1

Paper on
Advanced Pastoral Care and Counselling.

Topic: Psycho-analysis and Analytical Theory

Students ID:AB372719
Roll No.:24357
Telegram username: SSC2MTH1AB37271924357

No. of pages: 9
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Introduction

Personality serves as the lens through which we view and interpret the world and
events within the world. It leads us to act in a largely predictable and consistent manner. This
consistent we witness in others people action and views help us to forge relationship with
others that we value and depend upon which we can depend. 1This paper makes an attempt to
discuss the Psycho-analysis and Analytical Theory used by Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung to
study the primary concern for better understanding of human personality.

1. Psycho- analysis Theory

Sigmund Freud 1856-1939, Freud was born in Austria and spent most of his
childhood and adult life in Vienna. He entered medical school and trained to become a
neurologist, earning a medical degree in 1881.Soon after his graduation, he set up a private
practice and began treating patients with psychological disorders. He developed this theory in
the course of his clinical practise early in his career he used hypnosis to treat people with
physical and emotional problems, he noted that many of his patients needed to talk about
their problem and having talk about them they often felt better. Psychoanalysis is a type of
therapy that aims to release the repressed emotions and memories in or to lead the client to
healing. In other words, the goal of psychoanalysis is to bring what exists at the unconscious
or subconscious level up to consciousness.

His attention was captured by a colleague’s intriguing experience with a patient; the
colleague was Dr. Josef Breuer and his patient was the famous “Anna O.,” who suffered from
physical symptoms with no apparent physical cause. Dr. Breuer found that her symptoms
abated when he helped her recover memories of traumatic experiences that she had repressed,
or hidden from her conscious mind. This case sparked Freud’s interest in the unconscious
mind and spurred the development of some of his most influential ideas.

1.2. Levels of consciousness

Freud’s theory considers the sources and consequences of emotional conflicts and the way
people deal with these. In doing so, it visualises the human minds in terms of three levels of
consciousness.

1. Conscious: It includes the thoughts, feelings and actions of which people are aware.
2. Preconscious: It includes mental activities of which people may become aware only
if they attend to it closely.
3. Unconscious: It includes mental activity that people are unaware of.2

1.3. Structure of personality

1
Janet F. Carlson, “Personality and Abnormal Psychology,” Hand Book of Psychology, vol.6,
ed.,Bernard C. Beins (West Bengal: Viva Publication, 2014),1.
2
James C. Hansen, Richard R. Stevic and Richard W. Warner, JR., Counselling: Theory and Process
(Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon, INC, 1982 ), 28. Here after cited as James C. Hansen, Richard R. Stevic and
Richard W. Warner, JR., Counselling: Theory and Process.
 3

According to Freud’s theory, the primary structural elements of personality are three i.e. id,
ego and superego.

1. Id: It is the source of a person’s instinctual energy. It deals with the immediate
gratification of primitive needs, sexual drives and aggressive impulses. It works on
the Pleasure Principle, which assumes that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain.
Freud considered much of a person’s instinctual energy to be sexual, and the rest as
aggressive. Id does not care for moral values, society or other individuals.3
2. Ego: It grows out of Id and seeks to satisfy an individual instinctual in accordance
with reality. It works by the reality principle and often directs the ids towards more
appropriate ways of behaving. For example, the id of a boy, who wants an ice-cream
cone and eat it. His ego tells him that if he grabs the cone without asking, he may be
punished. Working on the reality principle the boy knows that the best way to
achieve gratification is to ask for permission to eat the cone. Thus, while the Id is
demanding unrealistic and works according to the pleasure principle, the ego is
patient, reasonable and works by the reality principle.
3. Superego: The best way to characterise the superego is to think of it as the moral
branch of mental functioning. The superego tells the id and the ego whether
gratification in the particular instance is ethical. It helps control the id by
internalising the parental authority through the process of socialization. For example,
if a boy sees and wants an ice-cream cone and ask his mother for it, his superego will
indicate that his behaviour is morally correct. This approach towards obtaining the
ice-cream will not create guilt, fear or anxiety in the boy.4

1.4. Concepts

In the term of individual functioning Freud thought of the unconscious as being composed of
three competing forces. In some people the id is stronger than the superego and in others, it is
the superego. The relative strength of the Id, Ego and Superego determines each person’s
stability.

