1

Print Newspaper versus Online News Media: A Quantitative Study on

Young Generation Preference

Liew Chee Kit ([email protected])

School of Communication and Language Studies
Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL)
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Gan Wei Teng ([email protected])

School of Communication Studies
Faculty Social Sciences and Humanities
HELP University
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

An indication of downturn in print newspapers is surfaced in these recent years. Due to the advancement
technology has influenced in the reading habit of newspapers that caused it to transcend from print
newspapers to online news. A quantitative research has been conducted in the present study for examine the
preferences between print newspapers and online news among the young generations. 100 respondents
from the Klang Valley, aged from 17 to 25 participated in this research.. The result has shown that the
readership towards print newspapers in Malaysia media landscape is shrinking and it has shown an
indication of the preferences is shifting towards the online news. In comparative, the gratifications obtained
from online news media were relatively higher than the print newspapers. The present study was aided by
the uses and gratification approach concluding that audiences are actively seeking for the interactive media
in order to obtain gratification.

Keywords: Print Newspaper, Online News Media, Uses and Gratification, Young Generation, Preference

INTRODUCTION
The advancement of the technology has cultivated the growing in the news media in these recent years,
hence it has somehow served as a tool to motivate the news media to change in order to adapt to this
transformation in these recent years. As compared to the past where people only have the access to news
through certain news media, people are now able to read the news through wider range of medium. The
growing use of the Internet is particularly prevalent as people nowadays can easily access the Internet at
most of the places. Consequently, this growing has brought forth the challenges to the traditional news
media, and sooner or later the shrinking of readership in the print newspapers (Yang,M.J., Chyl,H.I. 2011,
p.59). Additionally, it was found that the readership of newspaper was spiraling downward since 1990, and
declined about 40 percent among the American proportion (Scott, R. Maier, 2010, p.6). In fact, the
preference for news has gradually shifted towards the online method especially the younger generation, and
even the print media like newspapers have foreseen thisphenomenon, soon they have came out with the
electronic version of newspapers in 1990s (Yang,M.J., Chyl,H.I. 2011, p.59). Moreover, the initial reason
for the invention of online newspaper wasto serve as a complementary for the printnewspapers, in fact, it
was actually competing with each other in the standpoint of readership. Consequently, the online news
consumption has dramatically increased in these recent years.

Newspaper has invaded Malaysia in Penang at the year of 1805, introducing the first newspaper- Prince of
Wales Island Gazette, formerly known as Government Gazette (NECHcMalaysia, 2012). It was not owned
by government, instead it was led by Andrew Burchet Bone from India (Wade,G. 2010). Gazette has
provided the public with the wealth of information regardless the development of Penang, and the
 2

advertisement was already emerged at that period of time, for instance food or ship stores for sales, notices
of ships, additionally, includes court notices and public events (Wade,G. 2010). New Straits Times, which
formerly known as Straits Times was the oldest newspaper in Malaysia founded in 1845 (NSTP, 2012).
Apart from that, there were also other newspapers which are in 3 main languages in Malaysia, for instance,
The Star, The Sun, Malaysia Today, Kosmo!, Sin Chew Daily, China Press, Nan Yang and so forth. The
other leading newspaper during that period was a Malay newspaper, namely Berita Harian. In addition, it
was owned by NSTP (New Straits Times Press), which was the leading print media with the presence of
online growth in Malaysia, and there are 3 publications under NSTP, which consists of New Straits Times,
Berita Harian and Harian Metro (NSTP, 2012).

Meanwhile, print newspaper was shrinking in the recent years due to the emerging of the electronic media,
and the print circulation has dropped (Grabowicz, 2012). The emergence of the online news media has
shaken the roles of print newspapers in serving as the sources of news, and it has brought forth the
challenges towards the print newspapers industry. People tend to rely more on online newspaper instead of
the print newspaper, and there are questions raised about the replacement of online news media on print
newspaper in the future. In fact, the print newspapers are still able to survive until today is due to there are
still many readers who prefer to have print newspapers especially to those who have no access to the
Internet.

