Alfred the Great

Alfred the Great was King of Wessex from 871-886 and King of the Anglo-Saxons from
886-899. He was considered to be an accomplished and scholarly man who
diplomatically made peace with invading Vikings, encouraged education and
improved the legal system, military structure and the quality of life for the people
of England. To this day, he is one of only two English kings to be known as ‘the Great’.

Early Life
Alfred was born in the year AD 849 in the kingdom of Wessex, located in the South West of England. His
father, Aethelwulf, was king of Wessex, meaning that Alfred grew up as a prince; however, it was unlikely that
he would ever become king as he was the youngest of five sons. Alfred was a thoughtful, intelligent child who
had a thirst for knowledge and enjoyed committing poems to memory. At a young age, he accompanied his
father on a pilgrimage to Rome where it is reported that he met Pope Leo IV. After his father’s death in 858,
three of Alfred’s older brothers ruled in succession: Aethelbald, Aethelberht and Aethelred.

Fighting the Vikings

For much of Alfred’s life, England had suffered from numerous raids by the Vikings. In 870, all of the Anglo-
Saxon kingdoms had been conquered, except for Wessex. Alfred quickly became his brother’s second in
command to and he is credited as leading the Wessex army to a brilliant victory at the Battle of Ashdown.

Becoming King
In 871, the king died in battle and, although Aethelred left behind two sons, Alfred acceded to the throne as
the brothers had come to an agreement earlier that whichever of them outlived the other would inherit the
property that their father had left them, and that the surviving brother would become king. At the age of 22,
Alfred was crowned king. Over the next few years, Alfred continued to combat the Vikings. After many battles,
he thought that they had finally achieved some kind of peace; however, in 878 (at Christmas) the Danish King
Guthrum led a surprise attack against Alfred and his army. Alfred managed to escape, but with only a few
men. He fled in order to plot his counterattack. Many of the men of Wessex were tired of the constant raids
and attacks of the Vikings. They rallied around Alfred and soon the king had a strong army again.

Peace with the Vikings

Despite being very courageous and a great leader, Alfred was a frail man, who struggled with illness for most
of his life. He did not let this stop him though and with his new army, Alfred counter-attacked the Vikings. He
defeated King Guthrum and took back his land at Chippenham. Alfred then established a peace treaty: the
Vikings would remain on the eastern side of Britain and the Anglo Saxons on the west.

Ruling as King
Once peace had been established with the Vikings, Alfred went about rebuilding his kingdom. With so much
focus on fighting off the Vikings, the educational system of England had almost disappeared. Alfred knew that
education was important, so he founded schools and rebuilt monasteries. In 886, he re-captured London and
was named King of the English on Anglo-Saxon coins. This was the first time a man had ever reigned over most
of the country. Alfred also made other reforms and improvements to his kingdom: he built forts throughout
the country in order to prevent against future attacks; established a strong navy, by building ships designed
for fighting rather than for trade; and brought talented European scholars and craftsmen across the channel
to England. He also established a national code of law.

Death
Alfred died in 899 and was succeeded by his son Edward. It would be his grandson Aethelstan who would
eventually be called the first King of England.

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Alfred the Great
1) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘having or showing
knowledge, learning, or devotion to academic pursuits’?
_________________________
2) Order the events in the order that they occur in the text.
Guthrum led a surprise attack against Alfred.
Alfred led the Wessex army at the Battle of Ashdown.
Alfred journeyed to Rome.
Alfred was crowned king.
3) What evidence in the text is there that Alfred was not in good physical health?
_____________________________________________________________
4) Which word is closest in meaning to ‘overcome and take control by military force’?
a) pilgrimage c) accomplished
b) conquered d) counterattack
5) ‘They rallied around Alfred and soon the king had a strong army again’. In this sentence, what does
‘rallied around’ mean?___________________________________________
6) Using information from the text, tick one box in each row to show whether each statement is true
or false.

True False

Alfred was the youngest of four brothers.

Alfred agreed that the Vikings could inhabit the east.
The education system in England had suffered because of the
battles.
Guthrum’s surprise attack was in the middle of summer.

7) Which section of the biography is likely to tell you about Alfred’s ascent to the throne? Write the
name of the section. ___________________________
8) Find and copy the group of words that show that Alfred enjoyed learning. __________________
9) Why was it not likely that Alfred would become king?_________________________________
10) Put a tick in each box to show whether the following statements are fact or opinion
Fact Opinion

Alfred was the greatest king that England has had.

Alfred went to Rome with his father.
Alfred was too young to become king.
Alfred re-captured London.

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Alfred the Great ANSWERS
1) ) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘having or showing
knowledge, learning, or devotion to academic pursuits’? Scholarly
2) Order the events in the order that they occur in the text.
Guthrum led a surprise attack against Alfred. 4
Alfred led the Wessex army at the Battle of Ashdown. 2
Alfred journeyed to Rome. 1
Alfred was crowned king. 3
3) What evidence in the text is there that Alfred was not in good physical health?
‘Alfred was a frail man, who struggled with illness for most of his life’
4) Which word is closest in meaning to ‘overcome and take control by military force’?
b) conquered
5) ‘They rallied around Alfred and soon the king had a strong army again’. In this sentence, what does
‘rallied around’ mean? Came together to support
6) Using information from the text, tick one box in each row to show whether each statement is true
or false.
True False

Alfred was the youngest of four brothers. 

Alfred agreed that the Vikings could inhabit the east. 
The education system in England had suffered because of the 
battles.

Guthrum’s surprise attack was in the middle of summer. 

7) Which section of the biography is likely to tell you about Alfred’s ascent to the throne? Write the
name of the section. Becoming King
8) Find and copy the group of words that show that Alfred enjoyed learning. ‘a thirst for knowledge
(and enjoyed committing poems to memory)
9) Why was it not likely that Alfred would become king? Because he was the youngest son.
10) Put a tick in each box to show whether the following statements are fact or opinion

Fact Opinion

Alfred was the greatest king that England has had. 

Alfred went to Rome with his father. 
Alfred was too young to become king. 
Alfred re-captured London. @SarahFarrellKS2 
 Hedgehogs
British hedgehogs (Latin name: Erinaceus europaeus) are found almost everywhere, except some
of the Scottish islands. Hedgehogs are well established in urban habitats and can, somewhat
surprisingly, survive very well in cities, making good use of cemeteries, railway land, wasteland and
both public and private gardens. Sadly, there are fewer than one million hedgehogs left in the UK
and the number is declining. Since 2002, we have lost around 30% of our hedgehog population.
They are becoming increasingly reliant on gardens, so whether you live in the town or the country,
you can help to look after garden wildlife like hedgehogs by providing food, water and shelter.

Diet
Hedgehogs are a gardener’s friend, as they like to feast on snails, slugs and insects, such as beetles,
caterpillars and earthworms. Many householders put out a saucer of meat-based pet food for their
prickly friends. Hedgehogs will treat this as a welcome supplement to its normal diet and will not
go hungry if, for some reason, the food is not put out. In the summer months, hedgehogs would
benefit from being left a dish of water; however, it is important that they are never fed milk, as it
can cause diarrhoea.

Creating a hedgehog-friendly garden

• Cover drains and holes and place bricks at the side of ponds to give hedgehogs an easy route
out. Cover swimming pools overnight and when not in use.
• Check for hedgehogs before using strimmers or mowers, particularly under hedges where
animals may rest. Check compost heaps for nesting hogs before forking over.
• Build bonfires as close to time of lighting as possible and make sure to check them thoroughly
before lighting.
• Remove sports or fruit netting when not in use to prevent hedgehogs becoming entangled and
getting injured.
• Slug pellets are poisonous to hedgehogs and should only be used as a last resort. Instead, you
could try using one of many natural alternatives, such as sprinkling crushed eggshells or coffee
grounds around the plants you need to protect.