The id represents the basic drives (instincts). Instincts are historically acquired and
conservative. Human instincts are inherent urge to restore states of things, that they are
somatic or biological demands on the mind.5 According to Freud Human instinct are divided
into two categories.

1. Eros: Eros is a group of erotic or life instincts that seek to combine more and more
living substance into even greater unities, or in other words it aim to established even
greater unities and to preserve thus in short, to bind together. 6 It include the instincts

3
James C. Hansen, Richard R. Stevic and Richard W. Warner, JR., Counselling: Theory and
process...29.
4
Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell, Theories of Personality (Delhi: John Wiley &
Sons, INC, 2006 ), 36-38. Here after cited as Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell, Theories
of Personality.
5
Theodor Reik, Freud Dictionary of psychoanalysis (New York: Fawceit World Library, 1985), 83-84.
Here after cited as Theodor Reik, Freud Dictionary of psychoanalysis.
6
Theodor Reik, Freud Dictionary of psychoanalysis...61.
 4

of self- preservation, of the species, ego-love and object love. The energy source is
called as the libido.7
2. Thanatos: Thanatos is a group of death instinct that opposes the effort of Eros and
lead what is living back to an inorganic state. The main representative of the death
instinct is the aggressive instinct.8

According to Freud, much of human behaviour reflects an attempt to deal with or escape
from anxiety. Thus, how the ego deals with anxiety largely determines how people behave.
Freud believed that people avoid anxiety mainly by developing defence mechanism that tries
to defend the ego against the awareness of instinctual needs.

 Defence Mechanism: it is a way of reducing anxiety and distorting reality. Although

some defence against anxiety is normal and adaptive, people who use this mechanism
to such an extent that reality is truly distorted develop various forms of
maladjustment.9

Freud has described many different kinds of Defence Mechanism. The most important is the
Repression in which anxieties provoking behaviours or thoughts are totally dismissed by the
unconscious. When people repress a feeling or desire, they become totally unaware of that
wish or desire. Thus, when a person says, “I do not know why I did that”, some repressed
feelings or desire is expressing itself.

Other major defence mechanism is projection, denial, reaction formulation and rationalism.
In Projection, people attribute their own traits to others. Thus, a person who has strong
aggressive tendencies may see other people as acting in an excessively aggressive way
towards him/her. In denial a person totally refuses to accept reality. Thus someone suffering
from HIV/AIDS may altogether deny his/her illness. In reaction formation, a person’s
defends against anxiety by adopting behaviours opposite to his or her true feelings. In
rationalisation, a person tries to make unreasonable feelings or behaviour seems reasonable
and acceptable.

People who use Defence Mechanism are often unaware in doing, so each defence mechanism
is a way for the ego to deal with the uncomfortable feelings produced by anxiety. 10

1.5. Stages of personality Development:

Freud claims that the core aspects of personality are established early, remain stable
throughout life, and can be changed only with great difficulty. He proposed a five-stage
theory of personality (also called psychosexual) development. Problems encountered at any
stage may arrest development, and have long-term effect on a person’s life. A brief
description of these stages is given below:

7
Richard Nelson Jones, The theory and practise of counselling Psychology(London: Cassel education
limited, 1990), 88.
8
Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell, Theories of Personality...41.
9
Ezamo Murry, An introduction to Pastoral Care and Counselling (Delhi: ISPCK, 2013), 171.
10
Barbara Engler, Personality Theories (USA: Wadsworth,2009), 50. Here after cited as Barbara Engler,
Personality Theories.
 5

1. Oral Stage: A newborns instincts are focussed on the mouth. This is the infants
primary pleasure seeking centre. It is through the mouth that the baby obtains food
that reduces hunger. The infant achieves oral gratification through feeding, thumb
sucking, biting and babbling. It is during these early months that people’s basic
feelings about the world are established. Thus for Freud, an adult who considers the
worlds for a bitter place probably had difficulty during the oral stage of development.
2. Anal Stage: it is found that around ages two and three the child learns to respond to
some of the demands of the society. One of the principal demands made by parents is
that the Childs learn to control the bodily functions of urination and defecation. Most
children at this age experience pleasure in moving their bowels. This anal area of the
body becomes the focus of certain pleasurable feelings .this stage establishes the
basis for conflict between the id and ego, and between the desires for babyish
pleasure and demand for adult, controlled behaviour.
3. Phallic stage: In the Phallic stage, children began to play with their gentiles and
become sexually attracted to the opposite sex. It is at this time that male and female
sexual developments diverge.
4. Latency Stage: This stage last from about seven years until puberty. During this
period the child continues to grow physically but sexual urges are relatively inactive,
much of a child’s energy is challenged in social or achievement related activities.
5. Genital Stage: during this stage the person develops maturity in psychosexual
development. The sexuality, fears and repressed feelings of earlier stages are once
again exhibited. People learn how to deal with the members of the opposite sex in a
socially and sexually mature way. However if the journey toward this step is marked
by excessive stress or over indulgence, it may cause fixation to an earlier stage of
development.11

