Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual

EXPERIMENT NO.3
TITLE: VERIFICATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLIS EQUATION

AIM:- To verify Modified Bernoulli’s Theorem experimentally.

OBJECTIVES:
THEORY: Bernoulli Daniell was a Swiss engineer, who belonged to a renowned
mathematical family, & he gave this equation in 1738.

The principle of conservation of energy gives Bernoulli’s Theorem which states that “For
an incompressible fluid flowing through the passage, the total energy (total head) remains
constant for all the points provided there is no addition or subtraction of energy.”

Energy Of Liquid In Motion:-

The energy in general may be defined as the capacity to do work.

Though the energy exists in many forms, yet the following are important from the subject
point of view.

1) Potential energy.

2) Kinetic energy.

3) Pressure energy.

Now,

Total head possessed by the fluid particle in motion is the sum of its potential head or
datum head, kinetic head & pressure head.

Total Head H = Z + V2 + P m of liquid.

2g ρg

Where, Z = Datum Head in m,

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V2/2g = Velocity Head in m, and

P/ ρg = Pressure Head in m.

P/ ρg + Z = Piezometric Head in m.

As per Bernoulli’s equation, for an ideal fluid mathematically it can be written as,

V1 2 P1 V2 2 P2

Z1 + ------- + --------- = Z2 + ------- + -----------

2g ρg 2g ρg

Therefore, Z + V2 + P = constant

2g ρg

Where, Z is potential energy,

V2 is kinetic energy.

2g

P__ is pressure energy.

ρg

For real fluid loss of energy due to friction and minor losses are to be considered in the
direction of flow and account separately.

Thus, the mathematically modified Bernoulli’s Theorem is

V1 2 P1 V2 2 P2

Z1 + ------- + ----------- = Z2 + ------- + ----------- + HL

2g ρg 2g ρg

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Where, HL = Losses

LIMITATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S THEOREM:-

The Bernoulli’s theorem has been derived on certain assumptions which are rarely
possible. Thus the Bernoulli’s theorem has the following limitations.

1. Bernoulli’s equation can be applied to a stream tube having an ideal & incompressible
liquid at constant density & temperature. For a pipe line which consists of a number of
stream tubes, the mean velocity of flow is to be taken for use in the Bernoulli’s equation.

2. If any force is added or extracted in the flow, it should be taken into account.

3. In the case of unsteady flow, the changes in the kinetic energy are to be accounted.

4. For turbulent flow, a part of energy will be dissipated as heat. This loss is to be
considered in the Bernoulli’s equation.

5. For viscous flow the loss of energy due to shear force, has to be accounted.

6. For the flow of liquid in curved path, the energy due to centrifugal force must be taken
into account.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION:

The Bernoulli’s theorem is the basic equation which has the widest application in
hydraulics. Since this equation is applied for the derivation of many formulae, so its clear
understanding is very essential.

Though the Bernoulli’s equation has number practical applications, yet we shall discuss
its application on the following Hydraulic devices.

1. Venturimeter.

2. Orifice.

3. Pitot Tube.

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1. VENTURIMETER -

i) Venturi was an Italian Engineer who discussed the phenomenon of pressure reduction
at throats in pipes in 1791.

ii) The Venturimeter is an apparatus used to find out discharge of a liquid flowing at any
point along a pipe line when it is running full.

A Venturimeter, in its simplest form, consist of the following three parts

a) Convergent cone.

b) Throat.

c) Divergent Cone.

a) Convergent cone :
It is a short pipe, which converges from a diameter d1 (Diameter of the pipe) in which the
Venturimeter is fitted to a smaller diameter d 2. Convergent cone is also known as inlet of
the Venturimeter. The slope of converging sides is between 1 in 4 or 1 in 5.

b) Throat :

It is small portion of circular pipe in which the diameter d2 kept constant.

c) Divergent cone:
It is a pipe, which diverges from a diameter d2 to a larger diameter d1.

Divergent cone is also known as outlet of the Venturimeter. The length of the divergent
cone is about 3 to 4 times than that of the convergent cone.

The liquid while flowing through the Venturimeter is accelerated between the sections 1
& 2. As a result of the acceleration, the velocity of liquid at section 2 becomes higher
than that at section 1. This increase in velocity, results in decreasing the pressure at
section 2. If pressure head at the throat falls bellow the separation head (which is 2.5 m.

