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    Input and Output Constructs

    Uploaded by

    Uma Roman
    The document discusses input/output constructs and modular programming in C++. It describes how to read and write unsigned integers using I/O constructs. It also explains the concept of modularization in programming by separating programs into independent and interchangeable modules. Each module contains code for one specific task and functions are used to define modules and pass parameters between them.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Input and Output Constructs

    Uploaded by

    Uma Roman
    537 views10 pages
    The document discusses input/output constructs and modular programming in C++. It describes how to read and write unsigned integers using I/O constructs. It also explains the concept of modularization in programming by separating programs into independent and interchangeable modules. Each module contains code for one specific task and functions are used to define modules and pass parameters between them.

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    The document discusses input/output constructs and modular programming in C++. It describes how to read and write unsigned integers using I/O constructs. It also explains the concept of modularization in programming by separating programs into independent and interchangeable modules. Each module contains code for one specific task and functions are used to define modules and pass parameters between them.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    537 views10 pages

    Input and Output Constructs

    Uploaded by

    Uma Roman
    The document discusses input/output constructs and modular programming in C++. It describes how to read and write unsigned integers using I/O constructs. It also explains the concept of modularization in programming by separating programs into independent and interchangeable modules. Each module contains code for one specific task and functions are used to define modules and pass parameters between them.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 10

    Topic:

    I/O Constructs

     Unsigned integers can be read and written using the I, B, O, and Z edit
    descriptors.
     They can also be read and written using list-directed and namelist I/O. The
    written form of an unsigned integer under list-directed or name list I/O is the
    same as is used for positive signed integers.
     Unsigned integers can also be read or written using unformatted I/O.

    Basic Input / Output in C++


    C++ comes with libraries that provide us with many ways for performing input
    and output. In C++ input and output are performed in the form of a sequence of
    bytes or more commonly known as streams.

     Input Stream: If the direction of flow of bytes is from the device (for
    example, Keyboard) to the main memory then this process is called input.

     Output Stream: If the direction of flow of bytes is opposite, i.e. from main
    memory to device (display screen) then this process is called output.
    include <iostream>

    using namespace std;

    int main()

        char sample[] = "GeeksforGeeks";

        cout << sample << " - A computer science portal for geeks";

        return 0;

    Output: 
    GeeksforGeeks - A computer science portal for geeks
    #include <iostream>

    using namespace std;

    int main()

        int age;

        cout << "Enter your age:";

        cin >> age;

        cout << "\nYour age is: " << age;

        return 0;

    Input : 
    18
    Output: 
    Enter your age:
     Your age is: 18

    Un-buffered standard error stream (cerr):


    The C++ cerr is the standard error stream that is used to output
    the errors. This is also an instance of the ostream class. As cerr in
    C++ is un-buffered so it is used when one needs to display the
    error message immediately. It does not have any buffer to store
    the error message and display it later.
     The main difference between cerr and cout comes when you
    would like to redirect output using “cout” that gets redirected
    to file if you use “cerr” the error doesn’t get stored in file.(This
    is what un-buffered means ..It can’t store the message)
    The above program asks the user to input the age. The object cin
    is connected to the input device. The age entered by the user is
    extracted from cin using the extraction operator(>>) and the
    extracted data is then stored in the variable age present on the
    right side of the extraction operator.

    C++

    #include <iostream>

    using namespace std;

    int main()

        cerr << "An error occurred";

        return 0;
    }

    Output: 
    An error occurred
     Buffered standard error stream (clog): This is also an
    instance of ostream class and used to display errors but unlike
    cerr the error is first inserted into a buffer and is stored in the
    buffer until it is not fully filled. or the buffer is not explicitly
    flushed (using flush()). The error message will be displayed on
    the screen too.
    C++

    #include <iostream>

    using namespace std;

    int main()

        clog << "An error occurred";

        return 0;
    }

    Output: 
    An error occurred

    Topic:

    Modular programming is a software design technique that


    emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into independent,
    interchangeable modules, such that each contains everything necessary to
    execute only one aspect of the desired functionality.

