GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus)AS

INFLUENCEDBY DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF

MADRE DE CACAO LEAF EXTRACT

OMAR M. MOMA

Undergraduate thesis Outline presented to the Horticulture Department

College of Agriculture ,South East Asian Institute of Technology Inc. In
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(HORTICULTURE)

APRIL 2022
GROWTH AND YIELD OF OKRA (Abelmoschus esculentus)AS
INFLUENCEDBY DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF
MADRE DE CACAO LEAF EXTRACT

OMAR M. MOMA

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE

(HORTICULTURE)

APRIL 2022
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

Importance of the Study

Okra also known Lady’s finger, botanically known as (Abelmoschus

esculentus) is a tropical and sub-tropical indigenous vegetable crop commonly

grown for its fibrous, slimy, and nutritious fruits and consumed by all classes of

population.Is the only vegetable crop of significance in the Malvaceae family and

is very popular in the Indo-Pak subcontinent.

It is one of the oldest cultivated crops and presently grown in many

countries and is widely distributed from Africa to Asia, southern Europe and

America. It is a tropical to subtropical crop and is sensitive to frost; low

temperature, water logging and drought conditions, and the cultivation from

different countries have certain adapted distinguishing characteristics specific to

the country to which they belong.

It is an oligo purpose crop, but it is usually consumed for its green tender

fruits as a vegetable in a variety of ways. These fruits are rich in Vitamins,

calcium, potassium and other mineral matters. The mature okra seed is a good

source of oil and protein has been known to have superior nutritional quality.

Okra seed oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, which is

essential for human nutrition. Its mature fruit and stems contain crude fibre,

which is used in the paper industry .Philippines okra - production fluctuated

substantially in recent years, it tended to increase through 2000 - 2019 period

ending at 31,708 tonnes in 2019

 Madre de cacao (literally "mother of cacao" in Spanish) used in Central

America and the Philippines is in reference to its traditional use as shade trees

for cocoa tree plantations. Gliricidia sepium, often simply referred to as its genus

name Gliricidia, is a medium size leguminous tree belonging to the family

Fabaceae. Common names include quickstick, mata ratón; cacao de nance,

cachanance; balo in Panama; piñon Cubano in the Dominican Republic;

madreado in Honduras; kakawate in the Philippines; madre xacao or madre de

cacao in the Philippines ).

It is an important multi-purpose legume tree,with a native range from

Mexico to Colombia, but now widely introduced to other tropical zones. G.

sepium(kakawate) is also used for its insect repellent properties. Farmers in Latin

America often wash their livestock with a paste made of crushed G. sepium

leaves to ward off torsalos (botflies). In the Philippines, the extract obtained from

its leaves is made into anti-mange dog shampoo.

Gliricidia sepium is one of the major tropical forage trees due to its

protein-rich forage and high nutritive value. Gliricidia sepium is a legume able to

fix N. It produces a lot of litter and the half-life of gliricidia leaves is about 20

days. The plant is thus considered as a good soil improver. Because of its deep

roots and quick growth, it is used as a windbreak.

The tree grows well in acidic soils with a pH of 4.5-6.2. Kakawati is a

smooth, deciduous tree, 3 to 10 meters high. Leaves are 15 to 25 centimeters

long with 13 leaflets which are opposite, oblong-ovate, 4 to 6 centimeters long,

with a pointed tip and rounded base. G. sepium trees are used for intercropping

in part because they fix nitrogen in the soil and tolerate low soil fertility, so when

they are interplanted with crops they can boost crop yields significantly, without

the need of chemical fertilizers. The tree is common in the southern Tagalog

areas, shedding leaves around December and flowering February and March. G.

sepium is native to tropical dry forests in Mexico and Central America. In addition

to its native range it is cultivated in many tropical and subtropical regions

Objectives of the Study

1. To determine the growth and yield of okra as influenced by different

concentrations of madre de cacao leaf extract

2. To determine the most effective concentrations of madre de cacao leaf

extract on the growth and yield of okra

3. To identify the pest infestation in the okra as influenced by different

concentrations of madre de cacao leaf extract

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will be limited to the growth and yield of okra as influenced by

different concentrations of madre de cacao leaf extract.

Time and Place of the Study

This study will conducted on February 2021 to May 2021 at the

experimental area of the College of Agriculture in South East Asian Institute of

Technology Research Center (SARC) Barangay Crossing Rubber ,Tupi South

Cotabato .
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Characteristic and Origin of Okra

Okra supplementation statistically reduced the highlevels of fasting blood

sugar, total cholesterol, and triglycerides and decreased the homeostasis model

assessment of the basal insulin resistance index in diabetic rats, as reported by

Majd et al. (2018).