1.6. Psychoanalysis as Therapy

There are three major aims in psychoanalysis: to free impulses, to strengthen reality-based
ego functioning, and to move the superego away from punitive moral standards to more
human standards. Psychoanalysis aims to form an alliance between the analyst and the clients
ego. It is a suitable treatment for illness such Hysteria, obsession neurosis and anxiety states.

1. Free Association: encouragement of free association is a fundamental rule for

analysts. By this the client tells everything occurred to them, even if it is
uncomfortable, painful or meaningless. They should be enabled to share all thoughts,
memories, associations, feelings and ideas, and can be helped to put all self-criticism
aside. The aim is to lift repression by making unconscious material conscious.
2. Transference: the clients tend to see their analyst as reincarnation od people from the
past and transfer all their feelings and emotions they has felt for such people. It gives
a positive start to the analyst and strengthens the weak ego clients. The analyst
becomes the superego and be in a position to remedy earlier in parental education.
11
James W. Kalat, Introduction to Psychology (USA: Wadsworth, 2002),498-499.
 6

3. Interpretation: The therapies uses interpretation to help the individual intellectualize,

and to replace superego functions with ego functions thus, interpretations is designed
to bring the patient step by step back to the world of reality. The therapist may base
interpretation material presented by the client in free association or from
transference.12

2. Analytical Theory

It is a theory of mind that emphasizes the importance for wholeness for each individual. It is
derived from the world of Carl Jung, in the early twentieth century. Jung worked closely with
and was heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud in his early stages of career but later he broke
away from Freud. Jung saw human being guided as much by sex and aggression. He develop
his own theory of personality consists of competing forces and structures within the
individuals (that must be balanced) rather than the individuals and the demands of the society
or between the individual and the reality.13

2.1. The nature and structure of personality.

Freud described the structure of personality in terms of three forces that are in conflict-id, ego
and superego. Carl Jung conceived of the structure of personality as a complex network of
interacting systems that strive toward eventual harmony. The main systems are the ego; the
personal unconsciousness with its complexes; and the collective unconscious and its
archetypes. Jung also describes two primary attitudes towards reality and four basic functions
which together constitute separate but related aspects of the psyche, or total personality. Here
psyche refers to all psychological process: thoughts, feelings, sensation, wishes and so forth.
Jung used the terms psyche and psychic, rather than mind and mental, to avoid the
implications of the consciousness in the latter and to emphasize that the psyche embraces
both conscious and unconscious process.14 Freud and Jung differed in their approaches to the
unconsciousness. Freud intended to view the unconscious primarily as material that have
being subdued.

2.2. The principle features of Jung’s theory of personality

1. The Ego- The ego is the conscious mind. It is made up of conscious perception,
memories, thoughts and feelings. The ego is responsible for ones feelings of identity
and continuity and from the view point of the person himself if it is regarded as being
at the centre of consciousness.15 It is through ego that we establish a sense of stability
in the way we perceive ourselves.16
2. The personal unconsciousness- The personal Unconsciousness is region adjoining
to the ego. It consists of experience that were once conscious but which have been

12
James C. Hansen, Richard R. Stevic and Richard W. Warner, JR., Counselling: Theory and
process...36.
13
Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell, Theories of Personality...80.

