Optical Fiber Technician

Participant Handbook
Sector
Telecom
Sub-Sector
Network Managed Services
Occupation
Network O & M - Optical
Reference ID : TEL/Q6401, Version 1.0
NSQF Level 4
Optical Fiber Technician

Published by
Adroit HR Straight Pvt. Ltd.

H-146, 147, Sector 63
Noida - 201301
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.hrstraight.com
All Rights Reserved,

First Edition, March 2016
ISBN 978-1-111-22222-45-7
Printed in India at
Adroit HR Straight Pvt. Ltd.
H-146, 147, Sector 63, Noida - 201301
Copyright © 2016
Telecom Sector Skill Council
Plot No 105, 2nd Floor
Sector-44, Gurgaon-122003
Ph.: +91-124-4148029, 4375891
Disclaimer
The information contained herein has been obtained from sources reliable to TSSC. TSSC disclaims all
warranties to the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of such information. TSSC shall have no liability
for errors, omissions, or inadequacies, in the information contained herein, or for interpretations thereof.
Every effort has been made to trace the owners of the copyright material included in the book. The
publishers would be grateful for any omissions brought to their notice for acknowledgements in future
editions of the book. No entity in TSSC shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever, sustained by any
person who relies on this material. The material in this publication is copyrighted. No parts of this
publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means either on paper or
electronic media, unless authorized by the TSSC.
ii
Skilling is building a better India.
If we have to move India towards
development then Skill Development
should be our mission.
Shri Narendra Modi

Prime Minister of India
iii
Certificate
COMPLIANCE TO
QUALIFICATION PACK NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL
STANDARDS
is hereby issued by the
TELECOM SECTOR SKILL COUNCIL
for
Complying to National Occupational Standards of

Job Role / Qualification Pack : ‘Optical Fiber Technician’
QP No. ‘TEL/Q6401, NSQF Level 4’
Date of Issuance: May 26th, 2017

Valid up to*: Dec 27 th , 2020
Authorised Signatory
*Valid up to the next review date of the Qualification Pack or the
(Telecom Sector Skill Council)
‘Valid up to’ date mentioned above (whichever is earlier)
iv
Acknowledgements
Telecom Sector Skill Council would like to express its gratitude to all the individuals and institutions who
contributed in different ways towards the preparation of this “Participant Manual”. Without their
contribution it could not have been completed. Special thanks are extended to those who collaborated
in the preparation of its different modules. Sincere appreciation is also extended to all who provided
peer review for these modules.
The preparation of this manual would not have been possible without the telecom Industry's support.
Industry feedback has been extremely encouraging from inception to conclusion and it is with their
input that we have tried to bridge the skill gaps existing today in the Industry.
This participant manual is dedicated to the aspiring youth who desire to achieve special skills which will
be a lifelong asset for their future endeavors.
v
About this book

In the last five years, the growth of the Indian telecommunications sector has outpaced the overall
economic growth. This sector is poised for strong growth of about 15 percent in short term during
2013–17, driven by growth in organized retail, technological advancements, changing consumer
preferences and government support. With over 1000 million subscribers, India is the second largest
telecom market in the world.
The sector currently employs over 2.08 million employees and is slated to employ more than 4.16
million employees by 2022. This implies additional creation of ~2.1 million jobs in the nine-year period.
This Participant book is designed to impart theoretical and practical skill training to students for
becoming an Optical Fiber Technician. Optical Fiber Technician is responsible for maintaining uptime
and quality of the network segment (both optical media & equipment) assigned to him by undertaking
periodic preventive maintenance activities and ensuring effective fault management in case of fault
occurrence. He is also required to coordinate activities for installation and commissioning of Optical
Fiber Cable (OFC) as per the route plan.
This Trainee Manual is based on Optical Fiber Technician Qualification Pack (TEL/Q6401) & includes the
following National Occupational Standards (NOSs)
1. Co-ordinate Installation & Commissioning of Optical fiber cables (OFC)
2. Undertake Condition based Maintenance & Planned repair activities
3. Perform corrective maintenance/restoration of optical fault
The Key Learning Outcomes and the skills gained by the participant are defined in their respective units.
Post this training, the participant will be able maintain uptime and quality of the network segment by
undertaking periodic preventive maintenance activities & effective fault management.
We hope that this Trainee Manual will provide a sound learning support to our young friends to build an
attractive career in the telecom industry.
Symbols Used
!
Learning Unit Tips Steps Notes Exercise
Outcomes Objectives
vi
Optical Fibre Technician
Table of Contents
S.No. Modules and Units Page No.
1. Introduction
Unit 1.1 – About telecom & optical fiber 3
2. Installation and Commissioning of Fiber Optic Cable (TEL/N6402)
Unit 2.1 – Site visit and route inspection 24
Unit 2.2 – Tools and tool kit 29
Unit 2.3 – Installation of optical fiber cable 39
3. Conditional Maintenance and Planned Repair Activities (TEL/N6403)
Unit 3.1 – Conduct testing 80
Unit 3.2 – Carry out splicing 107
4. Assistance in Routine Maintenance (TEL/N6404)
Unit 4.1 – Fault notification 130
Unit 4.2 – Fault localization and restoration 133
Unit 4.3 – Preventive and corrective maintenance 140
5. Health and Safety
Unit 5.1 - Optical fiber handling process 162
Unit 5.2 – Workmanship safety 165
6. Soft Skills
Unit 6.1 – Grooming 175
Unit 6.2 – Communication skills 177
Unit 6.3 – Time management 181
Unit 6.4 – Problem Solving 183
7. Employability & Entrepreneurship Skills

Unit 7.1 – Personal Strengths & Value Systems 196
Unit 7.2 – Digital Literacy: A Recap 210
Unit 7.3 – Money Matters 214
Unit 7.4 – Preparing for Employment & Self Employment 221
Unit 7.5 – Understanding Entrepreneurship 229
Unit 7.6 – Preparing to be an Entrepreneur 249
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viii
1. Introduction
UNIT 1.1 Brief overview of Telecom & Fiber Optics
Key learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, you will be able to understand:
1. Broadband industry overview
2. Fiber technician role & responsibility
3. PSTN (public switch telephone network) operations
4. Overview of Transmission media
5. Important Terminologies used in Fiber Optic
2
UNIT 1.1: Brief overview of Telecom & Fiber Optics
Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to understand:
1. Broadband Industry Overview
2. Fiber technician role & responsibility
3. PSTN (public switch telephone network) operations
4. Overview of Transmission media
5. Important Terminologies used in Fiber Optic
1.1.1 Broadband Industry

In the present Global context, telecommunication is playing a key role on changing the whole
dimension and taking the progress to next level. Telecommunication is not only influencing urban
scenarios but also changing the economy and means operations at rural parts of the country. Indian
telecom is bringing considerable revenue by telecom services increasing its customer range in the
country across. The Government of India has recognized this fact and has taken various measures
over the years to stabilize the telecom sector. Indian telecom sector stands in 2nd position after
China wireless market.
A stable transmission and transport systems strengthen the mo bile network which further helps in
providing the best services to users. To bring the best result system should possess strong back haul
network built. Indian dream project digital India led to construct digital back bones across the
country to fulfill the vision of end reachability across PAN INDIA. Indian Government initiated
Bharath net – NOFN (National Optical Fiber Network) to build data coverage reach till last
milestones (connecting remote to remote villages via internet). Under this project fiber has been laid
across 2.5 lakh Gram panchayat with the ideal plan of 100 MBPS broadband coverage. The
Project initiated by Indian Government made phase mode approaches for implementations, over
the time tentatively with deadline of 2019, it intends to connect all villages across the India
together. Existing large telecom network and increasing government initiative to connect rural
and semi -urban areas, there is a huge scope for development in Indian telecom sector.
3
1.1.2 Optical Fiber Technician

By allowing foreign direct investment, the government has attracted large amount of investments in
the booming Indian telecom sector. This, in turn, will drive growth and employment in the sector.
With the growth in Indian telecom industry the demand for various professionals such as optical
fiber technician, telecom engineer, etc., is bound to increase.
Ideal attributes identified for optical fiber technician job role: The resource that holds this job
role should have clarity on geography where he/she works as the role demands to work with
different groups and systems across the areas. Fiber technician should hold good skills of
communication and analytical skills to gauge the situation and identify the problems. He/she
should ready to take up challenges and work pressures (time limits). Being familiar with local
language brings effectiveness in getting task done from the local workers .
Job Description: Fiber Optic Technician

The Job holder must hold good understanding of his duties. He/she must possess qualities and
capabilities for holding system maintenance under guidelines. Some of the highlights of the
duties are, maintaining optical connectivity and line ,maintenance, keeping system on with no
off-time of system on record periodic checks, practicing the best practices for fault
management, ensuring correctness in system operation, identifying the issues, and do the
regulatory activities to overcome the issue, being present and supportive to installation,
commissioning, optimization and troubleshooting teams and coordinating between the teams.
1.1.2 : An optical fiber technician at work
4
1.1.3 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network):
Standard telephone service, e.g. BSNL, MTNL, etc.
Through a ‘SWITCH’
PSTN – uses end to end closed connectivity, it adopts Switch concept in implementing the
network. Every user will be given with a closed-circuit line. Circuit is connection of devices with
wired cables which could be controlled to opens and closes. PSTN is fully wired network, every
end user is connected to main controlling station (called exchange). These exchanges fu rther
inter connected with rest of the surrounding exchanges with wires/cables, connectivity continues
till the national gateway which continues to build connectivity with surrounding countries. The
connectivity may be further enriching with satellite and microwave connectivity.
When a customer picks up the handset of the landline from the cradle his/her connection at
the telephone exchange is ready to receive the signals which he dials from his telephone in the
form of the number to which he / she wants to speak. Through his connection the exchange
starts sending signal to mobile or landline phone (depending on the number he is dialing). As the
person picks up the phone the circuit is complete and they can now start talking to each other.
1.1.3: Public switched telephone network
5
1.1.4 Transmission Media

Cable type in which the two conductors are twisted and same is used in circuit connections. This
type of cables is termed as twisted pair. The twist made from the cable will avoid the external
charge influence.
1.1.4 (a): Twisted copper wire
Copper being the inner core of twisted wire cable protected with protective material. There are
plenty of coaxial cables in market comes out with protective jacket and multiple layered protective
sheets.
1.1.4 (b): Coaxial cable
6
1.1.4 Transmission Media (Contd.)

Optical fiber cable could be used in a fashion of single modal or multi modal holding single fiber or
multiple fibers in the cable. The fibers are used based on the application and the best practices
followed in the system.
1.1.4 (c): Optical fiber cable
Microwave is part of electromagnetic spectrum used in parallel with Radio frequency range of
frequencies. As microwaves are best resulted in long distance and line of sight travel, it is used
effective in RADAR operations. Satellite are the system device setups hosted from earth to space,
located at different orbit of earth where the system made operational and it is away from earth
gravitation pull.
1.1.4 (d): Microwave
These devices work on microwave frequencies and connect to the stations on earth. Satellite
systems serves for weather forecasting, television, communications, military and many other
purposes.
1.1.4 (e): Satellite
7
1.1.5 Important Terminologies
Terminology Definition
Signal Frequency representation which conveys information could be a form of simple
data or in complex message format.
Signaling Signaling is the process of connecting source and destination by doing
authentication of the service and users and authorizing the session
Frequency The number of times in a second an electric signal or electromagnetic wave,
completes a cycle.
Network Group of systems interconnected in a fashion where they could share, exchange
data, and communicate the necessary.
Mode Fashion/ way of propagation in a media, in specific to Fiber cable mode is the light
patterns which are made to travel across.
.
Multimode Kind of mode in which more than one light signal can travel across is called as
fiber multimodal fiber. It naturally little bigger than single mode fiber. (Almost always 50
or 62.5 microns - a micron is one millionth of a meter).
Single mode Fiber which allows single Light wave to travel across is termed as Single mode fiber.
fiber It has smaller core compare to multimodal fibers (about 8-9 microns). Single
mode is mostly preferred for telecommunication services like telephony, fiber to
the home and CATV.
Fiber ID Based on the fiber inner and outer core construction Fiber ID tagged for
identification. Core and cladding diameters are expressed in microns; most
multimode and single mode fibers have an outside diameter of 125 microns. Fiber
IDs are internationally standardized with specifications that include all
characteristics.
Plastic optical One type of multimodal fibers. Normally preferred for short distance for networks
fibers (POF) which run effectively with low speed.
Cable Cables come in various colors and sizes. These protect the fiber from weather,
provides protection from stress. Cables are manufactured based on the number of
fibers to be accommodated. There are many types of cables few in list are tight
buffer (with hard plastic coating on fiber prefe rred for mainly indoors), loose-tube,
(light coating on fiber), ribbon (fibers made ribbons).
8
1.1.5 Important Terminologies (Contd.)
Terminology Definitions
Jacket The outermost cover on the cable is termed as jacket. These jackets provide
additional safety to the cables.
Strength members The supportive element used for safety and operations
Armor Armor Discourages rodents from chewing through it.

Connector Device used for connecting fibers. The connectors could be kept in system and
could be disconnected based on requirement.
Ferrule A tube which holds a fiber for alignment, usually part of a connector. / No
need to change.
Splice Joining fibers /broken fibers is carried out with a tool termed as splicer and
process called as splicing. This joint (splice) between two fibers made will be
permanent.
Hardware Terminations and splices require hardware for protection and management
patch panels, splice closures, etc.
Attenuation Loss in the power while signal travels across is termed as attenuation.
Mostly expressed in decibels (dB). For fibers, considerable is attenuation
coefficient or attenuation per unit length with unit of dB/km.
Bandwidth Group of frequencies could be termed as Bandwidth. The difference between
the frequencies ranges transmitted is considered as Delta Frequency in turn
called as bandwidth.
Decibels (dB) A unit of measurement of optical power which indicates relative power. A -10
dB means a reduction in power by 10 times, -20 dB means another 10 times
or 100 times overall, -30 mean another 10 times or 1000 times overall, & so on
dB Optical power measurement is done by dB (decibel). Decibel helps in
understanding the power variation dB representation, -10 dB refers to a
reduction of power by 10 times, -20 dB means further reduction 10 times or
100 times overall, and so on.
dBm absolute Optical power measurement referring to 1 milli watt
Optical Loss The amount of optical power lost as light is transmitted through fiber, splices,
couplers, etc., expressed in "dB"
Switch A mechanical or electronic device that opens or closes circuits completes or
breaks an electrical path or selects paths or circuits.
Multiplexing Process of missing multiple signals before transmitting over media.
9
Optical Power Capacity of optical signal strength represented in terms of power,
measured in dBm/decibels.
Scattering Dispersion of light ray due to obstacles. Tag name given for the light ray
changing the path of travel and splitting energy into multiple angles this
will cause majority of loss in optical fibers and is used to make
measurements by an OTDR.
Wavelength Wavelength a term for the color of light, usually expressed
in nanometers (nm) or microns (m). Fiber is mostly used in the infrared
region where the light is invisible to the human eye. Most fiber
specifications (attenuation, dispersion) are dependent on wavelength.
Dispersion Pulse spreading caused by modes in multimode fiber (modal dispersion),
the difference in speed of light of different wavelengths (CD or chromatic
dispersion in multimode or single mode fiber) and polarization (PMD or
polarization mode dispersion in single mode)
PSTN (Public Traditional wired phone service. It refers to the standard telephone
Switched Telephone service, e.g., BSNL.
Network )
BTS (Base It is a wireless interface with a mobile handset in mobile communication.
Transceiver Station) It has an antenna mounted on a tower and a trans-receiver
BSC (Base Station BTS are administered by a BSC Signaling.
Controller)
MSC (Mobile It is the hub of the mobile communication network. It connects mobile
Switching Center) stations to PSTN.
Roaming Realization of all frequency ranges in sequential manner.
Spectrum Device used for the TRX operations from user end.
Telephony Word used to describe the science of transmitting voice over a

telecommunications network.
Modem A device that both modulates and demodulates signals.
10
NLD National Long-Distance Telephony – pertains to calls outside the local area, to any
place in India.
ILD International Long-Distance Telephony – outside India.
SDCA Short Distance Charging Area – There are total of 2647 SDCA in India, each having a
unique STD code.
LDCA Long Distance Charging Area. A few SDCAs make a LDCA. A call beyond 50 km
distance is considered as a long-distance call.
Service Plan The plan under which it operate publicize the service lists to user is termed as
service plan. This plan may have altered over time.
Tariff Services offered to users are categorized based on the subscription and categories
known as tariff.
1.1.5 : Optical fiber technology has tremendous potential
11
1.1.6 Optical Fiber Technology

Optical transmissions over the fiber cables need immense strengthen technology associated. Optical
cables inner core glass is made in a way to propagate complete ray travelling by giving zero
resistance and losses. To achieve connectivity over long distance optical medium prov en to be the
best even though it is laying and maintenance takes more economy. Unlike in copper cable electrical
signal converted into light and it is transmitted over fiber cables. It began about 40 years ago in the
R&D labs (Corning, Bell Labs, ITT UK, etc.) and was first installed commercially in Dorset, England by
STC and Chicago, IL, USA in 1976 by AT&T. By the early 1980s, fiber telecommunications networks
connected the major cities on each coast. By the mid-80s, fiber was replacing all the telecom-
copper, microwave and satellite links. In the 90s, transoceanic fiber optic cables replaced sate llites
between most continents.
Over the period fiber optics took over the entire major service provider favorite as its effect iveness
ruled out the cost. DTH and CATV are few services mostly relied on fiber network. Adding on the
Research prove that the network will be the reliable to provide Internet services, mobile services
network development.
Slowly the fiber placed in the small networks and then tried with LAN, WAN, MAN, and most of
implantations is taking place with fiber network in today’s data . As the cables could be routed
fascinatingly without disturbing the infra, more company’s showed interest in having fiber network.
Fiber is effective in huge data transfer and connectivity with reliability. Fiber is implemented in most
Multinational companies with fiber LANs backbones, connections to systems for employees or
design workstations with many wireless AP (access point).
Some more applications for consideration are: mobile - cell network connections, Ship & aircraft,
automation and automobile connecting lines, security like CCTV, & digital stereos for consumers.
Fiber optics users in current time zones are systems who use it for connecting soci al blocks like
Educational institutes, stores/ departments, transport& traffic lights, security add on like CCTV
surveillance systems. Fiber to home is another upcoming big business which provides the best
connections to their users. Optical fiber is either predominant medium or choice made logically for
most of communication system. With reduced Costs fiber to the home is most likely accepted by
user ends, the fantasy come true for users as fiber to home provides all means of data and services
which other medium fails to provide.
1.1.6 (a): An optical fiber
12
1.1.6 Optical Fiber Technology (Contd.)

Fiber optics would be used as a channel for communication & networking as it is easy and flexible.
Plastic or glass manufactures fibers, it is s used in long-distance applications of telecom. Optical
fibers mostly prefer glass inner core medium than plastic as glass provide low absorption. Optical
fiber principally uses total internal reflection phenomenon for the light transmission within the
material. Due to total internal reflection angle Eliminates distortion, leakage, reflection, signal
crosstalk between fibers within the cable and allows the cable routing (supporting twists and turns).
Infrared Light is mostly used for communication in case of telecom applications, as wavelengths
proven best for the case (minimum absorption with fiber).
1.1.6 (b): Total internal reflection
Infrared Light is mostly used for communication in case of telecom applications, as wavelengths
proven best for the case (minimum absorption with fiber). Fibers could be practically implemented
in terms of single fiber, pairs of fibers for every carrier connection. Single mode and multimodal
fibers are used based on the distance and application. Coupling/splitting devices enable the system
to lay the cable for distances and overcoming geographical challenges. Waveguides normally could
support multiple modes of transmission. For long distance communications, single mode fiber are
widely preferred., as propagation mode is singular it provides effectiveness with minimum
distortions. In fibers supporting multi-mode, transmission on multiple time on multiple timings
transmitted in the different modes arrives at different times, resulting in dispersion of signal.
Between signal generations single mode fiber optic cables sustain transmission distances of 80 to
140 km approx. distance of 300 to 500 meters are recorded in case of multi -mode. Single mode
equipment’s are comparatively little more costly than multi - modal equipment. Fibers deployed
in telecommunications normally hold diameter of 125 µm. The core transmission of singlemode
fibers most commonly support diameter of 9 µm. Multi-mode cores are available with 50 µm or
62.5 µm diameters. Single mode fiber offers low loss, high linearity and dispersion, with a estimate
data rates of up to 40 Gbit/s on a single wavelength. WDM - Wavelength division multiplexing could
be used further to allow many wavelengths to be used at once on a single fiber. Estimated that
single fiber provide an aggregate bandwidth in terabits per second.
13

Today’s cables of optical fiber could provide a range of capacity, example: thousand fibers in a
single cable. Optical fiber performance fulfills the needs of the required bandwidth. Unutilized end
to end powerful bandwidths do not convert to operating benefits, and it is calculated that not more
than 1% of the optical fiber layed under soil recent years is lit. Presently manufactured cable s hold
wide variety of sheathings, Armor, prepared for applications. Some application to list is: direct
burial in trenches, installation in conduit, lashing to aerial telephone poles, submarine installation,
or insertion in paved streets.
Presently Improvements in fiber technology have minimized losses to an extent that no
amplification of the optical signal is required for a considerable 100km. it has greatly cut down the
cost of optical networking, especially in undersea spans where the cost reliabilit y of amplifiers is one
of the key factors shaping system performance of the whole. In the previous few years several
manufacturers of submarine cable line terminal equipment have introduced improvement that
promise to quadruple the capacity of older submarine systems installed in the early to mid-1990s.
Factors due to which optical fiber are used are advantages available which are not present in
metallic conductor/ microwaves. Important use of optical fiber is it can transport more information
longer distances in less time than compare to other communications medium. Add on, it is
unchanged by the EM (Electromagnetic) interference of radiation, due to which data could be
transmitted with less noise & error. There are also couples of applications in fiber optics that are
simply not possible with metallic conductors. It holds sensors/scientific applications, medical/surgical
applications, industrial applications, subject illumination & image transport. Many fiber optics
are made of glass, even through few made of plastic.
Mechanical protection is a concern and hence optical fibers are housed inside cables. Specific cables
types and configurations are practiced for specific cases as: indoor, outdoor, in the ground,
underwater, in ocean & overhead.
1.1.6 (c): current global undersea optical fiber network
14

Fiber optic data link is made up of three elements as follows
Light source at one end (laser or light-emitting diode [LED]), including a connector or other

alignment mechanism to connect to the fiber. The light source will receive its signal from the
support electronics to convert the electrical information to optical information.
The fiber (and its cable, connectors, or splices) from point to point. The fiber transports this

light to its destination. The light detector on the other end with a connector interface to the
fiber.
The detector converts the incoming light back to an electrical signal, producing a copy of the
original electrical input. The support electronics will process that signal to perform its
intended communications function.
1.2.6: Signal transmission optical fiber cable
Notes
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Exercise
1. Identify the uncommon application of fiber optic cable?
a. Computer networks
b. Long-distance telephone systems
c. Closed circuit TV
d. Consumer TV
2. Principle of Fiber optics is

a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Dispersion
d. Total internal reflection
3. light transmission in optical fiber is in __________.
a. Core
b. Cladding
c. Buffer
d. Jacket
16
Exercise (Cont.)
4. Electrical to optical conversion is done through (Copper networks to fiber optics) using __________.
a. Fiber hubs
b. Media converters
c. Patch panels
d. Rewiring
5. Today, except for some _________, most of the Mobile/communication backbone lies in fiber
optics.
a. Rugged or remote locations

b. Ultra-high speed connections
c. Large cities
d. Triple play systems
6. Write true or false after reading the following statement:
Advantage of optical fiber is, it is best cost-effective means of transporting information.

(True / False)
7. Write true or false after reading the following statement:

Fiber networks supporting Telephone networks for long distance and metropolitan networks like
fiber to the home (FTTH) is not yet feasible (True / False)
17
Exercise (Cont.)
8. How does the telecom growth benefit the nation?
9. What is the brief history of India’s telecom growth story?
10. Explain TRAI.
11. Briefly explain PSTN.
12. Mention what do the following terms stand for – BTS, BSC & MSC.
18
Exercise (Cont.)
13. What is the difference between multi-mode and single mode fiber?
14. What is fiber Id?
15. What are aramid fibers?
16. What is a ferrule?
17. What is scattering?
19
Tips

Following tips should be followed:
Visit a fiber optic site.

Inspect the different fiber optic cables and their features
Notes
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21
2. Installation &
Commissioning of
Optical Fiber Cables
Unit 2.1 – Site visit and route inspection

Unit 2.2 – Tools and tool kit
Unit 2.3 – Installation of fiber optic cable

At the end of this module, you will be able to:
1. Perform an effective site visit
2. Describe, demonstrate and monitor an effective route inspection
3. Describe the advantages of an effective route inspection
4. Identify and make use of common fiber optic tools and tool kit
5. Explain and outline the benefits of fiber optic cable specification and the factors
affecting it
6. Describe, demonstrate and monitor the correct procedure of handling the fiber optic
cable
7. Describe, demonstrate and monitor the optical fiber laying pre-requisites
8. Describe, demonstrate and monitor the correct procedure of - trenching, aerial cabling,
ducting, figure-eight, cable pulling, blowing and termination of an optical fiber
9. Explain and illustrate the reports required to document steps undertaken during
troubleshooting
23
UNIT 2.1: Site Visit and Route Inspection
Unit Objectives
At the end of this unit, you will be able to:
1. Perform an effective site visit
2. Explain and outline route inspection and its benefits
3. Perform an effective route inspection by demonstrating proper steps
2.1.1 Site Visit

Site visit is essential before making any plan of action. The visit gives the necessary information
about the changes to be needed for the ideal plan. Site visit also emphasizes the action list with
necessary competency needed. By doing effective site visit one could make the best plan of
installation and avoid ambiguities. Obstruction which may prevent transportation of various
equipments to the site could also be taken care. It is necessary to note down all the points observed
start from layout view while site visit. While in the site data collected will equip information so
that proper, complete & accurate package for the same could be estimated. Site visit will make us
understand actual equipment locations, routing for conduits, and proper elevations. It will help you
to apply methods to overcome the challenges by applying the architectural drawings/ layouts. If
found Site drawing details incomplete, then update it by site actual data. Note down the physical
status, changes needed and plan further.
2.1.1 : A site visit in progress
24
2.1.2 Route Inspection and its Benefits

Route Inspection
Route inspection will give you an insight into what may confront you while performing your job. You
may see obstructions, issues or gaps which you would have not known unless you conducted this
‘inspection’.
Route Inspection Benefits

Following are the benefits of a detailed route inspection:

Route inspection will give you an insight into what may confront you while performing
your job.

You may see obstructions, issues or gaps which you would have not known unless you
conducted this ‘inspection’.
Plan is verified with the actual physical location to identify gaps.
 Helps in meeting manufacturer‘s specifications regarding ‘bend ratios’.

Plan is designed keeping in mind the health and safety standards.
 Any re-work due to lack of proper plan is avoided.

Accidents are avoided due to proper planning.
2.1.2: Effective route inspection
25
2.1.3 Steps – Route Inspection

Following are the steps for route inspection:
Step 1– Obtain an OFC route plan

Step 2– Verify the plan through a Route Walk
Step 3– Take corrective actions
2.1.3.1 Step 1 – Obtain OFC Route Plan

Obtain a ‘layout’ describing the proposed OFC route from the planning team so as to identify the:

Physical locations (premises or outside plant) along the route.
Other utilities, cables etc. so that damages are avoided.

Departments involved – electricity, water, municipality, etc.
Permission(s) required to carrying out the entire activity.
Physical obstacles & health hazards along the route.
2.1.3.1: OFC route plan
26
2.1.3.2 Step 2 – Verify Plan – ‘Route Walk’

Conduct a ‘Route Walk’ along with ‘Fiber Optic Technician’ and an experienced ‘Fiber Optic

Splicer’ so as to:

Verify the ‘plan’ for accessibility and availability as per design.
Verify construction methods, special tools, splice locations, etc.

Verify ground characteristics including subsurface investigation; it helps allay fears related
to trenching / ploughing

Draw and mark bends, conduit size, splice locations, manholes, etc., so as to begin any
preparatory or co-ordination work (Ref. next page).
Mark the proximity to AC power areas to avoid possibility of damages / accidents
Check for material storage areas, ventilation, etc.
2.1.3.2 (a): OFC Route Walk
Avoid proximity to AC power areas to avoid any accidents. Although the fiber does not conduct
electricity yet, fiber could be means to conduct electricity, installer should take precautions with
live electrical wires in working when close to AC power. Mark other utility lines so as to avoid
damage. Thereafter make a sketch as per the route walk. It is called the ‘Route Walk Sketch’.
2.1.3.2 (b): OFC ‘Route Walk’ sketch
27
2.1.3.3 Step 3 – Take Corrective Actions
Prepare the site so that it is ready for installation by taking corrective actions with the help of

laborers:

Take permissions from other departments, etc., if required.
Revise routes – bends, splicer locations, etc., if required.

Arrange for the availability of any special tools if required.
Remove or circumvent any obstruction / conflict along the route.

Prepare the site thoroughly and properly for better productivity.
Protect optical fiber cable from high temperature.
Take measures to prevent optical cables from direct stress.
Determine locations where reels are to be positioned during the installation.
2.1.3.3: Take corrective actions
28
UNIT 2.2: Fiber Optic Tools & Tool Kit
Unit Objectives
1. Describe the importance of maintaining a proper and complete tool kit

2. Perform a basic check of the tool-kit
3. List the tools with their respective quantity and usage
2.2.1 Fiber Optics Tool Kit

Fiber Optic Tool Kit
Right tools in best condition will ensure the best result in splicing and connectorization. It is
suggested to keep the complete set of fiber optic tools needed for splicing, connecting,
troubleshooting and testing. Fiber optic installer requires full list of fiber optic tools (needed start
from installation to troubleshooting).

The tool kit primarily consists of:
Testing equipment and testing supplies and consumables.
 Cable handling tools.

Termination/splicing tools and consumables.
Splicing splices (mechanical splices).
2.2.1 (a): Fiber optics tool kit
29
2.2.1 Fiber Optics Tool Kit (Contd.)

Basic Checks

Ensure tools, equipment availability for testing, splicing, cable laying.
Refer to the list of tools needed in the tools manual.

In case of unavailability of any tool, get in touch with logistics team.
In case of faulty tools and equipment, get in touch with logistics team.
Keep your tool-kit absolutely clean.
Remember that these tools vary from organization to organization depending on their need and
budget as the case may be.
2.2.1: Fiber optic tool kit basic checks
Notes
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30
2.2.2 Fiber Optics Tools
Quantity Tools For Installer’s Toolbox Overview
A regular tubing cutter

Tubing Cutter
is perfect for cutting
1 – cuts through the cable jacket and
armored cable armor.
To cut cable jacket for

Rotary Cable
removal - to cut around
1 Slitting & cable or slit jacket
Ringing Tool for removal
Used for cutting

Cable Jacket
1 2- 3 mm cable jacket
Stripper for removal.
Used to remove primary

coating from fiber
Fiber Optic without nicking the
1 optic fiber. Some are
Stripper
also capable of cutting
2-3 mm cable jacket.
Buffer Tube Similar to some coax or

Stripper – to cut UTP jacket cutters but
1 jacket/buffer must be precise to
tubes in loose prevent fiber damage.
tube cable
Must have crimp die

Crimp Tool - appropriate for the
crimps FO crimp size required
1 connector by the connector
on the cable being used for
termination.
2.2.2 (a): Fiber optics tool list
31
2.2.2 Fiber Optics Tools (Contd.)

