Construction: Geometric Construction Involves Drawing Shapes That Satisfy Certain Requirements
Construction: Geometric Construction Involves Drawing Shapes That Satisfy Certain Requirements
Construction: Geometric Construction Involves Drawing Shapes That Satisfy Certain Requirements
Part 3:
Draw and measure angles and line segments accurately
using appropriate geometrical instruments;
4.3: CONSTRUCTION
Examples
Construction
Step (3) Join the two points where the arcs intersect
Step by step solution: with a straight line. This line is the
perpendicular bisector of AB. P is the
Step (1) Stretch your compasses until it is more than
midpoint of AB.
half the length of AB. Put the sharp end at A
and mark an arc above and another arc
The diagram should look like this one below:
below line segment AB..
4.3.2: Constructing angles: 30˚ and 60˚. Constructing angle of 30˚, we bisect the angle of
60˚.
30 angle is a bisector of 60. In order to construct
Use the following steps 30:
30, we must construct 60 first.
Use the following steps to construct 60: Step (1) Use the steps above to construct a 60˚ angle.
4.3.3: Constructing angles: 45˚ and 90˚ Constructing angle of 45˚, we bisect the angle of 90˚.
1. Construct a 90˚.
45 angle is a bisector of 90. In order to construct
45, we must construct 90 first. 2. Using the intersects on the 90˚ angle, construct
two intersecting arcs inside the 90˚ angle .
(ii) EFD
Solution: Question 3:
Your diagram should look like this: Using a ruler and a compass only, construct
ΔPQR with PQ = 6 cm, PR = 7 cm and QR = 5.5
cm.
(i) RPQ
(ii) PRQ
(ii) PQR
(c) Perimeter = 5 + 7 + 7
= 19 cm Ans.
Question 4:
(a) height = CT = 4.9 cm Ans.
Using a ruler and a compass only, construct
ΔABC with AB = 8 cm, BAC = 60º and (b) ACB = 75º Ans.
ABC = 45º.
(c) (i) AC = 5.7 cm Ans.
(a) Construct the height of Δ ABC,
intersecting the line AB at T. (ii) BC = 7 cm Ans.
(c) Measure and state the length of the side: (e) Area = ½ × 8 × 4.9
= 19.6 cm² Ans.
(ii) AC
(ii) BC
Solution:
Your diagram should look like this:
Solution:
Your diagram should look like this:
(a) HG = cm
Question 9:
(i) DT
(ii) AT
(iii) BD.
(iv) DC.
Solution:
Your diagram should look like this:
(ii) AT = 0.9 cm
(iii) BD = 9.6 cm
(iv) DC = 10.6 cm
4.4: Trigonometry
4.4.1: Right-Triangles
θ =
Tan −1 ( OA )
3. Pythagoras’ theorem on right−angled
triangles
Pythagoras’ theorem
(ii) EF
1. In the diagram, DEF is a straight line,
DEF = 68.2º, DFG = 90º. EF = 5 cm (iii) DE.
and DG = 8 cm.
Solution:
(i) x
O
Opp and Hyp are given Sin = H
(ii) y.
x =
Sin −1 ( OH )
=
Sin −1 ( 58 )
= 38.7 º Ans.
= 111.8º Ans.
( angles on a straight line at a point)
2 2
(b) (i) DF 2 = 8 − 5
= 46 − 25
DF = √ 64 − 25
= 6.2 cm Ans.
5 cm
Tan 68.2 ° =
(ii) EF
5 cm Sin 31 ° =
20
EF = Tan 68.2° CT
5 cm 20
2. 500 CT =
= Sin 31°
= 2 cm Ans.
20
= 0.515
(iii) DE = DF EF
= 6.2 2 = 38.8 cm Ans.
= 4.2 cm
A =
Tan−1 ( )
20
30
= Tan - 1 (0.667)
= 33.7º Ans.
Solution:
(a) CT
ABC is straight line. Angle EAD = angle
ABD = 90 º, angle ADE = 37º and angle BDC
= 56 º. BD = 420 m and
AD = 550 m.
Calculate:
(a) AB
opp (b) BC
O is given, calculating H hyp Sin ratio
(c) DE
O
Sin θ = Solution:
H
2 2
(a) AB2 = 550 − 420
Revision notes Paper 2 Section I Page | 13
CSEC Mathematics General Proficiency Geometry and Trigonometry
= 355.1 m Ans.
opp
Tan θ =
(b) hyp
BC
Tan 56 ° =
420
h− 2
BC = 420 × tan 56° tan 28˚ = 30
= 420 × 1.483 h – 2 = 30 tan 28˚
= 622.9 Ans.
h = (30 tan 28˚) + 2
= (15.951) + 2
A
Cos θ = = 17.951
(c) H
The height of the tree is approximately 17.95 m.
550
cos 37 ° =
DE
6. A man, who is, 1.94 m, stands on a
550 horizontal ground 40 m from a tree.
DE =
cos 37°
The angle of elevation of the top of a tree
550
from his eyes is 33°.
= 0.799
= 688.4 m ans. Calculate an estimate of the height of the
tree.