Hedgehog homes
It’s important to pick a shady, quiet spot to put your assembled house, as hedgehogs may be
frightened by busy or noisy areas. Ideally, your box should be made from untreated wood and
should have a short, raised tunnel to access it. Don’t be tempted to skip the tunnel- it means that
predators won’t be able to swipe their paws inside! Cover with a polythene sheet and pack soil and
dead leaves around the outside, leaving the entrance free of debris.

For more hedgehog hints and tips subscribe to our monthly newsletter or visit the British
Hedgehog Preservation Society website at www.thebritishhedgehogs.org.uk

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Hedgehogs
1) What is the name of the organisation that produced this information?
________________________________________________
2) Find and copy a group of words that shows that it was unexpected that hedgehogs would
thrive in built-up areas. _________________________
3) Complete the sentence by circling the correct response. Since 2002, the number of hedgehogs
in the UK is…..
going up staying roughly the same going down
4) In which section are you likely to find information about hedgehog shelters?
__________________________________________________________
5) Which of these are ways that you can help hedgehogs? Tick the correct answers
Providing meat-based pet food
Putting a hedgehog house by your back door to regularly check on them
Providing a saucer of milk
Using natural alternatives to slug pellets

6) Look at the introduction. Find and copy a word which shows that hedgehogs need gardens in
order to survive. ________________________________
7) Using information from the text, decide whether each statement is true or false.
True False

Hedgehogs eat a range of insects.

Hedgehogs need pet food in order to survive.
Hedgehogs can become stuck in netting.
Wood used for hedgehog homes should be treated with
waterproofing spray or paint.

8) Which word in the text shows that some items used in the garden can make hedgehogs
extremely unwell? __________________________
9) Why is it important that there is a tunnel into hedgehog houses?
So that small children can’t play with them
So that they are safe from other animals
To keep the house warm
To hide the house from view

10) Why are hedgehogs referred to as ‘a gardener’s friend’?

_________________________________________

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Hedgehogs ANSWERS

1) What is the name of the organisation that produced this information? British Hedgehog
Preservation Society
2) Find and copy a group of words that shows that it was unexpected that hedgehogs would
thrive in built-up areas. Somewhat surprisingly (survive very well in cities)
3) Complete the sentence by circling the correct response. Since 2002, the number of hedgehogs
in the UK is…..
going up staying roughly the same going down
4) In which section are you likely to find information about hedgehog shelters?
Hedgehog homes
5) Which of these are ways that you can help hedgehogs? Tick the correct answers
Providing meat-based pet food 
Putting a hedgehog house by your back door to regularly check on them
Providing a saucer of milk
Using natural alternatives to slug pellets 

6) Look at the introduction. Find and copy a word which shows that hedgehogs need gardens in
order to survive. Reliant
7) Using information from the text, decide whether each statement is true or false.

True False

Hedgehogs eat a range of insects. 

Hedgehogs need pet food in order to survive. 
Hedgehogs can become stuck in netting. 
Wood used for hedgehog homes should be treated with 
waterproofing spray or paint.
8) Which word in the text shows that some items used in the garden can make hedgehogs
extremely unwell? poisonous
9) Why is it important that there is a tunnel into hedgehog houses?
So that small children can’t play with them
So that they are safe from other animals 
To keep the house warm
To hide the house from view

10) Why are hedgehogs referred to as ‘a gardener’s friend’? Because they eat the garden pests
that eat plants.

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Airborne Amphibians in Aerial
Assault
Town terrorised by flying frogs
By Mary Lawrence (senior correspondent)
On the evening of Tuesday 3rd July 2019,
the residents of Little Marsh (Essex) were
left in shock when they were bombarded
by a group of flying frogs.

When 24-year-old Michael Granger was

driving home from work on Tuesday
evening, he was stunned to see a Fiendish frogs! The creatures caused
shocking sight in the sky. “I was just chaos around the town .
driving home when I saw a frog in the
sky. Then another one! I honestly Within the hour, reports were flying in
couldn’t believe my eyes. I thought I was thick and fast from all over Little Marsh
dreaming,” he reported. He went on to concerning the airborne amphibians.
explain that he estimated that there were Many residents of the town reported
close to a hundred frogs (complete with being knocked into by frogs or having wet
lily pads) travelling in the direction of lily pads land on their heads. Police
Little Marsh at a speed of approximately squads and RSPCA representatives were
10 mph. immediately dispatched to the affected
areas to offer support to the victims and
A few hours later, several households on try to capture the loose animals. In a
the outskirts of the town began to report statement to the press, Detective
peculiar events relating to frogs. Elsie Campbell commented, “At this moment,
Watson (a 67-year-old widow) was we do not know where these frogs have
hanging out her washing at about 6.30 originated from or why they are here.
pm when she was ambushed by a flock of However, we are working as hard as we
frogs that weaved in and out of the can to remove them and restore
clothes she was trying to peg to the normality to the town of Little Marsh.”
washing line. “It was so bizarre!” Mrs He continued on to say that anyone who
Watson commented. “One moment I was saw the frogs should inform Essex Police
hanging out my washing and the next straight away.
thing I knew there was a frog in the pair
of pink, spotty pants I was holding!” Two Currently, the frogs are beginning to
of the frogs became entangled in the return back to their natural habitats and
clothes while a third fell asleep in her a clean-up operation has begun in order
wash basket. A few houses down, to remove all traces of the lily pads that
plumber Michael Collins (54) called the had been scattered across the streets.
police when he opened his window to let The RSPCA is working closely with the
in some fresh air and instead let in a police to determine how the frogs were
group of amphibians who proceeded to able to fly and whether it was an isolated
fill his kitchen and chase his cat. incident.
@SarahFarrellKS2
 Airborne Amphibians in Aerial
Assault
1) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘guessed’? ________________________
2) Order the events in the order that they occur in the text.
A widow was hanging her washing out
People from the RSPCA arrived on scene
Michael Granger was driving home from work
The clean-up operation began

3) Roughly how fast were the frogs travelling? ________________________________

4) Look at the paragraph beginning ‘Within the hour,…’ Which word shows that the frogs were
flying? __________________________________
5) Using information from the text, decide whether each statement is true or false.
True False

The frogs left a mess behind them.

The town was in Sussex.
The authorities were sent to deal with the issue.
The police knew exactly where the frogs came from

6) Find and copy a group of words that shows that many people reported incidents with frogs in a
short period of time. _____________________________________________
7) One of the residents of Little Marsh thought that he had imagined the flying frogs. Give one
piece of evidence that shows this. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
8) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘attacked’? _____________________________
9) ‘Police squads and RSPCA representatives were immediately dispatched to the affected areas
to offer support to the victims and try to capture the loose animals.’ In this sentence, the word
‘dispatched’ is closest in meaning to…
Hired
Separated
Sent off
Collected

10) Who first saw the frogs flying?___________________________

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Airborne Amphibians in Aerial
Assault ANSWERS
1) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘guessed’? Estimated
2) Order the events in the order that they occur in the text.
A widow was hanging her washing out 2
People from the RSPCA arrived on scene 3
Michael Granger was driving home from work 1
The clean-up operation began 4
3) Roughly how fast were the frogs travelling? 10mph
4) Look at the paragraph beginning ‘Within the hour,…’ Which word shows that the frogs were
flying? Airborne
5) Using information from the text, decide whether each statement is true or false.
True False

The frogs left a mess behind them. 