Never use these scissors

Kevlar Scissors –
to cut anything else –
1 super-sharp to cut
they are expensive and
Kevlar fibers in FO
will dull easily if used to
cable
cut other materials.
Scribe – used to
Sapphire or carbide are
1 cleave fiber when
best.
terminating
Needle Nose Pliers –

Do not use it for other
1 use when accessing
things so as to damage its
and pulling cords or
edges.
ripcords.
Do not use it for other

1 Tweezers things so as to damage its
edges.
Polishing Plate –
1 Need smooth surface for
place under polishing
polishing.
pad
2.2.2 (b): Fiber optics tool list
32

Provides soft
1 Polishing Pad –place
polishing surface
under polishing film
for PC connectors
Need one for 2.5mm

Polishing Puck–
ferrule
insert connector into
1 connectors
this polishing tool,
(ST/SC/FC) and one
lay on polishing
for 1.25mm ferrule
paper
connectors (LC).
1 Always wear safety

Safety Glasses
glasses.
Epoxy/polish connectors
Connector Curing are still the cheapest &
Optional Oven – to cure most reliable and a
epoxy/polish portable curing oven
connectors allows fast installation.
Lineman Scissors– Use these for general

heavy duty to cut cutting - NOT your
1 through cables or Kevlar scissors which
other heavy are expensive & dull
easily.
materials
2.2.2 (c): Fiber optics tool list
33
Quantity Test Equipment Overview

Flashlight Continuity
Tester (MM only) or
Visual Fault Locator
Continuity tester as a
(VFL – red laser – SM
minimum, VFL
1 or MM) – bright,
recommended – the higher
visible light source
power makes it more
for checking
versatile.
continuity or tracing
fibers, VFL can find
faults also.
1 850/1300nm LED for MM,

Light source
1310 and/or 1550 for SM.
One adapter can fit 2.5mm

As Power meter ferrules (ST/SC/FC) on some
needed adapters meters or may require
dedicated adapters.
Need 2 each (launch &

receive that match the fiber
type (62.5/125,50/125 or
SM) & connector types. If
Reference Test Cables meter has universal 2.5mm
2 per - tested and known adapter, you may be able to
test kit to be low loss test all 3 types (ST/SC/FC)
using one type with hybrid
mating adapters, these
wear out & need frequent
replacement. Test and
replace as needed.
2.2.2 (d): Fiber optics tool list
34

Connector Mating ST/ST, SC/SC, etc. or

Adapters – with hybrid ST/SC, etc. Note
2 per metal or that just like reference
test kit ceramic alignment cables, these wear out
sleeves (NOT and need frequent
PLASTIC) replacement.
100-400X microscope
with adapters for fiber
optic connectors. Should
Connector
have oblique lighting for
1 inspection
best viewing of connector
microscope
ferrule surface and IR
filter to protecteyes
from fiber optic
source light in fibers.
This is a connector
ST Bare fiber with a clamp on the
Optional adapter
back that allows
to test bare fibers cleaving the fiber
and using for tests.
Used for OSP cables to
Optical Time verify splices and
Domain troubleshoot problems.
Optional Reflecto-meter Special OTDRs can also
(OTDR) be used in premises if
cables are sufficiently
long.
Alcohol-saturated Must be pure alcohol
pads - to clean fiber since rubbing types
Many and connectors have high water
during splice, content that will cause
termination, test. problems with
adhesives and fibers.
2.2.2 (e): Fiber optics tool list
35
Use to clean up, dry off

Many Lab wipes connectors after cleaning
with alcohol pads.
Trash bin - small

1 per disposable container 1 pint deli container with
job with top to hold fiber lid works well.
scraps
1 per Helps see the fiber scraps

student Black work mat to clean up black place
mats or vinyl cut to size.
These have openings to

push connector in, operate
1 once to clean connector.
Dry connector cleaner
Neater than wet cleaning,
just as effctive.
2.2.2 (f): Fiber optics tool list
36
Quantity Termination Consumable Kit Overview
Epoxy/polish connectors
Connector curing
are still the cheapest and
Optional oven - to -cure
epoxy/polish most reliable and a
connectors portable curing oven
allows fast installation.
“BiPax” package has epoxy

and hardener in plastic
Several Heat Cure, 2-Part package that is mixed in
Epoxy, 2.5 Gram the package. Can be used
with many connectors at
one time.
You will get epoxy on

Cheap scissors to these when you cut the
Several cut corner off epoxy package so get
epoxy package cheap ones and discard
after use.
3cc Application
1 Make sure that it is not
Syringe w/flat and
needle to apply left in open air after use.
epoxy
Anaerobic Adhesive +
1 bottle Accelerator (optional)
It is used for anaerobic
works well connector termination.
2.2.2 (g): Fiber optics tool list
37
Quantity Splicing Kit Overview
1 Many types and

Fusion splicer
manufacturers are available.
Most fusion splicers come

1 with a quality cleaver. The
Fiber cleaver
same cleaver should be used
with mechanical splices.
Use the type recommended

As needed Fusion splice by the fusion splicer
protectors manufacturer.
As needed Mechanical Many types exist, mostly

splices used for restoration.
Some mechanical splices

1 Mechanical
require special tools to
splice tool(s)
crimp the splice or fibers.
Wipes and
reagent -grade
As needed (99%+ pure) Use for cleaning fibers before
alcohol splicing.
(ethanol)
2.2.2. (h):Fiber optics tool list
38
UNIT 2.3: Installation of Fiber Optic Cable
Unit Objectives
1. Describe fiber optic cable specification – tensile strength, bend radius, crush and impact,
cable attenuation, fiber optic connectivity
2. Explain and outline factors effecting fiber optic cable – natural and man made
3. Demonstrate the correct procedure of – unloading, unwrapping, storage, drum
preparation and opening of optical fiber cable
4. Demonstrate and execute optical fiber laying pre-requisites
5. Describe, demonstrate and monitor installation of optical fiber – trenching, aerial cabling,
ducting, figure-eight, cable pulling, blowing and termination
6. Perform effective tests
7. Demonstrate effective reporting and documentation skills
2.3.1.1 Fiber Optic Cable Specifications – Tensile Strength

Tensile Strength - is the maximum load that can be set upon a link before any harm strikes the
strands or their optical attributes:
• The maximum load that a cable can withstand at the time of laying is the short-term or
installation load.
• The operating load is the load that impact on cable after the installation and it will be less
compared to the installation load
• At the time of installation, the main concern will be to lay the cables with minimum load as
possible. That’s why there will be a definite tensile load value on every cable and the actual
practical load should not be exceeded it.
• This is the practical permissible limit but not a cable damaging load.
• The maximum load that a cable can withstand at the time of laying is the short-term or
installation load. The force may be because of pulling over sharp objects/corners or pulling
through the ducts.
• At the time of installation itself, installers will measures and control the stress with which they
pulling optical fibers to avoid sudden hard pulling.
• The load which will effect on installed cable will be less and this load value is termed as operating
load or long term load.
• According to the application in which where we are laying the cable, both the tensile loads will be
indicated on the cable sheath.
39
2.3.1.2 Fiber Optic Cable Specifications – Bend Radius

Bend Radius is the minimum radius that one can bend an optical fiber cable without damaging it. If
the Bending is more than the permissible limit, the fiber loss will be more at the following points:
• Do not bend the fiber cable over a permissible radius limit.

• Like tensile loads there are 2 bend radiuses, installation radius and Static radius.
• The minimum bend radius value that a cable can sustain the attributes without any breakage
at the time of installation is called installation bend radius. This bend will be higher (Radius
should be minimum)
• The bend radius which is acceptable after the installation of optical fiber without any pulling
force is called long term bend radius. The bend value will be less (Radius should be higher)
• Depends on the application of cable which where it is using these values will be different.
• The carelessness in the fiber handling will normally make the bend radii to exceed permissible
value. Normally it will happen at the time of pulling cable through duct when the bend radii
are too small.
• Cable should not bend exceed a permissible limit when it is going through trays or when
installing.
• Optical fibers are very flexible to use in outdoor and indoor applications. Even though there
should be chances of bending optical fiber cables in corners or at the near to equipments.
These over bending can damage the fibers permanently.
• Another cause of damages in optical fiber is tight wraps around the cable normally at the user
end
2.3.1.2 : Bend radius
40
2.3.1.3 Fiber Optic Cable Specifications - Crush & Impact

Crush and Impact helps to make sure however well an optical fiber can live through slow crushing or
compression impact. The live cable will be crushed or compressed at any point to measure changes
in optical power loss as per the test procedure. For every customer requirement permissible
attenuation will be specified for a particular compression or impact force.
• To measure the changes in optical fiber characteristics and for the fiber breakage values the
optical fiber cables may be tested.
• For the practical installation these crush and impact measurements are essential .
• The duct or tray which is using to run the heavier power cable can be used by optical fiber
cables.
• It is better to avoid large compressive load on optical fibers, and to make that optical fiber
cable should be lay on the top or sides of heavier cables. If the compressive load is more on
fiber cables, it can produce physical damages.
• The chances of getting damage in installed optical fibers are more if they are shifting with a
large weight on it.
2.3.1.3 : Bend radius
Notes
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2.3.1.4 Fiber Optic Cable Specifications Attenuation

Attenuation is the decreasing optical power when a light signal is travelling from sender to receiver.
There are different classifications of attenuation, according to the cause of loss in power.
Attenuation can happen because of Absorption, Scattering, Birefringence, and Bending etc.
Optical attenuation is termed in dB (decibel).
2.3.1.4: Cable attenuation
2.3.1.5 Fiber Optic Cable Specifications Continuity

Fiber end continuity is the testing method using to verify the optical signal delivery at the receiver
side of the communication system. It is working by measuring the optical signal power at the both
end of the fibers and also can be works by checking the reflecting light intensity. If the reduction in
the intensity of light pulses is ‘insignificant’ or ‘zero’ the continuity is good and the OFC is fine.
2.3.1.5: Fiber optics continuity checks
42
2.3.2 Factors Effecting OFC
There are two types of factors which impact the OFC viz., natural and manmade.
2.3.2 (a): Natural external factors
2.3.2 (b): Natural external factors
43
2.3.2 Factors Effecting OFC (Contd.)
2.3.2 (c): Manmade factors
2.3.2 (d): Mechanical factors
44
2.3.2.1 Factors Effecting OFC – Choosing Cable

Let us understand how to choose cables on the basis of various factors that affect the cable
performance.
2.3.2.1: Choice of cables consideration factors
Notes
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2.3.3 Handling Optical Fiber Cable

Optical fiber Cable Handling:
• Optical fibers are easily getting damage at the time of installation because of careless
handling. These damages will largely affect the performance of the communication system
and sometimes cable need to be replaced.
• We must handle the cable appropriately as described in subsequent pages to avoid these
situations.
Cable Unloading
Following precautions need to be taken during the cable unloading:
• At the time loading and reloading the optical fiber cable drum should not drop from height as
the load can damage the fibers inside the cables.
• At the time of reloading from truck roll the drum from it to floor or platform, which should be
in a same height or otherwise use forklifts.
• Forklift has to be used when unloading it from truck.
• Use inclined ramps to roll the drum with control
• Roll cable drums one at a time on ramp.
Cable Unwrapping
Following precautions need to be taken during the cable handling:
• Every cable drum has to be wrapped by wooden laggings to avoid damage by impacts or to
protect from sudden rolling of drum on rough surface. So it has an essential role in cable
protection.
• Remove the wrapping completely only at the time of installation
Cable Storage
• The best storage position of the drum is upright; otherwise winding effects can cause damage
on it.
• In some situations, storage space will be less and on these places drums should be stacked.
So the stack should be wrapped with the flanges edge of drums.
• To avoid the overlapping of flanges with the cables after removing entire wrap the drum
should be aligned as the flanges should touch each others.
     
2.3.3 (a): Handling OFC 2.3.3 (b): Handling OFCC 2.3.3 (c): Handling OFC
46
2
2.3.3 Handling Optical Fiber Cable (Contd.)

Environment Storage Issues
• Wooden drums are using to wound optical fiber cables. After some duration of time these
wood gets degraded due to environmental actions.
Important Way to Address the Same
• Recommending Indoor storage of drum to avoid the degradation.
• The storing platform should be hard and moist free to avoid degradation.
• The wooden parts should not be in touch with any moist soil to avoid the generation of
wooden degrading insects.
• Use polythene sheets to cover the drum stacks in outdoor storage areas to avoid
degradation due to rain. The drum moisture content should not more than 25% .To protect
the drums from these situations in-house storage prefers.
2.3.3 (e): Handling optical fiber cable
2.3.3 (d): Handling optical fiber cable
47

Pre Installation - Drum Inspection
Check the drums for the following:
• Before shifting drums from storage space to sites all the drum should be check and verified
by continuity breakage and damage inspections.
• The important drum parameters or specifications like fiber count & type, meter marking,
cable length, manufactures details etc. Should be marked on the drum flanges.
• All these verifications should be done before taking it to shift from one place to another.
Cable Inspection
Check the cable for any damage:
• In case of doubt, remove lagging & examine cable thoroughly.
• Continuity test should be done for every cable.
• Total length and the total attenuation should be measures and marked
• At the time of shipping itself, check the damages and inform suppliers.
• Inner and Outer ends should be located for every cable drum.
• Pulling grips and end caps should be removed from the cable before taking it to sites.
Apart from making sure that the correct type and quantity of cable was shipped from factory, it is
necessary to inspect each drum for damage. Before installing cable, test all fibers for their optical
continuity, attenuation and length; if any deviation is found inform the supplier immediately.
Opening Drum
Open the drum carefully keeping the following in mind:
• Optical Fiber cables are protected by enclosing it with wooden batten nailing on the flanges
of drum with aluminum or iron strip .It can avoid damage of fibers when it transporting from
one location to another. For laying the cable at the installation site, it has to open without
damaging the fiber.
• Strip cutters can be used to cut the aluminum or iron strip safely.
• Wooden batten should be taken out safely with hammers.
• Nails also should be removed or bend it to avoid injuries while handling the drum.
• Remove thermal wrapper applied over cable.
48

Preparation of Drum
• The reel or drum mounted on a shaft which can roller payoff. For the easy roll of action the
pulling direction and the payoff orientation should be same and take out the cable from the
roller from top to avoid cable contact with platform.
2.3.3. (f): Preparation drum
Notes
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49
2.3.4 Installation of OFC

The actual installation process basically involves pulling cable, terminating and testing it. Pre-
requisites to do the same are to:
• Keep the cable pulling plan handy.

• Keep copy of all the permits handy.
• Keep all the tools & equipment & emergency plan handy.
• Share the cable pulling plan with all the relevant stakeholders/installation team.
• The location of intermediate access points, splice locations and the specific responsibilities of
each member of the installation team.
Notes
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2.3.4 Steps OFC Installation

Work to convert the designed system to operating communication system. A contractor comes in
between user and the network owner to establish the real connection. The main roles of contractor
are design, installation, testing, trouble shooting, documentation, and restoration. The contractor
must have the experience on the network installation and should have the same like reference
works to submit.
Following are the steps for installing optical fiber cable:

Step 1– Installation through
(a) Trenching or (b) Aerial.
Step 2– Ducting process.
Step 3– Conduct figure 8’ing’.
Step 4– Cable pulling and blowing.
Step 3– Cable termination.
2.3.4.1 Step – (a) Trenching

Trenching is a process of making a narrow excavation on earth along a short distance. It involves
digging, placing cables and refilling. Trenches can be made by several methods like manually by hand
tools, excavation machineries etc. After digging, it should be visually inspected and verify that there
should not be any rocks, debris or sharp objects to damage the cable. This process need more man
power and time to establish and it is the most effective installation method/Layi ng method for
shorter distance applications. Most normally after dug trench a conduit made up of concrete or
plastic will laid throughout the trench to make the fiber lay quite smoothly and also it can avoid the
repetitive trenching to pull again cable between access points in future.
Ploughing is also used for the cable lay, where dig a narrow channel, place fiber cable on it and cover
it with the soil. There are some machineries to plough and directly reel off the cable and the
same system can cover it with mud. This system is quite fast on their work, will reduce the
manpower and time. That’s why, ploughing is used for the long distance application and it is less
catastrophic to soil. The cable which laying after plough is directly buried and so the depth of
channel should be more compare to trench to providing more protection. But again the actual depth
will be varying according to the application and characteristics of cable which using. So the direct
buried process is more beneficial when it comes with cost and time.
51
2.3.4.1 Step – (a) Trenching (Contd.)

• Trenches are done where the excavation will be hard because of more obstacles are
present and normally at urban and sub urban areas to laying optical fiber cables.
• Trenching is a process of excavating, placing cable and refilling. Trenching is conducted by
using machinery or manually. Trench dimension will vary according to the applications.
Every cable termination point will be sealed and protected by protective caps.
• Route markers and warning tape will be used to protect the underground cables from
future excavation. Underground cable will be buried under a standard depth to avoid the
accidental damages by being dug up.
• The normal depth at which the trenches are made is 3-4 feet from the ground.
• The first process is digging a narrow channel and duct placement along the distance with
pulling tape will be provided inside for the actual pulling process of cable in future.
• There are various types of ducts are available in market and the duct selection will be
depends on characteristic of soil where we are installing. If the dielectric duct is using,
normally a conductive marker will be placed on the ground level to get noticed by workers
and pedestrians to avoid the dangers.
• Trenching conducted normally by machineries and in some areas manual trenching is also
done by using hand tools. But the manual trenching will take more manpower and time. To
complete the trenching in maximum speed, trenching width and depth will not goes over
requirement.
2.3.4.1 (a): Trenching
52
2.3.4.1 Step – (a) Trenching (Contd.)

Precautions of Trenching - While using ‘trenching’ for installing the OFC following precautions
must be taken:
• Buried cable to be located in a manner that it is not moved
• Trench route should be select by considering the future development planning in those
areas. Road widening should not disturb the installed fiber cable.
• Route selection of cable trench should consider the natural drainage holes on the particular
location.
• Need to use a route marker and should be placed on the surface where underground cable
is laid.
2.3.4.1 (b): Trenching precautions
2.3.4.1 Step – (b) Aerial Cabling
There is another type of cable laying which is generally using in outdoor sites like direct buried is Aerial
installation. Specialized Aerial cables are using for this pole to pole installation. The installation of aerial
cable is executed by specialized companies. Aerial installation needs sophisticated equipments for the long
distance applications. Optical fibers are lightweight and flexible but the cables which designed to install
outdoors are made with high tensile strength. Aerial cables may be subjected to high pulling force because
of wind, ice and other environmental factors. These factors can cause the cables to pulling on the cable or
sag. To avoid the damage of cables because of this sag force, normally aerial cables will supported by a
specialized messenger cable made of steel with strong tensile force capability along the route. So the aerial
cable will be laid along with messenger wire and at every particular length they will be tied or lashed
together. To avoid any kind of dangers due to electrical conductivity between the conductive cables and
messenger wire, they will utilize dielectric threads to lash. According to requirements of support on
messenger wire, they will select the number of threads in particular distance. Generally there should be at
least one lash/tie per foot. According to the application, cable laying distance, type of cable using the type
of messenger wire also will vary. There is one method that cables can be tied or lashed on the existing
lashed cables. This is called “Over lashed” installation.
53
2.3.4.1 Step – (b) Aerial Cabling

It is an armor buffered tube fiber cable with the following key features as depicted in the picture.
Aerial cable is:
• Supported by poles (Telephone/electrical towers) (is tough for the same reason) - is used
where outdoor conditions prevent OFC burial or where aerial infrastructure is present–
telephone poles or electrical towers.
• There are two types of cable installation that self-supported (no need of messenger wire) and
tied/lashed.
• Susceptible to – load, wear & tear etc. as it stands exposed.
• Messenger wires & hangers are used to prevent it from sagging.
2.3.4.1 (c): Step – aerial cable
2.3.4.1 (d): Step – aerial cable installation
54
2.3.4.2 Step – Ducting Process

The duct used in outdoor applications is providing an extra protection to the optical fiber cables
from rodent penetration and other damages. Also these ducts are providing an extra easiness in the
cable laying and pulling. Ducts are made up of rigid, abrasion resistant material. These conduits are
buried directly and cables are laying through it. By using series of ducts and conduits under the
cities, where they lagging the physical spaces to accommodate fiber plant, they are utilizing
underground plant and accessing it through manholes or access holes. Once a duct laid, it will
provide a new route for new cables and it is very easy to remove old cable without damaging the
optical fiber cables. It will also avoid making further disturbance to streets, footpaths and other
public constructions. Mostly these ducts will have a pull tape or rope to make the future run easy.
Sometimes the duct will be placed without any cables inside and it will be used in future for the
upgradation. Inner ducts will also play major roles in the optical fiber cable laying. It will be in a
physical condition that, it can easily place inside outer big ducts. The inner ducts colors are using for
the identification purpose in maintenance and it will be clear and clean for the new fiber installation.
• Ducting is done either manually or through machine.

• It is made of PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride).
• Duct diameter must be at least twice the OFC.
• Duct should have pull ropes or tapes to ease future runs.
• Ducts have inner ducts or lining to avoid damage to OFC due to rubbing; in various colors
they assist in cable identification and maintenance.
• Required length of duct is measured by the installer.
• Length of duct is properly unwound & put in position.
• Duct is fed through the path after which refilling is done and path is restored with grass or
tiles as may be the case.
• Ensure ducts are clean, without twists, collapsed portions, with ends sealed - using end
plugs (to avoid – mud, water or dust).
• Ensure duct joints are airtight.
2.3.4.2: Ducting process
55
2.3.4.2 Step – Ducting Process (Contd.)

Following are the underground duct – advantages
• Duct is providing an extra protection to the optical fiber cables from rodent penetration and
other damages but it can provide following advantages
• Conduits are excellent for installing tight buffered cables.
• Duct can avoid the rodent penetration.
• Duct is an economic way of installing optical fibers where the repeated ploughing and refilling is
difficult or impossible to carry out.
• Bundle of Ducts/conduits are laying under the street to create underground plant and also can
access it by manholes.
• It will also avoid making further disturbance to streets, footpaths and other properties.
• Duct will have a pull tape or rope to make the future run easy.
• Sometimes the duct will be placed without any cables inside and it will be used in future for the
upgradation.
• Inner ducts will also play major roles in the optical fiber cable laying. It will be in a physical
condition that, it can easily place inside big ducts.
• The inner ducts colors are using for the identification purpose in maintenance and it will be clear
and clean for the new fiber installation.
• Inner duct will make sure that the inner path is clear and clean for smooth laying and pulling
where if ducts are already filled with multiple cables.
• Ducts can avoid the further disturbance on soil by the ploughing and refilling.
• Duct without any cable inside will also establish in certain areas. It can be utilized for the future
run.
56
2.3.4.3 Step – Figure 8’ing’ (Contd.)

Following steps to be taken for figure 8ing:
• Draw two adjacent circles to create a figure 8 pattern with a diameter of 1.5 to 2 meters.
• If require, use cardboard sheets between layers.
• Create one above other layers of figure 8 loops by taking the cable from drum or payoff trailer
and Put it on the circle marks.
• To create figure 8 pattern loop by heavy optical fiber cables, required at least 3 people, one at
center and one each on end of both circles.
• Figure 8 pattern is particularly advantages for heavy and lengthy optical fiber pulling in opposite
direction.
• Avoid free running and jerking of cable while winging by using cable drum brake
2.3.4.3 (a): Figure 8’ing’

2.3.4.3 (b): Figure 8’ing’
57
2.3.4.4 Step – Cable Pulling & Blowing

Cable pulling
In many situations where the optical fiber cable is laying in short straight enough paths, without using
any sophisticated equipments, the cables can be pulled in by hand. In optical fiber cable the entire load
has to be subjected to strengthen members. To make it, at the end of the cable, strengthen member will
be tied to the pulling rope and the same has to be attached/clamped with the whole cable units to
distribute the force. If it is not connected the entire cable components, there is a chance of elongation
of the cable sheaths and this will result damage on optical fibers inside. There are so many standard
equipments are available to apply additional mechanical force to pull. With this equipments there are
number of pulling grips available to lock pulling rope with the entire cable units. Pulling grips are
tightening around the cable and which will be attached with the pulling to distribute the tensile force.
Pulling grip is the attaching point of cable to the pulling rope so to make the attachment in proper way
and to avoid the fiber damage at the pulling contact point grip has to be fixed on the aramid strengthen
member inside the outer jacket around the core of fiber optic cable. The jacket length which has to be
removed will depend on the length of pulling grip. The rope should be attached with core part of the
cable with the strengthen member inside cable to avoid the elongation of cable sheath due to heavy
tensile force. To fix the rope with core strengthen member a tape or tying mechanism has to utilize. In
order to avoid the twisting of fiber, need to use swivel at the joining point of cable and rope. It will
avoid the chance of twisting of fiber cable by keep away transferring the twisting motion of pulling
rope to cable. The total load which is applied on to the cable has to be measured and analyzed
continuously to avoid the excess force acting on the fiber. As per the permissible value of tensile
strength of the cable it is better to cut the cable 10 feet from pulling side. It will avoid the generation
of large tensile force on cable.
Even if the optical fiber cable is pulled over along the trench length, it is not ready to terminate or
connectorization. Before doing any connectorization or termination the cable has to pull over an extra
length for the future works on either side of the route ends or in between man holes. In outdoor
application the connectorization or the termination work will not take place on the trench end, for this
purpose the cable will be laid to a special clean area or a tent. So the total length should be considered
at the time of link design including all extra cable length to the workplace and for the future upgrades.
58
2.3.4.4 Step – Cable Pulling & Blowing (Contd.)

Cable pulling (Contd.):
• OFC’s maximum tensile strength varies from 600 pound to less than 1000 pounds; lubricants are
used to reduce pulling tension.
• Pulling forced should be kept less than the designated limit.
• At the time of pulling optical fiber cables, especially when using high power equipments are
using to pull the tension monitoring equipments should be used. To avoid the twisting in optical
fiber swivels should be used when pulling cable. Duct should have pull ropes or tapes to ease
future runs.
• During OFC de-spooling avoid– twisting or sharp bending. Pay off cable form the top of the reel
during cable pulling.
• If the cable has to lay long distance, pulling should be completed in number of stages at least
two. Attach pulling eyed to the cable’s strength member.
• Adequate cable is stored on ground in the shape of figure 8. The cable pulling should be started
at the middle pulling location and get going towards end.
• Once it reached at one end of the cable run, the same process started at the center again in
opposite direction. After the entire pull is complete, Rack the optical fiber cable.
• Maximum pulling speed to be 3 feet / sec if pulling rope is used; it can be tripled for mule tape.
2.3.4.4 (a): Duct with pull ropes, tapes 2.3.4.4 (b): Lubricants for Pulling
2.3.4.4 (c): Adequate cable stored as Figure ‘8’ 2.3.4.4. (d): Correct way of pulling
59
2.3.4.4 Step – Cable Pulling & Blowing (Contd.)

Cable Blowing:
Following steps are to be taken for cable blowing:
• Cable is inserted in the motorized blower head with a duct and a one way valve.
• The optical fiber cable will pushed through the duct by using high-speed airflow from a source.
• High speed air current pushes the cable along the length.
• High air drag & low friction causes the cable to move forward.
• It provides high installation speeds, with less cable tension and reduced chances of damage; it
requires less manpower
2.3.4.4 (e): Cable blowing
Notes
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2.3.4.5 Step – OFC Termination Method
• Put on a fiber boot.
• Measure 14 cm for striping as per specs.
• Strip the fiber using wire stripper.
• Use Alcohol wipes to clean any residue.
• Give the fiber a very slight bend.
• Put the fiber in cleaver holder at 10.5 cm mark (as per specs) and
cleave the fiber.
• Put the fiber in the connector & squeeze holder.
• Slide the boot and the connection is complete.
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2.3.5 Testing and Closing Activities

After installation, splicing and termination of optical fiber it must be tested for the following:
• Polarity testing
• Total insertion loss.
• If there is any problem, troubleshoot it.
2.3.5 (a): Testing equipment
• Ensure marking for identification of route for future maintenance and troubleshooting.
• Appropriate cable marking should be done as per the recommended guidelines.
• Backfill and remove debris and rock to clean the site.
2.3.5 (b): Marking the site, clearing the debris and backfilling
62
2.3.6 Reporting and Documentation

Documentation is absolutely necessary for future references and troubleshooting therefore we
should ensure a proper reporting and documentation.
The whole plant of optical fiber cable has to be documented in design part for the installation and
future upgradation.
It helps in:
• The loss of time & cost can be reduced by the process planning at the time of installation.
• Upgradation process will be more
• The cable laying process will be faster, including cable pulling and installation.
• Tracing links & finding faults.
• Speed up the pulling process if the routing and terminations are already documented.
• The test data should be documented with the previous information to get the acceptance
from end user.
• After the installation, if there is any repositioning of equipments the documentation will
helps to rerouting to the exact end points.
Information record about the cable, splice, fiber, paths, etc. is a must and should be captured
as follows:
• Cable: manufacturer, type, ID, length and drum number.
• The distance at which the Splices and termination point has done.
• Optical fiber type & size, splice and connectors position, losses.
• Rote of cable lay.
• Optical fiber cable route, loss and test results on cable plant should be noted .
• All these data should be kept with the documents of Component, connection and the test
results.
• OTDR test results will be stored separately for the troubleshooting purpose in future. It
can be printouts or in digital format. The digital data file should be stored in database in
an arranged manner to make the troubleshooting easily.
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2.3.6 Reporting and Documentation (Contd.)
• All the cable spool should be marked with type, installation method has to be followed,
total number of fibers inside, and the total length.
• Special requirements should be specified (type of application and installation
requirements) to estimate the total manpower and cost required.
• Record test data on each individual fiber run.
• It will reduce the complexity of troubleshooting.
• Documentation will tell you about everything that required for a cable installation, like
where cable go, distance between access points, the areas in which where installation
take more time etc. Testing information gives the way to find out the degradation over
time.
Merely recording is not enough record storage is also an essential ingredient:

• Documentation of data’s in plant location is very essential.
• Databases has to be stored in different data formats , paper printouts or digital files,
should have multiple copies stored in several locations and make sure that the data is
accessible for every teams to review.
• Ensure it is available to all the authorities for review.
Following reports have to be filed regularly so as to regularly update status:

• Report on the status update
• Pending issues
• Challenges
• Faults & Serviceability
• NOC for cable integration
• Final Closure of the job
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Exercise
1. Upgradation and troubleshooting will be effective if ------------- has been done in planning.
a. Good workmanship
b. Low loss connectors
c. Safe workplace procedures
d. Proper documentation
2. Installation of OSP cable can be ---------------------.
a. Pulling in underground in conduit

b. Direct burial
c. Aerial suspension
d. All of the above
3. Which protective gear is essential in optical fiber installation and maintenance operation?
a. Eye protection
b. Plastic apron
c. Gloves
d. Shoe covers
4. What is the use of fiberglass rod inside many fiber optic cables?
a. Increasing the pulling tension

b. Limit bend radius to preventing kinking
c. Winding the fibers around
d. Tying to messenger cables
5. What is the significant of ‘figure 8’ pattern in optical fiber laying?
a. Keep it from getting tangled with the pull rope

b. Make it easier to spray on lubricant
c. Keep workers from walking on it
d. Prevent it from twisting
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Exercise (Cont.)
6. At the time of installation process, the bend radius should be ----------------------.
a. times the cable diameter
b. 10 times the cable diameter
c. 20 times the cable diameter
d. 50 times the cable diameter
7. What is the standard depth of trench for the underground duct cables?
a. 3-4 feet (1-1.2 meters)
b. 1-2 feet (0.3-0.5 meter)
c. 6-8 feet (2-2.5 meters)
d. As deep as the local building codes allow
8. Select the correct way of using cable tie
a. Should be tightened firmly to prevent cable movement

b. Can be used to hang cables from J-hooks or cable trays
c. Should be rated for the weight of the cables
d. Can harm cables if too tight, so they should be hand-tightened
9. In the following options, what will decide the speed of direct burial installation ?
a. Local permit
b. Ground
c. Cost
d. Cable
10. For immediate testing after splicing which method will utilize?
a. OLTS
b. OTDR
c. VFL
d. CD test set
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Exercise (Cont.)
11. Which test method will use for testing splice point in an installed optical link?
a. OLTS
b. OTDR
c. VFL
d. CD test set
12. Select correct option in following, before installing cables in utility poles
a. Look for other installation options

b. Have the power cables shut down
c. Notify the proper authorities
d. Notify the owners of other cables
13. Long cable pulls in conduit may require or .
a. Heavy-duty mechanical pullers

b. Trucks or tractors to pull the cable
c. Lubricants
d. Intermediate pulls
14. Most fiber optic cables do not have sufficient strength to allow direct aerial installation, but
or can be used to install them aerially.
a. Rubber clamps
b. Pole-mounted grips
c. Lashing to another cable
d. Lashing to messenger strands
15. Read the following statement carefully and decide true or false:
One should be able to rely the contractor to not only do the installation but to assist in the design of
the network and help choose components and vendors. (True / False)
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Exercise (Cont.)
16. What is route inspection?
17. What are benefits of route inspection?
18. Briefly explain the three steps of route inspection.
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Exercise (Cont.)
19. What does the fiber optic installer kit comprise of?
20. Which tools are required to complete the most common fiber optic operations?
21. What is the role of a connector curing oven?
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Exercise (Cont.)
22. What is an optical fiber?
23. Define tensile strength. What is the reason for not suppressing the tensile strength?
24. What is a short term load?
25. What is minimum bend radius?
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Exercise (Cont.)
26. What is an installation bend radius?
27. What are the do’s and don’ts while installing a cable?
28. How the test procedure is conducted?
29. What are the chances of damaging the cables?
30. What are the things that a cable is tested for?
31. What is attenuation?
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Exercise (Cont.)
32. What are the reasons for attenuation?
33. What is fiber optics continuity?
34. When is the continuity good?
35. What are the natural factors affecting OFC?
36. What are the man-made factors affecting the OFC?
37. What are mechanical and environmental effects on the choice of cable components?
72
Exercise (Cont.)
38. Are optical fibers sensitive to damage?
39. How to avoid damages to cables?
40. What is the effect of damages on the cables?
41. What precautions should be taken during cable unloading?
42. How to do the drum inspection?
43. What are the steps involved in the laying of optical fiber cable?
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Exercise (Cont.)
44. What is Trenching? List the steps involved.
45. List the precautions to be taken during trenching?
46. What is aerial cable and what are the steps to install the same?
47. What are the steps of installing the duct?
48. What is an inner duct and what is its purpose?
49. What is figure ‘8ing’ and OFC pulling?
74
Exercise (Cont.)
50. What is cable blowing and what are its steps?
51. List the steps involved in cable termination.
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Tips
• Understand the functioning of each tool
• Practice using each tool extensively
• Ask the instructor or fellow trainees in case of ambiguity
• Make sure that you are absolutely thorough with the proper functioning of the tools
Thoroughly practice the OFC installation process in detail
• For practicing OFC installation process visit a live site and perform each step in detail
under the supervision of your trainer
• Work as a team to perform each step effectively
• Follow the details as mentioned in the workbook Notes
Notes
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3. Conditional
Maintenance & Planned
Repair Activities
Unit 3.1 – Carry out testing of optical fiber

Unit 3.2 – Carry out splicing of optical fiber

1. Explain and perform tests on OFC for continuity, insertion loss and troubleshooting
2. Explain and perform tests on OFC using optical inspection microscope
3. Explain and perform tests on OFC using OTDR
4. Explain and perform test on OFC using visual fault locator
5. Explain and perform bare fiber testing
6. Describe splicing its purpose and its benefits
7. Describe and demonstrate mechanical and fusion splicing
79
UNIT 3.1: Testing Optical Fiber Cable
Unit Objectives
1. Explain and outline the reasons for testing optical fiber cable
2. Explain and perform different types of tests – optical microscope inspection
3. Explain and perform tests using visual fault locator
4. Explain and perform bare fiber test using OTDR
3.1.1 Testing Optical Fiber

Testing is employed to gauge the performance of fiber optic elements, cable plants and systems.
Testing is use as the parts like fiber, connectors, splices, LED or optical maser sources, detectors and
receivers square measure being developed, testing confirms their performance specifications and
helps perceive however they're going to work along to judge the performance of fiber optic parts,
cable plants and systems. Designers of fiber optic cable plants and networks depend upon these
.
specifications to see if networks can work for the planned applications
If it's a long outside plant cable with intermediate splices:

1 Verify the individual splices with Associate in Nursing OTDR take a look at conjointly,
since that is the only way to ensure that every splice is perfect.
2 All fibers during a cable plant ought to be tested a minimum of for continuity, correct
finish to finish connections and most significantly loss. However every of those tests is
performed depends on the installation kind, needed standards and also the actual
layout of the parts within the cable plant .
3 Lots of time and value is saved if the installers and contractor know the correct
measurements that require to be created, perceive a way to create those
.
measurements properly, have the correct tools, keep them in shape, have the calibrated
device to use them with efficiency
If you are the network user, you need to test:
1 Transmitted and received power, the operation of system can be identified by
measureing the power
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3.1.1 Testing Optical Fiber (Contd.)
Following basic preparation are essential to conduct testing of optical fiber cable:
1 Before starting, get together all the tools and must be checked weather it is working
properly also we should know how to handle & use them.
2 Try all the equipment in office and then take them to the field.
3 If internal memory is available in your power meter to record data, make certain you
recognize a way to use this.
4 Make sure every fiber has cable layouts to calculate & test a loss bud get you know
result expectation. It's difficult to get the work done when you have to contact the
manufacturer by your cell phone from the job site.
5 Check every one of your reference check jumper cables in each directions, single-ended
loss test can be used to confirm they are all correct.
6 You can usually customize these reports to your specific requirements - figure all this
out before you leave within the field - it might prevent time on installations.
7 A fiber tracer higher power version referred as visual fault locator (VFL). Visible laser is
used in visual fault locator (VFL) that can also locate faults.
8 To test or to trace fibers continuity for longer distance, the red laser light is best option.
Red laser light show breaks in fibers, identifies splices in splice trays or high loss
connectors.
3.1.1.1 Testing Optical Fiber Visual Fault Loc ator

We start the testing with a visual inspection tool called visual fault locator. This is a very helpful tool
to trace a path of a fiber, if the fibers are not broken from one end to another with many
connections, duplex connector polarity verifying for example. It looks like a pen-like instrument or a
flashlight with a LED or light bulb, source that mates to a fiber optic connector. Connect the fiber
to be tested to the visual tracer and check at the other end of the fiber to identify the light
transmitted through the core of the fiber. If there's no light at the end, return to intermediate
connections to seek out the bad section of the cable
3.1.1.1 (a): Visual fault locator
81
3.1.1.1 Testing Optical Fiber - Visual Fault Locator (Contd.)
A handheld optical test device is to inject a highly visible laser light into a fiber to identify faults,
bends, continuity or port identification.
3.1.1.1 (b): VFL general specifications
Continuity check with the help of the visual fault locator (VFL):
3.1.1.1 (c): Checking continuity through VFL
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3.1.1.1 Testing Optical Fiber - Visual Fault Locator (Contd.)

