & salts are ____electrolytes_____ because they conduct electrical current.
An indicator is a ___________compound that changes color to indicate the presence of an acid or

base.______________________
Characteristics of acids
1. Sour ____taste_____
2. ____reacts with______ metals
3. ____Neutralizes_____bases
4. affects _indicators_______
a. turns blue litmus __red/pink______
b. keeps phenolphthalein __colorless_______
c. turns methyl orange ___red______
Common Acids:
______critic acid_____- C6H8O7 found in citrus fruits such as lemons and oranges
_____Acetic acid________- CH3COOH is one of the simplest carboxylic acids. The main
component of vinegar and also called ethanoic acid.
_______Malic acid______- C4H6O5 found in fruits such as apples and pears
______Butyric acid_______-CH₃CH₂CH₂CO₂H is found in animal fat and plant oils, bovine milk,
breast milk, butter, parmesan cheese, and as a product of anaerobic fermentation.
_____Lactic acid________-C3H6O3 found in sour milk. The body makes lactic acid when it is low in

the oxygen it needs to convert glucose into energy and buildup can result in muscle pain, cramps,
and muscular fatigue.
Industrial acids:
______Sulfuric acid_________- H2SO4 most manufactured chemical in US; fertilizers
_______Phosphoric acid________- H3PO4 found in fertilizers and detergents
____Nitric acid________- HNO3 found in fertilizers and explosives
_______Hydrolic________-HCl used to remove surface impurities steel remove surface impurities
1
Naming Acids Review
Characteristics of Bases
1. tastes __bitter_______
2. feels ___slimy_______
3. affects ___indicators________
a. pink litmus turns ___blue____
b. phenolphthalein turns ___pink_____
c. methyl orange turns __yellow______
Common Bases:
_____Ammonia________-NH3 cleaning agent
______Lye_______-NaOH drano
______Milk of magnesia_______-Mg(OH)2 laxative
______Lime_____-Ca(OH)2 mortar for bricks, foul lines on fields
2
What is pH?
Abbreviation for power of hydrogen or potential for hydrogen is a scale used to specify how acidic
or basic (or alkaline) a water-based solution is.
Acidic solutions have a __lower_____ pH, while basic solutions have a __higher____ pH.
What is pH?
____pH_______ is the is the negative logarithm of H +1 ion concentration.
[ ] indicates concentration
pH= -log [H+] [H+]= 10-pH
pOH = -log [OH-] [OH-]=10-pOH
pH + pOH = 14
[H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14
pH range-
pH scale: acids ___0-6.99___ neutral __7______ base __7.01-14_____

3
Example 1: What is the pH of a solution with the concentration [H +]= 1.0 x 10-7 M?
7.0
Practice problems
1. Calculate the pH of [H+] = 1.0 x 10-2 M.
2.0
2. a. Calculate the pH of [H+] = 3.0 x 10-6 M
5.5
b. What is the pOH?
8.5
3. a. Calculate the pOH if [OH-]= 8.2 x 10-6 M. 5.1
b. What is the pH?

8.9
Example 2 What is the concentration (Molarity) of H+ of an acidic solution with the pH of 3.20?
6.31x10^-4
Practice:
4. Calculate the concentration of H+ of an acidic solution with the pH of 6.55.
2.82x10^-7
4
Neutralization
Neutralization Reaction- reaction between an ____________& ____________ to produce a

____________& _____________.
Salt- made of the ________________________& the _____________________.
Ex. Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl  ____MgCl2_+ 2H2O________
Practice:
1. 2H3PO4 + 3Ca(OH)2  Ca3(PO4)2
2. Al(OH)3 + H2SO4 
Arrhenius Model Bronsted-Lowry Model

_____________________
_____________________
A hydrogen containing Hydrogen ion (H+) donor
substance that ionizes to
produce hydrogen ions in an
aqueous solution. _____________________
Hydrogen ion acceptor
HCl H+ + Cl-
HC2H3O2 + H2O  H3O+ + C2H3O2-

_____________________
A hydroxide containing HC2H3O2 _____________________
substance that dissociates to
produce hydroxide (OH-) H2O _____________________
ions in an aqueous solution.
H3O+ _____________________
NaOH  Na + OH
+ -
C2H3O2-_____________________
_________________________- Substances that act either as acid or a base. Example: H 2O
5
The use of the neutralization reaction to determine concentrations
Acid, Base _____titration_________ is an analytical process that uses the neutralization

reaction to determine the concentration of an unknown substance.
Titration is one of the oldest analytical experimental methods used to determine the
concentration of an unknown substance, with the use of a standard solution (one of known
concentration).
_______Analyte__________– the substance being tested.
_______yitrant__________ the substance in the buret. This is usually the standard solution.
_______equivalence point___________the stoichiometric point when the reactants have

combined.
When a strong acid is titrated with a strong base the P H at the equivalence point is
___around 7____.
_____indicator__________substances (usually organic) that change colors in the presence