The town was in Sussex. 
The authorities were sent to deal with the issue. 
The police knew exactly where the frogs came from 

6) Find and copy a group of words that shows that many people reported incidents with frogs in a
short period of time. reports were flying in thick and fast (from all over Little Marsh).
7) One of the residents of Little Marsh thought that he had imagined the flying frogs. Give one
piece of evidence that shows this. I honestly couldn’t believe my eyes/ I thought I was
dreaming
8) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘attacked’? Bombarded
9) ‘Police squads and RSPCA representatives were immediately dispatched to the affected areas
to offer support to the victims and try to capture the loose animals.’ In this sentence, the word
‘dispatched’ is closest in meaning to…

Hired
Separated
Sent off 
Collected

10) Michael Granger

@SarahFarrellKS2
 How to take care of guinea pigs

Do you have guinea pigs that you need to take care of? Are you looking for simple steps to help
you to look after them? Then follow these precise instructions to help you set up their home and
provide care to keep them happy and healthy.
Equipment:
• A large cage with metal bars and a plastic base
• Four sheets of clean, staple-free newspaper
• Dust-free sawdust, about two handfuls
• A solid cardboard tube
• Two handfuls of healthy, nutrient-rich guinea pig muesli
• A large bottle with a drip-free nozzle
• Two pieces of curly kale, which contains vitamin C
• One or two healthy guinea pig treats
• A small plastic ball with a bell inside
• A gentle brush with metal bristles
• A sturdy food bowl, 15 centimetres in diameter.
Method:

1) First, you ought to construct the cage. To do this, you will need to clip the metal bars on top
of this metal base. It should then be secured using the plastic clips. It is essential that the
cage is assembled correctly to keep your pets safe.
2) Following this, spread out the four sheets of staple-free newspaper, making sure that the
base is completely covered. This will make it easier to clean out the guinea pigs.
3) Having finished the last step, a few handfuls of sawdust should be sprinkled around the base
of the hutch. Ensure that the corners have plenty of sawdust, as this is where the guinea pigs
like to go to the toilet.
4) Two handfuls of dust-free hay should be spread out around the cage (although more should
be place in the places that the guinea pigs feel the least threatened).
5) You might want to consider placing a small toy –such as a small ball or a tunnel- inside the
cage to stimulate the guinea pigs and keep them active and avoid becoming bored. If
possible, the toy should be made from natural ingredients as guinea pigs love to chew.
6) Fill the plastic bottle with cold water, leaving a little space at the top. The bottle must then be
clipped onto the cage where the guinea pigs can reach it.
7) A bowl should be filled with vitamin C-rich fruit and vegetable (such as kale): guinea pigs
cannot produce vitamin C like humans can and so need to be provided with a supplement.
The bowl should be placed on the platform as it will encourage the guinea pigs to not be shy.
8) Now that their cage is ready, the guinea pigs should be carefully scooped up and placed in the
cage where they can run around happily.
9) Twice a week, the guinea pigs’ cage should be cleaned out in order to keep the rodents
hygienic, healthy and happy.
10) The guinea pigs’ fur should be brushed regularly (every 2-3 days) to keep it knot-free and
smooth.

Now that you know how to provide professional care for your pets, you can enjoy having guinea
pigs in your home to play with, care for and love.

@SarahFarrellKS2
 How to take care of guinea pigs

1) Why should the corners of the hutch have plenty of sawdust?

____________________________________________________________________________
2) Why do guinea pigs need to be provided with food that is rich in vitamin C?

___________________________________________________________________________
3) Which word in the text means the same as ‘important’?
___________________________________________________________________________
4) Using information from the text, decide whether each statement is true or false.

True False

Guinea pigs should be cleaned out twice a week.

The food bowl should be approximately 5 centimetres in diameter.
Guinea pigs can become bored without toys to keep them entertained.
Guinea pigs will not chew any toys they are given.

5) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘make’? ___________________________

6) Order the events in the order that they occur in the text.

Spread hay around the cage.

Fill the bottle with water.
Place sawdust in the corners of the cage.
Fill a bowl with vegetables.

7) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘regularly’?

___________________________________________________________________________
8) What does the word ‘construct’ mean?
___________________________________________________________________________
9) Which word in the text shows that the instructions are very detailed?
___________________________________________________________________________
10) Why should the bowl of food be placed in the open rather than in a hidden place?
___________________________________________________________________________

@SarahFarrellKS2
 How to take care of guinea pigs ANSWERS

1) Why should the corners of the hutch have plenty of sawdust? This is where guinea pigs go to
the toilet.
2) Why do guinea pigs need to be provided with food that is rich in vitamin C? Because they
cannot produce vitamin C in the same way that humans can.
3) Which word in the text means the same as ‘important’? Essential
4) Using information from the text, decide whether each statement is true or false.
True False

Guinea pigs should be cleaned out twice a week. 

The food bowl should be approximately 5 centimetres in diameter. 
Guinea pigs can become bored without toys to keep them entertained. 
Guinea pigs will not chew any toys they are given. 

5) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘make’? Produce

6) Order the events in the order that they occur in the text.
Spread hay around the cage. 2
Fill the bottle with water. 3
Place sawdust in the corners of the cage. 1
Fill a bowl with vegetables. 4

7) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘regularly’? frequently

8) What does the word ‘construct’ mean? Build
9) Which word in the text shows that the instructions are very detailed? Precise
10) Why should the bowl of food be placed in the open rather than in a hidden place? To
encourage the guinea pigs not to be shy.

@SarahFarrellKS2
 The mummification process

In ancient Egypt, it was believed that it was possible to live again after death, but this could only
happen in a lifelike form that the spirits ba (personality) and ka (life-force) could recognise. It was
a complicated, 70-day process with many difficult steps; therefore, only those who could afford
the expensive procedure (such as Pharaohs) would be mummified.

First of all, the body would be placed on a table and would be washed and purified using palm oil
and water from the River Nile. When it was clean, the organs would be removed. The brain
would be taken out through the nose using a long, iron hook. Following this, a cut would be
made in the lower body using obsidian (volcanic glass) and the remaining organs were removed
by hand. Some of the organs removed were placed in special jars known as Canopic jars. They
were carved into the image of the four sons of Horus, one of the ancient Egyptian gods. Each one
was tasked with protecting a different organ: Hapi, with the head of a baboon, protected the
lungs; Imsety, with the head of a human, guarded the liver; Qebehsenuf, with the head of a
falcon, protected the intestines; and Duametef, with the head of a jackal, protected the stomach.
These four jars would be put in a chest and left in the tomb with the mummy. Once this was
completed, the body could now be stuffed with sawdust in order to maintain its shape. It would
then be placed into a bath of natron- a type of salt- to dry out for forty days.

When it was completely dried out, strips of linen were used to wrap the body securely. During
this process, the embalmers uttered spells and laid protective amulets on the body (for
protection in the next world), wrapping them up in different layers. They would also place a
papyrus scroll with spells from the Book of the Dead between the wrapped hands. Amazingly, it
would take up to 200 metres of linen strips to completely wrap a body! There were several
reasons why mummies were bandaged:
• The linen kept moisture away from the body to keep it dry
• The wrapping helped the embalmers to build up the shape of the mummy and give it a more
life-like form
• The wrappings helped to keep everything together, as the mummy would be quite fragile by
this point.

Once this lengthy process was finished, a funerary mask would be attached to the head. This new
face, which was either a likeness of the deceased or a representation of an Egyptian god, played
an essential role in the journey to the afterlife: it helped the spirit find the correct body among
the many Egyptian tombs.

Finally, the body was placed in a large stone sarcophagus (coffin) adorned with sculpture or
inscription, which was then placed inside the tomb. This would be accompanied by furniture,
clothing, valuable objects, precious possessions, food and drink which it was believed the
deceased would need.

Mummification was a highly skilled and dedicated process because the dead had to be well
prepared for their journey through the underworld.

@SarahFarrellKS2
 The mummification process

1) Why was the mummification process now available for everyone?

_________________________________________________________________________
2) Complete this table:
Name Head Protecting
Hapi
Falcon
Imsety Liver

Stomach

3) What was the purpose of the natron salt in the mummification process?
_________________________________________________________________________
4) Which of these is not a reason why bodies were wrapped in linen strips?
They protected the fragile body
They kept moisture away from the body
They prevented the body from being seen
They kept the body in a life-like form

5) Why was a mask attached to the head?