It can be used to identify fault location. A highly visible laser light is injected on to a fiber; for
identification of faults, bends, continuity or port identification.
You can easily see the loss of light at fiber damage by the bright red light from the VFL through many
yellow or orange simplex jacket cables (except black or grey jackets). It’s most important function is
finding faults near the connectors or in short cables where OTDRs cannot find them. You can also
utilize this gadget to visually test and optimize mechanical splices or pre polished -splice type
connectors. By visually reducing the light lost you can get the lowest splice loss. In fact- no ways to
think of doing one of those pre polished -splice type connectors. No option will assure you of high
yield with such connectors.
3.1.1.1 : Testing fault location through VFL
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3.1.1.2 Testing OFC – Inspection Microscope

Testing OFC – Inspection Microscope Visual connector inspection with the help of microscope. To
inspect connectors fiber optic inspection microscopes are used so as to confirm proper polishing;
find problems like scratches, polishing defects and dust and also check termination quality
procedure and diagnose problems. A good connector will have a smooth, scratch free ,polished
finish and the fiber will not show any signs of cracks; chips or areas where the fiber is either
protruding from the end or pulling back into it.
1 The amplification for survey connectors can be 30 to 400 power units, however it is best to
utilize a medium amplification.
2 The best Microscope instruments enable you to investigate the connector. From a few
edges, either by tilting the connector or having point light to get the best picture of what's
happening.
3 Check to ensure the magnifying instrument has a simple to-utilize connector to append the
connectors important to the microscope.
4 Make sure to watch that no power is available in the link before you take a gander at it in a
microscope to secure your eyes. The microscope will focus and concentrate, any power
introduce in the fiber, into your eye with possibly dangerous outcomes. A few magnifying
instruments have channels which expel infrared light from sources to be protected.
3.1.1.2 (a): Inspection microscope
84
3.1.1.2 Testing OFC – Inspection Microscope (Contd.)

Following tools are required for ‘Visual Connector Inspection’:
3.1.1.2 (b): Tools required for visual connector inspection
85
3.1.1.2 Steps - Visual Connector Inspection

Following are the steps to be followed for visual connector inspection:
3.1.1.2 (c): Steps for visual connector inspection
Connector end views as observed by microscope:
3.1.1.2 (d): Connector end views
86
3.1.1.3 Testing OFC – Connector End Cleaning Procedure

We need to learn the connector end cleaning procedure.
1 Continuously keep clean tops on connectors, bulkhead grafts, fix boards, or anything that
will have an association made with it.
2 Utilize build up free cushions and isopropyl liquor to clean the connectors. A few solvents
may assault epoxy, so just liquor ought to be utilized. Cotton swabs and material desert
strings. Some optical cleaners leave buildups. Buildups as a rule pull in soil and make it stick.
3 All "canned air" now has a fluid force. Quite a while back, you could purchase a jar of plain
dry nitrogen to blow things out with, yet not any more. The present airborne cleaners utilize
non-CFC force and will leave a buildup unless you hold them at consummate level when
splashing. Splash for three to five seconds before utilizing to guarantee that any flui d fuel is
ousted from the spout. These jars can be utilized to blow tidy out of bulkheads with a
connector in the opposite side or a dynamic gadget mount. Never utilize packed air from a
hose (This radiates a fine splash of oil from the compressor or blow on connectors. Try not
to utilize your breath, your breath is loaded with moisture, also each one of those germs.)
4 A superior approach to clean these bulkheads is to remove the two connectors and clean
with alcohol pads, at that point utilize a swab made of a similar material with liquor on it to
wipe out the bulkhead.
5 Indicators on fiber optics control meters should be cleaned with the alcohol pads sometimes
to remove dirt. Take the connector off and wipe the surface, at that point air dry.
6 Ferrules on the connectors/links utilized for testing will get messy because they scrap off the
material of the arrangement sleeve in the splice bushing. Some of these sleeves are formed
glass-filled thermoplastic and sold for multimode applications. These will give you a filthy
connector ferrule in 10 inclusions. You can see the front edge of the connector ferrule
getting dark. The arrangement sleeve will develop an inner edge and make a hole between
the mating ferrules (a 1–2 dB attenuator). Utilize the metal or fired arrangement sleeve
bulkheads just in the event that you are expecting rehashed additions. Cleaning the above
requires aggressives crubbing on the ferrules with the liquor cushion and hurling the
bulkhead away.
7 Few companies sell fiber optics cleaning kit. These are better solutions but perhaps not as
cost-effective as making your own to meet your needs.
3.1.1.3 : Connector end cleaning procedure
87
3.1.1.4 Tools – Bare Fiber Test
Knife
Armor stripper
Kevlar shears
– Alcohol and wipes
Fiber stripper
Fiber cleaver
Bare fiber adapter
OTDR
Heat shrink & cable ties
88
3.1.1.4 Steps Bare Fiber Test (Contd.)
Two reasons we may want to test bare fiber i.e., fiber that has not been terminated in connectors
but is simply plain optical fiber:
To ensure the fiber or cable we make meets its specifications.
To test cable on the reel to ensure it is in good condition before we install it (or even
purchase it or accept it on delivery).
Following steps are needed to perform the tests:
Step 1 – Check the cable and record any visible signs of damages.
Step 2 – Strip cable end at least of 2 ft, strip and clean the fibers.
Step 3 – Connect the fiber using a bare fiber adapter to an OTDR through a patch cord.
Step 4 – Switch on the OTDR and select the proper wavelength and refractive index for the
test. Record and print the OTDR traces on disk. Mention direction of measurement
and loose tube - fiber color.
Step 5 – Compare the test records to the specifications of manufacturer’s
Step 6 – Take out bare fiber adapter and Remove excess fiber from the cable end.
Step 7 – Install heat shrink / protective covering sleeve to the link end to keep the section of
dampness or different contaminants.
3.1.1.4 : Steps for bare fiber tests
89
3.1.1.5 About OTDR
Telecommunication characterization of optical networks can tested by fiber optic tester called
OTDR; it acts like a one-dimensional radar system. The use of an OTDR is to detect, locate, and
measure elements at any location on a fiber optic cable Only one end access is need by OTDR for the
link and acts like a one-dimensional radar system. By providing pictorial trace signatures of the fibers
under test, graphical representation also possible in the entire fiber optic link.
3.1.1.5 (a): OTDR block diagram and OTDR trace
90
3.1.1.5 About OTDR (Cont.)
What an OTDR Measures?
OTDR measures optical distance to:

Elements: splices, connectors, splitters, multiplexers.
Faults.
End of fiber.
OTDR also measures:

Loss of splices and connectors.
ORL (optical return loss) of link or section.
Reflectance of connectors.
Total fiber attenuation.
Why do I need an OTDR?
Fiber testing is essential to provide confidence that the network is optimized to deliver reliable and
robust services without fault.
Telecom, video, and data wireless service providers and network operators want to ensure that their
investments into fiber networks are protected. In outside fiber optic plant, each cable will be tested
for end-to-end loss and with an OTDR to ensure the installation was properly made. Installers will be
asked to use loss test sets (source and power meters) as well as OTDRs, performing bi-directional
tests and providing accurate cable documentation to certify their work. Later, OTDRs can be used for
troubleshooting problems such as break locations due to dig-ups.
Many contractors and network owners question whether they sho uld perform OTDR testing for
premises cabling. They also want to know if OTDR testing could replace the traditional loss testing
with a power meter and a light source. Premises fiber networks have tight loss budgets and less
room for error. Installers shou ld test the overall loss budget with a light source and power
meter (Tier 1 certification required by TIA-568C standards).
OTDR testing (Tier 2 certification) is a best practice that can identify the causes for excess loss and
check that splices and connections are within appropriate tolerances. It is also the only way to know
the exact location of a fault or a break. Testing a fiber link with an OTDR also helps document the
system for future verification.
91

Understanding key OTDR specifications:
Wavelengths
In generic, The same wavelength is used to test the fiber which is used for transmission that is
used for transmission
• 850 nm and 1300 nm wavelengths for multimode fiber links.
• 1310 nm and/or 1550 nm and/or 1625 nm wavelengths for single mode fiber links.
• Filtered 1625 nm or 1650 nm for in-service troubleshooting of single mode fiber links.
• CWDM wavelengths (from 1271 nm to 1611 nm with a channel spacing of 20 nm) for
commissioning and troubleshooting single-mode fiber links carrying CWDMtransmission.
• 1490 nm wavelength for FTTH systems (optional — test can be performed at 1490 nm, but a
common recommendation is to test at 1550 nm to minimize additional investments).
Testing at a single wavelength will only allow fault location. Testing at dual wavelengths is
recommended during the installation phase and troubleshooting as it detects fiber bends.
Dynamic Range
The dynamic range is an important characteristic since it determines how far the OTDR can measure.
The dynamic range specified by OTDR vendors is achieved at the longest pulse width and is expressed
in decibels (dB). The distance range or display range sometimes specified is usually misleading as this
represents the maximum distance the OTDR can display, not what it can measure.
3.1.1.5 (b): Key OTDR specification table
92

Dead Zone
Dead zones are important characteristics since they determine the OTDR’s ability to detect and
measure two closely spaced events on fiber links. Dead zones are specified by OTDR vendors at the
shortest pulse width and are expressed in meters (m).
• The event dead zone (EDZ) is the two consecutive reflective events of minimum distance
(such as two pairs of connectors) can be distinguished by the OTDR.
• The attenuation dead zone (ADZ) is the minimum distance after a reflective event (for
instance, a pair of connectors) that a non-reflective event (for instance, a splice) can be
measured.
Pulse Width
The relationship between dynamic range and a dead zone is directly proportional. To test long fibers,
more dynamic range is needed so a wide pulse of light is required. As dynamic range increases, the
pulse width increases and the dead zone increases (close events won’t be detected by the OTDR). For
short distances, short pulse widths should be used to reduce the dead zones. The pulse width is
specified in nanoseconds (ns) or microseconds (μs).
3.1.1.5 (c): A typical OTDR
93
Choose your OTDR as per your applications:
Wide range of OTDR models available in the market, addressing different measurement needs and
test. A solid understanding of key OTDR specifications as well as the application will useful for
buyers make right choice for their specific needs.
These are the questions to answer before looking for an OTDR:

• Which kind of networks will you be testing? LAN, metro, long haul?
• Which type of fiber will you be testing? Multimode or single-mode?
• What is the maximum distance you could test? 500 m, 20 km, 125 km?
• Which kind of measurements will you perform? Construction (acceptance testing),
troubleshooting, in-service?
Fig. 3.1.1.5 (d): Choosing OTDR as per application
94

Choose your OTDR as per your applications.
Fig. 3.1.1.5 (e): Choosing OTDR as per application
95

Other Important Product Specifications
Operating an OTDR is not difficult, but it does require familiarity with fiber testing best practices in
order to measure correctly. OTDR traces can only be analyzed and correctly interpreted by trained
and experienced technicians. It’s difficult for a less-qualified technician to operate an OTDR and make
sense out of the results.
An intelligent software application, integrated into the instrument, can help technicians use an OTDR
more effectively, without the need to understand or interpret OTDR traces. It schematically shows
the fiber link tested and automatically recognizes and interprets each OTDR event and represents it
as a simple icon for easy understanding. However, it is mandatory to be able to correlate the results
to the original OTDR trace if needed.
Fig. 3.1.1.5 (f): OTDR trace view
96

Factors to take into account when choosing an OTDR include:
• Size and Weight: vital on the off chance that you need to scale a cell tower or work inside a
building.
•- Show Size: 5" ought to be the base prerequisite for a show estimate. OTDRs with littler
showcases cost less yet make OTDR follow examination more troublesome.
•- Battery Life: an OTDR ought to be usable for a day in the field; 8 hours ought to be the base.
•- Follow or results stockpiling: 128 MB ought to be the base inward memory with alternatives
for outside capacity, for example, outer USB memory sticks.
•- Bluetooth and additionally Wi-Fi Wireless Technology: remote network empowers effortlessly
sending out test results to PCs/portable workstations/tablets.
•- Measured quality/Upgradability: a particular/upgradable stage wills all the more effortlessly
coordinate the development of your test needs; this may be costlier at the season of
procurement yet is more affordable in the long haul.
•- Post-Processing Software Availability: in spite of the fact that it is conceivable to alter and
record your strands from the test instrument, it is significantly less demanding and more
advantageous to examine and archive test comes about utilizing post-handling programming.
Fig. 3.1.1.5 (g): OTDR
97

Acceptance testing of fiber optic cable with the help of OTDR
Fiber optic acceptance testing guarantees that any new link coordinates the optical and physical
necessities of the arranged application. This testing ought to be endless supply of the link, preceding
its establishment.
Always carefully examine the cable reel for physical signs of shipping damage. Look for evidenc e that
indicates the cable has been subject to unacceptable amounts of stress. The reel will include some
form of cable documentation. A copy of this information should be attached to the acceptance test
form. These documents generally contain traceability information, as well as optical test data
difficult to acquire in the field. For example, a multimode fiber reel’s documentation would include
information on the fiber’s bandwidth, while a single-mode fiber reel would provide test data related
to the various types of optical dispersion.
This documentation form also lists the fiber’s index of refraction, as documented by the fiber’s
manufacturer. This number should not be used for the index of refraction in the OTDR because it
does not include the cable’s helix factor, which is a measure of the difference in fiber versus cable
sheath length. The technician must compensate for the extra fiber slack by adjusting the OTDR’s
refractive index setting so that OTDR distance readings match the sequential markings on the cable
jacket. The test of acceptance is the best opportunity to make these adjustments prior to cable
installation. One important consideration in testing is to ensure a good launch condition that
couples the maximum amount of light from the OTDR into the fiber. Poor launch conditions result in
greatly reduced distance to measurement capability, and possible measurement errors. Before any
tests can be made with the OTDR, it must be properly terminated to the fiber to be tested. For
installed spans, linking the OTDR to the span under test requires a hybrid patch cord. Most OTDRs
have an internal ultra-physical contact (UPC) spherical polish, but some reflection-sensitive systems
use the angled physical contact (APC) polish. The hybrid patch cord addresses both connector type
and connector polish issues. Always clean the end face of the plug prior to mating to the OTDR.
There are two strategies for ending a fiber. The primary technique utilizes an exposed fiber
connector, which comprises of an attachment body that holds the fiber to be tried. The outline of
the exposed fiber connector is with the end goal that the fiber can go totally through the connector
body and harm the optical port. Along these lines, the exposed fiber connector should never be
associated straightforwardly to the OTDR. Rather, the connector ought to be utilized with a short fix
rope and mating connector sleeve to disconnect harm from OTDR's port.
98

The second technique utilizes a ponytail with a reusable mechanical graft, which enables simple
mating of the filaments to be tried with the OTDR. The Norland reusable mechanical graft has been
utilized for a considerable length of time for testing exposed strands. It highlights a glass body that
inside holds and adjusts two filaments. The join is loaded with a refractive list coordinating liquid to
decrease reflections.
To make the association, strip and sever both strands to be tried, at that point embed and focus
both into the mechanical join to finish the end. For the link to be tried, set up the finish of the link by
stripping ceaselessly the external coats, reinforcement (if present), and cradle tubes to a separation
of roughly one meter. Clean the greater part of the strands and sort out them considering the
business standard shading code. Strip, clean, and separate the principal test fiber and embed it into
the other side of the mechanical join
Fig 3.1.1.5 (h): Technician performing OTDR test
99

We will utilize the manual technique for OTDR operation. Begin the OTDR and select the right
wavelength and refractive list for the test. Set the OTDR's estimation mode to "Two Point
Attenuation". In this mode, the OTDR enables you to set markers at any two focuses on the
backscatter follow and show the constriction of the locale between the markers in either dB or dB
per kilometre. For an acknowledgment test, set the primary marker toward the start of the follow
the underlying tail of the no man's land and the second marker toward the finish of the follow. The
outcomes will show as dB/km at a wavelength being tried. Set the OTDR to "Constant Mode" and
alter its range, beat width, and zoom settings so the whole fiber traverse is noticeable on the screen.
For this situation, alter the filaments in the brief mechanical graft. Make certain that the divide
length is right and that the filaments are focused in the join.
In real-time mode, the trace may appear noisy. Start the OTDR’s averaging mode to reduce noise
and clean up the trace. After averaging is complete, the event table will show reflective events at
the OTDR port and at the end of the fiber. The trace should appear linear with no abrupt
interruptions that would indicate a break or other fault in the fi ber. After the dead zone, the straight
line will have a very gentle slope indicating the attenuation of the fiber span.
Fig 3.1.1.5 (j): An OTDR trace showing a linear attenuation slope
100
Marker placement is extremely important when making any OTDR measurement. Select the “A”
marker and use the arrow keys to place it immediately following the dead zone at the OTDR’s
connector. The tail of the dead zone is shaped somewhat like a ski slope. The exact point where this
slope becomes a straight line is the point where the marker will be placed. The far Fiber
end could be a spike representation, or less commonly, by a roll-off. In either case, the “B” marker
must be placed at the exact point where the backscatter trace ceases to be a straight line. To
correctly place the second marker, use the zoom controls on the OTDR for increased resolution.
The OTDR will display the distance from the OTDR connector to the end of the fiber as well as the
complete loss of span in dB or the loss per kilometer. Use data storage features of the OTDR to save
the trace using a unique file name. If using a dead-zone box, the length must be subtracted from the
length measurement. When measuring the other fibers in the cable, the end reflection should be
located at the roughly same point. The presence of shorter fibers implies that the fiber is damaged
or stressed within the cable structure and will require further investigation. It could also be caused
by cable structures with inner and outer rows of buffer tubes. The inner buffer tubes would have a
shorter fiber length than those in the outer rows. In this case, an index of refraction adjustment
must be made for both inner and outer rows and the adjustment documented.
For each fiber, make a note of the total length and dB per kilometer for each test wavelength on the
acceptance test form. It is also important to test each fiber at the wavelengths designed for the fiber
type. For multimode fiber, this is 850 and 1300 nanometers, and for single-mode fibers, both 1310
and 1550 nanometers. Refer to the testing specifications and note if they pass or fail. In addit ion,
make note of the sequential markings at both ends of the cable, as well as the adjusted value of
refractive index.
After each fiber has been tested, trim back 50 percent of the exposed length. This indicates that it
has been tested, but allows re-testing if necessary. When all fibers go under testing, fibre traces
must be counted in the OTDR’s memory to ensure that all fibers have been documented. Then, cut
back the left over lengths of showcased fiber and correctly reseal the cable ends. All users will
depend on the OTDR’s automatic measurement functions which displays length, losses and reflection
values for the fiber span very quickly. In case of an acceptance test, the key points to document
are the total length of the fiber, the total loss of the fiber in dB, and the loss of the span for each
test wavelength in dB per kilometer.
101

OTDR best practices
Several best practices ensure reliable OTDR testing.
Use of Launch/Receive Cables

Launch and get cables, which has spools of fiber with specific distances, must be connected to it
ends of the fiber link under test to qualify the front end and the far end connectors using an OTDR.
The length of the launch and receive cables depends on the link being tested, but it’s generally
between 300 m and 500 m for multimode testing and between 1000 m and 2000 m for single -mode
testing. For very long haul, 4000 m of cable may be used. The fiber length highly depends on the OTDR
attenuation dead zone, which is function of the pulse width. The larger the pulse width, the longer
the launch cable and receive cables. Launch/receive cables must be of the same type as the fiber
under test.
Proactive Connector Inspection

A single dirty fiber connection can affect overall signal performance. Proactively inspecting each
fiber connection with a fiber microscope probe will significantly reduce network down time and
troubleshooting. Always use it in practice to ensure fiber end terminals are clean before making
connections. A dirty OTDR port or a dirty launch/receive cable connector will impact the OTDR
measurement. It needs to be inspected and cleaned before the launch cable is connected
An optimized fiber optic network’s infrastructure del ivers reliable and robust services to customers.
Positive customer experience drives loyalty, enabling a fast return on investment and sustained
profitability. An OTDR is a key field tester for maintaining and troubleshooting fiber optic
infrastructures. Before finalizing an OTDR, relook into the applications that the instrument will be
utilized and check the OTDR’s specifications to ensure that they are suited to your applications.
102
3.1.1.6 – Insertion Loss Test

All measurement in fiber optics brings notice to optical power measured in dB. The power output of
a transmitter or the input to receiver is "absolute" optical power measurements, that is, you
measure the actual value of the power. Loss is a "relative" power measurement, the difference
between the power coupled into a component like a cable, splice or a connector and the power that
is transmitted through it. This difference in power level before and after the component is what we
call optical loss and defines the performance of a cable, connector, splice, etc.
Insertion Loss Test: An insertion loss verification conducted by light source and power meter is a
easy test that resembles the principle of fiber optic link operation. A light is kept on one terminal of
the cable and a power meter measures loss at end terminal, as like a link transmitter and receiver
use the fiber for communications
3.1.1.6 Tools – Insertion Loss Test (Contd.)

Following are the tools required for measuring ‘Insertion Loss’:
3.1.1.5: Tools for testing insertion loss
103
3.1.1.6 Steps - Insertion Loss Test (Contd.)
Following are steps to test the insertion loss:

Step 1 - Connector end-faces are to be verified and cleaned (alcohol wipes) before mating
via adapters
Step 2 - Set-up light source, power meter e.g., adapters, power supply, data entry, etc.
Note: given list of entities need warm up period to stabilize.
Step 3 - Setup “launch cable” for calibration before actual tests.
Step 4 - Connect actual leads to the “launch cable” in order check loss at one end.
Step 5 - Connect the third lead to the ”launch cable” and the actual lead to check the loss at the
other end.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 4 Step 5
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3.1.1.7 – Optical Return Loss

Reflectance or optical return loss (also called "back reflection") of a connection is the amount of light
that is reflected back up the fiber toward the source, by light reflections off the interface of the
polished end surface of the mated connectors and air. It is also called Fresnel reflection and is caused
by the light going through the change in index of refraction at the interface between the fiber (n=~1.5)
and air (n=~1). Reflectance is primarily a problem with connectors but may also affect mechanical
splices which contain an index matching gel to prevent reflectance.
3.1.16 (a): Return loss 3.1.1.16 (b): Return loss
3.1.1.7 Steps – Optical Return Loss Test (Contd.)
Following are steps to test the insertion loss:

Step 1- Optical Reference Loss (ORL); referencing: count the output power level at the fiber jumper
with help of power meter
Step 2- Measure the ORL of the front connector (jumper to test equipment connection). Requires use
of connectors
Step 3 - Connect to the fiber under test:
• ORL is measured in dB and is a positive value.
• Higher the number, smaller the reflection – yielding the desired result.
• ORL is most commonly measured at 1310, 1550 and 1625nm single-mode wavelength.
3.1.1.16 (c): Optical return loss test
105
3.1.1.8 Miscellaneous Test

Following are the other checks that should be done:
• Verify the fiber joint by OTDR to assured conformance to design needs.
• Sealing off joint closure via heat shrinking/ multi-diameter seals/ mechanical seals as
appropriate.
• FRP - Fiber Reinforced Plastic is utilized to strengthen the joint as needed.
• Verify the fiber at both terminals for instances of cross fiber using power source and power
meter tests and ensure their elimination
We need to make sure that:
• Joint is kept properly in chamber properly.
• Additional cable (loop) is coiled as needed & kept inside the joint.
• Sand is filled in the chamber to the brim and the chamber covers are placed properly.
Connected indicator must be placed right 1 m behind the chamber location (away from road).
• A specific color used for painting indicator (for e.g., yellow for joint).
Notes
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UNIT 3.2: Optical Fiber Splicing
Unit Objectives
1. Explain and outline optical fiber splicing
2. Explain and outline the reasons for splicing
3. Explain and outline types of optical fiber splicing
4. Explain and perform mechanical as well as fusion splicing
5. Describe and demonstrate effective safety norms during splicing
3.2.1 Optical Fiber Splicing

Optical fiber splicing:
1 Process of the joining of two pieces of optical fibers. They are of the following two
types: mechanical and fusion splicing.
2 Splicing: process of the permanent connection of two pieces of optical fibers.
3 Splicer: device (mechanical) for connecting couple of (minimum 2) two pieces of paper
or film or magnetic tape Splice. Joint made by overlapping two ends and joining them.
4 Splices prepare a permanent connectivity between two fibers, as result its use become
limited to areas where cables are not ideally available for servicing in the near time
5 Concatenating is used usually to connect /join cables. Normally at outside area cable
lines which involve long length (couple of cables connected together).
6 verities of cables are joined be used to couple cables for instant we can consider
connecting 48 fiber cable to six 8 fiber cables layed to multiple locations.
7 Usually Splicing is applied to terminate single mode fibers. Splicing is done for pre-
terminated fiber ends onto each fiber. Splicing is also applied for OSP restoration .
8 In long run cable laying over long distance Splicing become normal routine in the laying
process. In applications other than long distance cabling, most cables are pulled in (one
piece) and directly terminated.
9 Requirement Splicing raises in case long cable runs for one straight pull or you need to
make cable combination of different types (like bringing a 48 fiber cable in and splicing it
to six 8 fiber cables).
10 Usually, one often applies splices for restoring OSP, once the outside plant cable is
resolved. a dig-up and cut off a buried cable, usually referred to as "backhoe fade" for
obvious reasons.
107
3.2.2 Reasons for Optical Fiber Splicing

Following are the reasons for carrying out ‘Splicing’:
1 When we want to deploy a fiber for long, in market manufactured length of cable may not be as
per requirement, instead one may need to join fiber pieces. Hence, we need to splice cables
together to establish single link of communication.
2 Few times, optical fiber links found cut off, in this case also we need to perform splicing to bring
them together. You require splicing for connecting the optical fiber cables to network entities
like switches, fiber switches & patch panels, routers (terminating an optical fiber cable directly
to a switch not possible )
3 We require to first terminating it to a fiber patch panel which has pigtail connectors, then use
fiber patch cords of the right type (SC/LC, etc.) to connect the fiber patch panel and the network/
fiber switch. On newer switches LC-SC patch cords are used - LC at the switch side and SC at the
fiber patch panel side.
3.2.3 Types of Optical Fiber Splicing
Types of fiber splicing is as follows:

• Mechanical splicing.
• Fusion splicing.
Following are the differences between mechanical and fusion splicing:
Mechanical splicing Fusion splicing
Reflection losses (-45 db to -55 db) No reflection losses
Insertion loss (0.2 db) Very low insertion loss - (0.1 db to .15 db)
Costs – high Comparatively less
3.2.3: Difference between mechanical and fusion splicing
108
3.2.3 Types of Optical Fiber Splicing (Contd.)

Mechanical Splicing
• Mechanical splicing is highly applied for time being restoration and for multimode splicing. Refer
below snap.
• Mechanical splices are alignment fixtures that hold the ends of two fibers together with
some index matching gel or glue between them. There are many varieties of mechanical splices,
like little glass tubes or V-shaped metal clamps. The tools to, but the even though splices are more
expensive, the tools to make mechanical splices come with low cost. Restoration is done by
multiple mechanical splices, which could work well with both single mode and multimode fiber, by
continuous hands on - and using a quality cleaver such as those used for fusion splicing.
3.2.3 (a): Mechanical splicing
Fusion Splicing
• Fusing the two fibers using heat.
• Flame heating sources - micro-plasma burners, oxy-hydric micro-burners, electric arc
• Consistent and easily controlled heat with adaptability.
• Fusion splicing is highly broadly used as it gives for the least loss and lowest reflectance, as well
as providing the stiff and best of most reliable joint. 2 Types of Fusion splicing machines are
available, a single fiber or a ribbon of 12 fibers at one time. Virtually many single
mode splices produced by fusion.
• The most widely using splicing method is fusion splicing because of its advantages over other
conventional methods like mechanical splicing. Fusion splicing will provide low loss, low
reflectance and most reliable splicing points. Fusion splicing machines are available in two
variants. One is for individual fiber splicing and other for 12 fiber ribbon in a single shot.
• The mechanical splicing methods are not using in industrial operations because of its high loss
and less durability. Mechanical splicing was used mostly for multimode and in temporary
restoration works. Figure below shows fusion splicing machine
3.2.3 (b): Fusion splicing
109
3.2.4.1 Cable Preparation for Splicing

Following should be checks to prepare OFC for splicing:
• Check and verify the installed fiber optic system as per the guidelines.
• Ensure there are no damages on optical fiber. Sheath damages can be located by visually
inspect cable.
• Make sure that, the minimum bend radius is maintained along the length as per specs.
3.2.4.1: Preparing cable for splicing
Notes
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3.2.4.2 Material and Equipment Used for Splicing

Following materials are used for ‘Splicing’:
• Fiber optic cable
• Pig tail (2 in number)
• Stripper
• Mechanical splice
• Cleaver
• IPA cleaner & wipes
• Trash can
• Fusion splicer
111
3.2.4.3 Steps – Mechanical Splicing Preparation
* Splice preparation as a step is common to both mechanical and fusion splicing
3.2.4.3: Step 1 -Splice preparation (common to fusion and mechanical splicing both)
3.2.4.3: Step 2 – 8 Mechanical splicing
112
3.2.4.4 Steps – Fusion Splicing
3.2.4.4: Step 2 – 5 Fusion splicing
Notes
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3.2.4.5 – Protection
Protection is common to both mechanical and fusion splicing. Protection sleeves provide physical
protection to the splice point and an extra protection is given by splice trays.
It serves the following purpose:
• Protects and organize optical fibers neatly
• Protect the fiber from being damaged by bending over minimum bend radii.
• Used in long distance applications.
All the splice trays are enclosed within splice enclosures. There are more than about thousand
number types of splice enclosures available in market. In each enclosure there should be multiple
numbers of trays stacked like CD tracks. Some enclosures are used for confining series of cable
joints of same type of fibers spliced together. Some enclosures are designed to distribute the cables
from a larger cable to small individual connections. Closures can be utilized for mid-span access
where most of the cables sheath should be striped but most of the buffer will be untouched without
opening. Some tubes will be spliced to distribution fibers.
Some of the enclosures may have one side cable entry and some have cables cable entries on both
ends. There are different types of splice enclosures available according to the applications where we
are using it- buried, mounted on walls, hung from cables or poles. Every application has a special and
unique closure. Special type of hardware tools may be necessary for working on different cable or
splice, so ensure that you have the right hardware before using the enclosure.
At every splice enclosures, if there is any metallic strengthen member, messenger wire or metallic
armor inside, these should be properly grounded. To avoid the force on fiber inside the enclosures,
Care should be taken when arranging fibers and splices in trays. A special care has to be given for
arranging optical fibers inside trays. The manufactures instruction will help to avoid the damages
during twisting and turning of fibers.
Splice point inside the enclosed protected from any other impurities from outside by sealing it
properly. From the entrance of closure to the trays, OSP cable will have the tube extenders.
After splicing point on either side there should be almost 1 meter sheath removed optical fiber inside
the tray track. By sealing the enclosure, the moisture content entry also can be prevented.
114
3.2.5 Splicing Safety – Norms and Rules