On the other hand, the advancement of the technology and the rapid growth of the Internet have
conspicuously shown in the generation nowadays. Most of the young people can access the Internet for 24
hours and anytime. The statistics has shown that there are 1.1 billion new Internet users for the past 5 years
and remarkably; Asian was the heaviest Internet user. (Pingdom, 2012). Latest news regarding the
celebrities, political party, social events or even international affair are no longer a hassle job, it is just a
click on their fingertips, and within few seconds there are billions of results. Thus, the growth of the
Internet could not be underestimated, as it could bring tremendous effects and influence the lifestyle of
many people. It has also provided a great opportunity for the rising of online news media.

Online news is representing the social practices and a new tool for communication, and there are reasons
for making the online news has its new characteristics that differed from other news medium.(Kautsy,R.,
Widholm,A.,2007, p.84). Online news media could also be defined as a platform that provides news online,
for instance, online newspaper, online news sites, blog, and social networking site. In order to hound for the
improvement in newspaper industry, most of the Malaysia’s newspaper has introduced their online version
of newspaper, such as The Star, New Straits Times, Berita Harian, The Sun, Utusan Malaysia and so forth.
Nonetheless, it has modeled its own niche especially towards the young and heavy Internet user, as they
take Internet as a convenient tool to read news and collect information (Thiel, Shayla, 1998). According to
the NSTP (2012), the monthly readership for their website reaches 4,350,000 viewers. In addition, the
statistics shows that the readership between print and online newspaper were differed in the year of 2006
and 2008, the use of online news has increased in the recent years from 24% to 33% (Pew Research Center
Publications, 2009). Additionally, the readership of newspaper is differed across the age group, as younger
people nowadays are less likely to read newspaper as compared to the baby boomers. Furthermore, online
news consumption is growing at a breath-taking pace. In conjunction with this phenomenon, four top news
web sites such as Yahoo!News, MSNBC.com, CNN.com and AOL News have emerged and experienced
22 percent increase, which is the double folded of 2007 statistics (Scott, R. Maier, 2010, p.6).

Apart from that, the emergence of social media has contributedfirst hand stories and news to people
nowadays, such as Facebook. Facebook is widely utilized by the people in these recent years, according to
the statistics, the penetration on Facebook in Malaysia is 50.28% and the users are reaching 13,154,060 and
have grown in the large number of 696,500 in the past 6 months (socialbakers.com, 2012). While spending
most of the time in surfing through Facebook, they share latest news, photos and videos, leave comments
and notably everything that is posted will make known to the public eventually, hence gradually it serves as
a platform for the news to evolve through social media. Most of the online users make remarks that they
access the news site indirectly, as they are following the links to the source of news stories, then it will lead
them to the main news sites (Pew Research Center Publications, 2009). Therefore, in this circumstance, it
implies that audiences are somehow passive in looking for news.
 3

There are differences between traditional newspaper and online newspaper, in spite of the fact that both
provide information and news. Both of the mediums served in different roles, yet the question arose,
whereby the online newspaper has substituted the traditional newspaper or it served as a complimentary
role (Ester de Waal, Klaus Schönbach and Edmund Lauf, 2005,p. 43). Besides that, online news serves as
an interactive toolbox, and it gives value to the Internet. For instance, email addresses, comment box and
chat rooms allow the readers for feedbacks to the current issues. Meanwhile, print newspapers do not have
these characteristics as they only provide news for the readers, comments and discussion are not provided.
Apart from that, the better visuals and graphics of online news have attracted the attention of the readers. It
provides audio clips and better quality of graphics or photos in conjunction with the news stories. Therefore,
the new characteristics of online news should be able to attract the reader’s attention, or else it will lose the
values of existence. Nonetheless, traditional newspaper has its advantages over the online news. First and
foremost, it does not require any Internet connection and in addition, baby boomers prefer traditional print
newspaper due to most of them do not have the access to the Internet (Hsiang Iris Chyi, 2012). It has
become part of their daily routine, as this habit has been cultivated since young.

In sum, this study was done to examine the preferences of news medium among the young respondents in
Klang Valley. The readership of print newspapers was seen to be shrinking while the readership of online
news is growing. Therefore, this study will provide a better framework on the comparison between both of
the medium, and additionally also a reflection of the current society towards its preferences for news.