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Of water) then there will be a tendency of separation of the liquid flow. In order to avoid
the tendency of separation at throat, there is always a fixed ratio of the diameter of throat
& pipe( d2/d1). This ratio varies from 1/4 to 3/4 but the most suitable value is 1/3 to 1/2.

The liquid, while flowing through the Venturimeter, is decelerated between the sections 2
& 3. As a result of this, the velocity of liquid decreases which consequently to
increase the pressure.

If the pressure is rapidly recovered, then there is every possibility for the stream of liquid
to brake away from the walls of the meter due to boundary layer effects. In order to avoid
the tendency of breaking away the stream of liquid, the divergent cone is made
sufficiently longer. Another reason for making the divergent cone longer in to minimize
the frictional losses. Due to these reasons the divergent cone is 3 to 4 times longer than
convergent cone.

2. ORIFICEMETER :-

An orifice meter is used to measure the discharge in a pipe. An orifice meter in its
simplest consist of a plate having a sharp edged circular whole known as orifice. This
plate is fixed inside a pipe as shown in figure. A mercury manometer is inserted to know
the difference of pressure between the pipe and orifice.

3. PITOT TUBE -

Pitot Henri was a French scientist and an engineer. He conducted a series of experiments
on the flow of water in channels and pipes.

A Pitot tube is an instrument to determine the velocity of flow at the required point in a
pipe or a stream. In its simplest form a Pitot tube consist of a glass tube bend in the shape
of L & inserted in the pipe. The other end is open to atmosphere.

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The lower end of the tube faces the direction of flow .The liquid rises up in tube due to
the pressure exerted by the flowing liquid. By measuring the rise of liquid in the tube, we
can find out the velocity of the liquid flow.

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP:
1. Flow channel long, transparent acrylic.

2. Supply with flow control valve.

3. Pezometric tubes (07 No.) fixed over flow channel with separate scale.

4. Sump tank- mm

5. Measuring tank - mm

6. Inlet, Outlet tank - mm dia.

SPECIFICATIONS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Start the motor.
2. Open the bypass valve fully.
3. Control the gate valve for steady flow.
4. Allow some time to raise the water level in pezometric tubes.
5. Take the height level in pezometric tubes.
6. Take the time required for 10 cm. rises in water level of measuring tank.

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Width of Channel = m

2. Area of Measuring tank = 0.077m2

2. Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81m/s2

OBSERVATION TABLE:

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Sr. No Diameter of test point Cross sectional Distance of test point

(mm) (d1-d2) area at test point from reference point (m)
(m2) (a1-a2) (s1-s2)

1 28.00 6.16 E-4 0.04

2 23.5 4.34 E-4 0.0785

3 18.5 2.69 E-4 0.092

4 14.00 1.54 E-4 0.1105

5 18.5 2.69 E-4 0.13585

6 23.5 4.34 E-4 0.1562

7 28.00 6.16 E-4 0.19155

Initial water Time h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7

Sr. Rise of R=
level in
No. water level R2- R1 (Sec) cm cm cm cm cm cm cm
Tank R1
in Tank R2

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(cm)
(cm)

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS:

R 1 – R2

1. R = ---------------------- m

100

Area of measuring tank x 0.1

2. Discharge (Q) = ----------------------------------------

Time required in sec.

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Q= .

Q= m3 /sec.

Velocity (V) = Discharge (Q) in m3/sec (m/s)

Cross sectional area (A) in m2

3. Pressure (P) = ρ g.H

Where, ρ = 1000 kg/m3

g = 9.81 m2/sec

H = Head in m.

P=

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P=

4. Pressure head = P/ ρg

5. Velocity head = V2/2g

6. Total head = H+V2/2g

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RESULTS:

Block Diagram :

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CONCLUSIONS:
1. The Total Head varies from .................. meter to ..................meter.
Here the loss due to friction in the flow channel which is not taken in account

2. There is loss of head in the direction of flow and this loss is in the piezometric head.
3. Since the difference in inlet and outlet heads is same as the summation of losses of head due to
Entrance/exit and friction, therefore modified form of Bernoulli’s theorem is thus verified.

REFERENCES:

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