During splicing following safety rules must be followed:
• Safety glasses must be worn always during the fiber optic lab exercises or when termination or
splicing work is performed on a fiber cable. The biggest hazard when working with fiber optics
are small, sharp shards of the fiber produced when stripping or cleaving the cable.
• If you notice at any time a classmate or instructor not wearing safety glasses in the area where
fiber is being cut, stripped, or cleaved you must immediately tell the person to put on their
glasses.
• Be very careful when disposing of fiber ends. Use a disposable fiber trash bin (fiber disposal unit
=FDU) to hold small bits of glass until they can be properly disposed of in the trash. For safety,
remember to cover the holes on top of the FDU before storing your bin (unit) in your tool kits
(box).
• If you don’t have a FDU to use when working in some environments, then carefully make a
container, like a half empty water bottle or soda can for usage. This helps to prevent accidents.
Make sure that the FDU is marked to prevent accidents.
• The optical fiber creates slivers or shards that can easily cause injury to the eyes or create glass
splinters in fingers or hands that are difficult to remove from skin, which can become infected if
not completely removed. Develop the habit of picking up scraps from the work surface and the
floor too.
• Scotch tape can be used to pick up small shards of fiber. Fold the scotch tape around the glass
shards before disposing in the trash can.
• Black Paper or other dark colored paper or fabric can be used to give a dark colored working
surface. This helps in making the fiber more visible when working with it. It has the side benefit
of allowing the fiber cores to be more easily seen, especially when you have a run- away shard.
• When doing fiber work epoxy, anaerobic adhesive, and isopropyl alcohol will be used. The
isopropyl alcohol is flammable. Take extra care when handling these substances. It is best to
develop the habit of watching for bits of epoxy on your tools or work surface and cleaning it
with the alcohol. Develop the habit of wiping all tools frequently with a fiber free cloth and
alcohol.
• Keep in mind that epoxy is not removable from clothing.
• Do not touch bare fibers with fingers. The oil from your skin can weaken the fiber over time. It
tends to make the glass fiber brittle.
• Terminators removed from the curing ovens will be extremely hot. Use caution when touching
hot terminators. Small amounts of alcohol on a fiber free wipe may be used to help cool the
terminator more quickly.
• After the terminator is removed from the oven, take great care to ensure the glass rod does not
break, pierce the skin, or get into either your eyes or that of any other person.
115
Exercise
1. At what stage the cable plant loss should be calculated?
a. Design
b. Installation
c. Testing
d. Troubleshooting
2. What is the name of instrument using for the insertion loss?
a. OLTS or light source and power meter

b. VFL
c. OTDR
d. None of the above
3. What is the type of optical source used to test single mode fibers?
a. LED
b. VCSEL
c. Laser
d. All of the above
4. What is the selection criterion of reference cable in testing?
a. Fiber size and type

b. Fiber size and connector type
c. Connector type
d. Fiber size and loss specification
5. What is the working principle of OTDR?
a. Power meters and sources

b. Radar
c. Mirrors
d. Lenses
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Exercise Cont.
6. Which device is using to seal the duct end?
a. Jumpers
b. Protection sleeve
c. Seal plug
7. Which method is providing best splice point?
a. Mechanical splicing
b. Fusion splicing
c. Adhesive/polish connectors
d. Factory terminations
8. Select the correct option given below
a. Connectors are smaller than splices

b. Connectors are demountable, while splices are permanent
c. Connectors require adhesives
d. Splices need expensive tools
9. Which testing method can be used measure individual splice loss in a link?
a. OTDR testing
b. Insertion loss testing
c. Visual fault location
d. Visual inspection
10. Choose the true statements

a. Leaving the proper length of buffer tubes from the cable entrance in the closure to the splice tray
b. Leaving the proper length of fiber to splice and fit the splice in the splice tray
c. Securing the cable properly at the closure entrance
d. Careful cleaning of all fibers
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Exercise Cont.
11. What are the various tests conducted once the fiber optic cables are installed?
12. How to make sure each splice is good?
13. As a network user what are the tests which are essential to check the quality of the network?
118
Exercise Cont.
14. List the names of the testing tools and equipment.
15. List basic preparations related to tools that you would do for an error free testing.
16. What is a VFL and what tests can be conducted by using it?
17. List the general specifications of a VFL.
18. List the two tests that can be conducted using VFL.
119
Exercise Cont.
19. Explain how visual connecter inspection is done with help of a microscope?
20. List the tools required for a visual connecter inspection.
21. List the steps for conducting visual connector inspection.
22. List the steps for connector end cleaning procedure.
120
Exercise Cont.
23. Explain how visual connector inspection is done with help of a microscope?
24. List the tools required for a visual connector inspection.
25. List the reasons for conducting a bare fiber test.
26. List the tools required for a bare fiber test.
27. List the steps involved in a bare fiber test.
28. List the difference between ‘absolute’ and ‘relative measurements’.
121
Exercise Cont.
29. What are the tools required for an insertion loss test?
30. What are the steps involved in insertion loss test?
31. What is an ‘optical return loss’ and what are the steps to measure the same?
32. What is a ‘Splice Loss’ and how is it measured?
33. Explain the functioning of an OTDR.
122
Exercise Cont.
34. What is splicing?
35. What are the types of splicing?
36. List the difference between mechanical splicing and fusion splicing.
37. List the steps required for preparing the cable for ‘splicing’.
38. List the steps required for mechanical splicing.
123
Exercise Cont.
39. List the steps required for fusion splicing.
40. List the materials and tools required for splicing.
124
Tips
Following are recommended tips:
• The recommended steps while testing should be followed as per the book
• The recommended steps in splicing both fusion and mechanical should be followed as per the
book
• Follow the health and safety instructions strictly
• Practice thoroughly each of the steps in groups under the supervision of your instructor
• Make sure that each one of you follows the re commended guidelines to avoid damage to
material equipment and also to avoid accidents.
Notes
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4. Corrective Maintenance
&
Optical Faults Restoration
Unit 4.1 – Fault notification

Unit 4.2 – Fault localization and restoration
Unit 4.3 – Preventive and corrective maintenance

1. Explain, outline and demonstrate NOC fault notifications process

2. Define the outline and demonstrate NOC fault notifications process
3. Demonstrate effective response to faults received from customer and contractor
4. Describe with demonstration and monitor steps to fault localization and
rectification
5. Explain and outline typical faults and demonstrate problem identification process
6. Perform effective optical fiber restoration process
7. Describe and demonstrate various work instructions
8. Perform effective corrective and preventive maintenance as per defined process
9. Demonstrate effective reporting and documentation skills
129
UNIT 4.1: Fault Notification
Unit Objectives
1. Describe fault notification
2. Describe and demonstrate the process of receiving fault notification at NOC
3. Describe and demonstrate fault notification process
4.1.1 Fault Notification
Fault notifications are:
• Intimations received about fault in link, cable ends, connectors or tools & equipment from
the customers, contractor or NOC (Network Operations Centre) are relayed to the network
operations maintenance team and the same is rectified and the information is relayed back.
• The following picture indicates normal operation and what happens in case of a fault.
4.1.1: Normal operation and failure
130
4.1.2 Steps Process of Receiving Fault Notification

A network operations center views the process of receiving the fault from the customer, contractor
and the steps are as follows:
Step 1 - An operator zooms in from a macro view to the area of concern. Transceiver detects a fiber
fault between a hub and one of the points (sometimes called a spoke).
Step 2 -The operator is immediately notified about the fault’s approximate location as depicted in
‘Red’. Operator acknowledges the fault and relays information to the network operations
team of the area.
Step 3 -Once the fault has been fixed, information from the ‘Network Team’ is relayed back to the
operator who then closes the issue.
4.1.2: Step 1 - fault received
4.1.2: Step 2 - fault acknowledged
4.1.2: Step 3 - fault cleared
131
4.1.3 Fault Notification Guidelines

One should adhere to the following guidelines:
• Cross check the fault.
• Confirm the SLA’s/ timelines.
• Set the priority with the team members.
• Get in touch with all stakeholders involved in fault rectification.
• Arrange for permits or approvals and equipment if needed.
• Document - fault, reasons and report; document resolution.
4.1.4 Fault Notification Process

One should adhere to the following fault notification process:
4.1.4 Fault notification process
132
UNIT 4.2: Fault Localization and Restoration
Unit Objectives
1. Define the outline fault localization and rectification
2. Explain, outline, and follow the steps related to fault localization and
rectification
3. Explain and outline typical cable system faults
4. Explain the outline, and follow problem identification flowchart
5. Prepare for fault localization and restoration
6. Describe and demonstrate OFC restoration process
7. Describe and demonstrate various work instructions
4.2.1 Fault Localization and Restoration

Fault localization and restoration:
To obtain best result from optical fiber, it would be essential to find out and make user adoptable
and solve the fiber failures within allowed repair time. The methodology applied to find out and
localize the failures of fiber is termed as localization. Merely detecting and locating the fault is not
enough and hence the next step is to rectify the fault and close, this is known as rectification.
4.2.1: Fault localisation and restoration
133
4.2.1 Steps - Fault Localisation and Restoration

Fault localization and restoration steps:
4.2.1: Fault restoration steps
134
4.2.2 Cable System Faults

There are various cable system faults which must be rectified. The various faults , the root cause,
equipment required for rectification and the remedy is depicted concisely in the following table:
4.2.2: Cable system faults
Notes
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4.2.3 Problem Identification Flowchart

Following is the problem identification flowchart:
4.2.3 : Problem identification flow chart
136
4.2.4 Preparing for fault Rectification

Understanding and adherence to the following is mandatory for fault rectification:
1 Following are important questions to be asked before embarking on fault rectification:
• Fault could be one of the breaks interrupting service. It could be considered as loss
point that could check/verifies and solved?
• How long is the route- 100 m or 100 Km? Cabling type?
• What sort of fault locator is readily available?
• Who is available with which skills?
2 Following challenges are encountered during fault rectification:
• Without link disruption, Transmission signal is difficult to measure and sometime it
is impossible.
• In case of locating, it’s difficult to locate Non-metallic cables.
• specific device/ instruments are brought in practice for localization/identification of
optical fiber fault.
• Route lengths can be very long e.g., 100 Km.
• Unavailability of skilled staff.
3 Instruments used for locating faults:
Specific device/ instruments are brought in practice for localization/identification of optical
fiber fault-
• Optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR).
• Optical power meter (OPM).
• Pen-type visual fault locator (VFL).
• Optical microscope.
4.2.4 : Instruments used for locating faults
137
4.2.5 Steps - OFC Restoration Process

Process depends on the following for efficient fiber optic communication:
- Continuously facing the problem?
- Having information of fixing it?
- Having the correct spares and brings out the work done quickly and efficiently?
- In case of emergency, having clear guidelines/planning could reduce the issues
encountered.
4.2.5 : ‘OFC’ cut restoration process
138
4.2.6 Work Instructions

It is essential to follow the following work instructions for better quality and enhanced efficiency:
1 Following are the ‘Work Instructions’ for mobilization:
• Driver shall be available for 24 Hrs (mostly).
• Driver to move only on instructions of the designated SPOC.
• On receiving information of a cut in cable, technician will move to the site.
• Driver to prepare the van with all the technical tools/equipment and also should check
breaks, fuel in the van.
• At the site if the cut is measured, technician to conduct OTDR measurement and a visual
inspection.
• Labor from the nearest location is picked if the cut is near the site else arrange labor.
• Two spare fibers must be patched at each site for measuring cut location quickly and
easily.
2 Following are the ‘Work Instructions’ for travelling:

• Team will either rush to the place of the cut or to the place nearest to the same.
• Before leaving - driver/technician to note kilometer reading.
• Ensure minimum travel time, by taking alternate routes.
• Avoid routes with chances of traffic jam, bad-road, etc.
• Reach quickly with or without following the OFC route.
3 Following are the ‘Work Instructions’ for localization:

• Teams to move along the OFC route while locating the cut. Teams to move the exact
distance as measured by the OTDR from the initial reading of the kilometer before
moving.
• Teams should carry ‘as -built drawings’ with them & should have proper knowledge of the
OFC route. Teams to look for any digging activity going on near the cut location as
measured by the OTDR; if digging activity is found they will search for the cut.
• If cut is not found they will move on feet for locating the cut carrying torches with them
(during the night). If cut is not visible teams to locate the nearest manhole and take traces
again.
• Once the team reaches the location they should start digging. Digging should expose at
least 5 meters of OFC on either side.
4 Following are the ‘Work Instructions’ for OTDR trace measurement:

• During OTDR trace measurement check live fibers first.
• 5 spare fibers should be checked besides the live fibers.
• Care should be taken while handling OTDR. Connector should not be loosened without
any reason. Teams to carry a spare connector & patch chords with them.
139
UNIT 4.3: Preventive and Corrective Maintenance
Unit Objectives
1. Describe maintenance
2. Describe and demonstrate corrective maintenance process
3. Explain the outline and fill corrective action report (reporting & documentation)
4. Describe and demonstrate the preventive maintenance process
5. Explain the outline and fill the preventive maintenance sheet (reporting & documentation)
6. Describe and demonstrate planned outage sub-process
7. Describe and demonstrate spare management process
8. Describe and demonstrate the related work instructions
4.3.1 Maintenance
1 OFC Maintenance is keeping close watch on the cable routes to prevent OFC damage &
disruptions. It means a periodic check on:
• The cables.
• Microscopic verification of spare parts/connectors and connecting adapters.
• Insertion loss checking or obtaining OTDR traces.
2 Corrective Maintenance:
• Corrective maintenance is executed on continuation of fault or issue upcoming, with
the aim of bringing back operations of the links/cable.
• In certain cases, it might be equal to expect or avoid a failure, making this type of
maintenance is the only option.
E.g. damage occurring due to natural calamities like flood or earthquake.
3 Preventive Maintenance
• The Service & care by qualified staff for the idea of maintaining devices and provisions
in satisfactory operating situation by giving for systematic verification, finding out,
and correction of early failures either before they happen or before they develop into
major defects.
• It includes checks, measurements, adjustments, and exchanging part, executed
specifically to avoid issues/faults from happening.
140
4.3.2 Corrective Maintenance Process
4.3.2: Corrective maintenance process
Notes
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4.3.3 Documentation - Corrective Action Report
4.3.3: Corrective action report
Notes
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4.3.4 Preventive Maintenance Process
4.3.4: Preventive maintenance process
Notes
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4.3.5 Reporting - Preventive Maintenance Sheet
4.3.5: Monthly preventive maintenance

sheet
144
4.3.6 Planned Outage Sub-Process
4.3.6: Planned outage sub process
Notes
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4.3.7 Spare Management Process
4.3.7 : Spare management process
146
4.3.8 Work Instruction - Maintenance
1 Following are the ‘Work Instructions’ for maintenance:

• Obtain a site layout /design from NOC for patrolling purposes.
• Ensure permits and sign offs for conducting maintenance activities.
• Conduct periodic patrolling as per maintenance plan so as to prevent cable
disruptions along the OFC routes.
• Conduct corrective maintenance as per SLA.
• Ensure availability of equipment & skilled staff for the purpose.
• Tested report of fiber sections is updated to respective as per the timelines.
2 Following are the ‘Work Instructions’ for maintaining equipment of POP:

• Obtain the maintenance schedule from NOC.
• Executing seasons/timings (monthly, quarterly, half yearly) maintenance activities as per
plan.
• Make sure completion of physical maintenance operations like verifying battery voltage
levels, electrolyte levels; DG set auto-start, oil levels; Air conditioner gas level.
• Filter condition; earthing, fire alarm system and another owner equipment (including
MCBs).
• Ensure general upkeep of co-located electronic equipment and to make sure checking of
alarms in line with NOC.
4.3.8: Work instructions
147
Exercise
1. On receiving information for ‘OFC’ cut technician should:
a. Immediately proceed to the site

b. Carry all the relevant tools and spares
c. Move in a van after checking it thoroughly for – brakes, tyres, engine oil, etc.
d. All of the above
2. Which is the correct sequence for dealing with fault notification:
a. Fault acknowledge, receive and clear

b. Fault receive, acknowledge and clear
c. Fault acknowledge, clear and receive
3. Most appropriate cause of a bad connector fault is:
a. Kinked cable
b. Splice loss
c. Cable damage
d. Dirt or damage
4. If a fiber breaks the most suitable remedy is:
a. Reduce stress on cable

b. Repair and replace
c. Cleaning and polishing
d. All of the above
5. Cleaning and polishing is an ideal remedy for:
a. Bad pig-tail
b. Damaged fiber
c. Bad connector
d. All of the above
148
Exercise Cont.
6. Bad connector fault can be identified with the help of which equipment:
a. OTDR
b. Microscope
c. Visual fault locator
7. Fiber break can be identified with the help of which equipment:
a. OTDR
b. Microscope
d. Both a and c
8. Bad pig-tail fault can be identified with the help of which equipment:
a. OTDR
b. Microscope
9. Remedy for localized cable attenuation:
a. Polishing / cleaning
b. Reduce stress / replace
c. Straighten kink
10. For quick and efficient fault restoration we should:
a. Rapidly find the problem

b. Knowing how to fix it
c. Have the right parts
d. All of the above
149
Exercise Cont.
11. What is a Fault?
12. List the fault notification process.
13. What are the workmanship guidelines to be followed?
150
Exercise Cont.
14. What is a fault localization?
15. What is a fault rectification?
16. List the type of cable system faults and causes for failure.
17. List the problem identification steps.
18. What kind of challenges you might face while locating faults?
19. Name the tools you would use for fault localization.
151
Exercise Cont.
20. What is an OFC restoration?
21. List the work instructions to be followed while mobilization, travelling, OTDR trace
measurement & localization.
152
Exercise Cont.
22. What is a difference between corrective & preventive OFC maintenance?
23. List the preventive maintenance process.
24. List the corrective maintenance process.
25. List the planned outage sub-process.
26. List the spare management process.
153
Exercise Cont.
27. What is the purpose of maintenance checklist & what all it contains?
28. What is the purpose of CAR?
29. List the work instructions for maintenance & POP.
154
Exercise Cont.
30. List the importance of documentation.
31. ’Documentation is of great help in finding faults’. Explain the statement.
32. List the importance of reporting status.
155
Exercise Cont.
Look at the following process chart thoroughly.
Answer the following questions:
1. Fill in the blank spaces in boxes in the chart above.
2. Name the process.
3. Frequency of the report mentioned in point number 6 is:
156
Exercise Cont.
Look at the following process chart thoroughly.
Answer the following questions:
1. Fill in the blank spaces in boxes in the chart above.
2. This chart represents which process.
3. Mention the sub-process as per point number 6.
157
Tips
• Visit an OFC site and have a detailed look at the entire process of maintenance under the
supervision of your instructor
• Ensure you check out the processes with field reality
• Make sure that you talk to the existing OFC technician to understand the entire corrective
and preventive maintenance process in a proper manner
Notes
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159
5. Optical Fiber Health
and Safety
Unit 5.1 – Optical fiber handling precaution
Unit 5.2 – Optical fiber workman safety

1. Describe and demonstrate precautions needed while handling optical fiber
2. Describe and demonstrate precautions needed while handling optical laser
3. Describe and demonstrate precautions related to optical fiber fire safety
4. Describe and demonstrate precautions to be taken for optical fiber workmanship safety
5. Describe and demonstrate safety equipment required by the optical fiber workman and
some important safety guidelines
161
UNIT 5.1: OFC Handling Precaution
Unit Objectives
1. Describe and demonstrate safe optical fiber handling procedure
2. Describe & demonstrate laser related safety precautions while handling optical fiber
3. Describe & demonstrate fire related safety precautions while handling optical fiber
5.1.1 Optical Fiber Handling Precaution
A lot of care has to be taken while handling optical fiber:

• Keep your fingers and other body touching the broken ends of fiber
• Broken pieces or slices of fiber could create problems as its small may get stick to floor,
carpets, shoes & other materials.
• All scrap and chippings must be done properly and wastages from the Disposed in effective
manner.
• Use properly marked trashcans.
The cut and break of fibers happen during termination and splicing would be dangerous. The broken
part normally extremely sharp and can easily pierce the skin, could penetrate the skin faced to it.
They are easy to break off and are difficult to search and dispose . Few times, sets of tweezers and
zooming glass would be needed to remove them out. And any delay in finding out the fiber out of
body could lead to infection, which is dangerous.
5.1.1: Handle optical fiber carefully as per guidelines
162
5.1.2 Optical Fiber Laser Precautions

Following optical fiber laser precautions have to be strictly adhered to:
• Do not consider a fiber having a laser joined to it as laser beam used in optical communications
damage the eyes.
• Medical assistance must be taken as soon as eye is exposed to laser beam in any case..
• Wear safety glasses or use safety shields.
Notes
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5.1.3 Optical Fiber Fire Precautions
Following optical fiber fire precautions have to be effectively adhered to::

• The fusion splices apply electric spark to do splice, make sure no flammable gases / material in near
vicinity.
• The option of Splice should never be taken under in places / manholes where gases can accumulate..
• All parts and devices which are combustible must be kept away from area.
• Do not smoke around the work area.
• The cables should be kept surface facing into a splicing trailer; this makes further fiber work easier.
• Effective splicing need splicing trailer be adoptable to temperature must be placed clean spotless
• At the place of fiber operation Smoking must be restricted. Small dust/ash from smoking can induce
dust problems in fibers. These dust and ash particle if mixed with combustible particles/substance
may also result in danger of explosion.
5.1.3: Optical fiber fire safety precautions
164
UNIT 5.2: Optical Fiber Workman Safety
Unit Objectives
1. Validate/authenticate an wear personal protective element related to
fiber optic
2. Describe and demonstrate fiber optic workmanship safety
precautions.
3. Describe and demonstrate OFC safety guidelines.
5.2.1 Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment are used for entire body protection and to reduce chance of
hazards which may arise due to exposure.
• Leather gloves
• Eye protection
• Hard hat
• Body suit
5.2.1 (a): Eye wear 5.2.1 (b): Leather gloves
5.2.1 (c): Body suit 5.2.1 (d): Hard hat
165
5.2.2 Workmanship Safety Guidelines

Observe followingworkmanship safety precaution:
 Cable bending radius
• Do not bend the cable to a specified lower limit of bending radius at any location. By
bending the cable any place may leads to bending losses /or cable breaks.
• 20D is the highest bending radius limit for cables; where D is the diameter of cable.
 Cable pulling tension
• Enlarging the cable stretching tension beyond the defined limit in the cable data sheet /
specification, can vary cable and fiber specifications.
 Manhole / Underground vaults safety
• Check manhole environment with a specified test kit for flammable and poisonous gases.
• Restricts usage of all entities that gives out spark or flame in manhole.
 Safety during duct installation
• Install signboard like barricades, manhole protective blocks and signage boards which
warns, to your personal and equipment clearance is ensured
• Before directly pulling cable from figure 8 shape, with refer to inner area of the loop
• Makes sure that the equipment/materials used for cable installation are with good
condition.
• Make sure of no occurrence electric hazards and have awareness of action items to
follow in such cases, check for electrical lines through the manholes or vaults where
installation is being done.
 While taking up installation aerial protection must be ensured
• Before climbing, verify for- breakage, nests, sharp projections etc.
• Practicing leather gloves all time specially in climbing or getting down on pole and while
working with sharp instruments or materials or live electrical wires.
• Appropriate spares parts should be utilized while installation to make sure effective and
safe working.
• As a mandate, professionally skilled resource must be present near the installation site
while tensioning operation.
• No entertainment for resource people to operate or climb on intermediate poles, during
tensioning.
• Passer-by on ground must be placed away from poles while tensioning.
• Necessary and needful warning / safety signage board should be placed at right places
at installation site.
• Burry all metallic component to prevent electric hazards which raise by spark of power
lines or any other means. Produced by power lines or any other means.
166
5.2.3 Important Safety Guidelines

Following safety precautions have to be taken:
• Work on a black pad or wear a black apron which makes the slivers of glass easier to spot.
• Do not eat or drink near the installation area.
• Always work in well-ventilated areas.
• Avoid skin contact to materials involved as much as possible.
• Avoid using chemicals that cause allergic reactions.
• Even isopropyl alcohol, used as a cleaner, is flammable & should be handled carefully.
• Contact lens wearers must not handle their lenses until they have thoroughly washed their hands.
• The broken ends of fibers created during termination and splicing can be dangerous.
• The ends are extremely sharp and can easily penetrate the skin.
• They invariably break off and are very hard to find and remove.
• At times, a pair of tweezers and magnifying glass would be needed to take them out.
• Any delay in taking the fiber out of body could lead to infection, which is dangerous.
5.2.3: Working with fiber could be dangerous if we are not careful
167
Exercise
1. An appointed person in charge of first aid facilities must ensure that the first aid box is:
a. Kept locked at all times

b. Restocked at the end of each month
c. Restocked immediately after anything is used
d. Checked monthly and a record made of items used
2. It is essential that while working with optic fiber we should wear apron which is:
a. Blue in color
b. Red in color
c. White in color
d. Black in color
3. To pick up broken or stray pieces if fiber we must use:
a. Tweezers
b. Hands
c. Double sided tape
4. While working in manholes for any fiber optic activity:
a. We can smoke
b. We can eat
c. We should not carry an inflammable material or fire hazard
5. While working with fiber optic we should use:
a. Cotton gloves
b. Leather gloves
c. Leather gloves and protective eye-wear
d. All of the above
168
Exercise Cont.
6. Terminating fiber optic cables may produce particular health and safety risks such as:
a. Tiredness due to length of time taken to terminate cable

b. The risk of glass shards piercing the skin
c. Electric shock from charged cables due to EMI
d. Oil escaping from cables staining the skin and clothes
7. When arriving at a new site, one item of essential information which should be obtained is:
a. Time that canteen is open

b. Nearest train station
c. Evacuation routes
d. Permitted smoking area
8. When discovering a hazard on a construction site which is beyond your current experience you
should:
a. Leave it for someone else to report

b. Cover it up so no one can see it
c. Report it to your supervisor
d. Wait until the next tool box talk
9. The minimum PPE required, when working on a particular task, would be:
a. What is comfortable for that work activity

b. In accordance with the risk assessment
c. What the employer can afford
d. According to recommended guidelines
10. When working in areas with activities occurring above, it is essential to wear:
a. Safety goggles
b. A hard hat
c. A baseball cap
d. A donkey jacket
169
Exercise Cont.
11. What are the optical fiber handling precautions to be followed?
12. What are the laser precautions to be followed?
13. What are the fire safety precautions to be followed?
14. What are the workmanship related precautions to be followed?
170
Tips
• Use double sided tapes to remove broken or stray pieces of fiber
• Use labeled and tightly sealed containers for disposal
• Use protective clothing
• Do not smoke in areas where splicing is happening
Notes
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172
6. Soft Skills
Unit 6.1 – Grooming
Unit 6.2 – Communication skills
Unit 6.3 – Time management
Unit 6.4 – Problem solving skills

1. Describe and demonstrate organizational grooming guidelines/standards
2. Demonstrate effective communication with supervisors, colleagues & customers
3. Explain & outline time wasters at work for effectively managing your schedule
4. Demonstrate problem solving skills in your day-to-day life
174
UNIT 6.1: Grooming
Unit Objectives
1. Describe and demonstrate grooming norms pertaining to optical fiber technician
2. Explain and outline the importance of grooming
3. Demonstrate professional grooming guidelines for an optical fiber technician
6.1.1 What is Grooming?

• Grooming means developing your personality in various aspects.
• It includes your looks, body language, communication skills, table manners, personal hygiene,
etc., to boost your confidence levels and make you into a more sophisticated individual.
• Grooming refers to well dress it up, well/good presentable to others. Yo u can give more attention
to the way you dress at work as your wear could be uplift the personality confidence and
eventually may influence your career path.
For an optical fiber technician grooming is also about always wearing your personal protective
equipment (PPE) when handling optical fiber cable or during installation and commissioning of
optical fiber cable.
6.1.1: Optical fiber technician at work
175
6.1.2 Importance of Grooming

Appearance adds value to both your organization and your overall personality. It adds to your:
• Professionalism
• Level of sophistication
• Intelligence (perceived)
• Credibility or reliability (perceived)
• Respect
6.1.3 Grooming Guidelines

Make sure that as an optical fiber technician you adhere to grooming guidelines as specified by your
organization. Here are some guidelines listed to help you develop as a well-groomed professional:
• Neatly trimmed hair and properly combed.
• Daily shave, take bath and brush your teeth.
• Wear neat, clean and well ironed clothes or uniform.
• Polish your shoes regularly and wear fresh pair of socks daily.
• Always wear your personal protective equipment.
6.1.3: Well-groomed OFC technician
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UNIT 6.2: Communication Skills
Unit Objectives
1. Explain the outline which is needed for effective communication as an OFC technician
2. Describe and demonstrate effective process of communication at your work place
3. Display different types of communication
4. Demonstrate effective listening skills in your day-to-day life
6.2.1 Need for Effective Communication at Work Place

Everybody communicate in their own unique way be it people or animals. It is also known that
different species communicate with each other. Presenting oneself and one’s abilities is equally
important for any profession today. Also it is beneficial at our work place as it helps in
communicating with various functions so as to work in unison as a team. Explain in detail the
benefits of communication whether it is inter-departmental, intra departmental or personal..
Inter Department Communication is a process by which you exchange ideas, thoughts and
information with other department in an organization. It is very important that we communicate
with other departments to complete our task efficiently.
Intra Department Communication is a process by which you exchange ideas, thoughts and
information with your superiors and subordinates within your department. It is very important that
we communicate within our departments to complete our task efficiently.
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6.2.2 Process of Communication

The Process of information transfer from the sender to the receiver, who understands and
shares feedback, is known as communication.
Every act of communication whether it is speaking, writing, listening or reading is more than a
single isolated action. It is a chain of events which has certain characteristics:
• It is a two-way process.
• It has a sender and a receiver.
• A message is sent across.
• It is effective only when it gets the desired response from the receiver.
• Constant feedback ensures effective communication.
While discussing are presenting to others may consists three primary steps
• Our thinking and Thoughts: First, information exists in the mind of the sender. This could be a
concept, idea, information or feelings.
• Encoding: Furfur moving, a context could be transferred to a receiver in words or in any formats.
• Decoding: the receiver translates the received input into a concept or information that a receiver
could understand.
6.2.2 : Communication process
We demonstrate communication in our personal as well as professional life, example:

• While interacting with your family / friends.
• Applying for a job (Interviews).
• Product demonstration.
• Responding to a message.
• Giving instructions to working partners, contractors.
• Listening.
• Developing a new relationship.
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6.2.3 Types of Communication
Multiple verbal and non-verbal types of communication are available. Which involve body language,
eye contact, sign language, haptic communication, and chromatics.
Types of communication - Verbal Communication
1 Language plays a significant role in verbal communication. To describe events, ideas, products a
person needs words - symbols that stand for thoughts - placed in meaningful orders. To develop an
idea of mind with said words, we place them as per the grammar rule, providing the various parts
of speech in the correct sequence Following are the ways to improve verbal communication
• Use positive words.
• Ask the right questions.
• Think and prepare before you speak.
• Reduce usage of verbal pauses.
• Avoid careless language.
Types of Communication – Written

2 Written communication is important because a message written in black and white can be used as
a record. A written document is referred to in the absence of the person and therefore it must be
fool proof. One can explain the product benefits to a buyer in a one to one conversation but in the
absence of the sales person the written communication is the basis for discussion. Thus written
communication is of prime importance in a company and has to be done in a proper manner. In
business written communication takes the form of a letters, memo and reports. Following are the
ways to effective written communication:
• Clearly, coherently, concisely.
• Correctly with courtesy and confidence.
Types of Communication – Non Verbal

3 Non-Verbal are the basic forms of communication. As predicted by Anthropologists theory long
before human may use words to talk things over, that our predecessors communicated with each
other using the various parts of their bodies. They typically gritted their teeth to express anger,
smiled and touched one another to indicate affection. As per popular research what we say has
only 7% impact on verbal communication while how we say that is our tone has 38% impact while
our expression has 55% impact.
4 Communication without words – Non Verbal clues

• Body language.
• Emotion of the sender and receiver.
• Perceptions due to prior interactions.
WHAT you say is not nearly as important as HOW you say it! “So Let Us Implement”
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6.2.4 Effective Listening Skills
Listening heads, the list of essential skills. The ability to listen is the key thing in business. Any product is
meant to be serviced, or a fault that must be rectified. It is essential that we are able to listen to our
superiors, colleagues, contractors, etc., as it will help us in identifying issues clearly thereby removing
ambiguity. Thus to deliver effective service the sure way to success is effective listening to the wants
and needs of the people involved in the system.
Research shows that a service man should have the following abilities: 9% of the time is spent in
writing, 6 % of the time is spent on reading, 26% of the time is spent on speaking and 59% of the time is
spent in listening. Listening is the act of hearing attentively and making sense of, what you hear.
Hearing becomes listening only when an individual pay attention to what is said and follow it very
closely.
6.2.4: Effective listening skills
Remember “Listening = Learning”
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UNIT 6.3: Time Management
Unit Objectives
1. Explain and outline time management and its benefits
2. Explain and outline various time wasters as stumbling blocks
3. Demonstrate effective time management skills by using building blocks
6.3.1 Time Management and its Benefits

Time management is the act or process of planning and exercising conscious control over the amount
of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency or productivity.
Following are the benefits of effective time management:

• Improving productivity.
• Facilitating progress of your goals.
• Reducing / minimizing your stress.
• Achieving work-life balance.
6.3.1: Time management
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6.3.2 Time Wasters as Stumbling Blocks

Following time wasters act as ‘stumbling blocks’ to jobs completion on time:
• Leaving unfinished tasks.

• Smoking, tea-breaks, etc.
• Socializing and electronic interruptions.
• Confused responsibility or authority.
• Incomplete information and poor communication.
• Inadequate controls and progress reports.
• Drop-in visitors and procrastinations.
6.3.2: Time wasters
6.3.3 Time Management Building Blocks

Most time management experts agree that the average person can gain 2 hours per day through the
use of time management techniques. Rushing to meet forgotten deadlines, or worrying about things
that you need to do breeds stress. The added flexibility one enjoys through time management building
blocks which are as follows:
• Goals.
• Task list.
• Time management tool.
• Scheduled planning session.
6.3.3: Time management building blocks
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UNIT 6.4: Problem Solving
Unit Objectives
1. Understand and demonstrate effective problem solving skills
2. Explain and outline benefits of problem solving
3. Demonstrate formula for effective problem solving
6.4.1 Types of People
There are basically two types of people:

• The first classes classification of people is the ones no one ‘knows’ how to think. Many
individuals realize that many problems are unresolved to be examined and creative solution.
• Therefore when they come across a problem their intellectual thinking quickly leads them to
a solution. This kind of people is the source of the most important product in today's
economy – ideas. That’s what makes them ‘critical thinkers’.
• There are people of the other type as well - ones who are no ‘critical thinkers’ themselves;
they are idea-shoppers.
6.4.2 Benefits of Problem Solving

Following are the benefit of problem solving:
• By providing solution to the problem, yourself, you will uplift your index of self -confidence,
which might eventually be a routine in your life.
• In problem solving, yourself, you may create a best answers compare to anyone in past.
Here by you may contribute to the store of human knowledge.
• During problem solving by yourself, you will keep your personal stamp on the end entity,
hence creating a personal expression which last long for long time.
• Answering the problem, yourself, you become less dependent on experts, authorities,
technical and psychological super-beings.
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6.4.3 Formula for Problem Solving
Following is the formula for ‘Problem Solving’:
Define the problem and the expected results

1 State the problem as specifically as possible.
2 Clarify the expected results by asking
• What is expected in terms of a solution?
• What are the parameters I need to work within?
• What is the real problem?
• How have I confirmed that it is a real problem?
• Is the problem a situational issue or a personal reaction?
• Am I thinking of defining the problem or am I contemplating solutions?
• If there is more than one problem, then what is the core problem?
• Have I answered who, what, where, how, when and why to defin e the problem?
Collect facts and ideas

1 Collect all relevant facts, data, and ideas
2 See fact-finding as one step which may not have all the data available to you at this time or
perhaps ever. Let the ideas and facts incubate, ask
• Are all the facts available at this time?
• What facts are pertinent to moving ahead toward a solution?
• What are the facts?
• Have I forgotten specific, accurate facts?
• Do I have facts or opinions?
• Have I been objective or impersonal?
• Am I considering all facts or only those pointing to a preconceived solution?
Generate solutions
1 Truly brainstorm all possible solutions. Let the creative mind work.
2 Involve others to get best possible ideas. Develop solutions without personal bias or opinion, ask
• Have we recorded everything said? Did we eliminate any solutions before writing them down?
• Were suggestions ignored due to the source of the idea?
• Have we used all parts of our imagination?
Pick the best solution

1 Determine which one is likely to give you the expected result.
2 Compare the best solution to the specifics identified in the problem, ask:
• Are we meeting the expected results?
• Does this solution meet the issues defined in the problem?
• Are there other potential solutions that can be clubbed in with those identified?
• When can the solutions be implemented?
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6.4.3 Formula for Problem Solving (Contd.)

