While we often 

think of exams as a way to test students’ comprehension of

material, exams can serve more than one purpose. Being aware of why we are testing
students and what exactly we want to test can help make students’ and instructors'
experience of exams more useful. The following tips will gear you towards issues you
should think about during the entire exam process, from planning to reflection. 

Before you start preparing an exam

Why are you giving an exam to your students?

 To evaluate and grade students. Exams provide a controlled environment

for independent work and so are often used to verify students’ learning.
 To motivate students to study. Students tend to open their books more often
when an evaluation is coming up. Exams can be great motivators.
 To add variety to student learning. Exams are a form of learning activity.
They can enable students to see the material from a different perspective. They
also provide feedback that students can then use to improve their understanding.
 To identify weaknesses and correct them. Exams enable both students and
instructors to identify which areas of the material students do not understand.
This allows students to seek help, and instructors to address areas that may need
more attention, thus enabling student progression and improvement.
 To obtain feedback on your teaching. You can use exams to evaluate your
own teaching. Students’ performance on the exam will pinpoint areas where you
should spend more time or change your current approach.
 To provide statistics for the course or institution. Institutions often want
information on how students are doing. How many are passing and failing, and
what is the average achievement in class? Exams can provide this information.
 To accredit qualified students. Certain professions demand that students
demonstrate the acquisition of certain skills or knowledge. An exam can provide
such proof – for example, the Uniform Final Examination (UFE) serves this
purpose in accounting.

What do you want to assess?

What you want to assess should be related to your learning outcomes for the course.

 Knowledge or how it is used. You can design your test questions to assess

students’ knowledge or ability to apply material taught in class.
 Process or product. You can test students’ reasoning skills and evaluate the
process by focusing the marks and other feedback on the process they follow to
arrive at a solution. Alternatively, you can evaluate the end product.
 The communication of ideas. You can evaluate students’ communication
skills their ability to express themselves - whether this is by writing a cogent
argument, or creating an elegant mathematical proof.
 Convergent thinking or divergent thinking. You can test your students’
ability to draw a single conclusion from different inputs (convergent thinking). Or
 you may alternatively want them to come up with different possible answers
(divergent thinking). Do you expect different answers from students, or do you
expect all of them to provide the same answer?
 Absolute or relative standards. Is student success defined by learning a set
amount of material or demonstrating certain skills, or is student success
measured by assessing the amount of progress the students make over the
duration of the course?

How do you decide what to test and how to test it?

The overall exam should be consistent with your learning outcomes for the course.
There are a number of ways to review and prioritize the skills and concepts taught in a
course. You could:

 Use the topics list provided in your course outline

 Skim through your lecture notes to find key concepts and methods
 Review chapter headings and subheadings in the assigned readings

What are the qualities of a good exam?

 A good exam gives all students an equal opportunity to fully

demonstrate their learning. With this in mind, you might reflect on the
nature and parameters of your exam. For example, could the exam be
administered as a take-home exam? Two students might know the material
equally well, but one of them might not perform well under the pressure of a
timed or in-class testing situation. In such a case, what is it that you really want
to assess: how well each student knows the material, or how well each performs
under pressure? Likewise, it might be appropriate to allow students to bring
memory aids to an exam. Again, what is it that you want to assess: their ability to
memorize a formula or their ability to use and apply a formula?
 Consistency. If you give the same exam twice to the same students, they should
get a similar grade each time.
 Validity. Make sure your questions address what you want to evaluate.
 Realistic expectations. Your exam should contain questions that match the
average student’s ability level. It should also be possible to respond to all
questions in the time allowed. To check the exam, ask a teaching assistant to take
the test – if they can’t complete it in well under the time permitted then the exam
needs to be revised.
 Uses multiple question types. Different students are better at different types
of questions. In order to allow all students to demonstrate their abilities, exams
should include a variety of types of questions. Read our Teaching Tip, Asking
Questions: 6 Types.
 Offer multiple ways to obtain full marks. Exams can be highly stressful and
artificial ways to demonstrate knowledge. In recognition of this, you may want to
provide questions that allow multiple ways to obtain full marks. For example, ask
students to list five of the seven benefits of multiple-choice questions.
  Free of bias. Your students will differ in many ways including language
proficiency, socio-economic background, physical disabilities, etc. When
constructing an exam, you should keep student differences in mind to watch for
ways that the exams could create obstacles for some students. For example, the
use of colloquial language could create difficulties for students whose first
language is not English, and examples easily understood by North American
students may be inaccessible to international students.
 Redeemable. An exam does not need to be the sole opportunity to obtain
marks. Assignments and midterms allow students to practice answering your
types of questions and adapt to your expectations.
 Demanding. An exam that is too easy does not accurately measure students’
understanding of the material.
 Transparent marking criteria. Students should know what is expected of
them. They should be able to identify the characteristics of a satisfactory answer
and understand the relative importance of those characteristics. This can be
achieved in many ways; you can provide feedback on assignments, describe your
expectations in class, or post model solutions.
 Timely. Spread exams out over the semester. Giving two exams one week apart
doesn’t give students adequate time to receive and respond to the feedback
provided by the first exam. When possible, plan the exams to fit logically within
the flow of the course material. It might be helpful to place tests at the end of
important learning units rather than simply give a midterm halfway through the
semester. 
 Accessible. For students with disabilities, exams must be amenable to adaptive
technologies such as screen-readers or screen magnifiers. Exams that have visual
content, such as charts, maps, and illustrations, may need to be rendered by
Waterloo's AccessAbility Services into a format that meets an accommodation. 

