Week 05 - Historical Overview and Influences of Planning

Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2021-2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

WEEK 5
Historical Overview and Influences of Planning
Module Information
Module Overview
The module introduces the student the historical Overview and Influences.
Module Coverage
The module will be covered for a duration of 1 week with a work output to be submitted on the end of the module
(see course outline schedule). It is scheduled on the Week 5 of the semester.
Module Objectives
• The module aims to help the student to know the Historical Overview and Influences of Planning
• The module aims to develop an understanding between the mentor and the student and their
respective roles/
Module Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
• Understand the Historical Overview and Influences of Planning
• Evaluate every reason behind Master Architect’s works and philosophies
• Discuss the theories and concepts applicable to the country.
• Interpret in graphic ideas the different planning theories and concept.
Module Learning Materials

Under this module the students are provided with the following materials:
• Lecture Notes:
Title: Historical Overview and Influences of Planning
• PowerPoint Presentation:
The presentation provided in PDF file are the slides used for the audio-visual presentation of the
mentor.
All learning materials can be found inside the Folder of Week 5.
Additional Reading Materials

Students may refer to the given lectures under this module. Nevertheless, should the student like to study beyond
the given materials, they may read the books listed below:
• Hall, P and Jones, M. (2011) Urban and Regional Planning 5th edition. New York: Routledge
Module Output-base Work

• Student participation is highly recommended.
• Formative Assessment 3- Refer to the assessment module for the instruction.
References
Lecture materials are excerpts from the following references:
• Ecopolis (2010) Powerpoint presentation: Spatial Planning Theories and Regional Planning Theories.
ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Week 5
EVOLUTION OF MODERN URBAN PLANNING MODELS
I. Conditions that gave rise to Modern Planning Profession

• Modern Planning Profession was a response to unmanaged urbanization, population explosion,
environmental degradation in Industrial Cities
• Conservation and Parks Movement (The Rise of Landscape Architecture USA)
• Public Health Epidemiologists & Sanitation Professionals as Earliest Planners
• Garden City Movement (Sir Ebenezer Howard and his disciples in UK)
II. City Beautiful Movement– a response to urban decay and urban blight during the Industrial Revolution
• Daniel Hudson Burnham – Master planning or Traditional Planning or Imperative Planning or Command
Planning
• Le Corbusier– Radiant City led to Skyscraper Cities and the common form or template of CBDs
III. Regional Planning & New Towns Movement– reacted to over congestion in Skyscraper Cities;
• reconceptualized the city in relation to its peripheries; tried to address economic polarization, inter- area
imbalance, regional divergence.
• New Towns movement in America led to “urban decentralization” or ‘sprawl’ , spurred on by the
popularity of the automobile; “the car is king” mentality.
IV. City Functional Movement– a reaction to over-emphasis of CBM on form over function
• Euclidean Zoning – exclusionary zoning, separated incompatible land uses
• Utilities-based Linear City (Don Arturo Soria y Mata)
• Linear Industrial City (Tony Garnier)
V. City Efficient Movement–
• attempted to rationalize urban planning in relation to economic production that had been decentralized
by transportation and communication technologies
• Transport Planning
• Ekistics – integrated economics, sociology and physical design in human settlements planning
• Urban Renewal and Gentrification – addressed the “hollowing out” of historic city cores by means of
revitalization but also resulted in massive urban slum demolitions, giving rise to Advocacy or Activist or
Equity Planning,
VI. New Urbanism or Neo-Traditionalism
• combated indiscriminate, inhuman ‘urban renewal’ and sought to revive the lost art of “place-making”
and ‘community-building’
• Neo-Traditional Neighborhoods
• Smart Growth and ‘Compact Development’
• Cultural Heritage Conservation
VII. Environmental Planning–placed ecology and environmental constraints at the center of planning
• Ian McHarg’s Sieve Mapping and the Rise of GIS
• Ecosystem-Based Planning
• Ecological Foot printing
• Eco-anarchism and Anti-Urbanism
• Disaster Management – Mitigation, Risk-Reduction, and Prevention
• Sustainable Cities
In US, “Conservation of Parks Movement”

Frederick Law Olmsted Sr. (1822-1903)
• Father of American Landscape Architecture
• “Conservation and Parks movement” included George Perkins
Marsh, John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, US President Theodore
Roosevelt who all pursued a system of American
• in 1870, wrote a comprehensive park planning book named
“Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns”
• “A park was never an ornamental addition to a city but an integral
part of its fabric and a force for future growth on several levels:
economic, social and cultural”.
• Olmsted’s Vision
o Mixed use
o Dampen class conflict
o Heighten Family & religious values
o Use urban parks as aid to social reform
• Was influenced by “Beaux Arts” design and city-aesthetics:
grandeur, monumentality (drama &tension), exuberance, Figure 1 Frederick Law Olmsted Sr
cohesiveness, symmetry.
• Famous for the design of:
o Central Park in New York (Greens-ward Plan) together with Calvert Vaux
o Riverside, Illinois
o Buffalo, NY parks system
o Druid Hills, Georgia
In UK, Problems of Manufacturing Cities in 19th Century