Implement the solution
1 Begin to act on the solution.
2 Create a timeline and act according to the identified dates, ask:
• Do I fear the results?
• Am I procrastinating?
• Am I fearful of other people’s reaction?
• Do I lack confidence in the solution?
• Are we willing to take the risks involved in the solution?
• Are we willing to change?
Evaluate the solution

1 Check how well the solution is working according to the expected results.
2 Modify the solutions to improve it.
3 Set the date of the next checkpoint, ask:
• What were the expected results? How does the solution compare to the expected results?
• What was working well?
• How could we improve this?
• Has this been an adequate test period?
6.4.3: Formula for problem solving
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Exercise
1. For a professional appearance and a healthy mind, body, it is essential that we:
a. We have good eating habits

b. Go early to bed
c. Keep ourselves, neat, clean and well groomed
2. It is essential that our uniform is:
a. Complete in all respects

b. Absolutely brand new
c. Neat, clean and absolutely complete in all respects.
3. While receiving instructions from our supervisors, it is important that we:
a. Understand quickly so that he does not get offended

b. Do not interrupt
c. Listen attentively, without interruption and towards the end check our understanding
4. Written communication is best used in:
a. Taking instructions from the supervisor

b. Prioritizing your day by capturing pending tasks
c. Reporting & Documentation
5. People who listen attentively:
a. Lose out on important aspects in life

b. Are able to understand much better and hence their performance increases
c. Are more respected in society
d. All of the above
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Exercise Cont.
6. While communicating at work it is important:
a. That we are serious

b. We smile appropriately and make affirmative sounds / gestures
c. That we stand in a disciplined manner with our hands folded
d. All of the above
7. While communicating at work we should be careful about our:
a. Words
b. Body Language
c. Pitch and tone
d. All of the above
8. While communicating at work we should:
a. Be keen to finish the process quickly

b. Have clear thought and speech
c. Understand that time is of utmost importance to us
9. Effective communication at work place results in:
a. Less confusion
b. Proper understanding of the tasks and expectation
c. Better environment, coordination and team work
d. All of the above
10. Effective communication at work place means:
a. That words, both written and spoken are extremely important

b. That more than words your tone and body language play an important role
c. Written communication only
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Exercise Cont.
11. What is grooming?
12. List out the importance of grooming.
13. What is communication process?
14. Briefly explain the various types of communications.
15. What are the C’s of effective writing?
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Exercise Cont.
16. Explain about non-verbal communication.
17. How many different types of people are there when we talk about problem solving skills?
18. Explain the steps involved in problem solving?
19. What is creative problem solving? Explain the stages of creative problem solving?
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Tips
Following are recommended grooming tips:
1. Wear close fitting clothing. Keep boots free of mud, ice, snow, grease and oil
2. Listen attentively and think before you speak
3. Focus on the task at hand
Notes
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7. Employability &
Entrepreneurship Skills
Unit 7.1 – Personal Strengths & Value Systems
Unit 7.2 – Digital Literacy: A Recap
Unit 7.3 – Money Matters
Unit 7.4 – Preparing for Employment & Self Employment
Unit 7.5 – Understanding Entrepreneurship
Unit 7.6 – Preparing to be an Entrepreneur
TEL/N6228

1. Explain the meaning of health
2. List common health issues
3. Discuss tips to prevent common health issues
4. Explain the meaning of hygiene
5. Discuss the purpose of Swacch Bharat Abhiyan
6. Explain the meaning of habit
7. Discuss ways to set up a safe work environment
8. Discuss critical safety habits to be followed by employees
9. Explain the importance of self-analysis
10. Discuss motivation with the help of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
11. Discuss the meaning of achievement motivation
12. List the characteristics of entrepreneurs with achievement motivation
13. List the different factors that motivate you
14. Discuss the role of attitude in self-analysis
15. Discuss how to maintain a positive attitude
16. List your strengths and weaknesses
17. Discuss the qualities of honest people
18. Describe the importance of honesty in entrepreneurs
19. Discuss the elements of a strong work ethic
20. Discuss how to foster a good work ethic
21. List the characteristics of highly creative people
22. List the characteristics of highly innovative people
23. Discuss the benefits of time management
24. List the traits of effective time managers
25. Describe effective time management technique
26. Discuss the importance of anger management
27. Describe anger management strategies
28. Discuss tips for anger management
29. Discuss the causes of stress
30. Discuss the symptoms of stress
31. Discuss tips for stress management
32. Identify the basic parts of a computer
33. Identify the basic parts of a keyboard
34. Recall basic computer terminology
35. Recall the functions of basic computer keys
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36. Discuss the main applications of MS Office

37. Discuss the benefits of Microsoft Outlook
38. Discuss the different types of e-commerce
39. List the benefits of e-commerce for retailers and customers
40. Discuss how the Digital India campaign will help boost e-commerce in India
41. Describe how you will sell a product or service on an e-commerce platform
42. Discuss the importance of saving money
43. Discuss the benefits of saving money
44. Discuss the main types of bank accounts
45. Describe the process of opening a bank account
46. Differentiate between fixed and variable costs
47. Describe the main types of investment options
48. Describe the different types of insurance products
49. Describe the different types of taxes
50. Discuss the uses of online banking
51. Discuss the main types of electronic funds transfers
52. Discuss the steps to prepare for an interview
53. Discuss the steps to create an effective Resume
54. Discuss the most frequently asked interview questions
55. Discuss how to answer the most frequently asked interview questions
56. Discuss basic workplace terminology
57. Discuss the concept of entrepreneurship
58. Discuss the importance of entrepreneurship
59. Describe the characteristics of an entrepreneur
60. Describe the different types of enterprises
61. List the qualities of an effective leader
62. Discuss the benefits of effective leadership
63. List the traits of an effective team
64. Discuss the importance of listening effectively
65. Discuss how to listen effectively
66. Discuss the importance of speaking effectively
67. Discuss how to speak effectively
68. Discuss how to solve problems
69. List important problem solving traits
70. Discuss ways to assess problem solving skills
71. Discuss the importance of negotiation
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72. Discuss how to negotiate

73. Discuss how to identify new business opportunities
74. Discuss how to identify business opportunities within your business
75. Explain the meaning of entrepreneur
76. Describe the different types of entrepreneurs
77. List the characteristics of entrepreneurs
78. Recall entrepreneur success stories
79. Discuss the entrepreneurial process
80. Describe the entrepreneurship ecosystem
81. Discuss the purpose of the Make in India campaign
82. Discuss key schemes to promote entrepreneurs
83. Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship and risk appetite
84. Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship and resilience
85. Describe the characteristics of a resilient entrepreneur
86. Discuss how to deal with failure
87. Discuss how market research is carried out
88. Describe the 4 Ps of marketing
89. Discuss the importance of idea generation
90. Recall basic business terminology
91. Discuss the need for CRM
92. Discuss the benefits of CRM
93. Discuss the need for networking
94. Discuss the benefits of networking
95. Discuss the importance of setting goals
96. Differentiate between short-term, medium-term and long-term goals
97. Discuss how to write a business plan
98. Explain the financial planning process
99. Discuss ways to manage your risk
100. Describe the procedure and formalities for applying for bank finance
101. Discuss how to manage your own enterprise
102. List important questions that every entrepreneur should ask before starting an enterprise
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UNIT 7.1: Personal Strengths & Value Systems
Unit Objectives
1. Explain the meaning of health

2. List common health issues
3. Discuss tips to prevent common health issues
4. Explain the meaning of hygiene
5. Discuss the purpose of Swacch Bharat Abhiyan
6. Explain the meaning of habit
7. Discuss ways to set up a safe work environment
8. Discuss critical safety habits to be followed by employees
9. Explain the importance of self-analysis
10. Discuss motivation with the help of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
11. Discuss the meaning of achievement motivation
12. List the characteristics of entrepreneurs with achievement motivation
13. List the different factors that motivate you
14. Discuss the role of attitude in self-analysis
15. Discuss how to maintain a positive attitude
16. List your strengths and weaknesses
17. Discuss the qualities of honest people
18. Describe the importance of honesty in entrepreneurs
19. Discuss the elements of a strong work ethic
20. Discuss how to foster a good work ethic
21. List the characteristics of highly creative people
22. List the characteristics of highly innovative people
23. Discuss the benefits of time management
24. List the traits of effective time managers
25. Describe effective time management technique
26. Discuss the importance of anger management
27. Describe anger management strategies
28. Discuss tips for anger management
29. Discuss the causes of stress
30. Discuss the symptoms of stress
31. Discuss tips for stress management
196
7.1.1 Health, Habits, Hygiene: What is Health?

As per the World Health Organization (WHO), health is a “State of complete physical, mental,
and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This means being
healthy does not simply mean not being unhealthy – it also means you need to be at peace
emotionally, and feel fit physically. For example, you cannot say you are healthy simply because
you do not have any physical ailments like a cold or cough. You also need to think about whether
you are feeling calm, relaxed and happy.
Common Health Issues

Some common health issues are:
• Allergies
• Asthma
• Skin Disorders
• Depression and Anxiety
• Diabetes
• Cough, Cold, Sore Throat
• Difficulty Sleeping
• Obesity
Tips to Prevent Health Issues

Taking measures to prevent ill health is always better than curing a disease or sickness. You can
stay healthy by:
• Eating healthy foods like fruits, vegetables and nuts
• Cutting back on unhealthy and sugary foods
• Drinking enough water everyday
• Not smoking or drinking alcohol
• Exercising for at least 30 minutes a day, 4-5 times a week
• Taking vaccinations when required
• Practicing yoga exercises and meditation
How many of these health standards do you follow? Tick the ones that apply to you.
1. Get minimum 7-8 hours of sleep every night.
2. Avoid checking email first thing in the morning and right before you go to bed at night.
3. Don’t skip meals – eat regular meals at correct meal times.
4. Read a little bit every single day.
5. Eat more home cooked food than junk food.
6. Stand more than you sit.
7. Drink a glass of water first thing in the morning and have at least 8 glasses of water
through the day.
8. Go to the doctor and dentist for regular checkups.
9. Exercise for 30 minutes at least 5 days a week.
10. Avoid consuming lots of aerated beverages.
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What is Hygiene ?
As per the World Health Organization (WHO), “Hygiene refers to conditions and practices that
help to maintain health and prevent the spread of diseases.” In other words, hygiene means
ensuring that you do whatever is required to keep your surroundings clean, so that you reduce
the chances of spreading germs and diseases.
For instance, think about the kitchen in your home. Good hygiene means ensuring that the
kitchen is always spick and span, the food is put away, dishes are washed and dustbins are not
overflowing with garbage. Doing all this will reduce the chances of attracting pests like rats or
cockroaches, and prevent the growth of fungus and other bacteria, which could spread disease.
How many of these health standards do you follow? Tick the ones that apply to you.
1. Have a bath or shower every day with soap – and wash your hair with shampoo 2-3
times a week.
2. Wear a fresh pair of clean undergarments every day.
3. Brush your teeth in the morning and before going to bed.
4. Cut your fingernails and toenails regularly.
5. Wash your hands with soap after going to the toilet.
6. Use an anti-perspirant deodorant on your underarms if you sweat a lot.
7. Wash your hands with soap before cooking or eating.
8. Stay home when you are sick, so other people don’t catch what you have.
9. Wash dirty clothes with laundry soap before wearing them again.
10. Cover your nose with a tissue/your hand when coughing or sneezing.
See how healthy and hygienic you are, by giving yourself 1 point for every ticked statement!
Then take a look at what your score means.
Your Score
0-7/20: You need to work a lot harder to stay fit and fine! Make it a point to practice good
habits daily and see how much better you feel!
7-14/20: Not bad, but there is scope for improvement! Try and add a few more good habits to
your daily routine.
14-20/20: Great job! Keep up the good work! Your body and mind thank you!
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

We have already discussed the importance of following good hygiene and health practices for
ourselves. But, it is not enough for us to be healthy and hygienic. We must also extend this
standard to our homes, our immediate surroundings and to our country as a whole.
The ‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ (Clean India Mission) launched by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi on
2nd October 2014, believes in doing exactly this. The aim of this mission is to clean the streets and roads
of India and raise the overall level of cleanliness. Currently this mission covers
4,041 cities and towns across the country. Millions of our people have taken the pledge for a
clean India. You should take the pledge too, and do everything possible to keep our country clean !
What are Habits ?

A habit is a behavior that is repeated frequently. All of us have good habits and bad habits.
Keep in mind the phrase by John Dryden: “We first make our habits, and then our habits make
us.”
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This is why it is so important that you make good habits a way of life, and consciously avoid practicing bad
habits.
Some good habits that you should make part of your daily routine are:
• Always having a positive attitude • Smiling! Make it a habit to smile as often as
• Making exercise a part of your daily routine possible
• Reading motivational and inspirational stories • Making time for family and friends
• Going to bed early and waking up early
Some bad habits that you should quit immediately are:
• Skipping breakfast • Smoking, drinking alcohol and doing drugs
• Snacking frequently even when you are not • Spending more money than you can afford
hungry • Worrying about unimportant issues
• Eating too much fattening and sugary food • Staying up late and waking up late
Tips
• Following healthy and hygienic practices every day will make you feel good mentally and physically.
• Hygiene is two-thirds of health – so good hygiene will help you stay strong and healthy!
7.1.2: Safety: Tips to Design a Safe Workplace

Every employer is obligated to ensure that his workplace follows the highest possible safety
protocol. When setting up a business, owners must make it a point to:
• Use ergonomically designed furniture and equipment to avoid stooping and twisting
• Provide mechanical aids to avoid lifting or carrying heavy objects
• Have protective equipment on hand for hazardous jobs
• Designate emergency exits and ensure they are easily accessible
• Set down health codes and ensure they are implemented
• Follow the practice of regular safety inspections in and around the workplace
• Ensure regular building inspections are conducted
• Get expert advice on workplace safety and follow it
Non-Negotiable Employee Safety Habits

Every employer is obligated to ensure that his workplace follows the highest possible safety
protocol. When setting up a business, owners must make it a point to:
• Immediately report unsafe conditions to a supervisor
• Recognize and report safety hazards that could lead to slips, trips and falls
• Report all injuries and accidents to a supervisor
• Wear the correct protective equipment when required
• Learn how to correctly use equipment provided for safety purposes
• Be aware of and avoid actions that could endanger other people
• Take rest breaks during the day and some time off from work during the week
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Tips
• Be aware of what emergency number to call at the time of a workplace emergency
• Practice evacuation drills regularly to avoid chaotic evacuations
7.1.3 Self Analysis – Attitude, Achievement Motivation:

What is Self-Analysis?
To truly achieve your full potential, you need to take a deep look inside yourself and find out
what kind of person you really are. This attempt to understand your personality is known as
self-analysis. Assessing yourself in this manner will help you grow, and will also help you to
identify areas within yourself that need to be further developed, changed or eliminated. You
can better understand yourself by taking a deep look at what motivates you, what your attitude is like,
and what your strengths and weaknesses are.
What is Motivation ?
Very simply put, motivation is your reason for acting or behaving in a certain manner. It is
important to understand that not everyone is motivated by the same desires – people are
motivated by many, many different things. We can understand this better by looking at Maslow’s
hierarchy of Needs.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Famous American psychologist Abraham Maslow wanted to understand what motivates
people. He believed that people have five types of needs, ranging from very basic needs (called
physiological needs) to more important needs that are required for self-growth (called self-
actualization needs). Between the physiological and self-actualization needs are three other
needs – safety needs, belongingness and love needs, and esteem needs. These needs are
usually shown as a pyramid with five levels and are known as Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.
Self-fulfillment
Self -
needs
actualization:
achieving one's full
potential, including
creative activities
Esteem needs:
prestige and feeling of Psychological
accomplishment needs
Belongingness and love needs:

intimate relationships, friends
Safety needs:
Security, safety Basic
needs
Physiological needs:
food, water, warmth, rest
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As you can see from the pyramid, the lowest level depicts the most basic needs. Maslow
believed that our behaviour is motivated by our basic needs, until those needs are met. Once
they are fulfilled, we move to the next level and are motived by the next level of needs. Let’s
understand this better with an example.
Rupa comes from a very poor family. She never has enough food, water, warmth or rest.
According to Maslow, until Rupa is sure that she will get these basic needs, she will not even
think about the next level of needs – her safety needs. But, once Rupa is confident that her basic
needs will be met, she will move to the next level, and her behaviour will then be motivated
by her need for security and safety. Once these new needs are met, Rupa will once again move
to the next level, and be motivated by her need for relationships and friends. Once this need
is satisfied, Rupa will then focus on the fourth level of needs – her esteem needs, after which
she will move up to the fifth and last level of needs – the desire to achieve her full potential.
Understanding Achievement Motivation

We now know that people are motivated by basic, psychological and self-fulfillment needs. However,
certain people are also motivated by the achievement of highly challenging accomplishments. This is
known as Achievement Motivation, or ‘need for achievement’.
We now know that people are motivated by basic, psychological and self-fulfillment needs.
However, certain people are also motivated by the achievement of highly challenging
accomplishments. This is known as Achievement Motivation, or ‘need for achievement’.
The level of motivation achievement in a person differs from individual to individual. It is
important that entrepreneurs have a high level of achievement motivation – a deep desire to
accomplish something important and unique. It is equally important that they hire people
who are also highly motivated by challenges and success.
What Motivates You ?

What are the things that really motivate you? List down five things that really motivate you.
Remember to answer honestly!
I am motivated by:
Characteristics of Entrepreneurs with Achievement Motivation

Entrepreneurs with achievement motivation can be described as follows:
• Unafraid to take risks for personal • Very persistent when it comes to achieving
accomplishment goals
• Love being challenged • Extremely courageous
• Future-oriented • Highly creative and innovative
• Flexible and adaptive • Restless - constantly looking to achieve more
• Value negative feedback more than • Feel personally responsible for solving
positive feedback problems
Think about it: • Can you think of entrepreneurs who display
these traits?
• How many of these traits do you have?
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What is Attitude ?
Now that we understand why motivation is so important for self-analysis, let’s look at the role
our attitude plays in better understanding ourselves. Attitude can be described as your tendency
(positive or negative), to think and feel about someone or something. Attitude is the foundation for
success in every aspect of life. Our attitude can be our best friend or our worst enemy. In other words:
Now that we understand why motivation is so important for self-analysis, let’s look at
the role our attitude plays in better understanding ourselves. Attitude can be described as your
tendency (positive or negative), to think and feel about someone or something. Attitude is the
foundation for success in every aspect of life. Our attitude can be our best friend or our worst
enemy. In other words:
“The only disability in life is a bad attitude.”
When you start a business, you are sure to encounter a wide variety of emotions, from difficult times and
failures to good times and successes. Your attitude is what will see you through
the tough times and guide you towards success. Attitude is also infectious. It affects everyone
around you, from your customers to your employees to your investors. A positive attitude helps
build confidence in the workplace while a negative attitude is likely to result in the demotivation of your
people.
How to Cultivate a Positive Attitude?

The good news is attitude is a choice. So it is possible to improve, control and change our
attitude, if we decide we want to! The following tips help foster a positive mindset:
• Remember that you control your attitude, not the other way around
• Devote at least 15 minutes a day towards reading, watching or listening to something positive
• Avoid negative people who only complain and stop complaining yourself
• Expand your vocabulary with positive words and delete negative phrases from your mind
• Be appreciative and focus on what’s good in yourself, in your life, and in others
• Stop thinking of yourself as a victim and start being proactive
• Imagine yourself succeeding and achieving your goals
What Are Your Strengths and Weaknesses ?

Another way to analyze yourself is by honestly identifying your strengths and weaknesses. This
will help you use your strengths to your best advantage and reduce your weaknesses.
Note down all your strengths and weaknesses in the two columns below. Remember to be
honest with yourself!
Strengths Weaknesses
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Tips
• Achievement motivation can be learned. • Train yourself to finish what you start.
• Don’t be afraid to make mistakes. • Dream big.
7.1.4 Honesty & Work Ethics: What is Honesty?

Honesty is the quality of being fair and truthful. It means speaking and acting in a mannerthatinspires trust.
A person who is described as honest is seen as truthful and sincere, and as someone who isn’t deceitful or
devious and doesn’t steal or cheat. There are two dimensions of honesty – one is honesty in communication
and the other is honesty in conduct.
Honesty is an extremely important trait because it results in peace of mind and builds relationships that
are based on trust. Being dishonest, on theotherhand, results in anxiety and leads to relationships full of
distrust and conflict.
Qualities of Honest People
Honest individuals have certain distinct characteristics. Some common qualities among honest
people are:
1. They don’t worry about what others think of them. They believe in being themselves –
they don’t bother about whether they are liked or disliked for their personalities.
2. They stand up for their beliefs. They won’t think twice about giving their honest opinion,
even if they are aware that their point of view lies with the minority.
3. They are think skinned. This means they are not affected by others judging them harshly
for their honest opinions.
4. They forge trusting, meaningful and healthy friendships. Honest people usually surround
themselves with honest friends. They have faith that their friends will be truthful and
upfront with them at all times.
5. They are trusted by their peers. They are seen as people who can be counted on
for truthful and objective feedback and advice.
Importance of Honesty in Entrepreneurs
One of the most important characteristics of entrepreneurs is honesty. When entrepreneurs
are honest with their customers, employees and investors, it shows that they respect those
that they work with. It is also important that entrepreneurs remain honest with themselves.
Let’s look at how being honest would lead to great benefits for entrepreneurs.
• Honesty and customers: When entrepreneurs are honest with their customers it leads to
stronger relationships, which in turn results in business growth and a stronger customer
network.
• Honesty and employees: When entrepreneurs build honest relationships with their
employees, it leads to more transparency in the workplace, which results in higher work
performance and better results.
• Honesty and investors: For entrepreneurs, being honest with investors means not only
sharing strengths but also candidly disclosing current and potential weaknesses, problem
areas and solution strategies. Keep in mind that investors have a lot of experience with
startups and are aware that all new companies have problems. Claiming that everything is
perfectly fine and running smoothly is a red flag for most investors.
• Honesty with oneself: The consequences of being dishonest with oneself can lead to dire
results, especially in the case of entrepreneurs. For entrepreneurs to succeed, it is critical
that they remain realistic about their situation at all times, and accurately judge every
aspect of their enterprise for what it truly is.
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What are Work Ethics ?

Being ethical in the workplace means displaying values like honesty, integrity and respect in
all your decisions and communications. It means not displaying negative qualities like lyincgh,eating and
stealing.
Workplace ethics play a big role in the profitability of a company. It is as crucial to an enterprise
as high morale and teamwork. This is why most companies lay down specific workplace ethic
guidelines that must compulsorily be followed by their employees. These guidelines are
typically outlined in a company’s employee handbook.
Elements of a Strong Work Ethic

An entrepreneur must display strong work ethics, as well as hire only those individuals who
believe in and display the same level of ethical behavior in the workplace. Some elements of
a strong work ethic are:
• Professionalism: This involves everything from how you present yourself in a corporate
setting to the manner in which you treat others in the workplace.
• Respectfulness: This means remaining poised and diplomatic regardless of how stressful
or volatile a situation is.
• Dependability: This means always keeping your word, whether it’s arriving on time for a
meeting or delivering work on time.
• Dedication: This means refusing to quit until the designated work is done, and completing the work at
the highest possible level of excellence.
• Determination: This means embracing obstacles as challenges rather than letting them
stop you, and pushing ahead with purpose and resilience to get the desired results.
• Accountability: This means taking responsibility for your actions and the consequences of your
actions, and not making excuses for your mistakes.
• Humility: This means acknowledging everyone’s efforts and had work, and sharing the
credit for accomplishments.
How to Foster a Good Work Ethic?

As an entrepreneur, it is important that you clearly define the kind of behaviour that you expect
from each and every team member in the workplace. You should make it clear that you expect
employees to display positive work ethics like:
• Honesty: All work assigned to a person should be done with complete honesty, without
any deceit or lies.
• Good attitude: All team members should be optimistic, energetic, and positive.
• Reliability: Employees should show up where they are supposed to be, when they are
supposed to be there.
• Good work habits: Employees should always be well groomed, never use inappropriate
language, conduct themselves professionally at all times, etc.
• Initiative: Doing the bare minimum is not enough. Every team member needs to be
proactive and show initiative.
• Trustworthiness: Trust is non-negotiable. If an employee cannot be trusted, it’s time to let
that employee go.
• Respect: Employees need to respect the company, the law, their work, their colleagues
and themselves.
• Integrity: Each and every team member should be completely ethical and must display
above board behaviour at all times.
• Efficiency: Efficient employees help a company grow while inefficient employees result in
a waste of time and resources.
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Tips
• Don’t get angry when someone tells you the truth and you don’t like what you hear.
• Always be willing to accept responsibility for your mistakes.
7.1.5 Creativity & Innovation : What is Creativity?

Creativity means thinking outside the box. It means viewing things in new ways or from different
perspectives, and then converting these ideas into reality. Creativity involves two parts: thinking
and producing. Simply having an idea makes you imaginative, not creative. However, having an
idea and acting on it makes you creative.
Characteristics of Highly Creative People
Some characteristics of creative people are:
• They are imaginative and playful • They detest rules and routine
• They see issues from different angles • They love to daydream
• They notice small details • They are very curious
• They have very little tolerance for boredom
What is Innovation ?
There are many different definitions of innovation. In simple terms, innovation means turning
an idea into a solution that adds value. It can also mean adding value by implementing a new
product, service or process, or significantly improving on an existing product, service or process.
Characteristics of Highly Innovative People

Some characteristics of highly innovative people are:
• They embrace doing things differently • They are highly proactive and persistent
• They don’t believe in taking shortcuts • They are organized, cautious and risk-averse
• They are not afraid to be unconventional
Tips
• Take regular breaks from your creative work to recharge yourself and gain fresh perspective.
• Build prototypes frequently, test them out, get feedback, and make the required changes.
7.1.6 Time Management: What is Time Management?

Time management is the process organizing your time, and deciding how to allocate your time
between different activities. Good time management is the difference between working smart
(getting more done in less time) and working hard (working for more time to get more done).
Effective time management leads to an efficient work output, even when you are faced with
tight deadlines and high pressure situations. On the other hand, not managing your time
effectively results in inefficient output and increases stress and anxiety.
Benefits of Time Management

Time management can lead to huge benefits like:
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• Greater productivity • Higher efficiency

• Better professional reputation • Reduced stress
• Higher chances for career advancement • Greater opportunities to achieve goals
Not managing time effectively can result in undesirable consequences like:
• Missing deadlines • Inefficient work output

• Substandard work quality • Poor professional reputation
• Stalled career • Increase in stress and anxiety
Traits of Effective Time Managers

Some traits of effective time managers are:
• They begin projects early • They break tasks into steps with specific
• They set daily objectives deadlines
• They modify plans if required, to achieve • They continually review long term goals
better results • They think of alternate solutions if and
• They are flexible and open-minded when required
• They inform people in advance if their • They ask for help when required
help will be required • They create backup plans
• They know how to say no
Effective Time Management Techniques

You can manage your time better by putting into practice certain time management techniques.
Some helpful tips are:
• Plan out your day as well as plan for interruptions. Give yourself at least 30 minutes to
figure out your time plan. In your plan, schedule some time for interruptions.
• Put up a “Do Not Disturb” sign when you absolutely have to complete a certain amount
of work.
• Close your mind to all distractions. Train yourself to ignore ringing phones, don’t reply to
chat messages and disconnect from social media sites.
• Delegate your work. This will not only help your work get done faster, but will also show
you the unique skills and abilities of those around you.
• Stop procrastinating. Remind yourself that procrastination typically arises due to the fear
of failure or the belief that you cannot do things as perfectly as you wish to do them.
• Prioritize. List each task to be completed in order of its urgency or importance level. Then
focus on completing each task, one by one.
• Maintain a log of your work activities. Analyze the log to help you understand how efficient
you are, and how much time is wasted every day.
• Create time management goals to reduce time wastage.
Tips
• Always complete the most important tasks first. • Set a time limit for every task that you will
• Get at least 7 – 8 hours of sleep every day. undertake.
• Start your day early. • Give yourself some time to unwind between
tasks.
• Don’t waste too much time on small,
unimportant details.
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7.1.7 Anger Management: What is Anger Management?

Anger management is the process of:
1. Learning to recognize the signs that you, or someone else, is becoming angry
2. Taking the best course of action to calm down the situation in a positive way
Anger management does not mean suppressing anger.
Importance of Anger Management

Anger is a perfectly normal human emotion. In fact, when managed the right way, anger can
be considered a healthy emotion. However, if it is not kept in check, anger can make us act
inappropriately and can lead to us saying or doing things that we will likely later regret.
Extreme anger can:
• Hurt you physically:: It leads to heart disease, diabetes, a weakened immune system,
insomnia, and high blood pressure.
• Hurt you mentally: It can cloud your thinking and lead to stress, depression and mental
health issues.
• Hurt your career: It can result in alienating your colleagues, bosses, clients and lead to the
loss of respect.
• Hurt your relationships: It makes it hard for your family and friends to trust you, be honest
with you and feel comfortable around you.
This is why anger management, or managing anger appropriately, is so important.
Anger Management Strategies

Here are some strategies that can help you control your anger:
Strategy 1: Relaxation
Something as simple as breathing deeply and looking at relaxing images works wonders in
calming down angry feelings. Try this simple breathing exercise:
1. Take a deep breath from your diaphragm (don’t breathe from your chest)
2. Visualize your breath coming up from your stomach
3. Keep repeating a calming word like ‘relax’ or ‘take it easy’ (remember to keep breathing
deeply while repeating the word)
4. Picture a relaxing moment (this can be from your memory or your imagination)
Follow this relaxation technique daily, especially when you realize that you’re starting to feel angry.
Strategy 2: Cognitive Restructuring
Cognitive restructuring means changing the manner in which you think. Anger can make you
curse, swear, exaggerate and act very dramatically. When this happens, force yourself to replace
your angry thoughts with more logical ones. For instance, instead of thinking ‘Everything is
ruined’ change your mindset and tell yourself ‘It’s not the end of the world and getting angry
won’t solve this’.
Strategy 3: Problem Solving
Getting angry about a problem that you cannot control is a perfectly natural response.
Sometimes, try as you may, there may not be a solution to the difficulty you are faced with. In
such cases, stop focusing on solving the problem, and instead focus on handling and facing the
problem. Remind yourself that you will do your best to deal with the situation, but that you will
not blame yourself if you don’t get the solution you desire.
Strategy 4: Better Communication
When you’re angry, it is very easy to jump to inaccurate conclusions. In this case, you need to
force yourself to stop reacting, and think carefully about what you want to say, before saying it.
Avoid saying the first thing that enters your head. Force yourself to listen carefully to what the
other person is saying. Then think about the conversation before responding.
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Strategy 5: Changing Your Environment

If you find that your environment is the cause of your anger, try and give yourself a break
from your surroundings. Make an active decision to schedule some personal time for yourself,
especially on days that are very hectic and stressful. Having even a brief amount of quiet or
alone time is sure to help calm you down.
Tips for Anger Management
The following tips will help you keep your anger in check:
• Take some time to collect your thoughts before you speak out in anger.
• Express the reason for your anger in an assertive, but non-confrontational manner once
you have calmed down.
• Do some form of physical exercise like running or walking briskly when you feel yourself
getting angry.
• Make short breaks part of your daily routine, especially during days that are stressful.
• Focus on how to solve a problem that’s making you angry, rather than focusing on the fact
that the problem is making you angry.
Tips
• Try to forgive those who anger you, rather than hold a grudge against them.
• Avoid using sarcasm and hurling insults. Instead, try and explain the reason for your
frustration in a polite and mature manner.
7.1.8 Stress Management: What is Stress?

We say we are ‘stressed’ when we feel overloaded and unsure of our ability to deal with the
pressures placed on us. Anything that challenges or threatens our well-being can be defined as a stress.
It is important to note that stress can be good and bad. While good stress keeps us
going, negative stress undermines our mental and physical health. This is why it is so important
to manage negative stress effectively.
Causes of Stress
Stress can be caused by internal and external factors.
Internal causes of stress
• Constant worry • Pessimism
• Rigid thinking • Negative self-talk
• Unrealistic expectations • All in or all out attitude
External causes of stress

• Major life changes • Difficulties at work or in school
• Difficulties with relationships • Financial difficulties
• Having too much to do • Worrying about one’s children and/or family
Symptoms of Stress
Stress can manifest itself in numerous ways. Take a look at the cognitive, emotional, physical
and behavioral symptoms of stress.
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Cognitive Symptoms Emotional Symptoms

• Memory problems • Depression
• Concentration issues • Agitation
• Lack of judgement • Irritability
• Pessimism • Loneliness
• Anxiety • Anxiety
• Constant worrying • Anger
Physical Symptoms Behavioral Symptoms

• Aches and pain • Increase or decrease in appetite
• Diarrhea or constipation • Over sleeping or not sleeping enough
• Nausea • Withdrawing socially
• Dizziness • Ignoring responsibilities
• Chest pain and/or rapid heartbeat • Consumption of alcohol or cigarettes
• Frequent cold or flu like feelings • Nervous habits like nail biting, pacing etc.
Tips to Manage Stress

The following tips can help you manage your stress better:
• Note down the different ways in which you can handle the various sources of your stress.
• Remember that you cannot control everything, but you can control how you respond.
• Discuss your feelings, opinions and beliefs rather than reacting angrily, defensivelypaosrsively.
• Practice relaxation techniques like meditation, yoga or tai chi when you start fesetrliensgsed.
• Devote a part of your day towards exercise.
• Eat healthy foods like fruits and vegetables. Avoid unhealthy foods especially those
containing large amounts of sugar.
• Plan your day so that you can manage your time better, with less stress.
• Say no to people and things when required.
• Schedule time to pursue your hobbies and interests.
• Ensure you get at least 7-8 hours of sleep.
• Reduce your caffeine intake.
• Increase the time spent with family and friends.
Tips
• Force yourself to smile even if you feel stressed. Smiling makes us feel relaxed and happy.
• Stop yourself from feeling and thinking like a victim. Change your attiude and focus on being
proactive.
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7.2. Digital Literacy: A Recap
Unit Objectives
1. Identify the basic parts of a computer
2. Identify the basic parts of a keyboard
3. Recall basic computer terminology
4. Recall the functions of basic computer keys
5. Discuss the main applications of MS Office
6. Discuss the benefits of Microsoft Outlook
7. Discuss the different types of e-commerce
8. List the benefits of e-commerce for retailers and customers
9. Discuss how the Digital India campaign will help boost e-commerce in India
10. Describe how you will sell a product or service on an e-commerce platform
7.2.1 Computer and Internet basics:

Basic Parts of a Computer
Monitor
Power
Button
Mouse
Keyboard
Fig.10.2.1. Parts of a Computer
• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer. It interprets and carries out
program instructions.
• Hard Drive: A device that stores large amounts of data.
• Monitor: The device that contains the computer screen where the information is visually
displayed.
• Mouse: A hand-held device used to point to items on the monitor.
• Speakers: Devices that enable you to hear sound from the computer.
• Printer: A device that converts output from a computer into printed paper documents.
Basic Parts of a Keyboard

Caps Backspace
Shift Space Enter Arrow Keys

Fig.10.2.2. Parts of a Keyboard
• Arrow Keys: Press these keys to move your cursor.
• Space bar: Adds a space.
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• Enter/Return: Moves your cursor to a new line.