__________________________________________________________________________
6) Which word in the text is similar in meaning to ‘decorated’?

__________________________________________________________________________
7) Which word in the text means the same as ‘dead’?

__________________________________________________________________________
8) Which two words in the text mean ‘of great value’?

__________________________________________________________________________
9) What is the name for the jars that some of the organs were placed in?

___________________________________________________________________________
10) Which word in the text has a similar meaning to ‘important’?

___________________________________________________________________________

@SarahFarrellKS2
 The mummification process ANSWERS

1) Why was the mummification process now available for everyone? Because it was an
expensive procedure
2) Complete this table:
Name Head Protecting
Hapi Baboon Lungs
Qebehsenuf Falcon Intestines
Imsety Human Liver

Duametef Jackal Stomach

3) What was the purpose of the natron salt in the mummification process? To dry out the body
4) Which of these is not a reason why bodies were wrapped in linen strips?

They protected the fragile body

They kept moisture away from the body
They prevented the body from being seen 
They kept the body in a life-like form

5) Why was a mask attached to the head? It helped the spirit to find the correct body.
6) Which word in the text is similar in meaning to ‘decorated’? Adorned
7) Which word in the text means the same as ‘dead’? Deceased
8) Which two words in the text mean ‘of great value’? Precious, valuable
9) What is the name for the jars that some of the organs were placed in? Canopic jars
10) Which word in the text has a similar meaning to ‘important’? Essential

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Holy Smoke!
Great fire rips through London, destroys cathedral
By Francis Collins (senior correspondent)

On Sunday 2nd September 1666, the citizens of

London were left horrified when the worst fire
of the century ripped through London, causing
wide-spread destruction.

The fire, which has devastated the city of

London and left thousands homeless, first
London in flames
started in the early hours of Sunday morning.
Thomas Farriner, the owner of Baker's Dozen
Bakery, is reported to have left his oven After four days, in which around 30,000
unattended overnight, causing it to catch fire. "I people were evacuated, the inferno
don't know what happened!" claimed Farriner, finally began to cease. This was largely
29. He followed on to explain that he never caused by the wind dropping, which
usually left the oven on at night and couldn't prevented the fire from carrying from
explain what led to this careless mistake. As the house to house. Many people were
fire took hold of the bakery, nearby neighbours relieved when the fire was finally
began to notice the disaster. Miss Kitty Harper, extinguished; in fact, there was much
a maid, commented that she had been asleep rejoicing on the streets of London.
when the fire started. "When I woke up, I was Commenting on the final extinguishing
surrounded by thick, dark, swirling smoke. I was of the fire, Mr Farriner apologised for
terrified!” his part in the accident. “I want to
apologise deeply to everyone who has
By the following day, the fire had worsened lost their homes and possessions,’ he
considerably. Houses were demolished in an stated. “I hope that I will be forgiven.”
attempt to halt the inferno and many people
turned out with buckets of water to douse the In the aftermath of the disastrous blaze,
flames. James and Alice Jackson- who also live many changes have been implemented
on Pudding Lane- complained that they had lost in the city of London: the houses are to
everything in the blaze. "Of course, we tried to be rebuilt using less flammable
help by joining the water crew," explained Mr materials; a fire service is to be
Jackson, 43, "But we aren't happy about losing established to prevent anything like this
our house and belongings.” Disastrously, the from happening again; and streets are
fire also demolished St. Paul's Cathedral, to be enlarged with houses spread
causing many people to panic. The cathedral, further apart (to avoid fires spreading
which has been rebuilt several times in its between houses). A monument is also
history, was caught so badly in the inferno that scheduled to be built to remember
witnesses reported seeing the slate tiles those who lost their lives and their
melting off the roof. Onlookers commented homes and to remind future
that they had been concerned that the Tower generations of the Great Fire of 1666.
of London would also be destroyed. Luckily, it
narrowly avoided that fate due to a change in
the wind.
@SarahFarrellKS2
 Holy Smoke!

1) What is the name of the bakery mentioned in the text? ______________________________

2) Which word in the text means ‘to pour liquid over’? ________________________________
3) Order the events in the order that they occur in the text.
The wind dropped
St Paul’s Cathedral was destroyed
The fire moved towards the Tower of London
Kitty Harper explains that she was woken by smoke

4) What prevented the Tower of London from being damaged?

___________________________________________________________________________
5) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘celebrating’?

___________________________________________________________________________
6) Which word in the text has a similar meaning to ‘destroyed’?

__________________________________________________________________________
7) List three things which will be done to prevent a fire from causing such widespread
destruction again:
1.________________________________________________________________________

2.________________________________________________________________________

3.________________________________________________________________________
8) Put a tick in each box to show whether the following statements are fact or opinion
Fact Opinion

The fire destroyed St Paul’s Cathedral

The fire was a scary experience
Mr Farriner was very irresponsible
Many houses were destroyed
9) Which group of words show that the day after the fire started was worse than the first day?

_________________________________________________________________________

10) Which word in the text is similar in meaning to ‘worried’? ____________________________

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Holy Smoke! ANSWERS

1) What is the name of the bakery mentioned in the text? Baker’s Dozen Bakery
2) Which word in the text means ‘to pour liquid over’? Douse
3) Order the events in the order that they occur in the text.

The wind dropped 4

St Paul’s Cathedral was destroyed 2
The fire moved towards the Tower of London 3
Kitty Harper explains that she was woken by smoke 1

4) What prevented the Tower of London from being damaged? The wind changed direction
5) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘celebrating’? Rejoicing
6) Which word in the text has a similar meaning to ‘destroyed’? Demolished
7) List three things which will be done to prevent a fire from causing such widespread
destruction again:
1. The houses will be rebuilt using less flammable materials.
2. A fire service will be established
3. Houses will be spread further apart
8) Put a tick in each box to show whether the following statements are fact or opinion

Fact Opinion

The fire destroyed St Paul’s Cathedral 

The fire was a scary experience 
Mr Farriner was very irresponsible 
Many houses were destroyed 

9) Which group of words show that the day after the fire started was worse than the first day?
Worsened considerably

10) Which word in the text is similar in meaning to ‘worried’? Concerned

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Brazilian Fruit Warbler
Last year, scientists made a fascinating discovery deep in the heart of the Amazon rainforest.
What is believed to be a new species of bird has been discovered nesting in the boughs of the
kapok tree and named the Brazilian Fruit Warbler due to its distinctive cry and fruit-based diet.
This truly is a significant discovery: no other living animal appears to share its properties.
Appearance
It is thought that this intriguing creature had not previously been seen due to its unusual,
transparent feathers which camouflage it against the rainforest environment. Due to new
technological advances, the Brazilian Fruit Warbler can now be captured for the first time using
an infra-red camera. Although its feathers are transparent, it has a bright, emerald-green beak
flecked with yellow spots which also blends in with the exotic plants of the rainforest.
Hunting
The Brazilian Fruit Warbler has developed an advanced method of hunting. It uses its beak to
catch a range of small insects: moths fluttering past; spiders (usually including their webs); and
caterpillars which live on tree creepers. When it first begins a hunt, it stands motionless while it
observes the creature’s movements and then launches an exact, highly tuned strike on the
unsuspecting prey. The stealth and speed of this strike is believed to be the most accurate
hunting style seen in the wild.
Life cycle
It is not currently known how long the Brazilian Fruit Warbler lives for although current estimates
place it as living as long as 5 years. When it is ready to nest, the Fruit Warbler creates a nest in
the canopy layer of the rainforest, which it then lines with moss, ferns and decaying fungi to help
protect it from predators such as howler monkeys and snakes. The clutch of eggs- which is laid
approximately once every 12 months- will then be incubated over the course of 3 weeks and any
viable eggs (those that contain a live chick) will be carefully tended to by both parents. When the
chicks hatch, they are initially covered in soft, pale yellow feathers which will eventually turn
transparent. When this happens, they can safely leave the nest; however, they are very
vulnerable up to this point as they are not able to camouflage themselves.
Fun facts!
 Did you know that the fastest recorded speed of a Brazilian Fruit Warbler is 90mph? That’s
faster than a cheetah!
 The Fruit Warbler has an average wingspan of 6 foot- that’s nearly as tall as a fully grown
man!
 The cry of the Warbler can be heard from a surprising 3km away!
 Around 430 Brazilian Fruit Warblers have been discovered so far in the Amazon, but experts
estimate that there are over 1000 living there.
While there is still much that is not known about this mysterious bird, it has certainly raised many
interesting questions in the ornithological world. It is hoped that the new understanding that has
been gained about the previously unknown capabilities of birds like these will lead the way to
pioneering developments that will benefit the human race.