Purpose of Research

This research is particularly guided by the Uses and Gratifications approach which suggests that audience is
actively seeking for media source in order to obtain gratifications. In this study, correlation between online
news and print newspapers will be tested based on personal factor (personal needs) and subjective norm
(gratifications). This lays the groundwork for understanding the adoption of news media among the
younger generation. A quantitative survey research will be conducted by developing closed-ended
questions to determine the frequency and percentage of respondents’ feedbacks. Sample size for this
research is N=100 which consists of youth which age ranging from 17 to 25 with tertiary education located
in Klang Valley. This study may yield new insights intothe preferences of print newspapers and online
news media among young generation nowadays.

Research Objectives

The main objective of the research is to find out the preferencesbetween online news and the print
newspaper among the younger generation, as it stated below:

1. To determine the relationship between the usage pattern of print newspaper and uses of print
newspaper.
2. To determine the relationship between the usage pattern of online news and uses of online news.
3. To examine the relationship between the uses of print newspaper and gratifications of print
newspaper.
4. To examine the relationship between the uses of online news and gratifications of online news.
5. To examine the differences between the gratifications of online news and gratification of print
newspapers.
 4

LITERATURE REVIEW

Related Theories

Elihu Katz, Jay G. Blumber and Michael Gurevitch, who are the founders of the uses and gratifications
theory, have presented a systematic and comprehensive articulation of audience members’ role in the
communication proses (West, R. 2010). Apart from that, there are few famous researcher have utilized this
theory formerly. For instance, Wilbur Schramm (1954) has developed a means of determining, “which
offerings of mass communication will be selected by a given individual” (West, R. 2010). Scharamm’s
fraction of selection has showed how media choices are made, and he came out with the formulae, which is
the expectation of the reward from the audience against how much effort they required to secure the reward
(West, R. 2010). Besides that, even earlier another researcher, Herta Herzog (1944), has done a research on
the reason of many women were attracted to radio operas. In addition, she has classified the reasons that
people engage in different forms of media behavior (West, R. 2011).

There are five basis assumptions were clearly articulated by the founders of this theory, and have provided
a better understanding on this theory. First and foremost, the first assumption fall on the audience is
actively seeking for the media, and goal oriented media use (West, R.,Turner, L.H. 2011). Audience can
bring different levels of activity by the media they using. Following by the second assumption which
suggested that itlinks the need gratification to a specific medium choice that rest with the audience member
(West, R. 2011, p.398). People take initiative because they are the active agent. This assumption holds that
we have the autonomy in the mass communication process. The third assumption is that media compete
with other sources for need satisfaction (West, R. 2011). This assumption holds that relationship between
media and audiences is influenced by the society (West, R. 2011). The forth assumption explains that
people are aware of their media use, interest and motives to be able to provide an accurate picture for
researchers of that use (West, R., Turner, L.H. 2011). Last but least, the fifth assumption holds that value of
media content can be assessed only by the audience (West, R., Turner, L.H. 2011).

Past Research Findings

The emergence of the Internet has changed the media environment dramatically, and this has later brought
forth challenges for the traditional news. The main characteristics - immediacy and interactivity of online
news has somehow succeeded in grabbing the attention of the readers. Therefore, the study has appeared
for developing 3 strategies on how immediacy and interactivity shape online news stories by comparing the
online news stories in The Guardian (British newspapers) and the Aftonbladet (Swedish newspapers)
(Karlsson,M., Stromback,J., 2010, p.3). The results have answered the 3 proposed strategies: (a) In
comparing to both of online version of newspapers, apparently the news on Aftonbladet.se has relatively
presented in a higher degree of immediacy and interactivity, as the news stories has keep updated and
improvised over time, and too provided a platform for the readers to interact. (b) Secondly, the information
is keep to date, and once it was updated, the previous information will be displaced at the front page.
Immediacy measuring the pace with which online news media change what news stories is assigned the
most important placement on the front pages. (c) Lastly, the results have shown that Aftonbladet.se has 13
news stories during the day, and relatively has a higher degree of immediacy compared to Guardian.co.uk
(Karlsson,M., Stromback,J., 2010, p.14). The research has brought forth a systematic analysis for frozen the
flows on online news in order to examine the immediacy and interactivity, which too contributed to the
nature of liquidity in online news.