5. A man who is 2 m tall stands on horizontal
ground 30 m from a tree. The angle of
elevation of the top of the tree from his eyes
is 28˚. Estimate the height of the tree.
Solution:
h − 1.94
tan 33˚ = 40
h – 1.94 = 40 tan 33˚
h = (40 tan 33˚) + 1.94
= (25.976) + 1.94 2
− x + 20 x + 4 = 0
= 27.92 2
x − 20x − 4 = 0
The height of the tree is approximately 27.92 m.
2
8. ABC is a triangular plot of land in which (b) x − 20x − 4 = 0
angle ACB is a right angle. The length of AB −( − 20) ± √ 202 − 4(1)(−4)
is (2x + 3) metres, the length of AC is (x 2) 2(1)
x =
metres and the length of BC is (2x 1)
metres. 20 ± √ 400 +16
= 2
20 ± √ 416
= 2
20 ± 20 .4
= 2
20 + 20 .4
(a) Use Pythagoras Theorem to form an
Either x = 2
equation involving x, and show that
2 40 .4
it reduces to x − 20x − 4 = 0. = 2
= 20.2
2
(b) Solve the equation x − 20x − 4 = 20 − 20 .4
0, giving both answers correct to one or x = 2
decimal place.
−0.4
(c) Calculate the length of each side of = 2
= 0.2
the triangular plot ABC.
(d) Calculate the area of the triangular Solution: x = 20.2 or x= 0.2 ans .
plot ABC.
(c) Obvious for this problem x cannot be negative:
Solution:
AB = 2x + 3
(a) By Pythagoras’ theorem
2 2 2
= 2(20 .2) + 3
AB = AC + BC = 43.4 m
( 2 x + 3 ) 2 = ( x − 2 )2 +
( 2 x − 1 )2 x−2
AC =
2 2 2
4 x + 12 x + 9 = x − 4 x + 4 + 4 x − 4x + 1 = 20.2 − 2
2 2 2
4x −x −4x + 12x + 4 x + 4 x +941 = 0
= 18.8 m
BC = 2x − 1 Solution:
= 2(20.2) − 1 Let x m be the distance of the object from the base of the cliff.
= 39.4 m
1
( BC ) × ( AC )
(d) Area of ∆ ABC = 2
1
( 39. 4 ) × ( 18.8 )
= 2
= 358.54
APO = angle of depression = 34° (alternate
angle are equal)
10.1.1: Angle of Elevation / Angle of
Depression opppsite
Angle of elevation is the upward angle measured from a
tan (angle) = adjacent
horizontal line.
40
tan (34°) = x
40
x = tan 34°
40
Angle of depression measured downwards from a horizontal
line. = 0.675
= 59.3
Example 10.3
10.1.3: Bearings
(b)
Notes:
Bearings are always written using three digits.
A
Cos θ = H
11.9 cm
Cos 40° = AB
11.9 cm
AB = Cos 40°
11.9 cm
= 0.766 (b) The bearing of B from C
= 15.5 cm
= √ 240.25 − 141.61
= 9.9 cm
Solution:
C = tan
Tan−1 ()
8
6
= 53 º
(a) ABC
(b) ABD
2. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, 4. In the triangle below, not drawn to scale,
AB is parallel to the line EDC. AED = the point D on AC is such that BA = BD.
116°, BDC = 72° and BD = BC. BDE is a straight line and AE is parallel to
BC. AEB = 18° and ACB = 48°.
Calculate:
(a) Calculate:
(a) ABD
(i) EAD
(b) BDE
(ii) EDC
(c) BAE.
(iii) BAC.
3. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, (b) Explain why triangle ABC is
BDF is a straight line and BD = DE = EF. isosceles.
ABC is parallel to the line EF and BDE
=110° 5. In the pentagon PQRST, the diagonal PS is
parallel to QR and SPT = 90,
PQR = 6x, QRS = 7x and PTS =
4x .
(iii) PTS.
6. In the diagram shown below, ABCD and 9. Construct a triangle ABC such that AB = 7.5
DBCE are parallelograms. ADB = 42 and cm. BC = 6 cm and CA = 5 cm.
BAD= 54.
(a) Construct the line CX, the height of
triangle ABC intersecting AB at X.
(b) Measure and write down the length of 11. Using ruler and compasses only, construct, a
SR. triangle PQR with PQ = 8.0 cm, QR = 7.5
cm, PQR = 60°.
8. Using ruler and compasses only, construct a Construct the perpendicular bisector of QR.
triangle ABC with AB = 9.5 cm, AC = 7.5
cm and angle BAC= 60°.
12. Usingonly a pair of compasses, a ruler and a
(a) Locate the point D such that DB pencil, construct Δ PQR in which QR = 6.5
perpendicular to AB and CD is cm, PQ = 8 cm and angle PQR is 75°.
parallel to AB. Measure and write down the length of the
PR.
(b) Measure and state the length of BD.