• Shift: Press this key if you want to type a capital letter or the upper symbol of a key.
• Caps Lock: Press this key if you want all the letters you type to be capital letters. Press it
again to revert back to typing lowercase letters.
• Backspace: Deletes everything to the left of your cursor.
Basic Internet Terms

• The Internet: A vast, international collectionof computer networks that transfers information.
• The World Wide Web: A system that lets you access information on the Internet.
• Website: A location on the World Wide Web (and Internet) that contains information
about a specific topic.
• Homepage: Provides information about a website and directs you to other pages on thatwebsite.
• Link/Hyperlink: A highlighted or underlined icon, graphic, or text that takes you to another
file or object.
• Web Address/URL: The address for a website.
• Address Box: A box in the browser window where you can type in a web address.
Tips
• When visiting a .com address, there no need to type http:// or even www. Just type the
name of the website and then press Ctrl + Enter. (Example: Type ‘apple’ and press Ctrl +
Enter to go to www.apple.com)
• Press the Ctrl key and press the + or - to increase and decrease the size of text.
• Press F5 or Ctrl + R to refresh or reload a web page.
7.2.2 MS Office and Email: About MS Office

MS Office or Microsoft Office is a suite of computer programs developed by Microsoft. Although
meant for all users, it offers different versions that cater specifically to students, home users
and business users. All the programs are compatible with both, Windows and Macintosh.
Most Popular Office Products

Some of the most popular and universally used MS Office applications are:
• Microsoft Word: Allows users to type text and add images to a document.
• Microsoft Excel: Allows users to enter data into a spreadsheet and create calculations and graphs.
• Microsoft PowerPoint: Allows users to add text, pictures and media and create slideshows
and presentations.
• Microsoft Outlook: Allows users to send and receive email.
• Microsoft OneNote: Allows users to make drawings and notes with the feel of a pen on paper.
• Microsoft Access: Allows users to store data over many tables.
Why Choose Microsoft Outlook?

A popular email management choice especially in the workplace, Microsoft Outlook also includes
an address book, notebook, web browser and calendar. Some major benefits of this program are:
• Integrated search function: You can use keywords to search for data across all Outloopkrograms.
• Enhanced security: Your email is safe from hackers, junk mail and phishing website email.
• Email syncing: Sync your mail with your calendar, contact list, notes in One Note and…your phone!
• Offline access to emai:l No Internet? No problem! Write emails offline and send them
when you’re connected again.
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Tips
• Press Ctrl+R as a shortcut method to reply to email.
• Set your desktop notifications only for very important emails.
• Flag messages quickly by selecting messages and hitting the Insert key.
• Save frequently sent emails as a template to reuse again and again.
• Conveniently save important emails as files.
7.2.3 E-Commerce: What is E-Commerce?

E-commerce is the buying or selling of goods and services, or the transmitting of money or
data, electronically on the internet. E-Commerce is the short form for “electronic commerce.”
Examples of E-Commerce
Some examples of e-commerce are:
• Online shopping • Electronic payments
• Online auctions • Internet banking
• Online ticketing
Types of E-Commerce
E-commerce can be classified based on the types of participants in the transaction. The main
types of e-commerce are:
• Business to Business (B2B): Both the transacting parties are businesses.
• Business to Consumer (B2C): Businesses sell electronically to end-consumers.
• Consumer to Consumer (C2C): Consumers come together to buy, sell or trade items to
other consumers.
• Consumer-to-Business (C2B): Consumers make products or services available for purchase
to companies looking for exactly those services or products.
• Business-to-Administration (B2A): Online transactions conducted between companies
and public administration.
• Consumer-to-Administration (C2A): Online transactions conducted between individuals
and public administration.
Benefits of E-Commerce
The e-commerce business provides some benefits for retailers and customers.
Benefits for retailers
• Establishes an online presence
• Reduces operational : costs by removing overhead costs
• Increases brand awareness through the use of good keywords
• Increases sales by removing geographical and time constraints
Benefits for customers:
• Offers a wider range of choice than any physical store
• Enables goods and services to be purchased from remote locations
• Enables consumers to perform price comparisons
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Digital India Campaign

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the Digital India campaign in 2015, with the objective
of offering every citizen of India access to digital services, knowledge and information. The
campaign aims to improve the country’s online infrastructure and increase internet connectivity,
thus boosting the e-commerce industry.
Currently, the majority of online transactions come from tier 2 and tier 3 cities. Once the Digital
India campaign is in place, the government will deliver services through mobile connectivity,
which will help deliver internet to remote corners of the country. This will help the e-commerce
market to enter India’s tier 4 towns and rural areas.
E-Commerce Activity
Choose a product or service that you want to sell online. Write a brief note explaining how
you will use existing e-commerce platforms, or create a new e-commerce platform, to sell your
product or service.
Tips
• Before launching your e-commerce platform, test everything.
• Pay close and personal attention to your social media.
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7.3: Money Matters
Unit Objectives
1. Discuss the importance of saving money
2. Discuss the benefits of saving money
3. Discuss the main types of bank accounts
4. Describe the process of opening a bank account
5. Differentiate between fixed and variable costs
6. Describe the main types of investment options
7. Describe the different types of insurance products
8. Describe the different types of taxes
9. Discuss the uses of online banking
10. Discuss the main types of electronic funds transfers
7.3.1 Personal Finance – Why to Save?:

Importance of Saving
We all know that the future is unpredictable. You never know what will happen tomorrow, next
week or next year. That’s why saving money steadily through the years is so important. Saving
money will help improve your financial situation over time. But more importantly, knowing that
you have money stashed away for an emergency will give you peace of mind. Saving money
also opens the door to many more options and possibilities.
Benefits of Saving
Inculcating the habit of saving leads to a vast number of benefits. Saving helps you:
• Become financially independent: When you have enough money saved up to feel secure
you can start making your choices, from taking a vacation whenever you want, to switching
careers or starting your own business.
• Invest in yourself through education: Through saving, you can earn enough to pay up for
courses that will add to your professional experience and ultimately result in higher paying jobs.
• Get out of debt: Once you have saved enough as a reserve fund, you can use your savings
to pay off debts like loans or bills that have accumulated over time.
• Be prepared for surprise expenses : Having money saved enables you to pay for unforeseen
expenses like sudden car or house repairs, without feeling financially stressed.
• Pay for emergencies: Saving helps you deal with emergencies like sudden health issues or
emergency trips without feeling financially burdened.
• Afford large purchases and achieve major goals:: Saving diligently makes it possible to
place down payments towards major purchases and goals, like buying a home or a car.
• Retire: The money you have saved over the years will keep you comfortable when you no
longer have the income you would get from your job.
Tips
• Break your spending habit. Try not spending on one expensive item per week, and put the
money that you would have spent into your savings.
• Decide that you will not buy anything on certain days or weeks and stick to your word.
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7.3.2 Types of Bank Accounts, Opening a

Bank Account: Types of Bank Accounts
In India, banks offer four main types of bank accounts. These are:
• Current Accounts
• Savings Accounts
• Recurring Deposit Accounts
• Fixed Deposit Accounts
Current Accounts
Current accounts offer the most liquid deposits and thus, are best suited for businessmen and
companies. As these accounts are not meant for investments and savings, there is no imposed
limit on the number or amount of transactions that can be made on any given day. Current
account holders are not paid any interest on the amounts held in their accounts. They are
charged for certain services offered on such accounts.
Saving Accounts
Savings accounts are meant to promote savings, and are therefore the number one choice
for salaried individuals, pensioners and students. While there is no restriction on the number
and amount of deposits made, there are usually restrictions on the number and amount of
withdrawals. Savings account holders are paid interest on their savings.
:
Recurring Deposit Accounts
Recurring Deposit accounts, also called RD accounts, are the accounts of choice for those who want
to save an amount every month, but are unable to invest a large sum at one time. Such account
holders deposit a small, fixed amount every month for a pre-determined period (minimum 6
months). Defaulting on a monthly payment results in the account holder being charged a penalty
amount. The total amount is repaid with interest at the end of the specified period.
Fixed Deposit Accounts
Fixed Deposit accounts, also called FD accounts, are ideal for those who wish to deposit their
savings for a long term in return for a high rate of interest. The rate of interest offered depends
on the amount deposited and the time period, and also differs from bank to bank. In the case
of an FD, a certain amount of money is deposited by the account holder for a fixed period of
time. The money can be withdrawn when the period expires. If necessary, the depositor can
break the fixed deposit prematurely. However, this usually attracts a penalty amount which
also differs from bank to bank.
Opening a Bank Account

Opening a bank account is quite a simple process. Take a look at the steps to open an accountof your
own:
Step 1: Fill in the Account Opening Form
This form requires you to provide the following information:
• Personal details (name, address, phone number, date of birth, gender, occupation, address)
• Method of receiving your account statement (hard copy/email)
• Details of your initial deposit (cash/cheque)
• Manner of operating your account (online/mobile banking/traditional via cheque, slip books)
Ensure that you sign wherever required on the form.
Step 2: Affix your Photograph
Stick a recent photograph of yourself in the allotted space on the form.
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Step 3: Provide your Know Your Customer (KYC) Details

KYC is a process that helps banks verify the identity and address of their customers. To open an
account, every individual needs to submit certain approved documents with respect to photo
identity (ID) and address proof. Some Officially Valid Documents (OVDs) are:
• Passport
• Driving License
• Voters’ Identity Card
• PAN Card
• UIDAI (Aadhaar) Card
Step 4: Submit All your Documents
Submit the completed Account Opening Form and KYC documents. Then wait until the forms
are processed and your account has been opened!
Tips
• Select the right type of account. • Understand the rules.
• Fill in complete nomination details. • Check for online banking – it’s convenient!
• Ask about fees. • Keep an eye on your bank balance.
7.3.3 Costs: Fixed vs Variable: What are Fixed and

Variable Costs?
Fixed costs and variable costs together make up a company’s total cost. These are the two
types of costs that companies have to bear when producing goods and services.
A fixed cost does not change with the volume of goods or services a company produces. It
always remains the same.
A variable cost, on the other hand, increases and decreases depending on the volume of goods
and services produced. In other words, it varies with the amount produced.
Differences Between Fixed and Variable Costs

Let’s take a look at some of the main differences between fixed and variable costs:
Criteria Fixed Costs Variable Costs

Meaning A cost that stays the same, regardless A cost that changes when the
of the output produced. output changes.
Nature Time related. Volume related.
Incurred Incurred irrespective of units being Incurred only when units are produced.
produced.
Unit cost Inversely proportional to the number of Remains the same, per unit.
units produced.
Examples Depreciation, rent, salary, insurance, Material consumed, wages, commission
tax etc. on sales, packing expenses, etc.
Tips
• When trying to determine whether a cost is fixed or variable, simply ask the following
question: Will the particular cost change if the company stopped its production activities? If
the answer is no, then it is a fixed cost. If the answer is yes, then it is probably a variable cost.
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7.3.4 Investment, Insurance and Taxes: Investment

Investment means that money is spent today with the aim of reaping financial gains at a future
time. The main types of investment options are as follows:
• Bonds: Bonds are instruments used by public and private companies to raise large sums of
money – too large to be borrowed from a bank. These bonds are then issued in the public
market and are bought by lenders.
• Stocks: Stocks or equity are shares that are issued by companies and are bought by the
general public.
• Small Savings Schemes: Small Savings Schemes are tools meant to save money in small
amounts. Some popular schemes are the Employees Provident Fund, Sukanya Samriddhi
Scheme and National Pension Scheme.
• Mutual Funds: Mutual Funds are professionally managed financial instruments that invest
money in different securities on behalf of investors.
• Fixed Deposits: A fixed amount of money is kept aside with a financial institution for a
fixed amount of time in return for interest on the money.
• Real Estate: Loans are taken from banks to purchase real estate, which is then leased or
sold with the aim of making a profit on the appreciated property price.
• Hedge Funds: Hedge funds invest in both financial derivatives and/or publicly trade securit.ies.
• Private Equity: Private Equity is trading in the shares of an operating company that is not
publicly listed and whose shares are not available on the stock market.
Insurance
There are two types of insurance – Life Insurance and Non-Life or General Insurance.
Life Insurance
Life Insurance deals with all insurance covering human life.
Life Insurance Products
The main life insurance products are:
• Term Insurance: This is the simplest and cheapest form of insurance. It offers financial
protection for a specified tenure, say 15 to 20 years. In the case of your death, your family
is paid the sum assured. In the case of your surviving the term, the insurer pays nothing.
• Endowment Policy: This offers the dual benefit of insurance and investment. Part of the
premium is allocated towards the sum assured, while the remaining premium gets invested
in equity and debt. It pays a lump sum amount after the specified duration or on the death
of the policyholder, whichever is earlier.
• Unit-Linked Insurance Plan (ULIP): Here part of the premium is spent on the life cover,
while the remaining amount is invested in equity and debt. It helps develop a regular
saving habit.
• Money Back Life Insurance: While the policyholder is alive, periodic payments of the
partial survival benefits are made during the policy tenure. On the death of the insured,
the insurance company pays the full sum assured along with survival benefits.
• Whole Life Insurance: It offers the dual benefit of insurance and investment. It offers
insurance cover for the whole life of the person or up to 100 years whichever is earlier.
General Insurance
General Insurance deals with all insurance covering assets like animals, agricultural crops,
goods, factories, cars and so on.
General Insurance Products
The main general insurance products are:
• Motor Insurance: This can be divided into Four Wheeler Insurance and Two Wheeler insurance.
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• Health Insurance: The main types of health insurance are individual health insurance, family
floater health insurance, comprehensive health insurance and critical illness insurance.
• Travel Insurance: This can be categorised into Individual Travel Policy, Family Travel Policy,
Student Travel Insurance and Senior Citizen Health Insurance.
• Home Insurance: This protects the house and its contents from risk.
• Marine Insurance: This insurance covers goods, freight, cargo etc. against loss or damage
during transit by rail, road, sea and/or air.
Taxes
There are two types of taxes – Direct Taxes and Indirect Taxes.
Direct Tax
Direct taxes are levied directly on an entity or a person and are non-transferrable.
Some examples of Direct Taxes are:
• Income Tax: This tax is levied on your earning in a financial year. It is applicable to both,
individuals and companies.
• Capital Gains Tax: This tax is payable whenever you receive a sizable amount of money.
It is usually of two types – short term capital gains from investments held for less than 36
months and long term capital gains from investments held for longer than 36 months.
• Securities Transaction Tax: This tax is added to the price of a share. It is levied every time
you buy or sell shares.
• Perquisite Tax: This tax is levied is on perks that have been acquired by a company or used
by an employee.
• Corporate Tax: Corporate tax is paid by companies from the revenue they earn.
Indirect Tax
Indirect taxes are levied on goods or services.
Some examples of Indirect Taxes are:
• Sales Tax: Sales Tax is levied on the sale of a product.
• Service Tax: Service Tax is added to services provided in India.
• Value Added Tax: Value Added Tax is levied at the discretion of the state government. The tax is
levied on goods sold in the state. The tax amount is decided by the state.
• Customs Duty & OctroiC : ustoms Duty is a charge that is applied on purchases that are imported
from another country. Octroi is levied on goods that cross state borders within India.
• Excise Duty: Excise Duty is levied on all goods manufactured or produced in India.
Tips
• Think about how quickly you need your money back and pick an investment option
accordingly.
• Ensure that you are buying the right type of insurance policy for yourself.
• Remember, not paying taxes can result in penalties ranging from fines to imprisonment.
7.3.5 Online Banking, NEFT, RTGS etc.: What is

Online Banking?
Internet or online banking allows account holders to access their account from a laptop at any
location. In this way, instructions can be issued. To access an account, account holders simply
need to use their unique customer ID number and password.
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Internet banking can be used to:

 Find out an account balance  Request for a cheque book
 Transfer amounts from one account to another  Request for a statement of accounts
 Arrange for the issuance of cheques  Make a fixed deposit
 Instruct payments to be made
Electronic Funds Transfers

Electronic funds transfer is a convenient way of transferring money from the comfort of one’s own home,
using integrated banking tools like internet and mobile banking.
Transferring funds via an electronic gateway is extremely convenient. With the help of online banking,
you can choose to:
 Transfer funs into your own accounts of the  Transfer funds into other bank accounts using
same bank. RTGS.
 Transfer funds into different accounts of the  Transfer funds into various accounts using
same bank. IMPS.
 Transfer funds into accounts in different bank,
using NEFT.
NEFT
NEFT stands for National Electronic Funds Transfer. This money transfer system allows you to
electronically transfer funds from your respective bank accounts to any other account, either in the
same bank or belonging to any other bank. NEFT can be used by individuals, firms and
corporate organizations to transfer funds between accounts.
In order to transfer funds via NEFT, two things are required:
• A transferring bank
• A destination bank
Before you can transfer funds through NEFT, you will need to register the beneficiary who will
be receiving the funds. In order to complete this registration, you will require the following information:
• Recipient’s name • Recipient’s bank’s name
• Recipient’s account number • Recipient’s bank’s IFSC code
RTGS
RTGS stands for Real Time Gross Settlement. This is a real time funds transfer system which enables you
to transfer funds from one bank to another, in real time or on a gross basis. The transferred amount is
immediately deducted from the account of one bank, and instantly credited to the other bank’s
account. The RTGS payment gateway is maintained by the Reserve Bank of India. The transactions between
banks are made electronically. RTGS can be used by individuals, companies and firms to transfer large sums
of money. Before remitting funds through RTGS, you will need to add the beneficiary and his bank account
details via your online banking account. In order to complete this registration, you will require the
following information:
• Name of the beneficiary • Beneficiary’s account number
• Beneficiary’s bank address • Beneficiary’s bank’s IFSC code
IMPS
IMPS stands for Immediate Payment Service. This is a real-time, inter-bank, electronic funds
transfer system used to transfer money instantly within banks across India. IMPS enables
users to make instant electronic transfer payments using mobile phones through both, Mobile Banking
and SMS.It can also be used through ATMs and online banking. IMPS is available 24
hours a day and 7 days a week. The system features a secure transfer gateway and immediately
confirms orders that have been fulfilled.
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• Register for IMPS with your bank

• Receive a Mobile Money Identifier (MMID) from the bank
• Receive a MPIN from the bank
To transfer money through IMPS, the you need to:
Once you have both these, you can login or make a request through SMS to transfer a particular
amount to a beneficiary.
For the beneficiary to receive the transferred money, he must:
1. Link his mobile number with his respective account
2. Receive the MMID from the bank
In order to initiate a money transfer through IMPS, you will need to enter the following information:
1. The beneficiary’s mobile number 2. The beneficiary’s MMID
3. The transfer amount 4. Your MPIN
As soon as money has been deducted from your account and credited into the beneficiary ’s account,
you will be sent a confirmation SMS with a transaction reference number, for futurereference.
Differences Between NEFT, RTGS & IMPS
Criteria NEFT RTGS IMPS
Settlement Done in batches Real-time Real-time
Full form National Electronic Real Time Gross Immediate Payment
Fund Transfer Settlement Service
Timings on 8:00 am – 6:30 pm 9:00 am – 4:30 pm 24x7
Monday – Friday
Timings on 8:00 am – 1:00 pm 9:00 am – 1:30 pm 24x7
Saturday
Minimum amount `1 `2 lacs `1
of money transfer
limit
Maximum amount `10 lacs `10 lacs per day `2 lacs
of money transfer
limit
Maximum charges Upto 10,000 – `2.5 above 2 – 5 lacs – Upto 10,000 – `5
as per RBI above 10,000 – 1 lac `25 above 10,000 – 1 lac
– `5 – `5
above 5 – 10 lacs –
above 1 – 2 lacs – above 1 – 2 lacs –
`50
`15 `15
`25
`25
Tips
• Never click on any links in any e-mail message to access your online banking website.
• You will never be asked for your credit or debit card details while using online banking.
• Change your online banking password regularly.
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7.4. Preparing for Employment & Self Employment
Unit Objectives
1. Discuss the steps to prepare for an interview
2. Discuss the steps to create an effective Resume
3. Discuss the most frequently asked interview questions
4. Discuss how to answer the most frequently asked interview questions
5. Discuss basic workplace terminology
7.4.1 Interview Preparation: How to Prepare

for an Interview ?
The success of your getting the job that you want depends largely on how well your interview
for that job goes. Therefore, before you go in for your interview, it is important that you prepare
for it with a fair amount of research and planning. Take a look at the steps to follow in order to
be well prepared for an interview:
1. Research the organization that you are having the interview with.
• Studying the company beforehand will help you be more prepared at the time of the
interview. Your knowledge of the organization will help you answer questions at the
time of the interview, and will leave you looking and feeling more confident. This is sure
to make you stand out from other, not as well informed, candidates.
• Look for background information on the company. Ty and find an overview of the
company and its industry profile.
• Visit the company website to get a good idea of what the company does. A company
website offers a wealth of important information. Read and understand the company’s
mission statement. Pay attention to the company’s products/services and client list. Read
through any press releases to get an idea of the company’s projected growth and stability.
• Note down any questions that you have after your research has been completed.
2. Think about whether your skills and qualifications match the job requirements.
• Carefully read through and analyze the job description.
• Make a note of the knowledge, skills and abilities required to fulfill the job requirements.
• Take a look at the organization hierarchy. Figure out where the position you are applying
for fits into this hierarchy.
3. Go through the most typical interview questions asked, and prepare your responses.
• Remember, in most interviews a mix of resume-based, behavioral and case study questions are
asked.
• Think about the kind of answers you would like to provide to typical questions asked in these three
areas.
• Practice these answers until you can express them confidently and clearly.
4. Plan your attire for the interview.
• It is always safest to opt for formal business attire, unless expressly informed to dress in business casual
(in which case you should use your best judgement).
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• Ensure that your clothes are clean and well-ironed. Pick neutral colours – nothing too bright or flashy.
• The shoes you wear should match your clothes, and should be clean and suitable for an interview.
• Remember, your aim is to leave everyone you meet with the impression that you are a professional
and highly efficient person.
5. Ensure that you have packed everything that you may require during the interview.
• Carry a few copies of your resume. Use a good quality paper for your resume print outs.
• Always take along a notepad and a pen.
• Take along any information you may need to refer to, in order to fill out an application form.
• Carry a few samples of your work, if relevant.
6. Remember the importance of non-verbal communication.
• Practice projecting confidence. Remind yourself to smile and make eye contact. Practice giving a firm
handshake.
• Keep in mind the importance of posture. Practice sitting up straight. Train yourself to stop nervous
gestures like fidgeting and foot-tapping.
• Practice keeping your reactions in check. Remember, your facial expressions provide a good insight
into your true feelings. Practice projecting a positive image.
7. Make a list of questions to end the interview with.
• Most interviews will end with the interviewer(s) asking if you have any questions. This is your chance
to show that you have done your research and are interested in learning more about the company.
• If the interviewer does not ask you this question, you can inform him/her that you have some querirs
that you would like to discuss. This is the time for you to refer to the notes you made while studing
the company.
• Some good questions to ask at this point are:
o What do you consider the most important criteria for success in this job?
o How will my performance be evaluated?
o What are the opportunities for advancement?
o What are the next steps in the hiring process?
• Remember, never ask for information that is easily available on the company website.
Tips
• Ask insightful and probing questions.
• When communicating, use effective forms of body language like smiling, making eye
contact, and actively listening and nodding. Don’t slouch, play with nearby items, fidget,
chew gum, or mumble.
7.4.2 Preparing an Effective Resume: How to

Create an Effective Resume?
A resume is a formal document that lists a candidate’s work experience, education and skills. A good resume
gives a potential employer enough information to believe the applicant is worth interviewing. That’s why it is
so important to create a résumé that is effective. Take a look at the steps to create an effective resume:
Step 1: Write the Address Section

The Address section occupies the top of your resume. It includes information like your name, address,
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phone number and e-mail address. Insert a bold line under the section to separate it
from rest of your resume.
Example:
Khyati Mehta
Breach Candy, Mumbai – India
Contact No: +91 2223678270
Email: [email protected]
Step 2: Add the Profile Summary Section

This part of your resume should list your overall experiences, achievements, awards,
certifications and strengths. You can make your summary as short as 2-3 bullet points or as long as
8-10 bullet points. Example:
Profile Summary
• A Floor Supervisor graduated from University of Delhi having 6 years of experience in
managing a retail outlet.
• Core expertise lies in managing retail staff, including cashiers and people working on the
floor.
Step 3: Include Your Educational Qualifications

When listing your academic records, first list your highest degree. Then add the second highest
qualification under the highest one and so on. To provide a clear and accurate picture of your
educational background, it is critical that include information on your position, rank, percentage
or CPI for every degree or certification that you have listed.
If you have done any certifications and trainings, you can add a Trainings & Certifications section
under your Educational Qualifications section.
Example:
Educational Qualifications
• <Enter qualification> <enter date of qualification> from <enter name of institute> with
<enter percentage or any other relevant scoring system>.
Step 4: List Your Technical Skills

When listing your technical skills, start with the skills that you are most confident about. Then add the
skills that you do not have as good a command over. It is perfectly acceptable to include just one skill, if
you feel that particular skill adds tremendous value to your résumé. If you do not have any technical
skills, you can omit this step.
Example:
Technical Skills
• <Enter your technical skill here, if applicable>
Step 5: Insert Your Academic Project Experience

List down all the important projects that you have worked on. Include the following information in this
section:
• Project title • Organization • Platform used
• Contribution • Description
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Example:
Academic Projects
Project Title: <Insert project title>
Organization: <Insert the name of the organization for whom you did the project>
Platform used: <Insert the platform used, if any>
Contribution: <Insert your contribution towards this project>
Description: <Insert a description of the project in one line>
Step 6: List Your Strengths

This is where you list all your major strengths. This section should be in the form of a bulleted list.
Example:
Strengths
• Excellent oral, written and presentation skills
• Action-oriented and result-focused
• Great time management skills
Step 7: List Your Extracurricular Activities

It is very important to show that you have diverse interests and that your life consists of more than
academics. Including your extracurricular activities can give you an added edge over other candidates who
have similar academic scores and project experiences. This section should be in the form of a bulleted list.
Example:
• < Insert your extracurricular activity here. E.g.: Member of , played

(name of sport) at level, won (name of prize/award) for >
Step 8: Write Your Personal Details
The last section of your résumé must include the following personal information:
• Date of birth • Gender & marital status
• Nationality • Languages known
Example:
Personal Details
• Date of birth: 25th May, 1981
• Gender & marital status: Female, Single
• Nationality: Indian
• Languages known: English, Hindi, Tamil, French
Tips
• Keep your resume file name short, simple and informational.
• Make sure the resume is neat and free from typing errors.
• Always create your resume on plain white paper.
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7.4.3 Interview FAQs

Take a look at some of the most frequently asked interview questions, and some helpful tips on
how to answer them.
Q1. Can you tell me a little about yourself?
Tips to answer:
• Don’t provide your full employment or personal history.
• Offer 2-3 specific experiences that you feel are most valuable and relevant.
• Conclude with how those experiences have made you perfect for this specific role.
Q2. How did you hear about the position?

Tips to answer:
• Tell the interviewer how you heard about the job – whether it was through a friend
(name the friend), event or article (name them) or a job portal (say which one).
• Explain what excites you about the position and what in particular caught your eye
about this role.
Q3. What do you know about the company?
Tips to answer:
• Don’t recite the company’s About Us page.
• Show that you understand and care about the company’s goals.
• Explain why you believe in the company’s mission and values.
Q4. Why do you want this job?
Tips to answer:
• Show that you are passionate about the job.
• Identify why the role is a great fit for you.
• Explain why you love the company.
Q5. Why should we hire you?
Tips to answer:
• Prove through your words that you can not only do the work, but can definitely deliver
excellent results.
• Explain why you would be a great fit with the team and work culture.
• Explain why you should be chosen over any other candidate.
Q6. What are your greatest professional strengths?
Tips to answer:
• Be honest – share some of your real strengths, rather than give answers that you think
sound good.
• Offer examples of specific strengths that are relevant to the position you are applying for.
• Provide examples of how you’ve demonstrated these strengths.
Q7. What do you consider to be your weaknesses?
Tips to answer:
• The purpose of this question is to gauge your self-awareness and honesty.
• Give an example of a trait that you struggle with, but that you’re working on to improve.
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Q8. What are your salary requirements?

Tips to answer:
• Do your research beforehand and find out the typical salary range for the job you are
applying for.
• Figure out where you lie on the pay scale based on your experience, education, and skills.
• Be flexible. Tell the interviewer that you know your skills are valuable, but that you want
the job and are willing to negotiate.
Q9. What do you like to do outside of work?
Tips to answer:
• The purpose of this question is to see if you will fit in with the company culture.
• Be honest – open up and share activities and hobbies that interest and excite you.
Q10. If you were an animal, which one would you want to be?
Tips to answer:
• The purpose of this question is to see if you are able to think on your feet.
• There’s no wrong answer – but to make a great impression try to bring out your strengths
or personality traits through your answer.
Q11: What do you think we could do better or differently?
Tips to answer:
• The purpose of this question is to see if you have done your research on the company,
and to test whether you can think critically and come up with new ideas.
• Suggest new ideas. Show how your interests and expertise would help you execute
these ideas.
Q12: Do you have any questions for us?
Tips to answer:
• Do not ask questions to which the answers can be easily found on the company website
or through a quick online search.
• Ask intelligent questions that show your ability to think critically.
Tips
• Be honest and confident while answering.
• Use examples of your past experiences wherever possible to make your answers more
impactful.
7.4.4 Work Readiness – Terms & Terminologies:

Basic Workplace Terminology
Every employee should be well versed in the following terms:
• Annual leave: Paid vacation leave given by employers to employees.
• Background Check: A method used by employers to verify the accuracy of the information
provided by potential candidates.
• Benefits: A part of an employee’s compensation package.
• Breaks: Short periods of rest taken by employees during working hours.
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• Compensation Package: The combination of salary and benefits that an employer provides to his/her
employees.
• Compensatory Time (Comp Time): Time off in lieu of pay.
• Contract Employee: An employee who works for one organization that sells said employee’s service to
another company, either on a project or time basis.
• Contract of Employment: When an employee is offered work in exchange for wages or salary, and
accepts the offer made by the employer, a contract of employment exists.
• Corporate Culture: The beliefs and values shared by all the members of a company, and imparted
from one generation of employees to another.
• Counter Offer/Counter Proposal: A negotiation technique used by potential candidates to increase
the amount of salary offered by a company.
• Cover Letter: A letter that accompanies a candidate’s resume. It emphasizes the important points in
the candidate’s resume and provides real examples that prove the candidate’s ability to perform
the expected job role.
• Curriculum Vitae (CV)/Resume: A summary of a candidate’s achievements, educational background,
work experience, skills and strengths.
• Declining Letter: A letter sent by an employee to an employer, turning down the job offer made by the
employer to the employee.
• Deductions: Amounts subtracted from an employee’s pay and listed on the employee’s pay slip.
• Discrimination: The act of treating one person not as favourably as another person.
• Employee: A person who works for another person in exchange for payment.
• Employee Training: A workshop or in-house training that an employee is asked to attend
by his or her superior, for the benefit of the employer.
• Employment Gaps: Periods of unemployed time between jobs.
• Fixed-Term Contract: A contract of employment which gets terminated on an agreed-upon date.
• Follow-Up: The act of contacting a potential employer after a candidate has submitted his or her resume.
• Freelancer/Consultant/Independent Contractor: A person who works for him or herself and pitches
for temporary jobs and projects with different employers.
• Holiday: Paid time-off from work.
• Hourly Rate: The amount of salary or wages paid for 60 minutes of work.
• Internship: A job opportunity offered by an employer to a potential employee, called an intern, to work
at the employer’s company for a fixed, limited time period.
• Interview: A conversation between a potential employee and a representative of an employer, in
order to determine if the potential employee should be hired.
• Job Application: A form which asks for a candidate’s information like the candidate’s name, address, contact
details and work experience. The purpose of a candidate submitting a job application, is to show that
candidate’s interest in working for a particular company.
• Job Offer: An offer of employment made by an employer to a potential employee.
• Job Search Agent: A program that enables candidates to search for employment opportunities
by selecting criteria listed in the program, for job vacancies.
• Lay Off: A lay off occurs when an employee is temporarily let go from his or her job, due to
the employer not having any work for that employee.
• Leave: Formal permission given to an employee, by his or her employer, to take a leave of
absence from work.
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• Letter of Acceptance: A letter given by an employer to an employee, confirming the offer of

employment made by the employer, as well as the conditions of the offer.
• Letter of Agreement: A letter that outlines the terms of employment.
• Letter of Recommendation: A letter written for the purpose of validating the work skills of a person.
• Maternity Leave: Leave taken from work by women who are pregnant, or who have just given birth.
• Mentor: A person who is employed at a higher level than you, who offers you advice and guides you
in your career.
• Minimum wage: The minimum wage amount paid on an hourly basis.
• Notice: An announcement made by an employee or an employer, stating that the employment
contract will end on a particular date.
• Offer of Employment: An offer made by an employer to a prospective employee that contains
important information pertaining to the job being offered, like the starting date, salary, working
conditions etc.
• Open-Ended Contract: A contract of employment that continues till the employer or employee
terminates it.
• Overqualified: A person who is not suited for a particular job because he or she has too many years
of work experience, or a level of education that is much higher than required for the job, or is
currently or was previously too highly paid.
• Part-Time Worker: An employee who works for fewer hours than the standard number of hours
normally worked.
• Paternity Leave: Leave granted to a man who has recently become a father.
• Recruiters/Headhunters/Executive Search Firms: Professionals who are paid by employers to search

for people to fill particular positions.
• Resigning/Resignations: When an employee formally informs his or her employer that he or she is
quitting his or her job.
• Self-Employed: A person who has his or her own business and does not work in the capacity
of an employee.
• Time Sheet: A form that is submitted to an employer, by an employee, that contains the number of
hours worked every day by the employee.
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7.5. Understanding Entrepreneurship
Unit Objectives
1. Discuss the concept of entrepreneurship
2. Discuss the importance of entrepreneurship
3. Describe the characteristics of an entrepreneur
4. Describe the different types of enterprises
5. List the qualities of an effective leader
6. Discuss the benefits of effective leadership
7. List the traits of an effective team
8. Discuss the importance of listening effectively
9. Discuss how to listen effectively
10. Discuss the importance of speaking effectively
11. Discuss how to speak effectively
12. Discuss how to solve problems
13. List important problem solving traits
14. Discuss ways to assess problem solving skills
15. Discuss the importance of negotiation
16. Discuss how to negotiate
17. Discuss how to identify new business opportunities
18. Discuss how to identify business opportunities within your business
19. Explain the meaning of entrepreneur
20. Describe the different types of entrepreneurs
21. List the characteristics of entrepreneurs
22. Recall entrepreneur success stories
23. Discuss the entrepreneurial process
24. Describe the entrepreneurship ecosystem
25. Discuss the purpose of the Make in India campaign
26. Discuss key schemes to promote entrepreneurs
27. Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship and risk appetite
28. Discuss the relationship between entrepreneurship and resilience
29. Describe the characteristics of a resilient entrepreneur
30. Discuss how to deal with failure
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7.5.1 Concept Introduction (Characteristic of an

