SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Architecture
SchoolYear2021-2022

ARA 218

PLANNING 3
INTRODUCTION TO URBAN & REGIONAL PLANNING

PRELIM SEATWORK 1.0:

Submitted by:

RIMANDO, JEANNE CARLA M.

BS Architecture 4-A

Submitted to:

ARCH VIC A. QUIJANO, UAP

Professor
A SHORT HISTORY OF URBAN wrote Hygeia, City of Health (1876)
PLANNING: envisioning:
Paul Knox argues that the • air pollution control
profession of planning emerges out of • water purification
series of crises and people’s responses to • sewage handling
them • public laundries
• health crises (epidemics) • public health inspectors
• social crises (riots, strikes) • elimination of alcohol & tobacco
• other crises (fire, flood, etc.) • replacement of the gutter with the park as
Planning tries to mitigate the the site of children’s play
adverse elements of capitalism, but also Sch concerns motivated the Parks
makes capitalism viable over the long term. Movement

Marxist inspiration The Parks Movement

Friedrich Engels observed the  grew out of landscape archit. &
misery of mid-19th c. Manchester & garden design
wrote: The Condition of the Working  shifted from private to public
Class in England (1844) settings
• worker oppression  naturalistic parks were created in
• pollution the U.S. by Frederick Law
• overcrowding Olmstead, whose career started
• disease with Central Park, New York, 1857
• alienation Goals:
• display of status symbols in the landscape • separate transportation modes
• support active and passive uses
The Roots of Urban Planning: • collect water
Romanticism & Progressivism • promote moral pass-times
• these were philosophical, intellectual, and
moral stances opposed to the trend in Frederick Law Olmsted
social relations, values, and environmental 1822-1903
conditions of the 18th & 19th c., with loose advanced quite impressively for a
ties to Marxism park superintendent without a
-Romantics were utopian visionaries college degree
• generally attempted to balance with Calvert Vaux (1847) won the
city/country opposition competition & went on to design:
• seldom saw their plans actualized • Prospect Park (1865-1873),
• had a major influence on planning • Chicago's Riverside
profession subdivision
-Progressives were activists • Buffalo's park system (1868-
• motivated by desire to reduce poverty or 1876), • the park at Niagara
the harmful effects of poverty Falls (1887)
In later years worked on Boston’s
Urban Public Health as a Focus of park system, “the Emerald Necklace”
Concern and the 1893 World's Fair in Chicago
-Physician Benjamin Ward Richardson
-Olmsted’s parks were not natural but they  9 mi. from Chicago
were “naturalistic” or “organic” in form.  fashionable location for the wealthy
-This form was seen as uplifting urban to live
dwellers and addressing the social and  often copied
psychological impacts of crowding
environmental determinism Settlement House Movement
 Jane Addams founded Hull House
Olmsted’s Park Design Principles (Chicago) 1889
1. SCENERY: design spaces in which  soon over 100 others are founded in
movement creates constant opening American cities
up of new views and “obscurity of  goals: educating, elevating and
detail further away” saving the poor (condescending
2. SUITABILITY: respect the natural attitude) gradually evolved into
scenery and topography of the site something more responsive and
3. STYLE: scientific
• “Pastoral” = open greensward with  residents surveyed slum
small bodies of water and scattered populations, organized housing
trees and groves creates a soothing, studies
restorative atmosphere  the gathering of information from
• “Picturesque = profuse planting, such surveys and studies became
especially with shrubs, creepers and central to urban planning
ground cover, on steep and broken  famous tenement studies around
terrain create a sense of the 1901: Lawrence Veiller (NY) and
richness and bounteousness of Robert Hunter (Chicago)
nature, produce a sense of mystery
with light and shade Garden Cities (a British innovation)
 Ebenezer Howard: Garden Cities of
1. SUBORDINATION: subordinate all To-morrow (1902)
elements to the overall design and  “three magnets”
the effect it is intended to achieve: • town (high wages, opportunity, and
“Art to conceal Art” amusement)
2. SEPARATION: • country (natural beauty, low rents,
• of areas designed in different fresh air)
styles • town-country (combination of
• of ways, in order to insure safety of both)
use and reduce distractions  separated from central city by
• of conflicting or incompatible uses greenbelt
3. SANITATION: promote both the  two actually built in England
physical and mental health of users • Letchworth
4. SERVICE: meet fundamental social • Welwyn
and psychological needs
Ebenezer Howard
Riverside, Illinois  no training in urban planning or
 designed by Olmsted, 1869 design 1850-1928
 a prototype suburb  opposed urban crowding/density
  hoped to create a “magnet” people planners
would want to come to  Welwyn, England
• Founded 1920 by E. Howard
Garden Cities • designed by Louis de Soissons
 would combine the best elements of • most of the population now
city and country commutes to London
 would avoid the worst elements of
city and country Garden City Legacy in the U.S
 formed the basis of the earliest  Garden City idea spread rapidly to
suburbs, Europe and the United States
 separation from the city has been  Under the auspices of the Regional
lost virtually every time due to infill Planning Association of America, the
garden-city idea inspired a “New
A Utopian Model Town,” Radburn, N.J. (1928–32)
 an ideal, self-contained community outside New York City
of predetermined area and  The congestion and destruction
population surrounded by a accompanying World War II greatly
greenbelt stimulated the garden-city
 was intended to bring together the movement, especially in Great
economic and cultural advantages of Britain
both city and country life while at • Britain’s New Towns Act (1946) led