1. At the start of industrial revolution, public health professionals were most concerned about public planning.
The ills of Industrial city included:
• Lack of potable water due to polluted water bodies
• Disposal of garbage including human excrement, and animal wastes
• epidemics due to congestion
• street cleaning
• Air pollution: smoke and smog
• public transport
• public housing was essentially tenements and cellars
• lack of cemeteries
2. Mid to late 1800’s – local and national leaders in UK created the sanitarian profession
• sanitarians were vocal against epidemic diseases, filthy streets, unhealthy disposal of garbage and
sewage, air pollution, and slum housing
• With Richardson’s Hygeia, an M.D. acted as City Planner
3. Edwin Chadwick started ‘EPIDEMIOLOGY’ in 1842 by inquiring into the living conditions of factory workers
4. With the “filth versus germ” debate during the time of Benjamin Clark Marsh & John Snow, the Split between
Public Health (‘germ’) and Planning (‘filth’), Housing, and Social Services took place.
MODERN TOWN PLANNING

1. Main Goals
• alleviate deterioration of living conditions;
• Solve acute public health crisis associated with overcrowding and lack of municipal and sanitary
services
• Greater concern for social wellbeing
• Improve urban design and aesthetics
• Equip planners professionally to find technical solutions to urban planning

2. Under England’s Public Health Act of 1875, counties were divided into urban and rural sanitary districts
supervised by the central government
3. UK Local Governments Act of 18883.
• stated that land use has to be regulated, thus giving birth to town planning
• gave authority to boroughs, counties and towns - housing bylaws - power to regulate housing - uniform
streets with minimum widths - external lavatories -access to back alleys for waste disposal (garbage
and waste water)
• population densities set - maximum 50 houses (250 people) per acre
4. UK passed the Town Planning Act of 1909.
5. 1st National Conference on Planning & Congestion (1909)
6. In US, Public Health Association called for city planning in 1872.
7. The legitimate parents of modern planning are: Public Health Administration, Sanitary Engineering, Public
Housing, Social Work, and Baroque Urban Design8.Planning is as old as urban formation but the initial interest
was social
8. Planning is as old as urban formation but the initial interest was social welfare and human living conditions
rather than built environment.
Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928)

• Wrote Tomorrow (1898) followed by Garden Cities of Tomorrow
(1902)
• Concerned about abject living conditions and need to change the
physical form of cities:
o disperse population/industries outside the city
o create new sanitary living conditions
o Design new cities under the capitalist framework to be workable
and livable
• Drew inspiration from London World's Fair of 1851
• Advanced concept of “Social City”–a polycentric settlement or
cluster, surrounded by greenbelt wherein a central city of 58,000 people
was to be surrounded by “garden cities” of 30 000 people surrounded by
garden cities of 30,000 people, each city separated by permanent green
space or farmlands. Rails and roads would link the cities with industries
and nearby towns supplying fresh food industries and nearby towns
supplying fresh food
Figure 2 Ebenezer Howard • pointed to the importance of planning land use and city features
beforehand, rather than organic and uncontrolled growth.
Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City
• Three magnets in his paradigm depicted that both the city and the countryside had advantages and
disadvantages. Creation of jobs and urban services in the City resulted in poor natural environment
while the Countryside offered an excellent natural environment but few opportunities.

Figure 3 Garden City 3 magnets
Garden City
1. Population ~ 30,000
2. Area ~ 1,000 acres (405 hectares)
3. agricultural greenbelt surrounds town ~ 5,000 acres (hence "garden") in addition to garden for each house
addition to garden for each house;
4. high residential density (15 houses per acre/ 37 per ha)
5. Industrial and commercial zones with greenbelts between zones
6. rapid transport from Garden City to Central City by rail
7. concentric rings progressing outward. Towns would grow by cellular addition into a complex multi-centered
agglomeration of towns set against a green background of open country
8. Objectives of Garden City
• Secure better regular employment for professionals at higher purchasing power
• reduce land use conflicts.
• Secure healthier surroundings for all true workers of whatever class
• promote convenience and comfort.
Ebenezer Howard and The Garden City Movement
• Among the disciples of Ebenezer Howard were Architects Barry Parker, Sir Frederic J. Osborn
• In 1902-03, a Sir Raymond Unwin designed Letchworth garden city, 35 miles (56km) north of London
from 1903 to 1920
• Louis de Soissons designed Welwyn from 1920 to 19341934 Letchworth and Welwyn Garden Cities
were influential in the development of 30 "New Towns" after World War II by the British government
after World War II by the British government, including Stevenage, Hertfordshire and the last (and
largest) being Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.
• German architects Hermann Muthesius and Bruno Taut created Germany's first garden city of Hellerau
in 1909, the only German garden city where Howard's ideas were thoroughly adopted.
Letchworth, Hertfordshire, UK: First Garden City

Figure 4 Lecthworth Graden City
Figure 5 Welwyn Garden City

Figure 6 Hampstead Garden City
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