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Brazilian Fruit Warbler
1) Which word in the text is similar in meaning to ‘branches’?

________________________________
2) Which group of words shows that much is still unknown about the Brazilian Fruit Warbler?

__________________________________________________________________________
3) Which two aspects of the bird enable it to blend in with the environment?
1.________________________________________________________________

2.________________________________________________________________
4) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘looked after’? ______________________
5) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘to begin with’? ___________________
6) Which word in the third paragraph shows that the bird does not move at the start of a hunt?

___________________
7) Using information from the text, decide whether each statement is true or false.

True False

The bird has features that make it a strong hunter

The feathers are transparent from the moment the bird is born
The bird lives in the emergent layer of the rainforest
The wingspan of the bird is roughly 6 foot

8) In which paragraph are you likely to find information about the changes of the Fruit Warbler
from birth? _____________________
9) Which of these is not a feature of the Brazilian Fruit Warbler?

It has a very fast strike

It has a very distinctive call
It has deep green legs
It can fly at speeds of up to 90mph

10) How often does the Brazilian Fruit Warbler lay eggs? _______________________

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Brazilian Fruit Warbler ANSWERS
1) Which word in the text is similar in meaning to ‘branches’? Boughs
2) Which group of words shows that much is still unknown about the Brazilian Fruit Warbler? It
is not currently known
3) Which two aspects of the bird enable it to blend in with the environment?
1. It has transparent feathers

2. It has a green beak with yellow flecks which is similar to rainforest leaves
4) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘looked after’? Tended
5) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘to begin with’? Initially
6) Which word in the third paragraph shows that the bird does not move at the start of a hunt?
Motionless
7) Using information from the text, decide whether each statement is true or false.

True False

The bird has features that make it a strong hunter 

The feathers are transparent from the moment the bird is born 
The bird lives in the emergent layer of the rainforest 
The wingspan of the bird is roughly 6 foot 

8) In which paragraph are you likely to find information about the changes of the Fruit Warbler
from birth? Life cycle
9) Which of these is not a feature of the Brazilian Fruit Warbler?

It has a very fast strike

It has a very distinctive call
It has deep green legs 
It can fly at speeds of up to 90mph

10) How often does the Brazilian Fruit Warbler lay eggs? Approximately once every 12 months

@SarahFarrellKS2
 The Cardiovascular System

Have you ever wondered how and why your blood travels around your body? The cardiovascular
system (also known as the circulatory system) makes up the network that delivers blood to the body.
With every heartbeat, nutrients and oxygen are carried to our cells so that each part of our body can
function properly. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood (blood with no oxygen in
it) and pumps it to the lungs to pick up oxygen and remove carbon dioxide while the left side receives
oxygenated blood (blood containing oxygen) and pumps it out to the rest of the body.

What does the heart do?

The heart is a key organ in the circulatory system as it receives

messages from the body that inform it when to pump the
necessary amount of blood, depending on how much exercise is
being done. Lying between the lungs and slightly to the left of the
chest cavity, the heart is made up of four main chambers that are
enclosed and protected by thick walls made of muscle. Each
chamber has an important part to play: the right atrium receives
deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the right
ventricle; the right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood to the
lungs through the pulmonary valve; the left atrium receives
oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle; and the left ventricle pumps
oxygenated blood through the aortic valve and out to the rest of the body.

Why do we need blood?

The three main functions of blood are transportation, protection and regulation, and each part of the
blood does a different job. Blood is made up of several components: plasma, red blood cells, white
blood cells and platelets. Over half of our blood is plasma (clear, pale yellow liquid carrying water,
salts and enzymes) and its main role is to take nutrients, hormones and proteins to the parts of the
body that needs it. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body while white blood cells defend the
body against infection and disease. In a millilitre of blood, there are between five and seven
thousand white cells ready to fight harmful invaders (microbes) such as bacteria and viruses.

Blood vessels

Blood vessels are a series of tubes that move blood to and from your heart.
• Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body.
• Veins carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart where it is then pumped to the lungs
• Capillaries carry water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste.

What happens if the circulatory system fails?

If the circulatory system failed, it would be disastrous. Each organ in our body would be deprived of
the essential components - oxygen, sugar and nutrients- it needs to survive. In addition, the heart
could become blocked: it would be unable to pump the blood which removes the water material.

It is clear that the cardiovascular system is vital to our survival; in fact, we couldn’t live without it!

@SarahFarrellKS2
 The Cardiovascular System

1) Complete this table using information from the text.

Part of the heart Type of blood it pumps Where it pumps the blood to
Deoxygenated
Right ventricle Lungs
Oxygenated

Rest of the body

2) Name the three functions of blood.

1.________________________________

2.________________________________

3._________________________________
3) Which word in the text is similar in meaning to ‘looked after’? _______________________
4) What is most of our blood made up of?
Red blood cells
Plasma
White blood cells
platelets

5) Which group of words show that bacteria and viruses are not meant to be in our bodies?

____________________________________
6) Which word in the text means ‘an empty space in a solid object’? ________________________
7) Decide whether each statement is a fact or an opinion.
Fact Opinion

Our hearts would become blocked if it stopped pumping.

The heart is an amazing organ.
The best thing about the heart is that it keeps us alive
The chambers of the heart are protected by walls of muscle.

8) What has an impact on how much blood is required to be pumped? _______________________

9) What jobs to the red and white blood cells do?
Red______________________________
White_____________________________
10) Why is the deoxygenated blood pumped to the lungs? ________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________
@SarahFarrellKS2
 The Cardiovascular System ANSWERS

1) Complete this table using information from the text.

Part of the heart Type of blood it pumps Where it pumps the blood to
Right atrium Deoxygenated Right ventricle
Right ventricle Deoxygenated Lungs
Left atrium Oxygenated Left ventricle

Left ventricle Oxygenated Rest of the body

2) Name the three functions of blood.

1. transportation
2. protection
3. regulation
3) Which word in the text is similar in meaning to ‘looked after’? Protected
4) What is most of our blood made up of?
Red blood cells
Plasma 
White blood cells
platelets

5) Which group of words show that bacteria and viruses are not meant to be in our bodies? Harmful
invaders
6) Which word in the text means ‘an empty space in a solid object’? Cavity
7) Decide whether each statement is a fact or an opinion.
Fact Opinion

Our hearts would become blocked if it stopped pumping. 

The heart is an amazing organ. 
The best thing about the heart is that it keeps us alive 
The chambers of the heart are protected by walls of muscle. 

8) What has an impact on how much blood is required to be pumped? The amount of exercise
being done
9) What jobs to the red and white blood cells do?
Red- Carry oxygen around the body
White- Defend the body against infection and disease
10) Why is the deoxygenated blood pumped to the lungs? To pick up oxygen and remove carbon
dioxide

@SarahFarrellKS2
 How to construct pyramids

Have you been tasked with providing a burial space for your rulers? Are you not sure how to start
this momentous task? Fear not! These simple instructions will give you all the information you
need to build sturdy, well-constructed pyramids that will stand the test of time.