As the online news soared in these recent years, the readership towards the print newspaper is running to
the downturn in U.S newspapers industry, yet the user’s responds towards this phenomena is out of
 5

expectation by using ‘theory of goods’ framework (B.Hsiang, J.Chyi,M.Yang, 2009, p.595). It lays the
groundwork that the online news consumption was claimed as an ‘inferior goods’ in the economics concept.
In terms of inferior goods, it refers to the increase of income, leads to the decrease in demand. The result
has surprised most of the scholars as there is no any research based on the theory of goods had been done
previously. According to the results, the hypothesis was supported as it has shown a significant negative
relationship between online news consumption with the income. Meanwhile, when it put the test on the
newspaper consumptions and income, it has identified a positive relationship. In spite of that, the term
inferior was instead refers to the function and convenient alternatives (B.Hsiang, J.Chyi,M.Yang, 2009,
p.605). The convenience and high accessibility of portals news contents has make user’s perform tasks
without a hitch, and it is not surprising that users take it as an inferior good, because it is convenient. The
study has inferred that even though online news was claimed as inferior goods in the study, while it does
not relate to the quality of it.

On the other hand, a research may yield a better insight on the newspaper and its credibility, as it has
shown the sign of death spiral in both credibility and readership (Meyer,P., Zhang,Y., 2002, p.1). An
untested assumptions has claimed by Knight Ridder century ago, he said, ‘ a newspaper’s product was
neither information nor news, instead an influencing business. Two kinds of influence were created which
are societal influence and influence on the decision to buy. Both are complementary as the former
strengthen the value of the latter (Meyer,P., Zhang,Y., 2002, p.3).’ Hence, in order to achieve the societal
influence, they have to enhance the quality of information and remain reliable to obtain trust from the
readers. Additionally, the result has shown a positive relationship between the quality and circulation of the
newspapers, the higher of the perceived quality, the higher circulation is. Further research could be done on
the relationship between the content and credibility as the contents could make a divergent of results in the
context of credibility.

In spite of the fact that print news media has sooner or later shrinking in the view of readership and
circulation, the rise of the journalism has strikes challenges towards the print news media. People might
start questioning on the demise of the old news media and substituted by the online news media.
Meanwhile, research was done to prove that in fact the print news media is adapting to change in the future.
Instead the study has argued that the emergence of the online news media has prompted the print news
media to move forward, by enforcing to be more transparent, efficient and responsive (Andon, S.T, n.d.,
p.40), so that it could survived in this technology generation. In addition, it also stressed on the press will
still remain a vital role for local media mix in the future, and adapting to the change. The study has
revealed that it is not necessarily to displace the print news media due to the emerged of online news,
instead it transform itself and evolve to another state, and still survive for dissemination news and
information (Andon, S.T., n.d., p.41).

The preferences of news have differed in these recent years, and gradually it has shown an indication of
shifting towards the online news media. The research mentioned just now has too backing up in the study,
as the online news serves immediacy and interactivity compared to the print newspapers. In addition,
people nowadays ought to obtain news from different sources and hoping to get the most credible news in
this current society. Despite online news media has affects the readership of print newspapers, there are
scholars argue that traditional news media still could survive in the future as it will evolve itself due to the
transformation of the news right now.

Hypothesis

Hypothesis 1: The usage pattern of print newspapers has a significant relationship with the uses of print
newspapers.
Hypothesis 2: The usage pattern of online news has a significant relationship with the uses of online news.
Hypothesis 3:The uses of print newspapers have a significant relationship with the gratifications of print
newspapers.
Hypothesis 4: The uses of online news have a significant relationship with the gratifications of online news.
Hypothesis 5: The gratifications of online news have a significant relationship with the gratifications of
print newspapers.
 6

METHODOLOGY

Research Instrument

The survey was conducted by using quantitative research survey in order to find out the current situation
regarding the preferences between online news media and print newspapers among the young generation.
In order to get the basic data for testing hypotheses, the method of survey questionnaire with the users and
population has been used. Questionnaires were distributed to the participants randomly in Klang Valley,
and it was voluntary as they were agreed to involve in the research. The structured questionnaire was
comprised of closed-ended questions, which was used to get the basic information or opinion of the sample
as a tool of data collection. The questions were well organized in order to get the basic data regarding the
preferences of news and determine the gratifications obtained among the young generations. Then, the data
was collected and was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0, and the
data was collected within a week. The strengths of using quantitative survey due of its flexibility as many
questions could be asked on the given topic, and it makes large samples feasible.