Entrepreneur, types of firms / types of enterprises)
Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship
Anyone who is determined to start a business, no matter what the risk, is an entrepreneur.
Entrepreneurs run their own start-up, take responsibility for the financial risks and use creativity,
innovation and vast reserves of self-motivation to achieve success. They dream big and are determined
to do whatever it takes to turn their idea into a viable offering. The aim of an entrepreneur is to create an
enterprise. The process of creating this enterprise is known as entrepreneurship.
Importance of Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship is very important for the following reasons:
1. It results in the creation of new organizations
2. It brings creativity into the marketplace
3. It leads to improved standards of living
4. It helps develop the economy of a country
Characteristics of Entrepreneurs
All successful entrepreneurs have certain characteristics in common.
They are all:
• Extremely passionate about their work • Highly creative
• Confident in themselves • Visionaries
• Disciplined and dedicated • Open-minded
• Motivated and driven • Decisive
Entrepreneurs also have a tendency to:

• Have a high risk tolerance • Understand their offering and their market in detail
• Thoroughly plan everything • Ask for advice from experts when required
• Manage their money wisely • Know when to cut their losses
• Make their customers their priority
Examples of Famous Entrepreneurs

Some famous entrepreneurs are:
• Dhirubhai Ambani (Reliance) • Azim Premji (Wipro)
• Dr. Karsanbhai Patel (Nirma) • Anil Agarwal (Vedanta Resources)
Types of Enterprises
As an entrepreneur in India, you can own and run any of the following types of enterprises:
Sole Proprietorship
In a sole proprietorship, a single individual owns, manages and controls the enterprise. This type of
business is the easiest to form with respect to legal formalities. The business and the owner have no
separate legal existence. All profit belongs to the proprietor, as do all the losses the liability of the
entrepreneur is unlimited.
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Partnership
A partnership firm is formed by two or more people. The owners of the enterprise are called partners. A
partnership deed must be signed by all the partners. The firm and its partners have no separate legal
existence. The profits are shared by the partners. With respect to losses, the liability of the partners is
unlimited. A firm has a limited life span and must be dissolved when any one of the partners dies, retires,
claims bankruptcy or goes insane.
Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
In a Limited Liability Partnership or LLP, the partners of the firm enjoy perpetual existence as well as the
advantage of limited liability. Each partner’s liability is limited to their agreed contribution to the LLP. The
partnership and its partners have a separate legal existence.
Tips
• Learn from others’ failures.
• Be certain that this is what you want.
• Search for a problem to solve, rather than look for a problem to attach to your idea.
7.5.2 Leadership & Teamwork:

Leadership and Leaders
Leadership means setting an example for others to follow. Setting a good example means not asking
someone to do something that you wouldn’t willingly want to do yourself. Leadership is about
figuring out what to do in order to win as a team, and as a company.
Leaders believe in doing the right things. They also believe in helping others to do the right things.
An effective leader is someone who:
 Creates an inspiring vision of the future.
 Motivates and inspires his team to pursue that vision.
Leadership Qualities That All Entrepreneurs Need

Building a successful enterprise is only possible if the entrepreneur in charge possesses excellent leadership
qualities. Some critical leadership skills that every entrepreneur must have are:
1. Pragmatism: This means having the ability to highlight all obstacles and challenges, in order to resolve
issues and reduce risks.
2. Humility: This means admitting to mistakes often and early, and being quick to take responsibility for your
actions. Mistakes should be viewed as challenges to overcome, not opportunities to point blame.
3. Flexibility: It is critical for a good leader to be very flexible and quickly adapt to change. It is equally
critical to know when to adapt and when not to.
4. Authenticity: This means showing both, your strengths and your weaknesses. It means being human and
showing others that you are human.
5. Reinvention: This means refreshing or changing your leadership style when necessary. To do this, it’s
important to learn where your leadership gaps lie and find out what resources are required to close
them.
6. Awareness: This means taking the time to recognize how others view you. It means understanding how
your presence affects those around you.
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Benefits of Effective Leadership

Effective leadership results in numerous benefits. Great leadership leads to the leader successfully:
• Gaining the loyalty and commitment of the team members
• Motivating the team to work towards achieving the company’s goals and objectives
• Building morale and instilling confidence in the team members
• Fostering mutual understanding and team-spirit among team members
• Convincing team members about the need to change when a situation requires adaptability
Teamwork and Teams

Teamwork occurs when the people in a workplace combine their individual skills to pursue a common
goal. Effective teams are made up of individuals who work together to achieve this common goal. A
great team is one who holds themselves accountable for the end result.
Importance of Teamwork in Entrepreneurial Success

For an entrepreneurial leader, building an effective team is critical to the success of a venture. An
entrepreneur must ensure that the team he builds possesses certain crucial qualities, traits and
characteristics. An effective team is one which has:
1. Unity of purpose: All the team members should clearly understand and be equally committed to
the purpose, vision and goals of the team.
2. Great communication skills: Team members should have the ability to express their concerns, ask
questions and use diagrams, and charts to convey complex information.
3. The ability to collaborate: Every member should feel entitled to provide regular feedback on new
ideas.
4. Initiative: The team should consist of proactive individuals. The members should have the
enthusiasm to come up with new ideas, improve existing ideas, and conduct their own research.
5. Visionary members: The team should have the ability to anticipate problems and act on these
potential problem before they turn into real problems.
6. Great adaptability skills: The team must believe that change is a positive force. Change should be
seen as the chance to improve and try new things.
7. Excellent organizational skills: The team should have the ability to develop standard work
processes, balance responsibilities, properly plan projects, and set in place methods to measure
progress and ROI.
Tips
• Don’t get too attached to your original idea. Allow it to evolve and change.
• Be aware of your weaknesses and build a team that will complement your shortfalls.
• Hiring the right people is not enough. You need to promote or incentivize your most
talented people to keep them motivated.
• Earn your team’s respect.
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7.5.3 Communication Skills: Listening & Speaking:

The Importance of Listening Effectively
Listening is the ability to correctly receive and understand messages during the process of
communication. Listening is critical for effective communication. Without effective listening
skills, messages can easily be misunderstood. This results in a communication breakdown and
can lead to the sender and the receiver of the message becoming frustrated or irritated.
It’s very important to note that listening is not the same as hearing. Hearing just refers to
sounds that you hear. Listening is a whole lot more than that. To listen, one requires focus. It
means not only paying attention to the story, but also focusing on how the story is relayed,
the way language and voice is used, and even how the speaker uses their body language. The
ability to listen depends on how effectively one can perceive and understand both, verbal and
non-verbal cues..
How to Listen Effectively?

To listen effectively you should:
 Stop talking  Pay attention to the tone that is being used
 Stop interrupting  Pay attention to the speaker’s gestures, facial
 Focus completely on what is being said expressions and eye movements
 Nod and use encouraging words and gestures  Not try and rush the person
 Be open-minded  Not let the speaker’s mannerisms or habits
 Think about the speaker’s perspective irritate or distract you
 Be very, very patient
The Importance of Speaking Effectively

How successfully a message gets conveyed depends entirely on how effectively you are able
to get it through. An effective speaker is one who enunciates properly, pronounces words
correctly, chooses the right words and speaks at a pace that is easily understandable. Besides
this, the words spoken out loud need to match the gestures, tone and body language used.
What you say, and the tone in which you say it, results in numerous perceptions being formed.
A person who speaks hesitantly may be perceived as having low self-esteem or lacking in
knowledge of the discussed topic. Those with a quiet voice may very well be labelled as shy.
And those who speak in commanding tones with high levels of clarity, are usually considered to
b e ex t re m e l y c o n f i d e nt . T h i s m a ke s s p e a k i n g a ve r y c r i t i c a l co m m u n i cat i o n s k i l l .
How to Speak Effectively?

To speak effectively you should:
 Incorporate body language in your speech like eye contact, smiling, nodding, gesturing etc.
 Build a draft of your speech before actually making your speech.
 Ensure that all your emotions and feelings are under control.
 Pronounce your words distinctly with the correct pitch and intensity. Your speech should be crystal
clear at all times.
 Use a pleasant and natural tone when speaking. Your audience should not feel like you are putting on
an accent or being unnatural in any way.
 Use precise and specific words to drive your message home. Ambiguity should be avoided at all costs.
 Ensure that your speech has a logical flow.
 Be brief. Don’t add any unnecessary information.
 Make a conscious effort to avoid irritating mannerisms like fidgeting, twitching etc.
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 Choose your words carefully and use simple words that the majority of the audience will have no difficulty
understanding.
 Use visual aids like slides or a whiteboard.
 Speak slowly so that your audience can easily understand what you’re saying. However, be
 careful not to speak too slowly because this can come across as stiff, unprepared or even condescending.
 Remember to pause at the right moments.
Tips
 If you’re finding it difficult to focus on what someone is saying, try repeating their words in your head.
 Always maintain eye contact with the person that you are communicating with, when speaking as well
as listening. This conveys and also encourages interest in the conversation.
7.5.4 Problem Solving & Negotiation Skills: What is a Problem?

As per The Concise Oxford Dictionary (1995), a problem is, “A doubtful or difficult matter requiring a
solution” All problems contain two elements:
1. Goals 2. Obstacles
The aim of problem solving is to recognize the obstacles and remove them in order to achieve the goals.
How to Solve Problems ?

Solving a problem requires a level of rational thinking. Here are some logical steps to follow
when faced with an issue:
Step 1: Identify the problem Step 2: Study the problem in detail
Step 3: List all possible solutions Step 4: Select the best solution
Step 5: Implement the chosen solution Step 6: Check that the problem has really been solved
Important Traits for Problem Solving

Highly developed problem solving skills are critical for both, business owners and their employees. The
following personality traits play a big role in how effectively problems are solved:
 Being open minded  Not panicking
 Asking the right questions  Having a positive attitude
 Being proactive  Focusing on the right problem
How to Assess for Problem Solving Skills?
As an entrepreneur, it would be a good idea to assess the level of problem solving skills of potential
candidates before hiring them. Some ways to assess this skill are through:
1. Application forms: Ask for proof of the candidate’s problem solving skills in the application form.
2. Psychometric tests: Give potential candidates logical reasoning and critical thinking tests
and see how they fare.
3. Interviews: Create hypothetical problematic situations or raise ethical questions and see how the
candidates respond.
4. Technical questions: Give candidates examples of real life problems and evaluate their
thought process.
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What is Negotiation?
Negotiation is a method used to settle differences. The aim of negotiation is to resolve differences
through a compromise or agreement while avoiding disputes. Without negotiation, conflicts are likely to
lead to resentment between people. Good negotiation skills help satisfy both parties and go a long way
towards developing strong relationships.
Why Negotiate?
Starting a business requires many, many negotiations. Some negotiations are small while others are
critical enough to make or break a startup. Negotiation also plays a big role inside the workplace. As an
entrepreneur, you need to know not only know how to negotiate yourself, but also how to train
employees in the art of negotiation.
How to Negotiate?
Take a look at some steps to help you negotiate:
Step 1: Pre-Negotiation Agree on where to meet to discuss the problem, decide who all will
Preparation be present and set a time limit for the discussion.
Step 2: Discuss the This involves asking questions, listening to the other side, putting
Problem your views forward and clarifying doubts.
Step 3: Clarify the Ensure that both parties want to solve the same problem and reach
Objective the same goal.
Step 4: Aim for a Try your best to be open minded when negotiating. Compromise
Win-Win Outcome and offer alternate solutions to reach an outcome where both
parties win.
Step 5: Clearly Define When an agreement has been reached, the details of the
the Agreement agreement should be crystal clear to both sides, with no scope for
misunderstandings.
Step 6: Implement the Agree on a course of action to set the solution in motion
Agreed Upon Solution
Tips
• Know exactly what you want before you work towards getting it
• Give more importance to listening and thinking, than speaking
• Focus on building a relationship rather than winning
• Remember that your people skills will affect the outcome
• Know when to walk away – sometimes reaching an agreement may not be possible
7.5.5 Business Opportunities Identification:

Entrepreneurs and Opportunities
“The entrepreneur always searches for change, responds to it and exploits it as an opportunity.”
Peter Drucker
The ability to identify business opportunities is an essential characteristic of an entrepreneur.
What is an Opportunity?
The word opportunity suggests a good chance or a favourable situation to do something offered
by circumstances.
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A business opportunity means a good or favourable change available to run a specific business in a given
environment, at a given point of time.
Common Questions Faced by Entrepreneurs
A critical question that all entrepreneurs face is how to go about finding the business opportunity
that is right for them.
Some common questions that entrepreneurs constantly think about are:
 Should the new enterprise introduce a new product or service based on an unmet need?
 Should the new enterprise select an existing product or service from one market and offer it in another
where it may not be available?
 Should the enterprise be based on a tried and tested formula that has worked elsewhere?
It is therefore extremely important that entrepreneurs must learn how to identify new and
existing business opportunities and evaluate their chances of success.
When is an Idea an Opportunity?

An idea is an opportunity when:
 It creates or adds value to a customer

 It solves a significant problem, removes a pain point or meets a demand
 Has a robust market and profit margin
 Is a good fit with the founder and management team at the right time and place
Factors to Consider When Looking for Opportunities

Consider the following when looking for business opportunities:
• Economic trends • Market trends
• Changes in funding • Changes in political support
• Changing relationships between vendors, • Shift in target audience
partners and suppliers
Ways to Identify New Business Opportunities
1. Identify Market Inefficiencies
When looking at a market, consider what inefficiencies are present in the market. Think
about ways to correct these inefficiencies.
2. Remove Key Hassles
Rather than create a new product or service, you can innovatively improve a product,
service or process.
3. Create Something New
Think about how you can create a new experience for customers, based on existing business
models.
4. Pick a Growing Sector/Industry
Research and find out which sectors or industries are growing and think about what
opportunities you can tap in the same.
5. Think About Product Differentiation
If you already have a product in mind, think about ways to set it apart from the existing ones.
Ways to Identify Business Opportunities Within Your Business
1. SWOT Analysis
An excellent way to identify opportunities inside your business is by creating a SWOT

analysis. The acronym SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.
SWOT analysis framework:
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STRENGTH WEAKNESSES
What are your strengths? What are your weaknesses?
What unique capabilities do What do your competitors do
you posses? better than you?
What do you do better than
others?
What do others percieve
as your strengths? S W
OPPORTUNITIES O T THREATS
What Trends may positively Do you have solid financial
impact you? support?
What oppprtunities are What trends may negatively
available to you? impact you?
Fig.10.5.1. SWOT Analysis
Consider the following when looking for business opportunities:

By looking at yourself and your competitors using the SWOT framework, you can uncover opportunities
that you can exploit, as well as manage and eliminate threats that could derail your success.
2. Establishing Your USP

Establish your USP and position yourself as different from your competitors. Identify why
customers should buy from you and promote that reason.
Opportunity Analysis
Once you have identified an opportunity, you need to analyze it.
To analyze an opportunity, you must:
• Focus on the idea • Talk to industry leaders in the same space as the idea
• Focus on the market of the idea • Talk to players in the same space as the idea
Tips
• Remember, opportunities are situational. • Avoid the latest craze.
Look for a proven track record. Love your idea.
7.5.6 Entrepreneurship Support Eco - System:

Who is an Entrepreneur?
An entrepreneur is a person who:
• Does not work for an employee
• Runs a small enterprise
• Assumes all the risks and rewards of the enterprise, idea, good or service
Types of Entrepreneurs
There are four main types of entrepreneurs:
1. The Traditional Entrepreneur: This type of entrepreneur usually has some kind of skill –they can be a
carpenter, mechanic, cook etc. They have businesses that have been around for numerous years like
restaurants, shops and carpenters. Typically, they gain plenty of experience in a particular industry
before they begin their own business in a similar field.
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2. The Growth Potential Entrepreneur: The desire of this type of entrepreneur is to start an enterprise
that will grow, win many customers and make lots of money. Their ultimate aim is to eventually sell
their enterprise for a nice profit. Such entrepreneurs usually have a science or technical background.
3. The Project-Oriented Entrepreneur: This type of entrepreneur generally has a background in the Arts
or psychology. Their enterprises tend to be focus on something that they are very passionate about.
4. The Lifestyle Entrepreneur: This type of entrepreneur has usually worked as a teacher or a secretary.
They are more interested in selling something that people will enjoy, rather than making lots of
money.
Characteristics of an Entrepreneur
Successful entrepreneurs have the following characteristics:
• They are highly motivated
• They are creative and persuasive
• They are mentally prepared to handle each and every task
• They have excellent business skills – they know how to evaluate their cash flow, sales and revenue
• They are willing to take great risks
• They are very proactive – this means they are willing to do the work themselves, rather
than wait for someone else to do it
• They have a vision – they are able to see the big picture
• They are flexible and open-minded
• They are good at making decisions
Entrepreneur Success Stories

Dhiru Bhai Ambani
Dhirubhai Ambani began his entrepreneurial career by selling “bhajias” to pilgrims in Mount Girnar on
weekends. At 16, he moved to Yemen where he worked as a gas-station attendant, and as a clerk in an oil
company. He returned to India with Rs. 50,000 and started a textile trading company. Reliance went on
tobecome the first Indian company to raise money in global markets and the first Indian company to
feature in Forbes 500 list.
Dr. Karsanbhai Patel

Karsanbhai Patel made detergent powder in the backyard of his house. He sold his product door-to-door
and offered a money back guarantee with every pack that was sold. He charged Rs. 3 per kg when the
cheapest detergent at that time was Rs.13 per kg. Dr. Patel eventually started Nirma which became a whole
new segment in the Indian domestic detergent market.
The Entrepreneurial Process

Let’s take a look at the stages of the entrepreneurial process.
Stage 1: Idea Generation. The entrepreneurial process begins with an idea that has been thought of by
the entrepreneur. The idea is a problem that has the potential to be solved.
Stage 2: Germination or Recognition. In this stage a possible solution to the identified problem is thought
of.
Stage 3: Preparation or Rationalization. The problem is studied further and research is done to find out
how others have tried to solve the same problem.
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Stage 4: Incubation or Fantasizing. This stage involves creative thinking for the purpose of coming up
with more ideas. Less thought is given to the problem areas.
Stage 5: Feasibility Study: The next step is the creation of a feasibility study to determine if the idea will
make a profit and if it should be seen through.
Stage 6: Illumination or Realization. This is when all uncertain areas suddenly become clear. The
entrepreneur feels confident that his idea has merit.
Stage 7: Verification or Validation. In this final stage, the idea is verified to see if it works and if it is
useful.
Take a look at the diagram below to get a better idea of this process.
Idea Germination
Generation (Recognition)
Preparation
(Rationalisation)
Incubation
(Fantasising)
Feasibility
Study
Illumination Varification
(Realisation) (Validation)
Introduction to the Entrepreneurship Ecosystem

The entrepreneurship support ecosystem signifies the collective and complete nature of
entrepreneurship. New companies emerge and flourish not only because of the courageous, visionary
entrepreneurs who launch them, but they thrive as they are set in an environment or ‘ecosystem’ made
of private and public participants. These players nurture and sustain the new ventures, facilitating the
entrepreneurs’ efforts.
An entrepreneurship ecosystem comprises of the following six domains:
1. Favourable Culture: This includes elements such as tolerance of risk and errors, valuable
networking and positive social standing of the entrepreneur.
2. Facilitating Policies & Leadership: This includes regulatory framework incentives and
existence of public research institutes.
3. Financing Options: Angel financing, venture capitalists and micro loans would be good examples of
this.
4. Human Capital: This refers to trained and untrained labour, entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship
training programmes, etc.
5. Conducive Markets for Products & Services: This refers to an existence or scope of existence of a
market for the product/service.
6. Institutional & Infrastructural Support: This includes legal and financing advisers,
telecommunications, digital and transportation infrastructure, and entrepreneurship networking
programmes.
These domains indicate whether there is a strong entrepreneurship support ecosystem and
what actions should the government put in place to further encourage this ecosystem. The six
domains and their various elements have been graphically depicted.
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Leadership
Early Customers Government
• Unequivocal support • Institutions • Research institutes
• Early adopters for proof-of-concept
• Social legitimacy e.g. Investment, support
• Expertise in productizing
• Reference customer
• Open door for advocate
• Financial support • Venture-friendly
• First reviews • Entrepreneurship strategy e.g. for R&D, jump start funds legislation
• Distribution channels • urgency, crisis and challenge
Regulatory framework • e.g. Bankruptcy,
incentives contract enforcement, pro-
Networks
e.g. Tax benifits perty rights, and labour
• Entrepreneure’s networks Policy
• Diaspora networks Financial Capital
• Multinational corporations • Micro-loans • Venture capital funds
Market Finance • Angel investors, fri- • Private equity
Labour ends and family • Public capital markets
• Zero-stage venture • Debt
• Skilled and unskilled
Entrepreneurship capital
• Serial entrepreneures
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• Later generation family Success Stories
Human • Visible successes
Educational Institutions Culture
• General degrees (professional and academic)
Capital • Wealth generation for founders
• Specific entrepreneurship training • International reputation
Supports Societal norms
Infrastructure
• Tolerance of risk, mistakes, failure
• Telecommunications • Innovation, creativity, experimentation
• Transportation & logistics • Social status of entrepreneur
• Energy • Wealth creation
• Zones, incubation centers, clusters Non-Government Institution • Ambition, drive, hunger
• Entrepreneurship • Conferences
Support Professions promotion in
• Legal non-profits
• Accounting • Business plan • Entrepreneur- fri-
• Investment bankers contests endly association
Fig.10.5.2. Entrepreneurship at a Glance

Every entrepreneurship support ecosystem is unique and all the elements of the ecosystem are
interdependent. Although every region’s entrepreneurship ecosystem can be broadly described by the
above features, each ecosystem is the result of the hundred elements interacting in highly complex and
particular ways. Entrepreneurship ecosystems eventually become (largely) self-sustaining. When the six
domains are resilient enough, they are mutually beneficial. At this point, government involvement can
and should be significantly minimized. Public leaders do not need to invest a lot to sustain the ecosystem.
It is imperative that the entrepreneurship ecosystem incentives are formulated to be self-liquidating,
hence focussing on sustain ability of the environment.
Make in India Campaign

Every entrepreneur has certain needs. Some of their important needs are:
• To easily get loans

• To easily find investors
• To get tax exemptions
• To easily access resources and good infrastructure
• To enjoy a procedure that is free of hassles and is quick
• To be able to easily partner with other firms
The Make in India campaign, launched by Prime Minister Modi aims to satisfy all these needs of young,
aspiring entrepreneurs. Its objective is to:
• Make investment easy

• Support new ideas
• Enhance skill development
• Safeguard the ideas of entrepreneurs
• Create state-of-the-art facilities for manufacturing goods
Key Schemes to Promote Entrepreneurs

The government offers many schemes to support entrepreneurs. These schemes are run by various
Ministries/Departments of Government of India to support First Generation Entrepreneurs.Take a look at a
few key schemes to promote entrepreneurship:
Sl.Name of the Scheme

1.Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana - Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA),
2.STAND UP INDIA
3.Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)
4.International Cooperation
5.Performance and Credit Rating
6.Marketing Assistance Scheme
7.Reimbursement of Registration Fee for Bar Coding
8.Enable Participation of MSMEs in State/District level Trade Fairs and Provide Funding Support
9.Capital Subsidy Support on Credit for Technology up gradation
10.Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro and SmalI Enterprise (CGFMSE)
11.Reimbursement of Certification Fees for Acquiring ISO Standards
12.Agricultural Marketing
13.Small Agricultural Marketing
14.Mega Food Park
15.Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana
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1. Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana, - Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency (MUDRA),
Description
Under the aegis support of Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana, MUDRA has already created its initial
products/schemes. The interventions have been named 'Shishu', 'Kishor' and 'Tarun' to signify the stage
of growth/development and funding needs of the beneficiary micro unit/entrepreneur and also
provide a reference point for the next phase of graduation/growth to look forward to:
a. Shishu: Covering loans upto Rs.50,000/-
b. Kishor: Covering loans above Rs. 50,000/- and upto Rs.5 lakh
c. Tarun: Covering loans above Rs. 5 lakh to Rs.10 lakh
Who can apply?
Any Indian citizen who has a business plan for a non-farm sector income generating activity such as
manufacturing, processing, trading or service sector and whose credit need is less than Rs.10 lakh can
approach either a Bank, MFI, or NBFC for availing of MUDRA loans under Pradhan Mantri Mudra
Yojana (PMMY).
2. Stand Up India
Description
The objective of the Standup India scheme is to facilitate bank loans between Rs.10 lakh and Rs.1 crore
to at least one Schedule Caste (SC) or Scheduled Tribe (ST) borrower and at least one woman borrower
per bank branch for setting up a Greenfield enterprise. This enterprise may be in manufacturing,
services or the trading sector. In case of non-Individual enterprises at least 51% of the shareholding and
controlling stake should be held be either an SC/ST or Woman Entrepreneur.
Who can apply?
ST, SC &Women
3. Prime Minister Employment Generation Programme (PMEGP)

Description
The Scheme is implemented by Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC), as the nodal agency at
the National level. At the State level, the Scheme is implemented through State KVIC Directorates, State
Khadi and Village Industries Boards (KVIBs) and District Industries Centres (DICs) and banks. The
Government subsidy under the Scheme is routed. by KVIC through identified banks for eventual
distribution to the beneficiaries/entrepreneurs in their bank accounts.
Nature of assistance
The maximum cost of the project/unit admissible under manufacturing sector is Rs.25 lakh and under
business/service sector is Rs.10 lakh. Levels of funding under PMEGP
Categories of beneficiaries under Beneficiary's Rate of Subsidy

PMEGP contribution (of project cost)
(of project cost)
Area (location of project/unit) Urban Rural
General Category 10% 15%

25%
Special (including SC / ST / OBC / 05% 25%

Minorities / Women, Ex- 35%
servicemen, Physically
handicapped, NER, Hill and Border
areas, etc.
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The balance amount of the total project cost will be provided by Banks as term loan as well as working
capital.
Who can apply?
Any individual, above 18 years of age. At least VIII standard pass for projects costing above Rs.10 lakh in
the manufacturing sector and above Rs.5 lakh in the business/service sector. Only new projects are
considered for sanction under PMEGP. Self Help Groups (including those belonging to BPL provided that
they have not availed benefits under any other Scheme), Institutions registered under Societies
Registration Act,1860; Production Co-operative Societies, and Charitable Trusts are also eligible. Existing
Units (under PMRY, REGP or any other scheme of Government of India or State Government) and the
units that have already availed Government Subsidy under any other scheme of Government of India or
State Government are NOT eligible.
4. International Cooperation
Description
The Scheme would cover the following activities:
a. Deputation of MSME business delegations to other countries for exploring new areas of
technology infusion/upgradation, facilitating joint ventures, improving market of MSMEs products,
foreign collaborations, etc.
b. Participation by Indian MSMEs in international exhibitions, trade fairs and buyer-seller meets in
foreign countries as well as in India, in which there is international participation.
c. Holding international conferences and seminars on topics and themes of interest to the MSME.
IC Scheme provides financial assistance towards the airfare and space rent of entrepreneurs. Assistance
is provided on the basis of size and the type of the enterprise.
Who can apply?
a. State/Central Government Organisations;
b. Industry/Enterprise Associations; and
c. Registered Societies/Trusts and Organisations associated with the promotion and development of
MSMEs
5. Performance and Credit Rating for Micro and Small Enterprises
Description
The objective of the Scheme is to create awareness amongst micro & small enterprises about the
strengths and weaknesses of their operations and also their credit worthiness.
Turn Over Fee to be reimbursed by Ministry of MSME
Up to Rs.50 lacs 75% of the fee charged by the rating agency subject
to a ceiling Rs.15,000/-
Above Rs.50 lacs to Rs.200 75% of the fee charged by the rating agency subject
lacs to a ceiling of Rs.30,0001-
Above Rs.200 lacs 75% of the fee charged by the rating agency subject
ing of Rs.40,000/-
Who can apply?

Any enterprise registered in India as a micro or small enterprise is eligible to apply.
6. Marketing Assistance Scheme
Description
The assistance is provided for the following activities:
a. Organizing exhibitions abroad and participation in international exhibitions/trade fairs
b. Co-sponsoring of exhibitions organized by other organisations/industry associations/agencies
c. Organizing buyer-seller meets, intensive campaigns and marketing promotion events
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Financial assistance of up to 95% of the airfare and space rent of entrepreneurs. Assistance is provided on
the basis of size and the type of the enterprise. Financial assistance for co-sponsoring would be limited to
40% of the net expenditure, subject to maximum amount of Rs.5 lakh.
Who can apply?
MSMEs, Industry Associations and other organizations related to MSME sector.
7. Reimbursement of Registration Fee for Bar Coding
Description
The financial assistance is provided towards 75% reimbursement of only one-time registration fee and
75% of annual recurring fee for first three years paid by MSEs to GS1 India for using bar coding.
Funding support for reimbursement of 75% of one time and recurring bar code registration fees.
Who can apply?
All MSMEs with EM registration.
8. Enabling Participation of MSMEs in State/District Level Trade Fairs and Provide Funding Support
Description
Provide marketing platform to manufacturing MSMEs by enabling their participation in
state/district level exhibitions being organized by state/district authorities/associations.
1. Free registration for participating in trade fairs
Note: The selection of participants would be done by the MSME-DIs post the submission of
application.
2. Reimbursement of 50% of to and fro actual fare by shortest distance/direct train (limited
to AC II tier class) from the nearest railway station/bus fare to the place of exhibition and 50%
space rental charges for MSMEs (General category entrepreneurs).
3. For Women/SC/ST entrepreneurs & entrepreneurs from North Eastern Region Govt. of
India will reimburse 80% of items listed above in Point (2).
Note: The total reimbursement will be max. Rs.30,000/- per unit for the SC/ST/Women/Physically
Handicapped entrepreneurs, while for the other units the max. limit will be Rs.20,000/- per person per
MSME unit.
Note: The participant is required to submit follow-up proofs post attending the event to claim
reimbursement. The proofs can be submitted after logging in online under the section "My Applications"
or directly contacting a DI office.
Who can apply?
All MSMEs with EM registration.
9. Capital Subsidy Support on Credit for Technology Upgradation

Description
MSMEs can get a capital subsidy (~15%) on credit availed for technology upgradation.
Financial assistance for availing credit and loan.
Who can apply?
1. Banks and financial institutions can apply to DC-MSME for availing support.
2. MSMEs need to directly contact the respective banks for getting credit and capital
subsidy.
How to apply?
If you are a financial institution, click on the "Apply Now" button or else you can also directly contact the
Office of DC-MSME. You can view the contact details of Office of DC-MSME. If you are an MSME, directly
contact the respective banks/financial institutions as listed in the scheme guidelines.
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10. Provision of Collateral Free Credit for MSMEs

Description
Banks and financial institutions are provided funding assistance under this scheme so that they can in
turn lend collateral free credit to MSMEs.
Funding support to banks and financial institutions for lending collateral-free credit to MSMEs.
Who can apply?
Banks and financial institutions can apply to office of DC-MSME/MSME-DIs for availing support. MSMEs
need to directly contact the respective banks for getting credit.
11. Reimbursement of certification fees for acquiring ISO standards

ISO 9000/ISO 14001 Certification Reimbursement.
Description
The GoI assistance will be provided for one-time reimbursement of expenditure to such MSME
manufacturing units which acquire ISO 18000/ISO 22000/ISO 27000 certification.
Reimbursement of expenditure incurred on acquiring ISO standards.
Who can apply?
MSMEs with EM registration.
12. Agricultural Marketing

Description
A capital investment subsidy for construction/renovation of rural godowns.
Creation of scientific storage capacity and prevention of distress sale.
Subsidy @ 25% to farmers, 15% of project cost to companies.
Who can apply?
NGOs, SHGs, companies, co-operatives.
13. Small Agricultural Marketing

Description
Business development description provides venture capital assistance in the form of equity, and arranges
training and visits of agri-preneurs
Farmers' Agriculture Business Consortium
Business development description provides venture capital assistance in the form of equity, and arranges
training and visits of agri-preneurs.
Financial assistance with a ceiling of Rs.5 lakh.
Who can apply?
Individuals, farmers, producer groups, partnership/propriety firms, SGHs, agri-preneurs, etc.
14. Mega Food Park

Description
Mechanism to link agricultural production and market to maximize value addition, enhance farmers
income, create rural employment.
One-time capital grant of 50% of project cost with a limit of Rs.50 crore.
Who can apply?
Farmers, farmer groups, SHGs.
15. Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana

Description
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Concessional scheme for the economic development of ST women.

Term loan at concessional rates upto 90% of cost of scheme.
Who can apply?
Scheduled Tribes Women.
Tips
• Research the existing market, network with other entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, angel investors,
and thoroughly review the policies in place to enable your entrepreneurship.
• Failure is a stepping stone and not the end of the road. Review yours and your peers’ errors and
correct them in your future venture.
• Be proactive in your ecosystem. Identify the key features of your ecosystem and enrich them to
ensure self-sustainability of your entrepreneurship support ecosystem.
7.5.7 Risk Appetite & Resilience:

Entrepreneurship and Risk
Entrepreneurs are inherently risk takers. They are path-makers not path-takers. Unlike a normal, cautious
person, an entrepreneur would not think twice about quitting his job (his sole income) and taking a risk on
himself and his idea.
An entrepreneur is aware that while pursuing his dreams, assumptions can be proven wrong and
unforeseen events may arise. He knows that after dealing with numerous problems, success is still not
guaranteed. Entrepreneurship is synonymous with the ability to take risks. This ability, called risk-appetite,
is an entrepreneurial trait that is partly genetic and partly acquired.
What is Risk Appetite?