Nguekouo et al. (2018), in an in vivo study, showed that boiling and

roasting do not change the antidiabetic potential of okra fruits and seeds . Ortaç

et al. (2018) reported in an in vivo study that okra has a gastroprotective effect

against ethanol and could decrease a gastric ulcer, as indicated by the

biochemical and histopathological data. They concluded that okra could be a

possible therapeutic antiulcer agent .

Hossen et al. (2013) showed that the methanol extract of okra had a good

central nervous system depressant activity, along with a high painkiller activity,

on Swiss albino mice. Wang et al. (2104) demonstrated that mice fed an okra

diet execrated more cholesterol in their stools and had lower total blood

cholesterol levels compared to the control mice group. A four-year study

conducted on 1100 people showed that people who ate a diet rich in polyphenols

had lower inflammatory markers associated with heart disease, and as okra is

one of the polyphenol-rich diets, okra may therefore help to protect from

cardiovascular diseases . Monte et al. (2014) reported that the lection available in
okra can stop cancer cell growth by up to 63% when they did a testtube study on

breast cancer cells. Vayssade et al. (2010), in a testtube study on metastatic

mouse melanoma cells, showed that okra extract leads to cancer cell death.

Doreddula et al. (2014) revealed that the seed extracts of okra have an

antioxidant, antistress effect in the bloodstream of mice .

Different parts of okra fruits can stimulate glycogen synthesis in the liver

and delay the intestinal absorption of glucose in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In

the same study, the histopathological examination of the pancreatic tissue after

the administration of okra fruits revealed the evidence of pancreatic islet cell

regenerati .Liao,Liu,and Yuan,(2012) has done a comparative analysis of total

phenolics and total flavonoids and antioxidant ability of different organs

(flower,fruit,leaf,and seeds)and different enrichment fractions of water extracts of

the A.esculentus plant on .

Kakawate, Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp., is aleguminous tree and belongs to

the family Fabaceae.Gliricidia, which originated in Central America, is used in

many tropical and sub-tropical countries as a live fence. That is, it is planted

along the sides offields, and the trunks are used as fence posts In sub-Saharan

Africa, kakawate isintercropped with maize (Makumba et al. 2006).

Kakawate is reported to have insecticidal properties(Grainge and Ahmed 1988;

Méndez-Bautista et al.1993; Montes-Molina et al. 2008). In particular, it is

reportedly used as a mosquito repellent (Nazli et al.2008) and also has antifungal

and antimicrobialproperties (Rahalison et al. 1993). A new isoflavan,7,4'-

dihydroxy-3'-methoxyisoflavan, has been isolated from the insecticidally active

extract of the heartwoodof G. sepium (Herath et al. 1998).

The essential oil of G. sepium leaves reportedly contains the following

major organic chemicals:propylene glycol, coumarin, [Z]-3-hexenol, ßfarnesene,

(E)-2-hexenol, thymol, benzyl alcohol,caryophyllene and α-farnesene while the

minor components include 2-pentene-1-ol, isovanillin,isobutyl alsohol,

phenylethyl alcohol, phenol and crotonic aldehyde at levels less than 1% (Jose

and Reddy 2010; Kaniampady et al. 2007).

Gliricidia sepium is native to the seasonally dry Pacific coast of Central

America and is now widespread throughout the tropics within 6°S and 19°N of

the equator. It grows well from sea level to an altitude of 1600 m, in areas where

the mean temperature ranges from 20°C to 29°C, and annual rainfall is between

900 mm and 1500 mm, with a five-month dry period. It does not withstand frost

and night temperatures below 15°C. It is tolerant to waterlogging and to a wide

range of poorly fertile soils (Ecocrop, 2009).

Gliricidia sepium yields 9 to 16 t/ha of DM in fodder plots, similar to

Leucaena leucocephala, but it is less sensitive to pests and to poor growing

conditions. It can be lopped around 7 months after establishment on plants

grown from cuttings and 14 months after seedling. Thereafter lopping can be

done every 2 to 3 months during the rainy season and every 3 to 4 months

during the dry season, provided regrowth reaches 1-2 m high before harvest

(Wiersum et al., 1992).

 Gliricidia sepium is a legume able to fix N. It produces a lot of litter and the

half-life of gliricidia leaves is about 20 days. The plant is thus considered as a

good soil improver. Because of its deep roots and quick growth, it is used as a

windbreak. It thrives on steep slopes and may be used to reclaim denuded land.

Gliricidia sepium is also often used as shade for perennials (coffee, tea, cocoa)

or as nurse-tree since it produces light shade and reduces soil temperatures

(Orwa et al., 2009).

 CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

The following materials and farm implement will be used in this study ,

okra seeds ,record book, ball pen , shovel, rake, sprayer, bolo, weighing

scale, gardening gloves ,meter sticks, sprinkler and the madre de cacao leaf

extract and other materials that will be deemed necessary.

Methods

Experimental Design

This study will be carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design

(RCBD), with four (4) treatments to be replicated four (4)times .This treatments

will be assigned by draw lots without replacement.

The treatments will be following :

Treatment (no.of L/ha.Madre de cacao organic fertilizer)

A. -Control (no application)

B. 1 L /16 litters of water

C. 2 L/16 litters of water

D. 3 L/ 16 litters of water
Timing of Treatment Application

Each of the treatment will be sprayed in the area as foliar following

different concentrations or numbers of litters per treatment.

Experimental Area

After sowing ,the areas will be laid out ,there will be four blocks to be

prepared. These blocks will be subdivided into (16) plots .Each plot will have a

dimension of two meters (2 m) in width and two meters (2 m) in length with the

total area of 169 sq.meters. An alley will be 1 meter per block will be provided .

Land preparation

The experimental area will be prepared two (2) weeks before planting by

using different tillage equipment .Before Plowing,the weeds and other vegetation

in the area will be slashed and stumps and other trashes will be removed . The

area will be disc plowed twice at 25-30 cm deep and it will be followed by

levelling.

Laying –out and Staking

Lay outing will be done three (3) days before planting using steel tape and

twine. Staking will be done using trellis using locally available materials like

nylon string and poles.

Sowing of seeds

One( 1) seed will be sown in a one point zero(1.0) cm deep hole and

Covered with thin soil to facilitate germination. The newly sown seeds will be

watered regularly to maintain proper soil moisture.

Application of Fertilizer

Madre de cacao organic fertilizer will be applied as foliar application in

accordance with the concentrations per treatment. This will be done early in the

morning to facilitate absorption of plants.

Weed Control

Weeding will be done manually by hand pulling to remove weeds

whenever it is necessary.

Occurrence and Incidence of Insect Pest

Preventing and control of pests will be done by observing closely all parts

of the plants leaves to roots

Harvesting

Harvesting of okra fruits will be done by picking the fruits from the stem

when the fruits of the okra fruits turns mature green,the okra fruits will directly

picked .
 FIELD LAYOUT

Replication

I II III IV

A C B D

C D A B

D B C A

B A D C

Legend

TREATMENTS (no.of L/ha.-Madre de cacao leaf extract organic fertilizer)

A. -Control (no application)

B. 1 L /16 litters of water

C. 2 L/16 litters of water

D. 3 L/ 16 litters of water

Note: An alley of 1 meter between blocks and 1 meter between plots

 SAMPLE PLOT

10 SAMPLE PLANT

Note: Distance between furrows will be 50 cm and distance of plants between

hills will be 30 cm with a total of 28 sample plants per plots.

 Data to be Gathered

Days to fifty percent (50%) emergence-This parameter will be gathered by

counting the days when fifty percent (50 %) of the plants will emerge .It is done

by visual observation

Days to fifty percent (50%) flowering-This datum will be gathered by recording

the number of days from planting to fifty percent (50%) flowering.

Plant height (cm) at harvest -This parameter will be measured using the meter

stick from the base of the plants with a guide peg up to the tip of the main stem.

Weight (kg) of marketable fruits -This parameter will be obtained by weighing

the marketable fruits after picking .

Weight (kg) of non-marketable fruits -This datum will be obtained by weighing

the non-marketable fruits after picking.

Yield (ton)per hectare-This parameter will be obtained by weighing the

harvested pods from ten sample plants of each treatment .Yield per hectare will

be computed using this formula:

Sample yield(kg/plot)
Yiel(t/ha)= __________________ x 10,000 sq.meter
Sample plot area (m2)
 DUMMY TABLE

Table 1. Days to (50%) emergence of okra as influenced by different

concentrations of madre de cacao leaf extract
________________________________________________________________
REPLICATION
TREATMENT I II III IV Total Mean
________________________________________________________________

A. -Control (no application)

B. 1 L /16 litters of water

C. 2 L/16 litters of water

D. 3 L/ 16 litters of water

________________________________________________________________

Rep.Total
Grand Total
Grand Mean
Pre Analysis of Variance

Source of df SS MS Computed F Tabular F

Variance 5% 1%

Replication 3
Treatment 3
Error 9

Total 15
Cv=

Note: This format will be followed with other tables except captions.
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APPENDICES