Sample

The total sample size of the quantitative survey research is N=100, regarding the preferences of online
news media and print newspapers among the young generation. There were 100 participants involved in the
research, which situated in Klang Valley. The respondents were selected by using simple random sampling
method. Subjects ranged from 17 to 25 years old. The participants are Internet users and gender was not
emphasized in the study, as it is not control variable, because the study was conducted by using simple
random sampling and the respondents were picking up randomly.

Result and Discussion

According to the usage pattern of print newspapers, the frequency of reading the newspaper’s cover
page/main section is the highest as compared to other sections (Mean = 3.73). It could be due to most of the
respondents first glance falls on the main section when they purchase newspapers, they would probably
glance through the highlights of the main section, as it is the first page. Main page are always attention
grabber because it displays the most important topic, thus people will continuously read it when they find it
interesting. Other than that, entertainment news (Mean = 3.46) is also highlighted in this section whereby it
actually captured the reader’s attention. Young people are trend-seeker, and when it comes to entertainment,
it is inevitable in their life. Furthermore, the targeted respondents in this research are the younger
generations, they are currently looking for some challenges or news that suits their age and the curiosity has
aroused them towards the news regarding celebrities and also the gossips. In fact this is the trend in the
society now. Therefore it explains why the readers that the readers are more likely to read entertainment
news in print newspapers.

Moreover, the finding has revealed that business section is the less frequently read section in print
newspaper (Mean = 2.06). First and foremost, it could be due to the targeted respondents are mostly
students and according to the data, the majority of the respondents are below 21 years old, perhaps the
minority of working adults. Most of them are college or university students, and what matters the most for
them are not likely the business section in print newspapers as they focus less on the business world.

On the other hand, in the section for usage pattern of online news, there are no items that is in high category,
while all the items fall under the ‘sometimes’ segment, the data is quite surprising as people nowadays
could access the Internet 24 hours a day without any restrictions, but they do not have any particular
 7

favorite section to read in online news. Online news is comprised by different news from all over the world,
it could be through social media (e.g. Facebook), online news website, alternative news, and pop up
advertisements and so on. This is most likely for the respondents to be doing others stuff and
unintentionally read through topic or headlines or even statuses while they are surfing the net, as long as
they are interested to the news, they will click on the link and they will be directed to it. In a simple way,
when we log in to Facebook, there are links posted up by someone on any particular news such as
entertainment, gossips towards a celebrity, and this particular topic will usually grabbed their attention and
eventually the link would direct them to the news. Therefore, it has explained why readers do not have any
particular preferences when they read news online. Furthermore, the highest item in ‘sometimes’ segment
is reading main section in online news (Mean = 3.68). This is due to when readers first get into the website
of online news, first thing that pop up is the main section on the current issues and also the daily
happenings. People are more concerned about the main issues and all these things will be highlighted in the
main section.

Meanwhile, the frequency of reading business section in online news is the lowest (Mean = 2.28). It
because firstly the targeted respondents are student and this factor directly influences their usage pattern.
Majority of the students are less likely to be concerned about the business news. As it has mentioned earlier,
people will only get interested of the area to what they are fond to, and most of the online news website
have categorized the section, therefore, when the readers are not interested in it, they will probably not to
click on it.

Apart from that, in the section of the uses of print newspapers, print newspapers are used to give updates on
the current issues/ daily happenings has scored the highest among the others in this section (Mean = 4.84).
In the first perception of the readers on newspapers, it is used to give updates on daily issues, as that is the
purpose of the existence of newspapers. In addition, it is considered as a perception that embedded in the
reader’s mind that newspapers are used to keep track on daily happenings even before the emergence of
online news, and such mindset has been passed down from the parents since young. Furthermore, many of
the respondents also agreed that print newspapers are frequently used in our daily routine (Mean = 4.58).
For instance, people are so used to reading a set of newspapers while having their breakfast or it is the best
companion during the journey in train.