• Movement that emphasized aesthetics in urban design and planning --grandeur, monumentality (drama
& tension), exuberance, cohesiveness, and symmetry
• City was designed as total system with main circulation arteries, wide boulevards, a network of
circulation arteries, wide boulevards, a network of parks and promenades starting from a prominent
waterfront, clusters or blocks of focal civic buildings that would include city hall, courthouse, library,
opera house museum plaza shrines towers opera house, museum, plaza, shrines, towers, arches,
obelisks; this movement copied many features from European capitals.
• This movement embraced all public works designed with classical facades and built as grand portals to
cities -- bridges, river embankments, railroads, colleges and universities, Roman Catholic basilicas,
public baths, etc.
• This movement was praised for its aesthetics and circulation/transport planning but generally criticized
as ‘utopian” -- Beauty stood supreme, had little concern for health and sanitation (hospitals, sewerage
solid waste) mass housing economic sewerage, solid waste), mass housing, economic growth
(factories), natural hazards, geology, zoning (incompatible land uses).
World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Jackson Park, Chicago strengthened the CBM
• Historian Mel Scott described the Chicago Expo as "temporary wonderland of grand perspectives,
shimmering lagoons and monumental palaces... an enthralling amalgam of Classical Greece, Imperial
Rome and Bourbon Paris.
City Beautiful Movement strengthened (1890s -1950s)
• Improving the city through beautification
o Sanitation
o Aesthetics
o Civic Improvements
o Building Design
o Civic Spirit
• Cities influenced by CBM: Chicago (1909), San Francisco (1905), Detroit, Denver Columbus Madison
Montreal, Canberra (Griffin and Mahony, 1913), New Delhi (1911) in India, Brasília (1957) in Brazil,
Abuja in Nigeria, Islamabad, Pakistan (1959).
Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846- 1912)
• co-designed World’s Columbian Exposition of 1892-93 in Chicago with Olmsted which drew millions of
visitors and stimulated concern for urban design
• Father of American City Planning and Prophet of City Beautiful Movement in America
• Greatest achievement is the Plan for Chicago (1909); and Plan for the Region of Chicago (1956);
• Also designed Baltimore, Buffalo, Cleveland, San Francisco (1905), Manila (1903-06) and Baguio City
(1911).

• Pursued Baroque aesthetics–characterized by grandeur, monumentality (drama & tension),
exuberance, cohesiveness, and symmetry.
• Criticism of Chicago Plan
o Planned as an aristocratic city for merchant princes;
o Did not in provide for realities of downtown real estate development, hence resulted in
overbuilding and congestion
o Created a business core with no conscious provision for business expansion in the rest of the
city
o commercial convenience should have been significant
• Burnham also designed Masonic Temple Building in Chicago, Flatiron Building in New York City, Union
Station in Washington D.C.
• Make no little plans. They have no magic and probably themselves will not be realized. Make big
probably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering that
a noble, logical diagram once recorded will never die but long after we are gone will be a living thing,
asserting itself with ever-growing insistency. Remember that our sons and grandsons are going to do
things that would stagger us. Let your watchword be order and your beacon beauty. Think big.”
• “Every citizen should be within walking distance of a park.
Figure 7 Pland and perspectvive of Chicago

Figure 8 Burnham’s Plan for Manila

Charles--Edouard Edouard Jeanneret
(1887--1965)––‘Le Corbusier’
• Swiss-French architect-planner, last of the “City Beautiful
Movement” planners; wrote the book Urbanisme
o “We must decongest the centers of our cities by
increasing their density.” That paradox could be
resolved by building high on a small part of land.
o “There ought to be no more congested streets
and sidewalks no more bustling public squares,
no more untidy neighborhoods. People would
live in hygienic, regimented high-rise towers, set
far apart in a park-like landscape. This rational
city would be separated into discrete zones for
working, living and leisure. Above all, everything
Figure 9 Edouard Jeanneret
should be done on a big scale —big buildings,
big open spaces, big urban highways”
o "By this immense step in evolution, so brutal and so overwhelming, we burn our bridges and
break with the past “(no heritage conservation)
o “We must improve circulation and increase the amount of open space.”
• Focused more on architectural style (cubist aesthetics) than planning–shift towards a preoccupation
with visual symbolism, imagery and aesthetics rather than the basic problems of local population;
• He was criticized for the planning paradox “address congestion by creating more congestion”
Le Corbusier’s Radiant City (Le Ville Radieuse)

• Objective was to decongest the entire city by increasing density at the core; “to concentrate population
without congestion”
• City consists of uniform 60-storey large tower-blocks and apartment-buildings that zigzag across as a
huge park. Modern building across as a huge park. Modern building technology could make the design
possible. It would house 3 million people.
• Each group of buildings would be isolated from the others in a parklike setting. Flat roofs planar
surfaces with little ornamentation, and box-like building shapes
• Housing and office towers were grouped in abstract formal relationships that maximize exposure to the
sun.
• Stadiums, recreational facilities, and museums were placed along waterfronts.
• Le Corbusier’s design influenced the design of CBDs with High-rises/Skyscrapers in office parks

• Modernism created a consistent urban image based on the tall building, the automobile, and the limited-
access highway.
Figure 10 The Radiant City
Radiant City (Le Ville Radieuse)

• Une Ville Contemporaine (Contemporary City,
1923) – a modernist city consisting of uniform
tower blocks set within gardens meant for
3million people.
• Applied concepts to City of Chandigarh, new
capital of Punjab, India; and to Brasilia, Brazil;
Boston and Toronto Plan was devoid of
economic, social, transport, and other
considerations
• urban vision was authoritarian, inflexible and
simplistic. The bureaucratically-imposed plan
was found to be socially-destructive
• Standardization proved inhuman and Figure 11 The Radian City
disorienting; the too-vast open spaces were
inhospitable. Lack of human-scale.
• In the United States, took the form of vast regimented public housing projects (“Tenements”) that
damaged the urban fabric beyond repair. Today these megaprojects are being dismantled, as
Tenement-blocks give way to rows of houses fronting streets and sidewalks. Downtowns have
discovered that combining, not separating, different activities is the key to success. So is the presence
of lively residential neighborhoods, old as well as new. Cities have learned that preserving history
makes a lot more sense than preserving history makes a lot more sense than starting from zero.
Brasilia, Brazil (1957) as “Radiant City” by Lucio Costa & Oscar Niemeyer
• Radiant City attempted in Brasilia at huge financial environmental costs(forests).