of other specific substances. Acid base indicators such as litmus, methyl red, universal
indicator, phenolphthalein, and others.
_____endpoint____________– when the indicator begins to change colors.
One of the equations used to determine the concentration of an unknown is the dilution
equation. M1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 M= molarity V = volume
6
Titration Example:
20.0 mL of hydrochloric acid is titrated with 30.0 mL of a 0.250 M solution of sodium hydroxide.
Practice:
1. 50.0 mL of nitric acid is titrated with 25.0 mL of potassium hydroxide with a concentration of
0.125 M. What is the concentration of the nitric acid?
2. 50.0 mL of a nitric acid solution is titrated with 40.0 mL of a 0.200 M solution of potassium
hydroxide. (a) Write the neutralization reaction. (b) Determine the concentration of the acid.
3. 25.0 mL of a perchloric acid solution with a concentration of 0.500 M is titrated with a 0.125 M
solution of sodium hydroxide. How many mL of the base will be required?
4. 100.0 mL of a 0.300 M HCl solution is titrated with 75.0 mL of a sodium hydroxide solution. What
is the concentration of the base?
5. When 50.0 mL of HCl is titrated with a 0.250M sodium hydroxide solution the pH of the solution
reads 7.00 when 25.0 mL of the base is added. What is the molarity of the acid?

Acids & Bases Guided Notes

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What are acids and bases?

What are acids and bases?

What is pH and how is it measured?

What is pH and how is it measured?

Acids & Bases

An indicator is a ___________compound that changes color to indicate the presence of an acid or

_______Malic acid______- C4H6O5 found in fruits such as apples and pears

_____Lactic acid________-C3H6O3 found in sour milk. The body makes lactic acid when it is low in

______Sulfuric acid_________- H2SO4 most manufactured chemical in US; fertilizers

_______Phosphoric acid________- H3PO4 found in fertilizers and detergents

____Nitric acid________- HNO3 found in fertilizers and explosives

_______Hydrolic________-HCl used to remove surface impurities steel remove surface impurities

_____Ammonia________-NH3 cleaning agent

______Milk of magnesia_______-Mg(OH)2 laxative

______Lime_____-Ca(OH)2 mortar for bricks, foul lines on fields

Acidic solutions have a __lower_____ pH, while basic solutions have a __higher____ pH.

____pH_______ is the is the negative logarithm of H +1 ion concentration.

pH= -log [H+] [H+]= 10-pH

pOH = -log [OH-] [OH-]=10-pOH

pH scale: acids ___0-6.99___ neutral __7______ base __7.01-14_____

1. Calculate the pH of [H+] = 1.0 x 10-2 M.

2. a. Calculate the pH of [H+] = 3.0 x 10-6 M

b. What is the pOH?

3. a. Calculate the pOH if [OH-]= 8.2 x 10-6 M. 5.1

b. What is the pH?

Neutralization Reaction- reaction between an ____________& ____________ to produce a

Salt- made of the ________________________& the _____________________.

Ex. Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl  ____MgCl2_+ 2H2O________

1. 2H3PO4 + 3Ca(OH)2  Ca3(PO4)2

Arrhenius Model Bronsted-Lowry Model

HC2H3O2 + H2O  H3O+ + C2H3O2-

_________________________- Substances that act either as acid or a base. Example: H 2O

Acid, Base _____titration_________ is an analytical process that uses the neutralization

_______Analyte__________– the substance being tested.

_______equivalence point___________the stoichiometric point when the reactants have

_____indicator__________substances (usually organic) that change colors in the presence

_____endpoint____________– when the indicator begins to change colors.

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_Malic acid- C4H6O5 found in fruits such as apples and pears

_Lactic acid____-C3H6O3 found in sour milk. The body makes lactic acid when it is low in

Sulfuric acid___- H2SO4 most manufactured chemical in US; fertilizers

_Phosphoric acid__- H3PO4 found in fertilizers and detergents

Nitric acid____- HNO3 found in fertilizers and explosives

_Hydrolic__-HCl used to remove surface impurities steel remove surface impurities

_Ammonia____-NH3 cleaning agent

Milk of magnesia_-Mg(OH)2 laxative

__Lime_-Ca(OH)2 mortar for bricks, foul lines on fields

Acidic solutions have a lower_ pH, while basic solutions have a higher____ pH.

pH___ is the is the negative logarithm of H +1 ion concentration.

pH scale: acids _0-6.99_ neutral 7 base 7.01-14___

Neutralization Reaction- reaction between an & to produce a

Salt- made of the ____& the _.

Acid, Base _titration_____ is an analytical process that uses the neutralization

_Analyte____– the substance being tested.

_equivalence point_____the stoichiometric point when the reactants have

_indicator______substances (usually organic) that change colors in the presence

_endpoint________– when the indicator begins to change colors.