On the other hand, a surprising data result has shown that print newspapers are used, as a topic for
socializing with colleagues/ friends is relatively low (Mean = 3.96), because most of the people would read
newspapers, and this could be the best topic to kick start a conversation. One of the reason would probably
due to the topic was discussed in the newspapers could be outdated, as readers tend to look for the latest
news. For instance, people could get current issues and news through online or social media, as they can
have the access to the Internet for almost 24 hours, therefore they would get the information or news earlier
than the print newspapers, and when the newspapers published the news, majority of the people are already
aware about the incident, and it is no longer a fresh topic to be discussed on, hence it would be considered
as outdated as people might have already discussed on the incident before it was published on print
newspaper.

On the other hand, following by examining the uses of online news on, the result has revealed that the
online news is used to get updates on the international news (Mean = 5.16), where it ranked the highest
place in the section. Notably, this section is based on the respondents’ perception. It is probably due to
everyone gets to access the Internet anywhere and it is nationwide. In these days, people could get news
from the every corner of the world with just a click. Therefore, they would believe that online news is the
most efficient ways to keep track on the international news, as it is nationwide. Furthermore, the results on
online news is used to enrich general knowledge (Mean = 5.06), the result is actually predictable. For
instance, when people look through a news story have any doubts about it, they could just type any
keywords on any search engines and eventually anything related to that keywords will all be shows as
results for the search. In spite of that, there are no items that falls on ‘low’ segment in this section, as it
could imply that the perceptions that carry in readers’ mind towards the uses of online news is relatively
high. This is probably because of the trend in current society, as people tend to upgrade themselves in
orders to adapt into this current society. Therefore, even they are not constantly reading the online news,
while they are aware of its uses.
 8

Apart from that, gratifications of print newspapers have been examined in the study. A surprising result
shows that newspapers helps us to improve our language scored the highest mean in the section (Mean =
4.56). The main purpose for the existence of newspapers is to provide information and news, and it has
added the roles for it. This is because people nowadays do not take print newspapers as their first source for
news, as they could get it through many other ways such as online, television and so, but we can use it as a
tool to improve their languages. Reading is always the best way to improve our language and vocabulary.
By reading English or Chinese newspapers, it could not only provide information, but also improves our
language skills and grammar. The writing skills and the languages that are used in newspapers are perfectly
written and when there is any vocabulary; it somehow served as a pushing tool for the readers to check out
the dictionary.

On the other hand, print newspapers remove the need for watching news on the television (Mean = 3.17)
and listening news on radio (Mean = 3.20) are relatively at the lowest mean in this section. First and
foremost, readers do not only rely on the news from the print newspapers, but they can also get other source
of news from television and radio, hence it does not serve as a substitution for print newspapers. These
results have impressed me because the broadcast news is still somehow plays a role in people’s lifestyle.

Next, by examining the gratifications on online news, the majority of the items are fall under the high
category compared to print newspapers. Online news enables users to stay updated at anytime and
anywhere’ scored the highest mean among the others (Mean =5.25). This can be explained through
nowadays Wi-Fi service and data plans are easily available and with the help of Smartphone and tablet,
therefore staying online anywhere at any time does not considered as a problem anymore.

There were five hypotheses which were derived in this research. Four hypotheses were accepted ane only
one hypothesis rejected. The second hypothesis between usage pattern of online news and uses of online
news was not accepted. This is probably because the perception in their mind towards online news is
differed with their actual uses. For instance, many of them aware of through online news they could have
more information regarding the movie reviews or even movie schedule. Back to the reality, when it comes
to movie reviews or the movie schedule, many of them would have other options such as to utilize some
application that could check movie reviews or even magazines. In addition, it is not a usual practice for
some of the respondents as it possibly because it is still not a trend yet for people to read online news even
though they were all agreed with online news could keep them update upon current issues instantly.

The gratifications of print newspapers and online news shown a significant difference and the results have
revealed the preferences for news among the respondents, which the gratifications of online news are
relatively higher. Based on the research, it is believed that young people nowadays still prefer first hand
news, as the online news served immediacy compared to print newspapers.