14
Barbara Engler, Personality Theories...71.
15
Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell, Theories of Personality...82.
16
Barbara Engler, Personality Theories...72-73.
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repressed, suppressed, forgotten, or ignored and of experiences that were too weak in
the first place to make a conscious impression upon the person.17 The unconscious is
the true physical reality; in its inmost nature it is much unknown to us as the reality
of the external world.
3. Complexes- Content of the personal unconscious are called complexes. The
complexes is autonomous, it has a life of its own and is not under the control of the
conscious part of the psyche, namely the ego. Certain complexes arise on account of
painful or distressing experiences in a person’s life these produce unconscious
complexes of a personal nature. But there are others that come from quite a
difference source. They are irrational contents of which the individuals have never
been conscious before. Complexes are rendered less painful and harmful by making
them as conscious as possible so that they may interact cooperatively with the
conscious ego, and become subject to choice rather than function autonomously.18
4. The collective unconscious: Jung referred to the collective unconscious as
“transpersonal”. By this he meant it extends across persons. It consists of certain
potentialities that we all share because we are humans. Many critics believe that Jung
made a unique contribution to depth psychology in his concept of the collective
unconscious. Freud’s concept of unconscious forces was mostly limited to personal
experiences that have been repressed or forgotten.19 The collective unconscious is the
store house of latent memory traces inherited from human ancestral past, a past that
includes not only the racial history of man as a separate species but his pre-human or
animal ancestry as well.20For example, since human beings have always had mothers,
every infant is born with the predisposition to perceive and react to a mother. The
individually acquired knowledge of the mother is a fulfilment of an inherited
potentiality that has been built into human’s brain by past experiences of the race.
5. Archetypes: With the collective unconscious like archetypes. An archetype is a
universal thought form to respond to the world in certain ways. An archetype is a
universal thought form which contains a large element of emotion. This thought form
creates images or visions that correspond in normal walking life to some aspects of
the conscious situation. For example, the archetype of the mother produces an image
of a mother figure which is then identified with the actual mother. In other words the
baby inherits a pre formed concept of generic mother which determines in part how
the baby will perceive his or her mother.
How does an archetype originate? It is a permanent deposit in the mind of an
experience that has been constantly repeated for many generations. Archetypes are
not necessarily isolated from one another in the collective unconscious. They
interpenetrate and interfuse with one another. There are presumed to be numerous
archetypes in the collective unconscious. Some of the ones that have been identified

17
Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell, Theories of Personality...82.
18
J.A. Sanford, “Analytical (Jungian) Psychology,” Dictionary of Pastoral Care and Counselling, edited
by Rodney J. Hunter (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1990), 25. Here after cited as J.A. Sanford, “Analytical
(Jungian) Psychology,” Dictionary of Pastoral Care and Counselling.
19
Barbara Engler, Personality Theories...73.
20
Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell, Theories of Personality...83.
 8

are archetypes of birth, rebirth, death, power, magic, unity, the hero, the child, God,
the demon, the old wise man, the earth mother and the animal.21
According to Jung there are few Archetypes which evolve by itself with the
personality and they are the Persona, the anima and animus, the shadow and the self.
 Persona: The persona is how we present ourselves to the world. The word "persona"
is derived from a Latin word that literally means "mask." The persona represents all
of the different social masks that we wear among various groups and situations. It
acts to shield the ego from negative images. According to Jung, the persona may
appear in dreams and take different forms.
Over the course of development, children learn that they must behave in certain ways
in order to fit in with society's expectations and norms. The persona develops as a
social mask to contain all of the primitive urges, impulses, and emotions that are not
considered socially acceptable. The persona archetype allows people to adapt to the
world around them and fit in with the society in which they live. However, becoming
too closely identified with this archetype can lead people to lose sight of their true
selves.22
 The Anima and Animus: The anima is a feminine image in the male psyche, and the
animus is a male image in the female psyche. The anima/animus represents the "true
self" rather than the image we present to others and serves as the primary source of
communication with the collective unconscious.23 Jung believed that physiological
changes as well as social influences contributed to the development of sex roles and
gender identities. According to Jung, the animus represents the masculine aspect in
women while the anima represented the feminine aspect in men.
These archetypal images are based upon both what is found in the collective and
personal unconscious. The collective unconscious may contain notions about how
women should behave while personal experience with wives, girlfriends, sisters, and
mothers contribute to more personal images of women.
 The shadow- it is an archetype that consists of the sex and life instincts. The shadow
exists as part of the unconscious mind and is composed of repressed ideas,
weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings. The shadow forms out of our
attempts to adapt to cultural norms and expectations. It is this archetype that contains
all of the things that are unacceptable not only to society, but also to one's own
personal morals and values. It might include things such as envy, greed, prejudice,
hate, and aggression.
This archetype is often described as the darker side of the psyche, representing
wildness, chaos, and the unknown. These latent dispositions are present in all of us,
Jung believed, although people sometimes deny this element of their own psyche and
instead project it on to others. Jung suggested that the shadow can appear in dreams
or visions and may take a variety of forms. It might appear as a snake, a monster, a
demon, a dragon, or some other dark, wild, or exotic figure.
21
Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell, Theories of Personality...84.
22
Kendra Cherry, “The Major Jungian Archetypes” https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-jungs-4-
major-archetypes(accessed on 26-07-19)
23
Calvin S. Hall, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell, Theories of Personality...89.
 9