Figure 12 Brasilia, Brazil as Radiant City
New Towns Movement (1920--1950s)

• Reacted to over congestion in Le Corbusier’s Skyscraper Cities particularly New York City and Toronto
Canada
• Pursued Garden City ideas of Ebenezer Howard which they believed could produce “better
communities”
o an island of greens; green spaces are interconnected
o separation of pedestrian traffic from motor traffic
o series of superblocks or neighborhood clusters around greens
o based upon prior land assembly
• Considered endless grid-iron tracks as wasteful and unnecessary and pursued other ways to address
community problems and issues
• Six Principles of New Towns Movement
o Plan simply, but comprehensively
o Provide ample sites in the right places for community use;
o Put factories and other industrial buildings where they can be used without wasteful
transportation of people and goods
o Cars must be parked and stored (not on the streets!)
o Bring private and public land into relationship
o Arrange for the occupancy of houses
• Approach was to formulate home building corporations, financed by companies seeking long term
investments (adopted in the Philippines as “People’s Homesite and Housing Corporation” now NHA.
New Town, Radburn, New Jersey, ca. 1929

• separation between motor traffic and motor traffic and pedestrian traffic

Figure 13 Radburn Plan Figure 14 Radburn Plan
Frank Lloyd Wright

(1867-1959)
• Major US architect involved in site planning and community
planning, had 41 commissions, 532 designs, 1000+ drawings
• Wright was major proponent of urban decentralization in reaction to
over congestion in US cities -- was believed to be an “eco-anarchist”
• “Broadacre City” design, forerunner or apotheosis of
suburbanization trend – the anti-thesis to compact development and
transit-oriented development.
• Much activity is done by automobile.
• Under Broadacre City design, settlements would have size of about
10km (1000 has) with all services and amenities of a small city–schools
2
museums markets offices trains and farms and factories could co-exist
side by side with homes. Families would have one acre each (4,050m2)
from federal land reserves, with sufficient space for gardens and small
farms. Plus, a helicopter.
Figure 15 Frank Lloyd Wright
• Helicopter element made Broad-acre sound like science fiction.

• He also designed neighborhoods and subdivisions employing the “Quadruple Block Plan” wherein
houses are set on small square blocks of four equal sized lots surrounded on all sides by roads, set
toward the center of the block so that each house maximized the yard space and included private space
in the center. This also allowed for more interesting views from each house. This design would have
eliminated the straight rows of houses on parallel streets with boring views of the front of each house.
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Broadacre City
• FLW proposed that every family in the U.S. to live in one acre of land.
• Low density
• car-oriented freeways+ feeder roads
• Multi-nucleated

Figure 16 Broadacre Plan
Henry Wright (1878--1936)1936)

• Wright produced “The Report of the Commission in Housing and Regional Planning for the State of New
York”
• Stipulated the elements of a regional plan:
• Introduced concept of “superblock” in “New Town” development in the US
o Implemented in Radburn, Fair Lawn, New Jersey
• “Superblock” is an island of greens, bordered by homes and carefully skirted by peripheral automobile
roads, each around open green spaces which are themselves interconnected. There are numerous
greenways which serve as pedestrian pathways.
• The rough Philippine equivalent of a superblock is a modest-size rectangular subdivision dominated by
gardens and greenery
• Wrote “Rehousing Urban America” (1935); explained how New York developed from a city of small
trade centers to an industrial belt, to a financial and managerial center;
• co-designed Western Kentucky University
Clarence S. Stein (1882--1975)

• Co-founded Regional Planning Association of America (1923) with Henry Wright and Lewis Mumford
• Principal planner who pursued Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City ideas in conceptualizing 22
government-sponsored “New Towns” or greenbelt resettlement towns in America under the short-
resettlement towns in America, under the short lived “US Resettlement Administration”
o Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, New York;
o Hillside Homes, Bronx, New York;
o Chatham Village Pittsburgh;
o Baldwin Hills Village, Los Angeles;
o Reston, Virginia;
o Columbia, Maryland
o Greenbelt Maryland;
o Greendale, Wisconsin;

o Green hills, Ohio;
o Greenbrook, NJ
• Efforts were cut short by “Great Depression”
• Wrote book New Towns for America (1951) which was inputted into the US Housing Act of 1954.
Clarence Perry (1872- 1944)

• Conceptualized “Neighborhood Unit” equivalent to UK’s Neighborhood “Precincts”
• “Neighborhood unit” (1929) – is a self-contained, low-rise, pedestrian-oriented residential quarter,
incorporating garden city ideas, that would be bounded by major streets, with shops at the intersections
and a school in the middle. Around 0.272 km2 to 6.2 km2(620 has), 6000 residents, and a school for
920 children.
• Perry intended his neighborhood unit to satisfy most needs of residents and bring advantages of
traditional small town living into the city traditional small town living into the city.
• Six principles of Neighborhood unit: (1) Size to support an elementary school, generally a half mile in
diameter at most, (2) boundaries on all sides by arterial streets (3) open spaces for small sides by
arterial streets, (3) open spaces for small parks and recreation of about 10% of the total neighborhood
area, (4) institutions such as schools, community centers, and churches grouped around a central point
(5) local shops grouped around a central point, (5) local shops around the circumference at traffic
junctions, and (6) internal street system with lots of cul-de-sacs and street widths sized to facilitate
internal traffic and discourage through traffic.
REGIONAL PLANNING MOVEMENT
Sir Patrick Geddes (1854--1932)