the same time discouraging to the development of over a dozen
metropolitan sprawl and industrial new communities based on
centralization Howard's idea
 land ownership would be vested in  The open layout of garden cities also
the community (socialist element) had a great influence on the
 The garden city was foreshadowed development of modern city
in the writings of Robert Owen, planning
Charles Fourier, and James Silk  Most satellite towns fail to attain
Buckingham, and in the planned Howard's ideal
industrial communities of Saltaire • residential suburbs of individually
(1851), Bournville (1879), and Port owned homes
Sunlight (1887) in England • local industries are unable to
 Howard organized the Garden-City provide enough employment for the
Association (1899) in England and inhabitants, many of whom
secured backing for the commute to work in larger centers
establishment of Letchworth and
Welwyn A New Town in the U.S. Radburn, VA
 Neither community was an entirely Origins of the Planning Profession in
self-contained garden city the U.S.
 emerges during the first third of the
Actual Garden Cities 20th c.
 Letchworth, England  adopts less critical stance relative to
•Founded 1903 modernity
• Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin,  first national conference on city
 planning in Washington D.C., 1909 expressed chauvinism
 shifts slowly from concern with • idea spread to 100s of cities in
aesthetics (city beautiful) to concern decade after the NY law was passed,
with efficiency and scientific promoting property values and
management special interests of the upper class,
 patriarchal attitude white majority
 naïve faith in social engineering
 left-leaning political bias almost Giants of Planning in the U.S.
disappears, esp. with role of zoning  concept of the “master plan”:
Edward Bassett, 1935, included:
The City Beautiful Movement • infrastructure layout
 main emphasis: showy urban • zoning
landscapes  Patrick Geddes (1904, 1915) called
 drew on “beaux arts” tradition for urban planning to take into
(France) account the ecosystem and history
 aped classical architecture of a region, called for social surveys
 iconography of and for the urban  a protégé of Geddes, Lewis
elites Mumford (1895-1990) was the first
 moral diagnosis: people need to be notable critic of sprawl and the main
civilized figure in the Regional Plan
 Daniel Burnham: 1893 Chicago Association of America, which built
World’s Fair new towns in NJ & NY
• orderly and clean
• aesthetic rather than social A New Generation of Dreamers
sensibility  Le Corbusier (1920s): skyscrapers in
• grandiose and ambitious parks
• apartment tower idea caught on,
The Birth of Land use Zoning but not the park setting
 1886 statute: San Fran. Chinese • bland concrete apartment building
laundries shut down is everywhere, and is hated
• Fed. court case: Yick Wo v. Hopkins, everywhere
Sheriff struck down statute, so city  Frank Lloyd Wright (1930s):
imposed no-laundry zone “Broadacre City”
• other CA cities zoned against • his small house with carport
laundries, brothels, pool halls, dance became more or less the American
halls, livery stables, slaughterhouses standard in the 1950s
• How? municipality’s trad. • his dream of a decentralized,
responsibility for protecting “health, automobile-dependent society
safety, morals and general welfare” materialized
of citizens • Wright’s vision, with 1-acre lots,
 1st NY zoning law (1916) protected would have created even worse
Fifth Ave. luxury store owners from traffic nightmares
expansion of Jewish garment
factories Le Corbusier
• protected property values and originally Charles-Edouard
 Jeanneret 1887-1965 Frank Lloyd Wright
a founding father of the modernist 1867-1959
movement “social engineering” 532 architectural designs built
(twice as many drawn)
Elements of Le Corbusier’s Plan designed houses, office buildings
-very high density and a kind of suburban layout he
• 1,200 people per acre in skyscrapers called “Broadacre City”
• overcrowded sectors of Paris & London
ranged from 169-213 pers./acre at the time Broadacre City
-Manhattan has only 81 pers./acre  low-density car-oriented
• 120 people per acre in luxury houses  freeways +feeder roads
• 6 to 10 times denser than current luxury  multinucleated
housing in the U.S.
• multi-level traffic system to manage the Planning Today
intensity of traffic  main tool: zoning
-access to greenspace  19,000 different systems
• between 48% and 95% of the surface area  tends to actually do little in the way
is reserved for greenspace of planning
• gardens • imposes a rigidity to existing land
• squares uses
• sports fields • encourages separation by class
• restaurants • encourages retail strip
• theaters development
-with no sprawl, access to the “protected • discourages mixed use, pedestrian
zone” (greenbelt/open space) is quick areas
and easy • in practice, it promotes satellite
bedroom communities and suburbs
The logic of increasing urban density superficially like Garden cities or
 “The more dense the population of a Broadacre City
city is the less are the distances that
have to be covered.” Relationship between Planning and the
 traffic is increased by: Crises that Created It?
• the number of people in a city  Water quality and sanitation is
• the degree to which private controlled
transportation is more appealing  Most people have adequate light
(clean, fast, convenient, cheap) than and air
public transportation  Fire danger is controlled
• the average distance people travel  Disease is controlled
per trip  Current planning practice has even
• the number of trips people must more to do with protecting property
make each week values
 “The moral, therefore, is that we  Urban growth continues to create
must increase the density of the unhealthy and dehumanizing
centres of our cities, where business environments (air pollution, stress,
affairs are carried on.” isolation, lack of community, etc.)
  genuine planning is desperately
needed

Is there Hope?
 Precedents:
• Cluster zoning & PUDs (dates back
to Radburn, NJ, designed by Regional
Planning Association of America in
1923)
• New Urbanism & Neo-Traditional
Planning
-Peter Calthorpe
-Leon Krier
-Congress for the New
Urbanism
 Participatory Planning
3. PROJECT YOUR URBAN PLANNING THOUGHTS BY SUGGESTING OR
RECOMMENDING SOLUTIONS TO THE URBAN PLANNING PROBLEMS IN THE
PHILIPPINES. CITE AN EXAMPLE OR MAY CREATE DIAGRAMS IF NECESSARY FOR
THE INTERPRETATION

What struck me immediately upon seeing and observing our National Capital-Manila,
and other cities around the Philippines, it was a cultural diversity and it is the warmth of
its citizens. As a future urban planner, I could not help but think of the large
opportunities but also unused potential the city offers in terms of jobs, education, access
to welfare services, among others.

Our urban cities is a gateway for many people to improve their family’s quality of life.
As vibrant and dynamic as it is, there is much the city could improve through better
urban planning to address visible issues of congestion, lack of affordable housing, and
more broadly, providing a livable and healthy urban environment so that citizens can
thrive. Now more than ever, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgency of
integrating various considerations in urban planning,   including infrastructure,
environment, economic activities, and spaces to bring communities together in our
cities. COVID-19 is a pandemic and threatens all of us. Hotspots in one barangay
increases the threat to the whole metropolitan area. This pandemic has highlighted the
need for a more equitable management of our cities. Urban management is
fundamental for efficient and effective service delivery, especially for ensuring that all
citizens have equal access to quick and coordinated response efforts in times of crises
and disasters.  

This pandemic and our experiences with the shutdown of megacities all over the
globe compels us to revisit the basic tenets of urban planning and urban
management. As a future urban planner and to the community, we must work
collectively to make our cities more livable and designed around the health, safety, and
well-being of all residents.

In the plan, I suggested these important things to be considered:

1. Equal service delivery for all 

There is a glaring disparity in level and quality of service delivery between
informal mostly poor neighborhoods and wealthier areas. For example, according to
the 2017 World Bank report on Urbanization in the Philippines, close to 11% of Metro
Manila’s population live in informal settlements. Not all informal settlers are income
poor, but many are vulnerable to external shocks that can easily push them below the
poverty line. Many families that live in informal settlements rely on minimum wage
earnings and contractual work. These incomes are seasonal with no job security, no
social protection measures such as paid sick leave or family leave benefits. Those
engaged in small businesses suffer from unsteady levels of income. Many of them have
limited savings that are exhausted in the event of any external shocks. Their situation is
exacerbated by poor living conditions including a lack in reliable water supply and
sanitation, overcrowding in living tenements, and weak healthcare systems. Under
these circumstances, how can social distancing be practiced? How can households
afford basic services like water supply and sanitation to follow protective hygiene
practices like handwashing? Or even afford a doctor visit? Local governments are best
placed to step-up through increased coordination across jurisdictions and meet the
promise of inclusive high-quality services for all but this requires proactive approach to
urban management that spans beyond election cycles.
2. Urban transportation matters
When Metro Manila was placed under Enhanced Community Quarantine and
after which the other cities around the Philippines with high risk of COVOD-19, public
transportation grounded to a halt. Jeepneys, tricycles, buses and trains were prohibited
from operating. Commuters and even essential medical personnel walked long
distances or borrowed bikes to get to the hospital. Public transport could not restart
because social distancing measures present a serious challenge, especially for small
public operators like jeepneys. The lack of mobility options impacts vulnerable sections
of society like the poor, elderly and disabled. 
Weak urban transport is hampering the economic productivity of the cities as
people’s choice of mobility is very limited in Philippines. For example, the development
of urban transport directly competes with the increase of private cars in Manila’s
congested road network. With COVID-19, it is time to rethink urban mobility solutions. In
the short-term, the focus would be on demand management including social distancing
measures, fleet sanitation, enforcement of safety protocols in informal modes of
transport and management of public’s travel expectations. In the medium-term, there
needs to be a focus on public transport reform including interjurisdictional coordination
of public transit and better management of informal transport providers. This can be
achieved by bringing in multi-modal solutions such as mass transit systems like Metro
and, Bus Rapid Transit and start thinking of non-motorized solutions like bicycles, e-
vehicles alongside main corridors to offer diverse mobility solutions for people.
      
3. Redesigning our cities
Cities across the world are rethinking urban design, from hardscapes of concrete
and glass to more green solutions such as vertical gardens. Public parks are being
designed to serve as multipurpose infrastructure, for example using a watershed
approach to capture storm water during the rainy season and simultaneously use if for
recreational purpose.
Similarly, iconic design in open spaces allow for people of all ages to enjoy
amenities like we see in Medellin, Colombia, where libraries are being designed as safe
spaces for people without the fear of drugs or crime. Future planning will also need to
take into account access to health services during epidemics and integrate it with
mobility solutions. We are advancing rapidly with digital solutions like internet of things
or artificial intelligence for evidence-based planning. As part of its COVID economic
recovery efforts, greater emphasis could be given to use of geospatial tools for planning
and implementation of infrastructure. This a fantastic opportunity for cities in the
Philippines to interconnect with the rest of its peers and also use these solutions in
proactive urban planning. 

Cities attract talent, innovation and creativity. As people are pulled into increasingly
dense and dynamic urban centers around the world, a secure high-quality life and
sustainable environment is becoming imperative in the planning discourse. 
With mayors and local governments who are at the frontline of response and recovery,
it is a stark reality that our cities will no longer remain the same.   
For me, it is a good way to neatly organized into sub-districts (residential, commercial,
green open spaces) with easy access to existing MRT Stations and other cities,
minimizing the need for cars. Most of the time we are only concerned of our homes
without care for the outside. We Filipinos need to care more for the public realm, and
recognize we do have a role in placemaking. It could be as simple as keeping the
sidewalk clean and clear, not having too-high concrete walls, and planting trees to
shade passersby from the sun. It could be keeping our homes well maintained so that
we could contribute to the visual order of a neighborhood or streetscape.

EXAMPLE DIAGRAM