Equipment:
• Foundation deposits
• A large, flat area of desert
• Thousands of granite blocks with straight, angular edges
• Ten thousand slaves
• Wood for ramps
• Limestone
• Gold-covered capstone
• Mallets and chisels

Method:
1. First, plan where your pyramid will be located. It is essential that you choose an area on the
western side of the Nile so that the pharaoh’s soul can join with the sun on its descent before
continuing with the sun on its eternal journey. Study the stars to line up the four corners of
the pyramid with north, south, east and west.
2. Before construction begins, conduct the foundation rituals. These should be done in order to
ensure the protection of the gods during the building works and on the finished building. Dig
a small mudbrick-lined pit at the entrance and place foundation deposits (such as amulets,
scarab, food or miniature tools) inside: this will prevent the tomb from falling into ruin.
3. Next, enlist approximately ten thousand workers. It is essential that they are hard workers as
it will take over twenty years to complete the pyramid.
4. When you are ready to begin, cut thousands of granite blocks from the Aswan valley. There
are many different options of stone to use for construction; however, granite is preferable as
it is strong and can support the weight of the structure. When moving the blocks, it is
sensible to lay two long poles side by side on the ground and slide your materials along them.
5. While some of your workers are mining stone and transporting it down the Nile, set others to
work levelling the site. To do this, shallow trenches should be dug in the ground and flooded
with water. Once this is done, remove any material protruding above the water line.
6. When construction starts, you will need to build ramps to lift the blocks higher off the
ground. Those poles will come in useful again to manoeuvre them up the incline. The blocks
should be layered evenly, making sure that space is left for inner passageways and chambers.
7. Once the structure is complete, the outside should be covered with smooth, polished
limestone. It is essential that the faces of the pyramid are smooth and angled, as they
symbolise the rays of the sun and help the king’s soul ascend to heaven and join the gods-
particularly the sun god Ra.
8. Finally, top the pyramid with a gold capstone in order to display the riches and glory of the
pharaoh who will one day reside inside.

@SarahFarrellKS2
 How to construct pyramids

1) Which word in the text means ‘never-ending’? _________________________

2) What material is used to cover the outside of the pyramids? _______________________

3) What is the purpose of putting foundation deposits by the entrance? ________________

_________________________________________________________________________
4) Why is granite the best choice of building material?

It is heavy
It is easy to move
It is golden coloured
It is strong

5) Why is it important for the pyramid to be on the western side of the Nile?

_________________________________________________________________________

6) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘choices’? _______________________

7) ‘While some of your workers are mining stone and transporting it down the Nile, set others to
work levelling the site. To do this, shallow trenches should be dug in the ground and flooded
with water. Once this is done, remove any material protruding above the water line.’ What
does ‘protruding’ mean?

Floating
Sticking out
Sinking
Looking

8) Why will ramps need to be built? _______________________________________________

9) Find and copy the word in the text that means ‘to move skilfully or carefully’.

_________________________________
10) How long will it take to build a pyramid? ________________________________

@SarahFarrellKS2
 How to construct pyramids ANSWERS

1) Which word in the text means ‘never-ending’? Eternal

2) What material is used to cover the outside of the pyramids? Limestone
3) What is the purpose of putting foundation deposits by the entrance? Prevents the tomb from
falling into ruin
4) Why is granite the best choice of building material?
It is heavy
It is easy to move
It is golden coloured
It is strong 

5) Why is it important for the pyramid to be on the western side of the Nile? So that the soul
can join with the sun on its descent
6) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘choices’? Options
7) ‘While some of your workers are mining stone and transporting it down the Nile, set others to
work levelling the site. To do this, shallow trenches should be dug in the ground and flooded
with water. Once this is done, remove any material protruding above the water line.’ What
does ‘protruding’ mean?
Floating
Sticking out 
Sinking
Looking

8) Why will ramps need to be built? To move the blocks higher

9) Find and copy the word in the text that means ‘to move skilfully or carefully’. Manoeuvre
10) How long will it take to build a pyramid? Over 20 years

@SarahFarrellKS2
 The fossilisation process

Fossils are the preserved remains of a dead organism found in the earth’s strata (rock layers)
which geologists use to create historical timelines, study environmental changes and make
predictions about the future. They are rare, as most animals and plants that die simply rot away
into the soil; however, under certain special conditions, a fossil can form.

There are four main types of fossil: mould fossils (an impression made which creates a negative
image of the organism- much like a jelly mould!); cast fossils ( formed when a mould fossil is filled
in); trace fossils (fossilised nests, burrows or footprints left behind by animals); and true form
fossils (the fossilised remains of the actual animal). This text will explain how mould and cast
fossils are formed.

The complex fossilisation process begins when a living thing- such as a dinosaur, ammonite or
fish- dies and falls to the bottom of an ocean, lake or other deep body of water. This part is
crucial to forming a fossil, as the conditions required occur in water.

Soon, the organic matter of the animal will rot away, leaving behind the hardest parts of the body
(usually the bones, shell and teeth). This process does not take as long as you may think: it occurs
rapidly, ranging from just a few hours to a few years (depending on the size and nature of the
original material).

Over time, the movement of the water drags sediment- such as small rocks, mud or silt- over the
remains. This sediment fills in the empty spaces left behind by the soft tissue. As time passes,
more layers of sediment settle over the remains, which puts pressure on the layers below.
Eventually, these layers turn into sedimentary rock.

During this process, water containing dissolved minerals and other materials seeps into the
remains and slowly dissolves the bones and teeth. In its place, an open space in the exact shape
and size of the skeleton is left. This is called a mould fossil, as, much like a jelly mould, a negative
impression has been created which preserves the shape of the original form. Although this fossil
may exhibit characteristics of the original organism, it is just an imprint.

In order for the much rarer cast fossil to form, sediment (such as tiny pieces of rock) is
transported into the mould and begins the lengthy process of slowly filling the shape that has
been created. Over time, this material builds up to create a replica of the original organism. This
is the equivalent of using a jelly mould to create a jelly: the mould has been used to create a solid
cast.

As time passes, the material inside the mould will solidify through the pressure being exerted
from above and will, eventually, become rock. This creates the cast fossil which creates a replica
of the original form.

We can learn many things from fossils, such as how long life has existed on our planet and how
different plants and animals are related to each other. We can sometimes work out how and
where they lived, and use this information to investigate ancient environments.

@SarahFarrellKS2
 The fossilisation process

1) Which word shows that the fossilisation process is not simple? ________________________

2) Why does the author compare mould fossils to jelly moulds? ________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

3) Which word in the text means ‘an exact copy or model of something’? __________________
4) Which word shows that the water moves slowly into the remains rather than fast?

_______________________________
5) Order these events in the order they happen in the text.

Sediment fills the empty spaces left by the soft tissue

The material solidifies
An animal dies
Bones and teeth are dissolved

6) Match the four types of fossil to their explanation

Mould A filled in fossil

Trace Remains of actual animal

Cast A negative impression

True form Footprints or nests

7) Why is it that not every animal that dies becomes a fossil?

__________________________________________________________________________

8) Which word in the text is similar in meaning to ‘show’? ____________________________

9) Which word in the text means ‘important or critical’? ______________________________

10) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘moved’? ________________________

@SarahFarrellKS2
 The fossilisation process- Answers

1) Which word shows that the fossilisation process is not simple? Complex

2) Why does the author compare mould fossils to jelly moulds? Because jelly moulds are
familiar so it helps the reader to understand what a mould fossil is
3) Which word in the text means ‘an exact copy or model of something’? Replica
4) Which word shows that the water moves slowly into the remains rather than fast? Seeps
5) Order these events in the order they happen in the text.