Risk appetite is defined as the extent to which a company is equipped to take risk, in order to achieve its
objectives. Essentially, it refers to the balance, struck by the company, between possible profits and the
hazards caused by changes in the environment (economic ecosystem, policies, etc.). Taking on more risk
may lead to higher rewards but have a high probability of losses as well. However, being too conservative
may go against the company as it can miss out on good opportunities to grow and reach their objectives.
The levels of risk appetite can be broadly categorized as “low”, “medium” and “high.” The company’s
entrepreneur(s) have to evaluate all potential alternatives and select the option most likely to succeed.
Companies have varying levels of risk appetites for different objectives.
The levels depend on:
• The type of industry
• Market pressures
• Company objectives
For example, a startup with a revolutionary concept will have a very high risk appetite. The startup can
afford short term failures before it achieves longer term success. This type of appetite will not remain
constant and will be adjusted to account for the present circumstances of the company.
Risk Appetite Statement
Companies have to define and articulate their risk appetite in sync with decisions made about their
objectives and opportunities. The point of having a risk appetite statement is to have a framework that
clearly states the acceptance and management of risk in business. It sets risk taking limits within the
company. The risk appetite statement should convey the following:
• The nature of risks the business faces.

• Which risks the company is comfortable taking on and which risks are unacceptable.
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• The nature of risks the business faces.

• Which risks the company is comfortable taking on and which risks are unacceptable.
• How much risk to accept in all the risk categories.
• The desired tradeoff between risk and reward.
• Measures of risk and methods of examining and regulating risk exposures.
Entrepreneurship and Resilience
Entrepreneurs are characterized by a set of qualities known as resilience. These qualities play an
especially large role in the early stages of developing an enterprise. Risk resilience is an extremely
valuable characteristic as it is believed to protect entrepreneurs against the threat of challenges and
changes in the business environment.
What is Entrepreneurial Resilience?

Resilience is used to describe individuals who have the ability to overcome setbacks related
to their life and career aspirations. A resilient person is someone who is capable of easily
and quickly recovering from setbacks. For the entrepreneur, resilience is a critical trait.
Entrepreneurial resilience can be enhanced in the following ways:
• By developing a professional network of coaches and mentors

• By accepting that change is a part of life
• By viewing obstacles as something that can be overcome
Characteristics of a Resilient Entrepreneur
The characteristics required to make an entrepreneur resilient enough to go the whole way in their
business enterprise are:
• A strong internal sense of control • Skill to learn from setbacks
• Ability to diversify and expand • Cash-flow conscious habits
• Strong social connections • Ability to look at the bigger picture
• Survivor attitude • Attention to detail
Tips
• Cultivate a great network of clients, suppliers, peers, friends and family. This will not only
help you promote your business, but will also help you learn, identify new opportunities
and stay tuned to changes in the market.
• Don’t dwell on setbacks. Focus on what the you need to do next to get moving again.
• While you should try and curtail expenses, ensure that it is not at the cost of your growth.
7.5.8 Success & Failures: Understanding

Successes and Failures in Entrepreneurship
Shyam is a famous entrepreneur, known for his success story. But what most people don’t know, is that
Shyam failed numerous times before his enterprise became a success. Read his interview to get an idea of
what entrepreneurship is really about, straight from an entrepreneur
who has both, failed and succeeded.
Interviewer: Shyam, I have heard that entrepreneurs are great risk-takers who are never afraid of failing. Is
this true?
Shyam: Ha ha, no of course it’s not true! Most people believe that entrepreneurs need to be fearlessly
enthusiastic. But the truth is, fear is a very normal and valid human reaction, especially when you are
planning to start your own business! In fact, my biggest fear was the fear of failing. The reality is,
entrepreneurs fail as much as they succeed. The trick is to not allow the fear of failing to stop you from
going ahead with your plans. Remember, failures are lessons for future success!
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Interviewer : What, according to you, is the reason that entrepreneurs fail?
Shyam: Well, there is no one single reason why entrepreneurs fail. An entrepreneur can fail due to
numerous reasons. You could fail because you have allowed your fear of failure to defeat you. You could
fail because you are unwilling to delegate (distribute) work. As the saying goes, “You can do anything, but
not everything!” You could fail because you gave up too easily – maybe you were not persistent enough.
You could fail because you were focusing your energy on small, insignificant tasks and ignoring the tasks
that were most important. Other reasons for failing are partnering with the wrong people, not being able
to sell your product to the right
customers at the right time at the right price… and many more reasons!
Interviewer: As an entrepreneur, how do you feel failure should be looked at?
Shyam: I believe we should all look at failure as an asset, rather than as something negative. The way I see
it, if you have an idea, you should try to make it work, even if there is a chance that you will fail. That’s
because not trying is failure right there, anyway! And failure is not the worst thing that can happen. I think
having regrets because of not trying, and wondering ‘what if’ is far worse than trying and actually failing.
Interviewer: How did you feel when you failed for the first time?
Shyam: I was completely heartbroken! It was a very painful experience. But the good news is, you do
recover from the failure. And with every subsequent failure, the recovery process gets a lot easier. That’s
because you start to see each failure more as a lesson that will eventually help you succeed, rather than
as an obstacle that you cannot overcome. You will start to realize that failure has many benefits.
Interviewer: Can you tell us about some of the benefits of failing?
Shyam: One of the benefits that I have experienced personally from failing is that the failure made me see
things in a new light. It gave me answers that I didn’t have before. Failure can make you a lot stronger. It
also helps keep your ego in control.
Interviewer: What advice would you give entrepreneurs who are about to start their own enterprises?
Shyam: I would tell them to do their research and ensure that their product is something that is actually
wanted by customers. I’d tell them to pick their partners and employees very wisely and cautiously. I’d tell
them that it’s very important to be aggressive – push and market your product as aggressively as possible.
I would warn them that starting an enterprise is veryexpensive and that they should be prepared for a
situation where they run out of money.I would tell them to create long term goals and put a plan in action
to achieve that goal. I would tell them to build a product that is truly unique. Be very careful and ensure
that you are not
copying another startup. Lastly, I’d tell them that it’s very important that they find the right investors.
Interviewer: That’s some really helpful advice, Shyam! I’m sure this will help all entrepreneurs
to be more prepared before they begin their journey! Thank you for all your insight!
Tips
• Remember that nothing is impossible.
• Identify your mission and your purpose before you start.
• Plan your next steps – don’t make decisions hastily.
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7.6: Preparing to be an Entrepreneur
Unit Objectives
1. Discuss how market research is carried out
2. Describe the 4 Ps of marketing
3. Discuss the importance of idea generation
4. Recall basic business terminology
5. Discuss the need for CRM
6. Discuss the benefits of CRM
7. Discuss the need for networking
8. Discuss the benefits of networking
9. Discuss the importance of setting goals
10. Differentiate between short-term, medium-term and long-term goals
11. Discuss how to write a business plan
12. Explain the financial planning process
13. Discuss ways to manage your risk
14. Describe the procedure and formalities for applying for bank finance
15. Discuss how to manage your own enterprise
16. List important questions that every entrepreneur should ask before starting an enterprise
7.6.1 Market Study / The 4 Ps of Marketing /

Importance of an IDEA: Understanding Market
Research
Market research is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting market information on
a product or service that is being sold in that market. It also includes information on:
• Past, present and prospective customers
• Customer characteristics and spending habits
• The location and needs of the target market
• The overall industry
• Relevant competitors
Market research involves two types of data:
• Primary information. This is research collected by yourself or by someone hired by you.
• Secondary information. This is research that already exists and is out there for you to find
and use.
Primary research
Primary research can be of two types:
• Exploratory: This is open-ended and usually involves detailed, unstructured interviews.
• Specific: This is precise and involves structured, formal interviews. Conducting specific
research is the more expensive than conducting exploratory research.
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Secondary research
Secondary research uses outside information. Some common secondary sources are:
• Public sources: These are usually free and have a lot of good information. Examples are government
departments, business departments of public libraries etc.
• Commercial sources: These offer valuable information but usually require a fee to be paid. Examples
are research and trade associations, banks and other financial institutions etc.
• Educational institutions: These offer a wealth of information. Examples are colleges, universities,
technical institutes etc.
The 4 Ps of Marketing
The 4 Ps of marketing are Product, Price, Promotion and Place. Let’s look at each of these 4 Ps in detail.
Product
A product can be:
• A tangible good • An intangible service
Whatever your product is, it is critical that you have a clear understanding of what you are offering, and
what its unique characteristics are, before you begin with the marketing process.
Some questions to ask yourself are:
• What does the customer want from the • How will customers use it?
product/service? • What should it be called?
• What needs does it satisfy? • How is it different from similar products?
• Are there any more features that can be • How much will it cost to produce?
added? • Can it be sold at a profit?
• Does it have any expensive and
unnecessary features?
Price
Once all the elements of Product have been established, the Price factor needs to be considered.
The Price of a Product will depend on several factors such as profit margins, supply, demand
and the marketing strategy.
• What is the value of the product/service to • Is the customer price sensitive?
customers? • Should discounts be offered?
• Do local products/services have established • How is your price compared to that of your
price points? competitors?
Promotion
Once you are certain about your Product and your Price, the next step is to look at ways to promote it.
Some key elements of promotion are advertising, public relations, social media marketing, email
marketing, search engine marketing, video marketing and more.
• Where should you promote your product or • When would be the best time to promote
service? your product?
• What is the best medium to use to reach • How are your competitors promoting their
your target audience? products?
Place
According to most marketers, the basis of marketing is about offering the right product, at the right price,
at the right place, at the right time. For this reason, selecting the best possible location is critical for
converting prospective clients into actual clients.
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• Will your product or service be looked for • Where are your competitors offering their
in a physical store, online or both? products or services?
• What should you do to access the most • Should you follow in your competitors’
appropriate distribution channels? footsteps?
• Will you require a sales force? • Should you do something different from your
competitors?
Importance of an IDEA
Ideas are the foundation of progress. An idea can be small or ground-breaking, easy to accomplish or
extremely complicated to implement. Whatever the case, the fact that it is an idea gives it merit. Without
ideas, nothing is possible. Most people are afraid to speak out their ideas, out for fear of being ridiculed.
However, if are an entrepreneur and want to remain competitive and innovative, you need to bring your
ideas out into the light.
Some ways to do this are by:
• Establishing a culture of brainstorming where you invite all interested parties to contribute
• Discussing ideas out loud so that people can add their ideas, views, opinions to them
• Being open minded and not limiting your ideas, even if the idea who have seems ridiculous
• Not discarding ideas that you don’t work on immediately, but instead making a note of
them and shelving them so they can be revisited at a later date
Tips
• Keep in mind that good ideas do not always have to be unique.
• Remember that timing plays a huge role in determining the success of your idea.
• Situations and circumstances will always change, so be flexible and adapt your idea
accordingly.
7.6.2 Business Entity Concepts:

Basic Business Terminology
If your aim is to start and run a business, it is crucial that you have a good understanding of
basic business terms. Every entrepreneur should be well versed in the following terms:
• Accounting: A systematic method of recording and reporting financial transactions.
• Accounts payable: Money owed by a company to its creditors.
• Accounts Receivable: The amount a company is owed by its clients.
• Assets: The value of everything a company owns and uses to conduct its business.
• Balance Sheet: A snapshot of a company’s assets, liabilities and owner’s equity at a given moment.
• Bottom Line: The total amount a business has earned or lost at the end of a month.
• Business: An organization that operates with the aim of making a profit.
• Business to Business (B2B): A business that sells goods or services to another business.
• Business to Consumer (B2C): A business that sells goods or services directly to the end user.
• Capital: The money a business has in its accounts, assets and investments. The two main types of
capital are debt and equity.
• Cash Flow: The overall movement of funds through a business each month, including income and
expenses.
• Cash Flow Statement: A statement showing the money that entered and exited a business during a
specific period of time.
• Contract: A formal agreement to do work for pay.
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• Contract: A formal agreement to do work for pay.

• Depreciation: The degrading value of an asset over time.
• Expense: The costs that a business incurs through its operations.
• Finance: The management and allocation of money and other assets.
• Financial Report: A comprehensive account of a business’ transactions and expenses.
• Fixed Cost: A one-time expense.
• Income Statement (Profit and Loss Statement): Shows the profitability of a business during
a period of time.
• Liabilities: The value of what a business owes to someone else.
• Marketing: The process of promoting, selling and distributing a product or service.
• Net Income/Profit: Revenues minus expenses.
• Net Worth: The total value of a business.
• Payback Period: The amount of time it takes to recover the initial investment of a business.
• Profit Margin: The ratio of profit, divided by revenue, displayed as a percentage.
• Return on Investment (ROI): The amount of money a business gets as return from an
investment.
• Revenue: The total amount of income before expenses are subtracted.
• Sales Prospect: A potential customer.
• Supplier: A provider of supplies to a business.
• Target Market: A specific group of customers at which a company's products and services are
aimed.
• Valuation: An estimate of the overall worth of the business.
• Variable Cost: Expenses that change in proportion to the activity of a business.
• Working Capital: Calculated as current assets minus current liabilities.
• Business Transactions: There are three types of business transactions. These are:
 Simple Transactions – Usually a single transaction between a vendor and a customer. For
example: Buying a cup of coffee.
 Complex Transactions – These transactions go through a number of events before they can be
completed. For example: Buying a house.
 Ongoing transactions – These transactions usually require a contract. For example: Contract
with a vendor.
Basic Accounting Formulas

Take a look some important accounting formulas that every entrepreneur needs to know.
1. The Accounting Equation: This is value of everything a company owns and uses to conduct its business.
Formula: Assets = Liability + Owner's Equity
2. Net Income: This is the profit of the company.

Formula: Net Income = Revenues – Expenses
3. Break-Even Point: This is the point at which the company will not make a profit or a loss. The total cost
and total revenues are equal.
Formula: Break-Even = Fixed Costs/Sales Price – Variable Cost per Unit
4. Cash Ratio: This tells us about the liquidity of a company.

Formula: Cash Ratio = Cash/Current Liabilities
5. Profit Margin: This is shown as a percentage. It shows what percentage of sales are left over after all the
expenses are paid by the business.
Formula: Profit Margin = Net Income/Sales
6. Debt-to-Equity Ratio: This ratio shows how much equity and debt a company is using to finance its assets,
and whether the shareholder equity can fulfill obligations to creditors if the business starts making a loss.
Formula: Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities/Total Equity
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7. Cost of Goods Sold: This is the total of all costs used to create a product or service, which has been sold.
Formula: Cost of Goods Sold = Cost of Materials/Inventory – Cost of Outputs
8. Return on Investment (ROI): This is usually shown as a percentage. It calculates the profits of an
investment as a percentage of the original cost.
Formula: ROI = Net Profit/Total Investment * 100
9. Simple Interest: This is money you can earn by initially investing some money (the principal).
Formula:
A = P(1 + rt); R = r * 100
Where:
A = Total Accrued Amount (principal + interest)
P = Principal Amount
I = Interest Amount
r = Rate of Interest per year in decimal; r = R/100
t = Time Period involved in months or years
10. Annual Compound Interest: The calculates the addition of interest to the principal sum of a loan or
deposit.
Formula:
A = P (1 + r/n) ^ nt:
Where:
A = the future value of the investment/loan, including interest
P = the principal investment amount (the initial deposit or loan amount)
r = the annual interest rate (decimal)
n = the number of times that interest is compounded per year
t = the number of years the money is invested or borrowed for
7.6.3 CRM & Networking: What is CRM?

CRM stands for Customer Relationship Management. Originally the expression Customer Relationship
Management meant managing one’s relationship with customers. However, today it refers to IT systems
and software designed to help companies manage their relationships.
The Need for CRM

The better a company can manage its relationships with its customers, the higher the chances of the
company’s success. For any entrepreneur, the ability to successfully retain existing customers and expand
the enterprise is paramount. This is why IT systems that focus on addressing the problems of dealing with
customers on a daily basis are becoming more and more in demand.
Customer needs change over time, and technology can make it easier to understand what customers
really want. This insight helps companies to be more responsive to the needs of their customers. It
enables them to modify their business operations when required, so that their customers are always
served in the best manner possible. Simply put, CRM helps companies recognize the value of their clients
and enables them to capitalize on improved customer relations.
Benefits of CRM
CRM has a number of important benefits:
• It helps improve relations with existing customers which can lead to:
 Increased sales
 Identification of customer needs
 Cross-selling of products
• It results in better marketing of one’s products or services
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• It results in better marketing of one’s products or services

• It enhances customer satisfaction and retention
• It improves profitability by identifying and focusing on the most profitable customers
What is Networking?
In business, networking means leveraging your business and personal connections in order to bring in a
regular supply of new business. This marketing method is effective as well as low cost. It is a great way to
develop sales opportunities and contacts. Networking can be based on referrals and introductions, or can
take place via phone, email, and social and business networking websites.
The Need for Networking

Networking is an essential personal skill for business people, but it is even more important for
entrepreneurs. The process of networking has its roots in relationship building. Networking results in
greater communication and a stronger presence in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. This helps build strong
relationships with other entrepreneurs.
Business networking events held across the globe play a huge role in connecting like-minded
entrepreneurs who share the same fundamental beliefs in communication, exchanging ideas and
converting ideas into realities. Such networking events also play a crucial role in connecting entrepreneurs
with potential investors. Entrepreneurs may have vastly different experiences and backgrounds but they
all have a common goal in mind – they all seek connection, inspiration, advice, opportunities and
mentors. Networking offers them a platform to do just that.
Benefits of Networking
Networking offers numerous benefits for entrepreneurs. Some of the major benefits are:
• Getting high quality leads • Meeting positive and enthusiastic people
• Increased business opportunities • Increased self-confidence
• Good source of relevant connections • Satisfaction from helping others
• Advice from like-minded entrepreneurs • Building strong and lasting friendships
• Gaining visibility and raising your profile
Tips
• Use social media interactions to identify needs and gather feedback.
• When networking, ask open-ended questions rather than yes/no type questions.
7.6.4 Business Plan: Why Set Goals?

Setting goals is important because it gives you long-term vision and short-term motivation. Goals can be
short term, medium term and long term.
Short-Term Goals
• These are specific goals for the immediate future.
Example: Repairing a machine that has failed.
Medium-Term Goals
• These goals are built on your short term goals.
• They do not need to be as specific as your short term goals.
Example: Arranging for a service contract to ensure that your machines don’t fail again.
Long-Term Goals
These goals require time and planning.
They usually take a year or more to achieve.
Example: Planning your expenses so you can buy new machinery
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Why Create a Business Plan?

A business plan is a tool for understanding how your business is put together. It can be used to monitor
progress, foster accountable and control the fate of the business. It usually offers a 3-5 year projection and
outlines the plan that the company intends to follow to grow its revenues. A business plan is also a very
important tool for getting the interest of key employees or future investors.
A business plan typically comprises of eight elements.
Elements of a Business Plan

Executive Summary
The executive summary follows the title page. The summary should clearly state your desires as the
business owner in a short and businesslike way. It is an overview of your business and your plans. Ideally
this should not be more than 1-2 pages.
Your Executive Summary should include:
• The Mission Statement: Explain what your business is all about.
Example: Nike’s Mission Statement
Nike’s mission statement is “To bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in the world.”
• Company Information: Provide information like when your business was formed, the names and roles
of the founders, the number of employees, your business location(s) etc.
• Growth Highlights: Mention examples of company growth. Use graphs and charts where possible.
• Your Products/Services: Describe the products or services provided.
• Financial Information: Provide details on current bank and investors.
• Summarize future plans: Describe where you see your business in the future.
Business Description
The second section of your business plan needs to provide a detailed review of the different elements of
your business. This will help potential investors to correctly understand your business goal and the
uniqueness of your offering.
Your Business Description should include:
• A description of the nature of your business
• The market needs that you are aiming to satisfy
• The ways in which your products and services meet these needs
• The specific consumers and organizations that you intend to serve
• Your specific competitive advantages
Market Analysis
The market analysis section usually follows the business description. The aim of this section is to
showcase your industry and market knowledge. This is also the section where you should lay down your
research findings and conclusions.
Your Market Analysis should include:
• Your industry description and outlook • The amount of market share you want to
• Information on your target market capture
• The needs and demographics of your • Your pricing structure
target audience • Your competitive analysis
• The size of your target market • Any regulatory requirements
Organization & Management

This section should come immediately after the Market Analysis.
Your Organization & Management section should include:
• Your company’s organizational structure division/department and its function
• Details of your company’s ownership • The salary and benefits package that you
• Details of your management team offer your people
• Qualifications of your board of directors • The incentives that you offer
• Detailed descriptions of each
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Service or Product Line

The next section is the service or product line section. This is where you describe your service or product,
and stress on their benefits to potential and current customers. Explain in detail why your product of
choice will fulfill the needs of your target audience.
Your Service or Product Line section should include:
• A description of your product/service
• A description of your product or service’s life cycle
• A list of any copyright or patent filings
• A description of any R&D activities that you are involved in or planning
Marketing & Sales

Once the Service or Product Line section of your plan has been completed, you should start on the
description of the marketing and sales management strategy for your business.
Your Marketing section should include the following strategies:
• Market penetration strategy: This strategy focuses on selling your existing products or services in
existing markets, in order to increase your market share.
• Growth strategy: This strategy focuses on increasing the amount of market share, even if it reduces
earnings in the short-term.
• Channels of distribution strategy: These can be wholesalers, retailers, distributers and even the
internet.
• Communication strategy: These can be written strategies (e-mail, text, chat), oral strategies (phone
calls, video chats, face-to-face conversations), non-verbal strategies (body language, facial expressions,
tone of voice) and visual strategies (signs, webpages, illustrations).
Your Sales section should include the following information:

• A salesforce strategy: This strategy focuses on increasing the revenue of the enterprise.
• A breakdown of your sales activities: This means detailing out how you intend to sell your products or
services – will you sell it offline or online, how many units do you intend to sell, what price do you
plan to sell each unit at, etc.
Funding Request
This section is specifically for those who require funding for their venture.
The Funding Request section should include the following information:
• How much funding you currently require.
• How much funding you will require over the next five years. This will depend on your long-term goals.
• The type of funding you want and how you plan to use it. Do you want funding that can be used only
for a specific purpose, or funding that can be used for any kind of requirement?
• Strategic plans for the future. This will involve detailing out your long-term plans – what these plans
are and how much money you will require to put these plans in motions.
• Historical and prospective financial information. This can be done by creating and maintaining all your
financial records, right from the moment your enterprise started, to the present day. Documents
required for this are your balance sheet which contains details of your company’s assets and liabilities,
your income statement which lists your company’s revenues, expenses and net income for the year,
your tax returns (usually for the last three years) and your cash flow budget which lists the cash that
came in, the cash that went out and states whether you had a cash deficit (negative balance) or
surplus (positive balance) at the end of each month.
Financial Planning
Before you begin building your enterprise, you need to plan your finances. Take a look at the steps for
financial planning:
Step 1: Create a financial plan. This should include your goals, strategies and timelines for
accomplishing these goals.
256
Step 2: Organize all your important financial documents. Maintain a file to hold your investment
details, bank statements, tax papers, credit card bills, insurance papers and any other financial
records.
Step 3: Calculate your net worth. This means figure out what you own (assets like your house,
bank accounts, investments etc.), and then subtract what you owe (liabilities like loans, pending
credit card amounts etc.) the amount you are left with is your net worth.
Step 4: Make a spending plan. This means write down in detail where your money will come
from, and where it will go.
Step 5: Build an emergency fund. A good emergency fund contains enough money to cover at
least 6 months’ worth of expenses.
Step 6: Set up your insurance. Insurance provides long term financial security and protects you
against risk.
Risk Management
As an entrepreneur, it is critical that you evaluate the risks involved with the type of enterprise that you
want to start, before you begin setting up your company. Once you have identified potential risks, you can
take steps to reduce them. Some ways to manage risks are:
• Research similar business and find out about their risks and how they were minimized.
• Evaluate current market trends and find out if similar products or services that launched a while ago
are still being well received by the public.
• Think about whether you really have the required expertise to launch your product or service.
• Examine your finances and see if you have enough income to start your enterprise.
• Be aware of the current state of the economy, consider how the economy may change over time, and
think about how your enterprise will be affected by any of those changes.
• Create a detailed business plan.
Tips
• Ensure all the important elements are • Be conservative in your approach and your
covered in your plan. projections.
• Scrutinize the numbers thoroughly. • Use visuals like charts, graphs and images
wherever possible.
• Be concise and realistic.
7.6.5 Procedure and Formalities for Bank Finance:

The Need for Bank Finance
For entrepreneurs, one of the most difficult challenges faced involves securing funds for startups. With
numerous funding options available, entrepreneurs need to take a close look at which funding
methodology works best for them. In India, banks are one of the largest funders of startups, offering
funding to thousands of startups every year.
What Information Should Entrepreneurs Offer Banks for Funding?
When approaching a bank, entrepreneurs must have a clear idea of the different criteria that banks use
to screen, rate and process loan applications. Entrepreneurs must also be aware of the importance of
providing banks with accurate and correct information. It is now easier than ever for financial
institutions to track any default behaviour of loan applicants. Entrepreneurs looking for funding from
banks must provide banks with information relating to their general credentials, financial situation and
guarantees or collaterals that can be offered.
257
General Credentials
This is where you, as an entrepreneur, provide the bank with background information on yourself. Such
information includes:
• Letter(s) of Introduction: This letter should be written by a respected business person who knows you
well enough to introduce you. The aim of this letter is set across your achievements and vouch for
your character and integrity.
• Your Profile: This is basically your resume. You need to give the bank a good idea of your educational
achievements, professional training, qualifications, employment record and achievements.
• Business Brochure: A business brochure typically provides information on company products, clients,
how long the business has been running for etc.
• Bank and Other References: If you have an account with another bank, providing those bank
references is a good idea.
• Proof of Company Ownership or Registration: In some cases, you may need to provide the bank with
proof of company ownership and registration. A list of assets and liabilities may also be required.
Financial Situation
Banks will expect current financial information on your enterprise. The standard financial reports you
should be prepared with are:
• Balance Sheet • Profit-and-Loss Account
• Cash-Flow Statement • Projected Sales and Revenues
• Business Plan • Feasibility Study
Guarantees or Collaterals
Usually banks will refuse to grant you a loan without security. You can offer assets which the
bank can seize and sell off if you do not repay the loan. Fixed assets like machinery, equipment,
vehicles etc. are also considered to be security for loans.
The Lending Criteria of Banks
Your request for funding will have a higher chance of success if you can satisfy the following
lending criteria:
• Good cash flow • Adequate shareholders’ funds
• Adequate security • Experience in business
• Good reputation
The Procedure
To apply for funding the following procedure will need to be followed.
1. Submit your application form and all other required documents to the bank.
2. The bank will carefully assess your credit worthiness and assign ratings by analyzing your business
information with respect to parameters like management, financial, operational and industry
information as well as past loan performance.
3. The bank will make a decision as to whether or not you should be given funding.
Tips
• Get advice on funding options from experienced bankers.
• Be cautious and avoid borrowing more than you need, for longer than you need, at an
interest rate that is higher than you are comfortable with.
7.6.6 Enterprise Management - An Overview:

How to Manage Your Enterprise?
To manage your enterprise effectively you need to look at many different aspects, right from managing the
day-to-day activities to figuring out how to handle a large scale event. Let’s take a look at some simple
steps
258
to manage your company effectively.

Step 1: Use your leadership skills and ask for advice when required.
Let’s take the example of Ramu, an entrepreneur who has recently started his own enterprise. Ramu has
good leadership skills – he is honest, communicates well, knows how to delegate work etc. These
leadership skills definitely help Ramu in the management of his enterprise. However, sometimes Ramu
comes across situations that he is unsure how to handle. What should Ramu do in this case? One solution
is for him to find a more experienced manager who is willing to mentor him. Another solution is for Ramu
to use his networking skills so that he can connect with managers from other organizations, who can give
him advice on how to handle such situations.
Step 2: Divide your work amongst others – realize that you cannot handle everything yourself.
Even the most skilled manager in the world will not be able to manage every single task that an enterprise
will demand of him. A smart manager needs to realize that the key to managing his enterprise lies in his
dividing all his work between those around him. This is known as delegation. However, delegating is not
enough. A manager must delegate effectively if he wants to see results. This is important because
delegating, when done incorrectly, can result in you creating even more work for yourself. To delegate
effectively, you can start by making two lists. One list should contain the things that you know you need to
handle yourself. The second list should contain the things that you are confident can be given to others to
manage and handle. Besides incorrect delegation, another issue that may arise is over-delegation. This
means giving away too many of your tasks to others. The problem with this is, the more tasks you delegate,
the more time you will spend tracking and monitoring the work progress of those you have handed the
tasks to. This will leave you with very little time to finish your own work.
Step 3: Hire the right people for the job.
Hiring the right people goes a long way towards effectively managing your enterprise. To hire the best
people suited for the job, you need to be very careful with your interview process. You should ask potential
candidates the right questions and evaluate their answers carefully. Carrying out background checks is
always a good practice. Running a credit check is also a good idea, especially if the people you are planning
to hire will be handling your money. Create a detailed job description for each role that you want filled and
ensure that all candidates have a clear and correct understanding of the job description. You should also
have an employee manual in place, where youput down every expectation that you have from your
employees. All these actions will help ensure that the right people are approached for running your
enterprise.
Step 4: Motivate your employees and train them well.
Your enterprise can only be managed effectively if your employees are motivated to work hard for your
enterprise. Part of being motivated involves your employees believing in the vision and mission of your
enterprise and genuinely wanting to make efforts towards pursuing the same. You can motivate your
employees with recognition, bonuses and rewards for achievements. You can also motivate them by telling
them about how their efforts have led to the company’s success. This will help them feel pride and give
them a sense of responsibility that will increase their motivation. Besides motivating your people, your
employees should be constantly trained in new practices and technologies. Remember, training is not a
one-time effort. It is a consistent effort that needs to be carried out regularly.
Step 5: Train your people to handle your customers well.
Your employees need to be well-versed in the art of customer management. This means they should be
able to understand what their customers want, and also know how to satisfy their needs. For them to truly
understand this, they need to see how you deal effectively with customers. This is called leading by
example. Show them how you sincerely listen to your clients and the efforts that you put into understand
their requirements. Let them listen to the type of questions that you ask your clients so they understand
which questions are appropriate.
Step 6: Market your enterprise effectively.
Use all your skills and the skills of your employees to market your enterprise in an effective manner. You
can
259
also hire a marketing agency if you feel you need help in this area. Now that you know what is required to
run your enterprise effectively, put these steps into play, and see how much easier managing your
enterprise becomes!
Tips
• Get advice on funding options from experienced bankers.
• Be cautious and avoid borrowing more than you need, for longer than you need, at an
interest rate that is higher than you are comfortable with.
7.6.7. 20 Questions to Ask Yourself Before Considering

Entrepreneurship
1. Why am I starting a business? 11. What would it take to build a minimum viable
2. What problem am I solving? product to test the market?
3. Have others attempted to solve this problem 12. How much money do I need to get started?
before? Did they succeed or fail? 13. Will I need to get a loan?
4. Do I have a mentor or industry expert that I can 14. How soon will my products or services be
call on? available?
5. Who is my ideal customer? 15. When will I break even or make a profit?
6. Who are my competitors? 16. How will those who invest in my idea make a
7. What makes my business idea different from profit?
other business ideas? 17. How should I set up the legal structure of my
8. What are the key features of my product or business?
service? 18. What taxes will I need to pay?
9. Have I done a SWOT analysis? 19. What kind of insurance will I need?
10. What is the size of the market that will buy my 20. Have I reached out to potential customers for
product or service? feedback?
Tips
• It is very important to validate your business ideas before you invest significant time, money and
resources into it.
• The more questions you ask yourself, the more prepared you will be to handle to highs and lows of
starting an enterprise.
Footnotes:
1. A mentor is a trusted and experienced person who is willing to coach and guide you.
2. A customer is someone who buys goods and/or services.
3. A competitor is a person or company that sells products and/or services similar to your products
and/or services.
4. SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. To conduct a SWOT analysis of
your company, you need to list down all the strengths and weaknesses of your company, the
opportunities that are present for your company and the threats faced by your company.
5. A minimum viable product is a product that has the fewest possible features, that can be sold to
customers, for the purpose of getting feedback from customers on the product.
6. A company is said to break even when the profits of the company are equal to the costs.
7. The legal structure could be a sole proprietorship, partnership or limited liability partnership.
8. There are two types of taxes – direct taxes payable by a person or a company, or indirect taxes
charged on goods and/or services.
9. There are two types of insurance – life insurance and general insurance. Life insurance overs human
life while general insurance covers assets like animals, goods, cars etc
260
261
Address : 2nd Floor, Plot No 105, Sector-44, Gurgaon-122003 India
Email : [email protected]
Web : www.tsscindia.com
Phone : 0124 - 4148029
CIN No. : 00000000
Price:
978-1-111-22222-45-7

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Participant Handbook

Optical Fiber Technician

Adroit HR Straight Pvt. Ltd.

All Rights Reserved,

Shri Narendra Modi

Complying to National Occupational Standards of

Date of Issuance: May 26th, 2017

About this book

7. Employability & Entrepreneurship Skills

Key learning Outcomes

UNIT 1.1: Brief overview of Telecom & Fiber Optics

1.1.1 Broadband Industry

1.1.2 Optical Fiber Technician

Job Description: Fiber Optic Technician

1.1.2 : An optical fiber technician at work

1.1.3 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

1.1.3: Public switched telephone network

1.1.4 Transmission Media

1.1.4 (a): Twisted copper wire

1.1.4 (b): Coaxial cable

1.1.4 Transmission Media (Contd.)

1.1.4 (c): Optical fiber cable

1.1.4 (d): Microwave

1.1.4 (e): Satellite

1.1.5 Important Terminologies

1.1.5 Important Terminologies (Contd.)

Armor Armor Discourages rodents from chewing through it.

1.1.5 Important Terminologies (Contd.)

Roaming Realization of all frequency ranges in sequential manner.

Telephony Word used to describe the science of transmitting voice over a

1.1.5 Important Terminologies (Contd.)

1.1.5 : Optical fiber technology has tremendous potential

1.1.6 Optical Fiber Technology

1.1.6 (a): An optical fiber

1.1.6 Optical Fiber Technology (Contd.)

1.1.6 (b): Total internal reflection

1.1.6 Optical Fiber Technology (Contd.)

1.1.6 (c): current global undersea optical fiber network

1.1.6 Optical Fiber Technology (Contd.)

1.2.6: Signal transmission optical fiber cable

2. Principle of Fiber optics is

3. light transmission in optical fiber is in __________.

a. Rugged or remote locations

6. Write true or false after reading the following statement:

Advantage of optical fiber is, it is best cost-effective means of transporting information.

7. Write true or false after reading the following statement:

8. How does the telecom growth benefit the nation?

9. What is the brief history of India’s telecom growth story?

10. Explain TRAI.

11. Briefly explain PSTN.

14. What is fiber Id?

15. What are aramid fibers?

16. What is a ferrule?

17. What is scattering?

Visit a fiber optic site.

Unit 2.1 – Site visit and route inspection

Key learning Outcomes

UNIT 2.1: Site Visit and Route Inspection

2.1.1 Site Visit

2.1.1 : A site visit in progress