 The Self: The self is an archetype that represents the unified unconsciousness and
consciousness of an individual. Creating the self occurs through a process known as
individuation, in which the various aspects of personality are integrated. Jung often
represented the self as a circle or square. The self archetype represents the unified
psyche as a whole. Jung suggested that there were two different centre of personality.
The ego makes up the centre of consciousness, but it is the self that lies at the centre
of personality. Personality encompasses not only consciousness, but also the ego and
the unconscious mind. You can think of this by imagining a circle with a dot right at
the centre. The entire circle makes up the self, where the small dot in the middle
represents the ego. 24

2.3. Jungian Therapeutic Method.

Analytical psychology does not prescribe any particular method of psychotherapy, unlike
Freudian psychoanalysis which includes both a theory of personality and a prescribed method
of treatment. This is because analytical psychology believes that the psyche is too complex
and unknown to be restricted to any one method of treatment. This lack of a fixed
methodology makes Jungian analysis flexible. Jungian therapists can and do work as
marriage counsellors, family therapists and with groups and Jungian principles can be
adapted for work with children as well as with adults of all ages. It can also be called as the
“classical” Jungian Analysis.

2.3.1. The classical Method: It occurs in one –to-one therapy, and has two somewhat
differing approaches. At one end of the spectrum is an approach that is clinical and reductive,
and more closely resemble the Freudian model. At the end of the spectrum analysts work
with their clients in a dialectic manner in which both therapist and patient are personally
involved. In first approach the medical is more dominant; in the second approach the
interaction maybe conversational although always relevant to the client’s needs and situation.
Jung, prefer to see his patient face - to - face, Jung felt this was important in order to
emphasize the active role the client plays in the therapeutic process. He also wanted to
confront rather than avoid the relationships that develop between therapist and clients.

Originally, Freudian psychoanalysis was almost exclusively medical people, but Jungian
analysts came from varied professional backgrounds. In the medical parlance the person
being treated is called patients. Many Jungian therapists however prefer to call the people
whom they see as clients or counselee.25

Conclusion:

Psychoanalysis is a set of psychological theories and therapeutic techniques that have their
origin in the work and theories of Sigmund Freud. The core idea at the centre of
psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires,
and memories. Analytical emphasize the importance of the individual psyche and the

24
Kendra Cherry, “The Major Jungian Archetypes” https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-jungs-4-
major-archetypes(Accessed on 27-07-19)
25
J.A. Sanford, “Analytical (Jungian) Psychology,” Dictionary of Pastoral Care and Counselling ...28.
 10

personal quest for wholeness. The teachings of Carl not just help people to understand the
dynamics of the individuals but also help a person to analyse their true being.

Bibliography

Carlson, Janet F. “Personality and Abnormal Psychology.” Hand Book of Psychology. vol.6, ed.,Bernard C.
Beins. West Bengal: Viva Publication, 2014.

Hansen C James, Richard R. Stevic and Richard W.Warner,JR. Counselling: Theory and Process .
Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. INC,1982.

Hall S.Calvin, Gardner Lindzey and John B. Campbell. Theories of Personality .Delhi: John Wiley & Sons,
INC, 2006.

Jones, Richard Nelson . The theory and practise of counselling Psychology. London: Cassel education limited,
1990.

Murry, Ezamo. An introduction to Pastoral Care and Counselling. Delhi: ISPCK, 2013.

Reik, Theodor. Freud Dictionary of psychoanalysis. New York: Fawceit World Library, 1985.

Sanford, J.A. “Analytical (Jungian) Psychology.” Dictionary of Pastoral Care and Counselling. edited by
Rodney J. Hunter. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1990.

Internet Source

Cherry, Kendra. “The Major Jungian Archetypes” https://www.verywellmind.com/what-are-jungs-4-major-

archetypes. (Accessed on 26-07-19)