• Scottish biologist, sociologist, and city planner responsible for introducing the concept of "region" to
planning and city architecture;
• Known as the ‘Father of Regional Planning’
• Famous Books
o 1904: City Development: A Study of Parks, Gardens & Culture Institutes
o 1905: Civics as Applied Sociology
o 1915: Cities in Evolution
• Popularized the framework “Folk Work Place” and the planning method “Survey Analysis Plan” –
precursor of rational-comprehensive or synoptic planning
• He made extensive use of survey method; Planning must start with a survey of the resources of a
region, of human responses to it, and of the resulting complexities of the cultural landscape;
• He coined the terms “city-region” and “conurbation” as the conglomeration of urban aggregates
• He characterized the life-cycle of cities as Inflow (waves of migration to large cities), Build-up
(overcrowding), Backflow (slum formation, central city blight), and sprawling mass, resulting in amorphic
spread, waste and unnecessary obsolescence. He thus prophesized the ill-effects of hyper-urbanization
and the rise and decline of cities.
• Geddes stressed the social basis of the city –the relationship between people and cities and
how they affect one another.
• Geddes focused on individual action and voluntary cooperation tempered by attention to
relations with the physical environment.
Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie (1879- 1957)

• English town planner-architect who became member of Siegfried Barlow Commission after World War
II, later on Professor of Civic Design and Town Planning at University College London
• best known for the re-planning of London thru the County of London Plan (1943) and the extended
Greater London Regional Plan (1944) which are called the Abercrombie Plan, where 1.25 million people
were dispersed to new towns and rural areas
• Abercrombie Plan started the “New Towns” movement in the UK which included the building of Harlow
and Crawley and the largest 'out-county' estate, Harold Hill in north-east London.

• He made award-winning designs for Dublin City and re-planned Plymouth, Hull, Bath, Edinburgh and
Bournemouth, among others.
• He founded the Council for the Preservation of Rural England (CPRE) in 1926 as first chairman and
later Honorary Secretary.
• Abercrombie was knighted in 1945. In 1945 he published A Plan for the City & County of Kingston upon
Hull with the assistance of Sir Edwin Lutyens.
• Abercrombie was commissioned by UK government to redesign Hong Kong after WWII. In 1956 he was
commissioned by Ethiopia to draw up plans for the capital of Addis Ababa.
Lewis Mumford (1895-1990)

• American thinker called the Last of the Great Humanists, Father of Historical-Sociological Approach to
Planning. Wrote “Technics and Civilization” (1934),“The Culture of Cities” (1938) “City in History” (1961)
• The City in History was sweeping, masterful historical analysis of city development all over the world,
describes why cities came about and what their continuing function is.
• conceived of planning as multi-disciplinary. Was extensively involved in Regional Planning in the US
East Coast.
• Mumford believed that society is dehumanized by technological culture and that it must return to a
perspective that places emotions, sensitivity, and ethics at the heart of civilization. Urban and regional
planning should emphasize an organic relationship between people and their living spaces.
• saw the city not only as a place with poor living conditions, but also as a threat to democracy and the
breeding place of fascism, as the masses of people in the big city could be kept ignorant and were too
easy to mislead.
• recognized the physical limitations of human settlement and urged that fundamental basic needs of
society be the bases for the judicious use of technology
• advocated harmonious life among civilized groups in ecological balance with the place they occupied.
• the modern city (New York 1960) is following the patterns of Imperial Roman city (the sprawling
megalopolis) which ended in collapse; if the modern city carries on the same vein, then it will meet the
same fate as the Imperial Roman city.
Benton MacKaye (1879--1975)

• American forester, conservationist and regional planner, who was called "father of the Appalachian
Trail." He proposed the Appalachian Trail in Oct 1921 – more than 2,000-mile footpath from Maine to
Georgia blazed through the efforts of volunteers. He advocated preserving cultural and recreational
areas in an increasingly urbanized environment. He believed that we should tame new technology for
ecological purpose
• As a government planner, he spearheaded the idea of the "townless highway."
• He was one of the founders of the Regional Planning Association of America (1923)
• Published the New Exploration: A Philosophy of Regional lPlanning,1928
• Prominent in regional conservationism
o applied the transect to vast river valleys
o Regional ecology tied to natural systems
o Cyclical time and organic interaction with landscape versus industrial time and engineering
o Ridgeland areas offer indigenous balance
o Valleys filled with industrial excess
o Conservative effort based on radical analysis.
CITY FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT

City Functional Movement (1910--70)
1. Movement meant to respond to every aspect of city problem.
• Reacted to preoccupation with urban design of the “City Beautiful Movement” in US and “Garden City
Movement” in UK
• Greater concern for the functioning of cities rather than design aesthetics -- function over form
• Govt efficiency progressive education and recreation good affordable housing
• Enlist businesses & civic organization

• Emphasized opportunity rather than focus on economic and social ‘evils’ of city
• Aligned planning to broader fields of public service
2. Focused on utility infrastructure and on land use zoning rather than master planning
• Zoning was designed to separate ‘incompatible’ land uses
• However, today many land uses are no longer exactly incompatible
• Ironically, Excessive zoning creates homogeneity which leads to sterility and inconvenience.
3. Zoning originated in New York City in 1916 by Edward Bassett as “the first attempt to control land use by a
municipal government” The particular purpose at that time was to contain the invasion of factories into the Fifth
Avenue business district and the shadowing of adjacent properties by emerging skyscrapers.
4.Constitutionality of zoning as part of police power of the State was upheld by US Supreme Court in 1926, as a
result of Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company (1926), hence the term ‘Euclidean zoning.’
5. Edward Filene and Justice Louis Brandeis Boston Plan of 1915-16
6. Picked up in Germany -- Grundriss-plan of 1910 was Master plan for Greater Berlin; Rudolf Hillebrecht In
Hamburg, Germany
7.in Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Helsinki & Tapiola, Finland; and Melun Senart, France.
Don Arturo Soria y Mata (1844-1920)