Sediment fills the empty spaces left by the soft tissue 2

The material solidifies 4
An animal dies 1
Bones and teeth are dissolved 3

6) Match the four types of fossil to their explanation

Mould A filled in fossil

Trace Remains of actual animal

Cast A negative impression

True form Footprints or nests

7) Why is it that not every animal that dies becomes a fossil? Because the conditions have to be
right/ because fossils tend to form under water and most animals die on land

8) Which word in the text is similar in meaning to ‘show’? Exhibit

9) Which word in the text means ‘important or critical’? Crucial
10) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘moved’? Transported

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of
evolution. Darwin first shocked the very religious Victorian society when he suggested that humans and other animals
shared common ancestors; however, his non-religious biological theories appealed to professional scientists, and by the
time of his death, his view became more widely accepted.

Early life
Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England on the 12th February 1809, where he became the fifth of six children.
Growing up, he was an avid reader of nature books, and he devoted his spare time to exploring the natural environment
around his home, collecting various plants and insects.

Education
Following in the footsteps of both his father and his grandfather, Darwin secured a place at the University of Edinburgh
Medical School with his brother Erasmus in October 1825. Unfortunately, he did not find the lectures interesting and was
distressed by the surgeries, so he neglected his studies. In his second year of university, Charles developed an interest in
zoology and heard speakers talk about the latest theories of transmutation (as evolution was then known). After still not
committing to his studied, his father withdrew him from Edinburgh and instead send him to Christ’s College, Cambridge to
study theology. In his first few months, his second cousin William Darwin Fox impressed him with his butterfly collection
and introduced Charles to entomology, which influenced him to start beetle collecting. Before his graduation in 1831,
Darwin spent much of his time at Cambridge exploring his interests in botany (the study of plants) and zoology (the study
of animals) and he became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Henslow.

Voyage
Following the completion of his degree, Darwin was offered a position as a naturalist on HMS Beagle, after being
recommended by John Henslow. Over the following five years, Darwin visited four continents and spent time on land
collecting specimens and investigating the local geography. During the voyage, he found fossils of ten-foot-tall sloths and
giant armadillos, which provided the idea that life on earth was very old and made him think about slow processes which
occur over vast periods of time.

Home again
After returning home again in 1836, Darwin began to write up his travels, and a powerful idea began to form in his mind.
On the voyage, he had seen how animals more suited to their environment survived longer and produced more young, and
he theorised that evolution occurred by a process called ‘Natural Selection’. Darwin struggled with this belief as it
contradicted the Christian world view and his grandfather’s similar views had been shunned previously; therefore, he
decided that he should gather more evidence before going public.

Sharing evolutionary theory

By the summer of 1858, Darwin had written an incredible 250,000 words on evolution, but had published none of it.
However, this changed when a letter compelled him to go public with his theory. Alfred Wallace, an admirer of Darwin’s,
had set off travelling and had independently arrived at a theory of natural selection. Darwin realised that if he didn’t share
his theory of evolution, Wallace would take the credit for his ideas. After consulting with his colleagues, Darwin decided
that that he would present his ideas to the Linnean Society and that extracts from Wallace’s paper would be presented
there too. A year later, Darwin published ‘On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection’, which would go on to
become one of the most important books ever written. He was very anxious about releasing his theory: he didn’t want to
lose his reputation, as his grandfather had. The book’s key implication- that human beings were descended from apes-
drew criticism from the Church; however, more people than before were now willing to listen to evidence for evolution.
Origin of Species was an international bestseller and, with each new edition released, Darwin strengthened his arguments,
and he introduced ‘survival of the fittest’ in 1860 and ‘evolution’ in 1872.

Personal life
In 1839, Darwin married his first cousin, Emma Wedgewood and they went on to have 12 children, although three died in
childhood. Three of their sons went on to become notable scientists in the fields of astronomy, botany and engineering.
From 1837 onwards, Darwin was plagued by ill health and he moved to the country in 1842 to be away from smoke and
dirt. Here, he lived a quiet life where he concentrated on his family and writing books and scientific papers.

Death and legacy

On the 19th of April 1882, Charles Darwin died of heart failure at his home. He was buried in Westminster Abbey- a
privilege of only the most important people- and his funeral was well-attended by people from all around the world. By the
time of his death, Darwin and his colleagues had convinced more scientists that the theory of evolution was correct. To this
day, Charles Darwin is often cited as the greatest biologist in history and his legacy lives on: for several years, he was
featured on the £10
@SarahFarrellKS2
 Charles Darwin

1) Order these events in the order they happen in the text.

Darwin was introduced to entomology

Darwin went to the University of Edinburgh Medical School
Darwin published ‘On the Origin of the Species’
Darwin was offered a place on HMS Beagle

2) Where did Darwin present his ideas to?

3) Using information from the text, decide whether each statement is true or false.
True False

As a child, Darwin enjoyed reading nature books.

Four of Darwin’s children became notable scientists.
Darwin’s views were in line with the Christian world view.
Alfred Wallace was an admirer of Darwin.

4) Which two things did Darwin find fossils of during his voyage?
1) ______________________________________
2) _______________________________________

5) Which word in the ‘Education’ paragraph is closest in meaning to ‘upset’?

6) What was evolution originally known as?

7) What encouraged Darwin to publish his work?

His grandfather’s views had been shunned previously.

His wife persuaded him to share his views.
Alfred Wallace had arrived at a similar theory.
He had finally got enough evidence.
8) What does the phrase ‘plagued by ill health’ suggest about Darwin’s later years?

9) What was the key implication from the book that drew criticism from the Church?

10) Which phrase in the introduction suggests that humans and other animals were linked in some way?

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Charles Darwin - Answers

1) Order these events in the order they happen in the text.

Darwin was introduced to entomology 2

Darwin went to the University of Edinburgh Medical School 1
Darwin published ‘On the Origin of the Species’ 4
Darwin was offered a place on HMS Beagle 3
2) Where did Darwin present his ideas to? The Linnean Society
3) Using information from the text, decide whether each statement is true or false.
True False

As a child, Darwin enjoyed reading nature books. 

Four of Darwin’s children became notable scientists. 
Darwin’s views were in line with the Christian world view. 
Alfred Wallace was an admirer of Darwin. 

4) Which two things did Darwin find fossils of during his voyage?
1) ten-foot-tall sloths
2) giant armadillos

5) Which word in the ‘Education’ paragraph is closest in meaning to ‘upset’? Distressed

6) What was evolution originally known as? Transmutation

7) What encouraged Darwin to publish his work?

His grandfather’s views had been shunned previously.

His wife persuaded him to share his views.
Alfred Wallace had arrived at a similar theory. 
He had finally got enough evidence.
8) What does the phrase ‘plagued by ill health’ suggest about Darwin’s later years? That he was constantly unwell.

9) What was the key implication from the book that drew criticism from the Church? That humans were
descended from apes

10) Which phrase in the introduction suggests that humans and other animals were linked in some way? Common
ancestors

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Was it right that children were evacuated away from home during the Second World War?