13. Usingonly a pair of compasses, a ruler and a 16. Using ruler and compasses only, construct
pencil, construct Δ ABC with BC = 10 cm, the Δ DEF such that DE = 8 cm, D = 45˚
AB = 4.5 cm and angle ABC = 120°. Bisect and E = 60°.
angle BAC, such this angle bisector meets (a) construct the perpendicular bisector
BC at X. of DF to intersect DE at X.
(b) the size of angle ACX. 17. Construct a triangle DAB such that AB = 8
cm, AD = 6.5 cm and angle DAB = 75°.
(a) construct the line segment AX which (b) Construct also the line BC
is perpendicular to BD and which perpendicular to AB.
intersects BD at X.
(c) Measure and state the length of DC.
(b) Complete the quadrilateral ABCD
such that AC = 2AX.
18. Using ruler and compasses ONLY,
(c) Measure and state the length of AC. construct the triangle FGH with FG = 7.5
cm, angle FGH = 120° and angle
(d) name of the type of quadrilateral GFH = 30°.
drawn.
(a) Locate on FG, the point M, the
midpoint of FG.
15. Without using your protractor, construct a
triangle OAB in which angle OAB = 60˚ and (b) Measure and state the size of angle
OA = AB = 4 cm. GMH.
(a) Hence, construct the rhombus 19. Using rulers and compasses only, construct
OFAB. the triangle CAB with angle CAB = 60°,
with AB = 8 cm and AC = 9 cm
(b) Determine the area of the rhombus
of AB to 2 significant figures. (a) Construct the perpendicular bisector
of AB to meet AC at X and AB at Y.
Measure and state the length of the diagonal (a) State the name of this type of
WY. parallelogram PQRS.
23. Using ruler and compasses only, construct (b) Measure and state the length of PQ.
parallelogram WXYZ where WK = 5.5 cm,
(c) Measure and state the size of the
WZ = 7.0 cm and XWZ = 60°.
angle QPS.
Draw diagonal X Z . Measure and state its
length. 27. Using ruler and compasses only, construct
the trapezium KLMN with KL parallel to
24. Usingonly a pair of compasses, a ruler and a NM, KL = 4 cm, NM = 7 cm, KLM = 120°
pencil, construct parallelogram ABCD in and LM = 6 cm.
which AB = AD = 7 cm and the angle BAD
is 60°. (a) Show that NKL = MNK = 90°.
Measure and write down the length of the (b) Show, by calculation, that the
diagonal AC. distance between KL and MN is
3 √3 cm.
25. Draw a line segment, PQ, 7 cm long.
28. Using ruler and compasses only, construct a construct the trapezium KLMN with KL
trapezium ABCD in which AD = 9 cm, AB parallel to NM, KL = 4 cm, NM = 7 cm.
= 6 cm. BC = 5 cm, angle BAD = 30˚and BC KLM =120° and LM = 6 cm.
is parallel to AD.
(b) Show that NKL = MNK = 90°
(a) Construct the perpendicular BF from
B to meet AD at F. (c) Show, by calculation, that the
distance between KL and MN is cm.
(b) Measure and state the length of BF.
33. Using ruler and compasses only, construct
29. Draw two lines AB and AC such that AB = 8 the triangle WXY with WX = 7 cm, XY = 6 cm
cm, AC = 7.5 cm and angle BAC = 55°. and WXY = 90°.
Measure and state the size of YWX.
(a) With ruler and compasses only,
construct the line AX which bisects 34. (a) Using ruler and compasses only,
the angle BAC. construct the parallelogram KLMN,
so that KL = 8 cm, LM = 8 cm and
(b) The point P on AX is 6 cm from A.
With rulers and compasses only, KLM =135°.
construct PY perpendicular to AB.
(b) Draw KM.
The point Y is on AB.
(c) Measure and state the length of KM
(c) Measure and state the length of PY.
(i) MN
Measure and state the size of BDC.
(ii) MO
32. (a) Using ruler and compasses only,
(b) the size of LMO
(d) the perimeter of triangle LMO. (c) the area and the perimeter of the entire diagram.
38. In the figure below, not drawn to scale, TF
36. A, B and C are three points on horizontal is perpendicular to FY. FX = 40 cm, angle
ground. BT is a vertical mast of height 20 m. TXF = 42° and angle TYF = 30°.
The top of the mast is joined to A and C by
straight wires. Angle BCT = 31°.
Calculate:
Calculate, stating your answer correct to 1
(a) the length of
decimal place,
(i) TF
(a) the length of the wire CT
(ii) TX
(b) the angle of elevation of T from A.
(iii) TY
Calculate:
39. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, 41. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale,
ABDC is a quadrilateral in which BD = EFGH is a rectangle. The point D on HG is
CD, BD = 28 cm, BAD = 90°, ABD = 40° such that ED = DG = 12 cm and GDF =
and CDB = 36°. 43°.
(a) the length of the side AB (c) the size of the angle HDE
Calculate
(a) Copy the diagram and insert the
angles of elevation.
(a) ZXV
43. In the diagram below, not drawn to scale, [Take = 3.14], calculate:
KN = 6.0 cm, MN = 15.6 cm, angle MKN =
90 , angle KLN = 52 and KLM is a straight (a) the length, in cm, of DL
line.
(b) the radius of the sector OLN