• Spanish engineer, suggested the idea “Ciudad Lineal” (linear city) an elongated urban formation running
from Cadiz, Spain to Paris and the rest of Europe, up to St. Petersburg, Russia.
• The logic of linear utility lines should be the basis of city lay-out; houses and buildings could be set
alongside linear utility systems supplying water, communications and electricity. He considered impact
of technology on urban form.
• The linear city would have five functionally specialized parallel sectors.
o a purely segregated zone for railway lines,
o a zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific, technical and
educational institutions,
o a green belt or buffer zone with major highway,
o a residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential buildings and a
"children's band",
o a park zone, and
o an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms (sovkhozyin the Soviet Union).
• As the city expanded, additional sectors would be added to the end of each band, so that it would
become ever longer, without growing wider
• The city may run parallel to a river and be built so that the dominant wind would blow from the
residential areas to the industrial strip.
• Ernst May, a famous German functionalist architect formulated his initial plan for Magnitogorsk, a new
city in the Soviet Union, primarily following the model established in Frankfurt settlements: identical,
equidistant five-story communal apartment buildings and an extensive network of dining halls and other
public services.
Tony Garnier (1869- 1948)

• Noted French architect and city planner, forerunner of avantgarde 20th century French architects
• In 1901, after extensive study of sociological and architectural problems, he formulated an elaborate
solution to use architecture to create industrial utopias that would help control unchecked urban growth
and keep the working classes in line.
• Proposed a modern linear industrial city called “Une Cite Industrielle” (1917-18) designed for about
35,000 inhabitants living in lushly landscaped residential areas.
• He removed churches or law enforcement buildings, in hope that “man could rule himself.” He was
influenced by the writings of Emile Zola.
• Concept partially adopted in his hometown of Lyons, France.
• Four main principles: functionalism, space, greenery, and high sunshine exposure
• His basic idea included the separation of spaces by function through zoning into four categories
including leisure/recreation, industry, work, and transport

• His plan allowed vocational type schools to be near the industries to which they were related so that
people could be more easily educated.
Thomas Adams became father of urban planning in Canada

1.was active in UK, USA and Canada from 1911-38
2.Formed Town Planning Institute of Canada in 1919 -117 members in most provinces–and midwifed of
Canadian city planning law in 1921
3.Adams adopted utilitarian approach to planning -government intervention (versus English common law -land
ownership)
4.Adam saw fundamental conflict between right to life versus right to property. However, Adams belonged to the
British liberal tradition, not socialism/communism. Town plan should provide for the proper and efficient carrying-
on of business.
5. Adams encouraged development of small well-planned towns and the decentralization of industrial plants.
6. Adams drafted model planning legislation for provinces to adopt
• Made Planning mandatory
• Approval of local plan by province/state after notification and hearing process
• Approval of land subdivision required
• Arbitration, compensation, and betterment
• Zoning for use, height, and bulk permitted
• Building densities to be limited
• Policy authority in hands of planning boards.
• Executive responsibility to a professional planner.
CITY EFFICIENT MOVEMENT

Pioneers of Transport Planning
• spurred by US Federal Highway Act of 1916 and Interstate Highway Act of 1956
• Rapkin (1954) developed transport and land use study. “Traffic is a function of land use” e.g. Chicago
and Detroit Transportation Plans.
• Wesley Mitchell (1954) - advocated that plans should be in dynamic not static terms. He was a leading
figure in setting up the Penn-Jersey Transportation Study, an urban growth simulation model.
• Lowdon Wingo and Harvey S. Perloff (1961)-Urban transportation can be viewed as a basic spatial
organizer of the metropolitan region; they showed interdependence of economics, transport, land use
and accessibility
• Britton Harris (1960) - a systems framework
• Robert A. Garin and Ira Lowry (1964) A Mode of Metropolis published by Rand Corporation. Garin-
Lowry Spatial Allocation Model. Gravity Model.
Dr. Francis Stuart Chapin Jr. (1888-1974)

• First to write a comprehensive textbook on Urban and Regional Planning
• Emphasized quantitative, statistical tools to study social phenomena; Proposed to treat a town or region
as an evolving system and simulate its growth as a system in a recursive manner while studying directly
the influence of public policies on the pattern of town evolution
• Planning process should follow the cycle of human behavioral process
• conducted pioneering research on how residents use their city in the course of daily life, social and
physical concepts of neighborhood, and urban growth dynamics.
• Five goals of Spatial Planning health
o Health
o Safety
o Convenience
o Economy
o Amenity
• Co-founded American Sociological Association and US Social Science Research Council.