During the Second World War, it was decided by the government that children living in cities
(particularly in London) were evacuated to the country for their own safety as the cities were
seen as a target for German bombers. In the first three days of official evacuation, Operation Pied
Piper –named after the traditional tale- relocated 1.5 million people to the country. While the
scheme was entirely designed for the safety of the country’s children, there were many people
who had grave concerns about whether it was right to remove children from their parents.
On one hand, there was a strong view that evacuation was beneficial for children. Not only were
they safe from attacks, but they were also able to live without constant fear. This also meant that
their parents would not have to worry about their families as they knew that they were safe and
being cared for in the country. Additionally, many children had positive experiences when they
were evacuated as they were able to experience various things that they would not have been
able to while living in the city: they helped to rear new-born animals; they assisted in growing,
picking and preparing fresh fruits and vegetables; and they had the chance to explore the
country, climb trees and play with other children in wide, open spaces rich with nature that they
may not have spent time in before. Finally, many children were taken in by kind, loving families
who cared for them well while they lived there and treated them like their own children.
On the other hand, many people believe that evacuation had a detrimental effect on children and
their wellbeing. Firstly, young children were separated from their family and friends, which would
have been very upsetting at an already distressing time. Knowing that their loved ones were still
living in a dangerous environment would be very worrying for those children. Additionally,
although every effort was made to keep siblings together when they were evacuated, often
brothers and sisters were sent to different families. Without the familiarity of family around,
children were often miserable and missed home. This was especially hard for them as stamps
were rationed, which meant that that evacuees may not have been able to write to or hear from
their family members very often. Finally, some children were taken in by families who only
wanted the money from the government that was offered to the hosts. These families did not
take good care of the children and some expected them to work for them, which they found hard
as they were not used to hard labour.
In conclusion, there are strong arguments on both sides of the issue; however, it seems apparent
that evacuation was beneficial to children. Although many children had an unhappy time and
missed their families, they were removed from a dangerous environment and kept safe from
harm. While it is, of course, important that children feel happy and secure where they live, it is
essential that they are kept protected.

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Was it right that children were evacuated away from home during the Second World War?

1) What was the evacuation process known as?

2) Which word in the introduction is closest in meaning to ‘serious’?
3) Decide whether each statement is a fact or an opinion.

Fact Opinion

There are different views on evacuation.

Evacuation was beneficial for children.
Children were happier in the country.
1.5 million people were moved to the country in the first three days.

4) Which word in paragraph three is closest in meaning to ‘negative’?

5) Why was it hard for children to contact their families
6) Why were children moved away from cities?

7) What benefit was there to host families for taking in evacuees

8) Decide whether each statement is true or false.

True False
Some children had positive experiences
Children were moved from the country to cities
Brothers and sisters were always kept together
There are different opinions about whether evacuation was beneficial or not
9) Which word in the conclusion is closest in meaning to ‘important’?
10) Which word in paragraph two is closest in meaning to ‘helped’?

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Was it right that children were evacuated away from home during the Second World War-
Answers
1) What was the evacuation process known as? Operation Pied Piper
2) Which word in the introduction is closest in meaning to ‘serious’? Grave
3) Decide whether each statement is a fact or an opinion.

Fact Opinion

There are different views on evacuation. 

Evacuation was beneficial for children. 
Children were happier in the country. 
1.5 million people were moved to the country in the first three days. 

4) Which word in paragraph three is closest in meaning to ‘negative’? Detrimental

5) Why was it hard for children to contact their families? Because stamps were rationed.
6) Why were children moved away from cities? Because cities were seen as a target for German
bombers
7) What benefit was there to host families for taking in evacuees? They were offered money by
the government.
8) Decide whether each statement is true or false.

True False
Some children had positive experiences 
Children were moved from the country to cities 
Brothers and sisters were always kept together 
There are different opinions about whether evacuation was beneficial or not 

9) Which word in the conclusion is closest in meaning to ‘important’? Essential

10) Which word in paragraph two is closest in meaning to ‘helped’? Assisted

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Playtime letter

West Park Primary School

Long Oak Road
Bristol
BS3 9QG

Tuesday 8th May 2018

Dear Mrs Collins,

I am writing to you today to request that morning playtimes be banned for children in Key Stage 2. All
teachers agree that this would bring many benefits to the school: more focused children; higher SATs
results; and improved behaviour. If I were you, I would want attainment to be raised across the school
and this is the way to do it.

Firstly, I strongly believe that children’s education will be improved if they spend more time in lessons. If
they had just 15 minutes extra education a day, they would surely make more progress and, as a result,
your SATs results would improve rapidly. Other teachers around the country have already removed
playtimes from the timetable; in fact, at Eastwood Primary, results have improved by 50% since break
times were scrapped! In a recent parent survey, the overwhelming majority of parents (80%) agreed with
the removal of playtimes. Surely you want the best results for the children in your school? Parents
certainly agree!

Furthermore, playtimes are no longer necessary because children have so much leisure time outside
school. According to the latest statistics, at least 90% of children play with their friends (either outside or
via a games console) in the evening; therefore, it is strongly recommended that playtimes in school be
removed as they are already receiving an adequate amount of leisure time after school. Additionally,
when children spend too long (more than 10 minutes) outside during the school day, they often become
tired and lose concentration during their next lesson. If they spent more time in class, they would
certainly be calmer and ready to learn. Many people- including leading education expert James Greer-
agree that a calm environment with fewer breaks is best for learning. “I would strongly recommend a
reduction in free time,” reports Mr Greer, “as results have shown that it is highly conducive to a more
highly attaining school.”

Finally, the weather in England is regularly atrocious. During wet playtimes, children often become
frustrated because there is not enough space in the country to play as they would outside. Tempers
become frayed, friendships develop issues and children become restless. In addition, teachers- who work
incredibly hard to create excellent learning environments- are increasingly concerned about the
aftermath of inside play: many children get over-excited and make a mess in their tidy classrooms. Why
not solve these problems by getting rid of playtimes entirely?

In summation, I hope that you will carefully consider my proposal of banning playtimes. Despite the
benefits of morning break, I truly believe that children’s learning will be improved by having increased
time in class. No sensible head teacher could possibly deny children the chance of 75 minutes of
additional learning a week- that’s over an hour!

I look forward to hearing your response at your earliest convenience.

Yours sincerely,

Miss Kensington
@SarahFarrellKS2
 Playtime letter

1) Which of these are benefits mentioned in the introduction?

The results of tests will be higher

Children will be more focused
Children will be happier
Teachers will be more relaxed
The behaviour of children will be better

2) What evidence does the author give that results are likely to rise?

3) What percentage of parents are claimed to support removing playtimes?

4) What reason is given for playtimes not being necessary for children?

5) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘really bad’?

6) Decide whether each statement is true or false.
True False
The letter is addressed to Mrs Collins
The text includes a quote from James Green
Teachers are concerned about children making a mess of classrooms
The author suggests removing playtimes for all children in primary school

7) Which word in the conclusion is closest in meaning to ‘extra’?

8) ‘According to the latest statistics, at least 90% of children play with their friends (either outside or via a
games console) in the evening; therefore, it is strongly recommended that playtimes in school be
removed as they are already receiving an adequate amount of leisure time after school.’ Which of
these words is closest in meaning to ‘adequate’?
fantastic
poor
sufficient
good quality

9) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘ask’?

10) What kind of environment as being the best for learning?

@SarahFarrellKS2
 Playtime letter- ANSWERS

1) Which of these are benefits mentioned in the introduction?

The results of tests will be higher 

Children will be more focused 
Children will be happier
Teachers will be more relaxed
The behaviour of children will be better 

2) What evidence does the author give that results are likely to rise? Results have improved at
Eastwood Primary by 50%
3) What percentage of parents are claimed to support removing playtimes? 80%
4) What reason is given for playtimes not being necessary for children? They have lots of leisure
time outside school
5) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘really bad’? Atrocious
6) Decide whether each statement is true or false.
True False
The letter is addressed to Mrs Collins 
The text includes a quote from James Green 
Teachers are concerned about children making a mess of classrooms 
The author suggests removing playtimes for all children in primary school 

7) Which word in the conclusion is closest in meaning to ‘extra’? Additional

8) ‘According to the latest statistics, at least 90% of children play with their friends (either outside or via a
games console) in the evening; therefore, it is strongly recommended that playtimes in school be
removed as they are already receiving an adequate amount of leisure time after school.’ Which of
these words is closest in meaning to ‘adequate’?
fantastic
poor
sufficient 
good quality

9) Which word in the text is closest in meaning to ‘ask’? Request

10) What kind of environment as being the best for learning? A calm environment with fewer
breaks

@SarahFarrellKS2