    Concept of Modularization:

    One of the most important concepts of programming is the ability to group


    some lines of code into a unit that can be included in our program. The
    original wording for this was a sub-program. Other names include: macro,
    sub-routine, procedure, module and function. We are going to use the
    term function for that is what they are called in most of the predominant
    programming languages of today. Functions are important because they
    allow us to take large complicated programs and to divide them into smaller
    manageable pieces. Because the function is a smaller piece of the overall
    program, we can concentrate on what we want it to do and test it to make
    sure it works properly. Generally, functions fall into two categories:

    1. Program Control – Functions used to simply sub-divide and control the


    program. These functions are unique to the program being written. Other
    programs may use similar functions, maybe even functions with the same
    name, but the content of the functions are almost always very different.
    2.
    3. Specific Task – Functions designed to be used with several programs.
    These functions perform a specific task and thus are usable in many
    different programs because the other programs also need to do the specific
    task. Specific task functions are sometimes referred to as building blocks.
    Because they are already coded and tested, we can use them with confidence
    to more efficiently write a large program.
    The main program must establish the existence of functions used in that
    program. Depending on the programming language, there is a formal way
    to:

    1. define a function (its definition or the code it will execute)


    2. call a function
    3. declare a function (a prototype is a declaration to a compiler)

    Program Control functions normally do not communicate information to


    each other but use a common area for variable storage. Specific Task
    functions are constructed so that data can be communicated between the
    calling program piece (which is usually another function) and the function
    being called. This

    Program Control Function:

    The main program piece in many programming languages is a special


    function with the identifier name of main. The special or uniqueness of
    main as a function is that this is where the program starts executing code
    and this is where it usually stops executing code. It is often the first function
    defined in a program and appears after the area used for includes, other
    technical items, declaration of prototypes, the listing of global constants and
    variables and any other items generally needed by the program. The code to
    define the function main is provided; however, it is not prototyped or
    usually called like other functions within a program.

    Specific Task Function:

    We often have the need to perform a specific task that might be used in
    many programs.

    General layout of a function in a statically-typed language such as C++, C#,


    and Java:

    <return value data type> function identifier name(<data type> <identifier


    name for input value>) {

    //lines of code;

    return <value>;
    }

    General layout of a function in a dynamically typed language such as


    JavaScript and Python:

    function identifier name(<identifier name for input value>) {

    //lines of code;

    return <value>;

    def function identifier name(<identifier name for input value>):

    //lines of code

    return <value>

    In some programming languages, functions have a set of braces {} used for


    identifying a group or block of statements or lines of code. Other languages
    use indenting or some type of begin and end statements to identify a code
    block. There are normally several lines of code within a function.

    Programming languages will either have specific task functions defined


    before or after the main function, depending on coding conventions for the
    given language. After our program is compiled and running, the lines of
    code in the main function are executed, and when it gets to the calling of a
    specific task function, the control of the program moves to the function and
    starts executing the lines of code in the function. When it’s done with the
    lines of code, it will return to the place in the program that called it (in our
    example the function main) and continue with the code in that function.

    Program Layout:

    Most programs have several items before the functions, including:

    1. Documentation – Most programs have a comment area at the start of the


    program with a variety of comments pertinent to the program.
    2. Include or import statements used to access standard library functions.
    3. Language-specific code such as namespace references or function
    prototypes.
    4. Global or module-level constants and variables, when required.

    Key Terms:

    braces
    Used to identify a block of code in languages such as C++, C#, Java,
    and JavaScript.
    function
    What modules are called in many predominant programming
    languages of today.
    function call
    A function’s using or invoking of another function.
    function definition
    The code that defines what a function does.
    function prototype
    A function’s communications declaration to a compiler.
    identifier name
    The name given by the programmer to identify a function or other
    program items such as variables.
    modularization
    The ability to group some lines of code into a unit that can be
    included in our program.
    parameter passing
    How the data is communicated in to and out of a function.
    program control
    Functions used to simply subdivide and control the program.
    specific task
    Functions designed to be used with several programs.

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