Planning relies more and more on positivist and empirical methods
• Attempted to address the elements of ‘uncertainty’ and ‘extraneous factors’ in planning for human
settlement
• T.J. Kent – “Blueprint Planning” and Urban General Plan (1964)
• Edwin C. Banfield --Politics, Planning and the Public Interest, in Meyerson M and Banfield E C (eds )
New York: Free Press
• Martin Meyerson -- “Building the Middle-Range Bridge for Comprehensive Planning”
• Albert Z. Guttenberg - "A Multiple Land Use Classification System." (1959)
• Regional Science and Regional Economics – both treat planning as ‘social physics aimed at the
discovery of presumed natural laws or regular occurrences in social interaction, economic activity and
spatial phenomena.
• ‘Spatial Interaction’ – push and pull factors, centrifugal and centripetal forces
• ‘Spatial Modelling’
• Gravity Model – by Robert Garin and Ira Lowry.
Suburbanization & ‘Motor cities’

• Suburbanization Intensified with the Baby Boom Generation or Population Explosion after World War II.
• Primarily driven by the popularity of automobile as mode of transport (General Motors, Ford, and
Chrysler in USA; before they lost to Toyota and Nissan in the late 1990s) – “the car is king mentality” as
popularized by broadcast media
• Public resources were increasing diverted from historic inner-cities to gated residential subdivisions
meant for the wealthier classestogatedresidentialsubdivisionsmeantforthewealthierclasses•City cores
lost out to suburbia and exurbia in terms of capital improvement and employment
• Inner cities looked abandoned – hollow cores or the donut shape according to Peirce Lewis.
• Intensification of air pollution and climate change since 1950s as studied at Harvard University by Albert
Arnold La Fon Gore.
• “Amorphic Sprawl” refers to the “low-density fragmented use of land for consumptive urban purposes at
a scale expanded faster than what population growth requires and occurring along the margins of
existing metropolitan areas in a generally amorphic(formless) manner.
• Over time, this pattern means more and more houses are built farther away from the urban core that
require more energy use per person and that need to be supported by piecemeal extensions of urban
infrastructure such as roads, sewer, power and water.”
• Distances become too great for walking and this forces dependence on the automobile; hard for old
people when they can no longer drive; hard for young people who aren’t yet old enough to drive.
Urban Renewal Movement in North America,1950--70s:

Urban Renewal: Robert Moses
Robert Moses, park commissioner and head of the city planning commission, New York City, oversaw major
public works projects and emerged as one of the most powerful unelected public officials in the United States.
Between 1924 and 1968, Moses conceived and $executed public works costing $27 billion. He was responsible
for building virtually every parkway, expressway, and public housing project in the NY region, as well as Lincoln
Center, Shea Stadium, and two world fairs. He built hundreds of new city playgrounds and ordered the planting
of 2 million trees.
Urban Renewal and Tax Increment Financing

• Urban Renewal is a US Federal program under the Comprehensive Housing Act of 1949 which was
designed to help communities improve and redevelop areas that are outworn physically deteriorated
unsafe or poorly planned.
• Urban Renewal helps communities realize specific capital projects or public assets – parks, streets and
streetscape improvements, parks and plazas, greenways, community centers, and facilities – that would
not happen on their own. It finances incentives for private investments to create jobs, revitalize
neighborhoods and provide a full range of housing options.

• The basic idea behind urban renewal is that future tax revenues will pay for revitalization. The City
Government draws a line around an area (the urban renewal boundary) draws a line around an area
(the urban renewal boundary) and identifies desirable improvements within that area (the urban renewal
plan). The city issues urban renewal bonds to pay for the identified improvements. As property values
increase in the area due to new investment, the rise in property tax revenues (called “tax increment”) is
used to pay off the urban renewal bonds. This financing method is called tax-increment financing, and it
is the most common method of paying for improvements in an urban renewal area.
Gentrification
• is a mode of urban renewal which entails up-scaling previously-blighted areas to attract new blighted
areas to attract new business and new occupants; the Elite and their money would be motivated to
return to the inner city
• revitalization of blighted waterfronts and inner cores of industrial cities which had been previously
abandoned by the Elite and consequently invaded by the urban poor.
• Tends to result in Yuppification (e.g. condominium clusters) and in social exclusion of lower.
Gentrification meant ‘social exclusion: large--scale demolition of slums and black neighborhoods in the 1960s
• Urban Renewal through Gentrification was initially called ‘racist’ and ‘segregationist’ and contributed into
Civil Rights protested by Dr. Martin Luther King. James Baldwin called ‘urban renewal’ as ‘Negro
removal.’
• Manuel Castells (1983 p 160): Gentrification was driven by the combined influence of gays, Bohemians,
hipsters, artists and yuppies who wanted upscale neighborhoods with high real-estate values suited to
their lifestyles:
• Single, don’t have to raise a family, no need to maintain community traditions, social life in night bars
and cabarets, non-conventional service occupations
• Gentrification is often “centerless” and “soul-less” as against “New Urbanism” which is centered on
reviving some traditions. Gentrification is focused on “comfort/convenience” while New Urbanism is on
community.
Social Protest Movements and the Rise of Advocacy or Activist or Equity Planning
• Gentrification and large-scale demolition of slums and black neighborhoods in the 1960s gave rise to
the ‘Advocacy or Activist or Equity School of Planning,’ and the applied disciplines of ‘community
development’ and ‘conflict management’
• Advocacy Planning school’ asserts that the planning process should take the side of the poor, the last,
the least, and the lost.
• Planners should work for the redistribution of power and resources to the powerless and the
disadvantaged; to defend the interests of weak and the poor against the established powers of business
and government.
• Action →Activist → Mobilization
• Goals are Social justice and Equity in Housing, provision of services environmental protection.
• Advocacy planning has both reflected and contributed to a general trend in planning away from neutral
objectivity in definition of social problems, in favor of applying more explicit principles of social justice.
• shifted formulation of social policy from backroom negotiations (haggling among varied interest groups)
out into the open – as Government and Private Institutions are forced to face the clamor of organized
community groups.
‘Advocacy Planning’
• Paul Davidoff (1965): – father of “advocacy planning,” idol of Barack Hussein Obama during Obama’s
community development work in Chicago. Called for development of plural plans rather than a unitary
plan claimed that “public plural plans rather than a unitary plan, claimed that public interest” is not
scientific but is political.
• Saul David Alinsky (Rules for Radicals, 1971) Conflict Pragmatics or Conflict Confrontation as
Philosophy in Community Organizing highlight “victimization” of the last, the least, and the lost.