Conclusion

The results has highlighted the preferences towards online news are more preferable among the younger
generations. This is due to the emergence of the Internet, the preferences towards most of our daily
routines has differed, and especially towards the news. We are taught that reading newspapers are used to
enrich our knowledge and to keep track on the current issues, and it also served as a daily routine to have a
cup of milk with the daily printed newspapers or even holding a set of newspaper while traveling in the
train, while these particular habit starts to slowly disappear since the emergence of the mobile technology.
People preferred to hold a Smartphone or tablet on their hand for reading the news instead of carrying the
bulky newspapers everywhere. It has greatly shown a shifting towards the news medium.

However, the results has also shown a significantly percentage of people who still read on print newspapers.
Therefore, print newspapers industry at this generation is still able to survive as it is constantly improving.
It is probably due to there are plenty of readers are still ongoing reading the print newspapers and it has
already become part of their routine.
 9

References

Andon, S. T. (n.d.). The Future of Print News Media: Adapting to Change, 37–42.

Greater Kuala Lumpur/ Klang Valley. (2011). Greater Kl/KV comprises 10 authorities. Retrieved on
25th of October 2012, from World Wide Web: http://app.kwpkb.gov.my/greaterklkv/overview/

Grabowicz, P. (2012). The transition to digital journalism. Retrieved on 26 th of September 2012,

from World Wide Web: http://multimedia.journalism.b erkeley.edu/tutorials/digital-transform/print-
editions-decline/

Horlic.com. (2012).Population growth rate in Klang Valley Malaysia Year 2010 and 2020. Retrieved
on 24 th of October, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://www.horlic.com/population-growth-rate-in-
klang-valley-malaysia-year-2010-2020/

Hsiang, B., Chyi, J., & Yang, M. J. (2009). Is online news an inferior good?Examining
the economic nature by Hsiang Jris Chyi and Mengchieh Jacie Yang.

Kautsky, R., & Widholm, A. (2008). Online Methodology: Analyzing News Flows of
Online Journalism. 5(2), 81–97.

KL City Plan 2020. (2008). KL City Plan. Retrieved on 26th of October, 2012 from World Wide Web:
http://klcityplan2020.dbkl.gov.my/eis/index.php?page _id=216

Meyer, P., & Zhang, Y. (2002). Anatomy of a Death Spiral : Newspapers and Their
Credibility Previous credibility research, 1–10.

NECH Malaysia. (2012). Berita NECF Articles. Retrieved on 3 rd of October 2012 from
World Wide Web: http://www.necf.org.my/newsmaster.cfm?&menuid =2&action=view&retrieveid=959

NSTP. (2012). About NSTP. Retrieved on 4 th of October, 2012 from World Wide Web:
http://www.nstp.com.my/?page_id=5

PewResearchCenterPublications. (2009). Newspaper face challenging calculus. Retrieved on 7th

of October 2012 from World Wide Web:http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1133/decline-print-
newspapers-increased-online-news

Pingdom. (2012). World Internet population has doubled in the last 5 years. Retrieved on 6 th
of October, 2012 from World Wide Web: http://royal.pingdom.com/2012/04/19/world-internet-
population-has-doubled-in-the-last-5-years/

Scott R Maier. (2010). Newspapers offer more news than do major online sites. Newspaper Research
Journal, 31(1), 6

Socialbakers. (2012). Malaysia Facebook Statistics. Retrieved on 7th of October, 2012 from World
Wide Web: http://www.socialbakers.com/facebook statistics/malaysia

Thiel, Shayla. (1998). The Online Newspaper: A postmodern Medium. Volume 4, Issue 1,
Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3998/3336451.0004.110

Waal, E. D., Schönbach, K., & Lauf, E. (2005). Chapter 3 Online newspapers : A
substitute or complement for print newspapers and other information channels ?,30.
 10

Wade,G. (2010). The Prince of Wales Island Gazette. Retrieved on 3rd of October,2012 from
World Wide Web: http://www.igeorgetownpenang.com/features/603-the-prince-of-wales-island-
gazette

West,R. Turner, L.H. (2010). Introducing Communication Theory. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Companies

Yang, M. J. (2011). Competing with whom? Where? And why (Not)? An empirical study
of U.S. online newspapers’ competition dynamics.8(4), 59–74.