After the exam is ready

Prepare a marking scheme or rubric

Preparing a marking scheme ahead of time will allow you to review your questions, to
verify that they are really testing the material you want to test, and to think about
possible alternative answers that might come up.

 Look at what others have done. Chances are that you are not the only person
who teaches this course. Look at how others choose to assign grades.
 Make a marking scheme usable by non-experts. Write a model answer
and use this as the basis for a marking scheme usable by non-experts. This
ensures that your teaching assistants and your students can easily understand
your marking scheme. It also allows you to have an external examiner mark the
response, if need be. A rubric can be an effective tool to help you or your teaching
assistants assess student work quickly and accurately. Sharing the rubric with
your students as they begin to study for the exam is also a good idea. 
  Give consequential marks. Generally, marking schemes should not penalize
the same error repeatedly. If an error is made early but carried through the
answer, you should only penalize it once if the rest of the response is sound.
 Review the marking scheme after the exam. Once the exam has been
written, read a few answers and review your key. You may sometimes find that
students have interpreted your question in a way that is different from what you
had intended. Students may come up with excellent answers that may be slightly
outside of what was asked. Consider giving these students partial marks.
 When marking, make notes on exams. These notes should make it clear
why you gave a particular mark. If exams are returned to the students, your notes
will help them understand their mistakes and correct them. They will also help
you should students want to review their exam long after it has been given, or if
they appeal their grade.

Inform students of the purpose and parameters of the exam

 Clearly communicate with students about what your goals are for any test or
exam.  Don't assume that students know what the pedagogical purpose of the test
or exam is.  Have a discussion about your goals and desired outcomes, and help
students understand how specific aspects of the test or exam fit these goals.  Be
open to making some changes if students have ideas to offer. 
 Point out the important sections in course plans, textbooks, and readings to guide
test and exam preparation; where possible, provide multiple samples of tests and
exam questions and answers. Consider conducting an exam review exercise.
 Although you might not provide students with exam questions in advance, you
should be prepared to answer questions such as:
o What will the exam cover?
o How much emphasis should I put on the textbook / lectures / etc…?
o What material (if any) am I allowed to bring into the exam room?
o When will I get my mark?
o What happens if, for a good reason, I can’t attend the exam? Do I get to re-
write?
o Will I be given the chance to choose the topics on which I do questions?
o Will I be told which criteria I am being assessed on?
o If I disagree politically or philosophically with the marker, will I get poor
marks?
o Will allowances be made if English is not my first language?

After your students write the exam

Monitor the quality of your exams

Exams provide you with the opportunity to obtain feedback on student learning, your
teaching methods, and the quality of the exam itself.
  Write impressions on your exam and keep them. During the exam and
the marking of the exam, keep track of which questions seem to be well
understood, and which questions were frequently misunderstood.
 Collect numerical data. If you have machine-scorable exams, you can get
statistics on your questions, such as which questions were missed most often or
which distracters were most often chosen. In other cases you can collect an
overview of the marks.
 Get student feedback. You can leave space specifically for feedback on exams,
or you can obtain feedback in class after the exam. Consider asking your students
to complete an exam wrapper – a short survey asking students about exam
preparation strategies they used, what questions they found difficult to answer,
and what they might do differently to prepare for the next exam (see
our Teaching Tip on Teaching Metacognitive Skills).

Reflect on the gathered information

Reviewing examination results can help you identify concepts and methods that
students are having difficulty with – questions that were missed – as well as concepts
and methods that were well understood – questions generally successfully answered. Or
it may highlight well-constructed or poorly constructed exam question. Consider using
this information to:

 Change how you teach the remainder of the term

 Check for improvement on specific topics or methods over a term
 Redesign the course or the examination for future classes
 Assess your teaching practice – what is working especially well and what can be
improved upon