o anarcho-syndicalist community-organizing and mosquito-like mass mobilization that confronts
the State and dares the State to live up to its own principles –but without Marxist/Maoist
ideology of taking over the State
• Sherry Arnstein – “Eight Rungs in the Ladder of Citizen Participation” (1969)
• Alan Altshuler –
• Allan D. Heskin–concept of empowerment’(1977)
• Norman Krumholtz – originator of “transactive planning” and became President of the American Institute
of Certified Planners
• Thomas Reiner –“A Choice Theory of Planning”
• David F. Mazziotti - “The Underlying Assumptions of Advocacy Planning”
NEW URBANISM OR NEO TRADITIONALISM

Jane Jacobs (1916-2006)
• Co-founded the movement of “New Urbanism” also called “Neo-Traditionalism”
• strong critic of the urban renewal policies of the 1950s which, she claimed, destroyed communities and
created isolated, unnatural urban spaces
• Wrote “The Death and Life of Great American Cities” (1961) one of the most influential books in
planning
• In The Economy of Cities (1969), Jane Jacobs asserts that diversity in geographic concentration not
geographic diversity in geographic concentration, not geographic specialization, spurs urban growth. It
is the diversity of geographically proximate industries that promotes innovation and growth. As
measured by employment, industries grow slower in cities where they are heavily over-represented. But
City diversity promotes growth as knowledge spills over industries.
• common theme of Jacobs’ work has been to question whether we are building cities for people or cities
for cars
• Jacobs advocated dense mixed-use neighborhoods and frequently cited New York City's Greenwich
Village as an example of a vibrant urban community
• She prescribed that neighborhood should have mixed functions and therefore mixed land uses to
ensure that people were there for different purposes, on different time schedules, but using many
facilities in common
• Other exponents of New Urbanism: Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Leon Krier, Rob Krier,
Daniel Solomon, Stefanos Polyzoides, Elizabeth Moule.
Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964)

• first modern “eco-feminist” who sparked the environmental movement in the United States
• American biologist who wrote Silent Spring (1962); book’s title suggested a time when bird populations
are greatly reduced as a result of pesticides bio-accumulation and could no longer be heard singing in
the Spring.
• Principle of ‘bio-magnification’ -the process by which a pollutant becomes increasingly concentrated as
it moves up the food chain and builds up in the human body over an individual’s lifetime.
• Carson’s advocacies led to the formation of US Environmental Protection (USEPA) in 1970, the
Environmental Impact Assessment System, the Council of Environmental Quality; the Environmental
Defense Fund was created in 1967 with money from her estate (first ENGO)
• testified before the US Congress and campaigned against pesticide ––that weakens the eggshells of
raptors; results in bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals in the food chain
• Ironically Carson died of cancer in 1964 before she saw the fruit of her labor.
• In 1992, a panel of distinguished Americans declared Rachel Carson's Silent Spring as one of the most
influential books of the last century.
• She was a superwoman who almost single-handedly alerted Americans to the dark side of industrial
technology.

Week 05 - Historical Overview and Influences of Planning

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Far Eastern University 2nd Semester 2021-2022

Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

Module Learning Outcomes

Module Learning Materials

Additional Reading Materials

Module Output-base Work

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

I. Conditions that gave rise to Modern Planning Profession

In US, “Conservation of Parks Movement”

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

In UK, Problems of Manufacturing Cities in 19th Century

MODERN TOWN PLANNING

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Sir Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928)

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Figure 3 Garden City 3 magnets

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Figure 4 Lecthworth Graden City

Figure 5 Welwyn Garden City

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Figure 6 Hampstead Garden City

CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Figure 7 Pland and perspectvive of Chicago

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Figure 8 Burnham’s Plan for Manila

Le Corbusier’s Radiant City (Le Ville Radieuse)

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Figure 10 The Radiant City

Radiant City (Le Ville Radieuse)

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Figure 12 Brasilia, Brazil as Radiant City

New Towns Movement (1920--1950s)

New Town, Radburn, New Jersey, ca. 1929

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Figure 13 Radburn Plan Figure 14 Radburn Plan

Frank Lloyd Wright

• Helicopter element made Broad-acre sound like science fiction.

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Figure 16 Broadacre Plan

Henry Wright (1878--1936)1936)

Clarence S. Stein (1882--1975)

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Clarence Perry (1872- 1944)

REGIONAL PLANNING MOVEMENT

Sir Patrick Geddes (1854--1932)

Sir Leslie Patrick Abercrombie (1879- 1957)

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Lewis Mumford (1895-1990)

Benton MacKaye (1879--1975)

CITY FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Don Arturo Soria y Mata (1844-1920)

Tony Garnier (1869- 1948)

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Thomas Adams became father of urban planning in Canada

CITY EFFICIENT MOVEMENT

Dr. Francis Stuart Chapin Jr. (1888-1974)

ARC 1431: Planning 3 Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning