DEPARTMENT OF EEE

Ex.No: 1 STUDY OF ELECTRICAL TOOLS AND SAFETY MEASURES

Aim :

To study about the electrical engineering tools and safety measures.

Wiring
A wiring diagram shows the connections of an installation or path of. an installation. It
shows how the connections are actually made and also gives the layout of the wiring. The
wiring diagrams are intended to guide the execution and checking of the internal and external,
or both, connections of an installation. The drawings may sometime show the layout of the
different parts and accessories, such as terminal blocks, and the wiring between them.

Wiring Rules

 The current ratings of the conductors used should be as per the requirement of the
load.
 All the live wires should be protected by suitable fuse.
 All the metal covering must be connected with Earth.
 Each circuit should be provided with a separate switch.
 Provide separate circuits for lighting and for power wiring.
 No additional load should be connected to the existing load.
 Switchboards are fixed at a height of 1.5 meters from the ground.
 Fans should be fixed at a height of2.5 meters from the ground.
 Switches are placed on the live lines only and not on the neutral.
 In the domestic wiring only 3 pin plugs has to be used.

Wiring Tools
 Line tester  Cold chisels
 Screw driver  Hacksaw frame with lade
 Connector  Test lamp
 Cutting pliers  Mallet
 Pucker  Hand drill
 Hammer  Cutter

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Wiring Materials

Conducting Materials Insulating Materials

 Copper  Paper
 Aluminium  Cotton
 Silver  Rubber
 Brass  Glass
 Tungsten  PVC
 Iron  Bakelite

Types of Wires
 Silver coated Wire
 Plastic Wire
 PVC Wire
 VIR Wire
 Weather proof Wire
Size of Wires:
Number 1 Diameter of Current rating (A) Area of conductor.

the wire (mm) (Sq. mm)

14/0.3 11 1

14/0.3 17 2

36/0.3 19 2.5 I

6510.3 26 4.5

10110.45 85 15

Types of Wiring:
 Cleat wiring.
 C.T.S/T.R.S wiring.
 Wooden casing and capping wiring.
 Lead sheathed wiring.
 Conduit wiring.

System of Wiring:
Tree system Distribution system

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Fuse:
 KIT KAT fuse
 HRC fuse

Lamp Holder:
 Pendant holder
 Batten holder
 Screw type holder
 Angle type holder
 Pin type holder
 Miniature type holder

Ceiling Rose:
 Two plate ceiling rose
 Three plate ceiling rose

Wall Socket:
 2 pin wall socket
 3 pin wall socket

Switches:

 Tumbler switch       Bed switch

 One way switch       ICDP (Iron Clad Double Pole)
 Two-way switch       ICTP (Iron Clad Triple Pole)

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Safety Precautions
Precautions to be followed before starting work on electrical equipment’s and apparatus:
1. Do not forget to put OFF the main switch in case a person is in contact with a live
Conductor or apparatus.
2. Do not attempt to disengage a person in contact with a live apparatus, which you cannot
switch OFF immediately. Insulate yourself from the earth before attempting to get him
clear.
3. Do not use wires and tools having poor insulation.
4. The wires laid down should be free from bends and should be in straight line so that
they can be easily traced.
5. Fuse should be provided only on the phase wire while the neutral returns directly.
6. Do not open or close a switch slowly or hesitatingly. Do it quickly.
7. Do not disconnect a plug point by pulling a flexible cable.
8. Do not work on energized circuits without taking all precautions, such as the use of a
rubber mat, shoes and gloves, etc.
9. Do not close any switch unless you are familiar with the circuit, which the switch
controls and know the reason for it being open.
10. Do the necessary earthing.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the use of fuse?
2. What is the voltage level for single phase and three phase supply in India?
3. List out few wiring tools.
4. What is meant by SPST & DPST?
5. What is the difference between fuse and neutral link?

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Result:
The electrical engineering tools and safety measure were studied.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING

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Ex.No: 2A RESIDENTIAL HOUSE WIRING

Aim:
To do the wiring circuit for a residential house using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and
energy meter.
TOOLS REQUIRED
S.NO PARTICULARS QUANTITY
1 Insulated cutting pliers 1
2 Screw driver 1
3 Pocker 1
4 Ball pen hammer 1
5 Line tester 1
6 Knife 1
7 Wooden board 1
8 Hand drilling machine with drill bit 1
MATERIALS REQUIRED
S.NO PARTICULARS QUANTITY
1 DPST Switch 1
2 Energy meter 1
3 Lamp 1
4 Lamp Holder 1
5 PVC pipe As required
6 3/4 " clamp As required
7 1/18 PVC wire As required
8 One way switch 2
9 Indicator 1
10 5 pin socket 1

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PROCEDURE
1. Place the lamp and one-way switches in position and mark its position using Chalk
2. Fix the PVC conduits in appropriate position using clamps.
3. Place all the components and give connections as per the circuit diagram.
4. Switch ON the AC power-supply
5. Check the ON/OFF conditions.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the use of tester?
2. What is the use of indicator?
3. What type of lamp used in this experiment?
4. What are the pins available in 5pin socket?
5. What is the use of energy meter?
6. What is the unit of energy?

RESULT
Thus the wiring circuit for a residential house using switches, fuse, indicator, lamp and
energy meter was constructed and tested for its performance.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING

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Ex.No: 2B FLUORESCENT LAMP WIRING

AIM
To assemble, test and determine the power factor of fluorescent lamp.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.No Components Range Quantity

1. Choke 40W 1

2. Starter 40W 1

3. Fluorescent Lamp 40W 1

4. Fluorescent Lamp Fitting - 1

5. Lamp Side Holder - -

6. Starter Holder - 1

7. Connecting Wires - -

OPERATION
At the time of switching on the supply the terminals of the starter will be in open
condition. So, the line supply reaches to one terminal of the starter through the choke and
filament. The other terminal of the starter is connected to the neutral through the other
filament of the tube. An electrical stress develops because of the supply voltage and hence
ionization of gas (helium) takes place inside the glass envelope of the starter that heats up the
bimetallic strip, which gets heated up, bends and established electrical contact. The circuit is
completed through the choke, filament, starter and other filament. Hence, current flows
through the filament and heats them up which leads to electron emission.
PROCEDURE
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. Close the DPST switch.
3. Adjust the fluorescent tube.
4. Now the tube starts to glow.

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is the use of Choke?
2. What is the purpose of starter in Fluorescent lamp wiring?
3. What type of gas used in fluorescent lamp?
4. How much voltage is required to start fluorescent lamp?
5. How many filaments used in fluorescent lamp?

RESULT
Thus the Fluorescent Lamp was constructed and tested for its performance

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR STAIR-CASE WIRING

TABULATION

SWITCH POSITION
CONDITION OF THE LAMP
S1 S2

a d OFF

a c GLOWS

b d GLOWS

b c OFF

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Ex.No: 2C STAIR-CASE WIRING

AIM
To do the wiring circuit for a lamp controlled by two switches from two different places
and to understand the working of Two-way switch.
TOOLS REQUIRED
1. Insulated cutting pliers
2. Screw driver
3. Pocker
4. Ball pen hammer
5. Line tester
6. Knife
7. Wooden board
8. Hand drilling machine with drill bit
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Two way switch - 2 Nos
2. Lamp -1 No.
3. Lamp Holder-l No.
4. PVC pipe
5. clamp
6. PVC wire
7. Screws
PROCEDURE
1. Place the lamp and two-way / one-way switches in position and mark its position
using Chalk.
2. Fix the PVC conduits in appropriate position using clamps.
3. Place all the components and give connections as per the circuit diagram.
4. Switch ON the A.C. power-supply. Now the lamp will not glow.
5. To check the ON/OFF conditions given table (l) is followed.

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VIVA OUESTIONS:
1. Where stair case wiring is used?
2. What type of switch is used in stair case wiring?
3. Why we go for using staircase wiring?

RESULT
Thus the staircase wiring circuit is constructed and tested for its performance.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT, VOLTAGE, POWER AND POWER

FACTOR FOR RLC CIRCUIT

TABULATION :

Reactive
Current in Power in Power factor Power in
S.No Voltage in V
Amps watts (Cos Φ) watts

MODEL CALCULATION:

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Ex.No: 3 MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT, VOLTAGE, POWER AND POWER FACTOR

FOR RLC CIRCUIT

AIM
To measure the current, voltage, real power, reactive power and power factor for RL
circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter (0-5A) MI 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300V) MI 1
3 Wattmeter 300V/10A, UPF 1
4 Auto Transformer (0-300)V,10A 1
5 Resistor Load Variable 1
6 Inductor Load Variable 1
7 Capacitor Load Variable 1

FORMULAE

1. Real power P=VI cos Φ in watts

cos Φ = P/VI
2. Reactive power Q =VI sin Φ in watts
PROCEDURE
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. The input voltage is varying by using function generator.
3. For various range of voltage, the voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken.
4. From the above readings, impedance calculated using ohm’s law.
5. Real, reactive power and power factor are calculated as per the formula.

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VIVA OUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by current, Voltage & power?
2. What is meant by transformer?
3. What is the use of watt meter?
4. What type of load is used in this experiment?
5. How power factor is calculated?

RESULT
Thus the current, voltage, real power, reactive power and power factor are measured RLC
circuit

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING ENERGY METER

TABULATION
No.of Load Current Load Voltage Time taken Energy in
S.No
Revolution IL in Amps VL in Volts in Seconds kW Hr

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Ex.No: 4
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY USING ENERGY METER

AIM
To measure energy using an energy meter.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.No Components Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1

2. Voltmeter (0-300)V MI 1

3. 1Φ Energy meter - - 1

4. Stop clock - - 1

5. Resistive 5kVA, - 1

load 230V

THEORY
Energy meter comes under the category of integrating type of instruments. It either
measures the total quantity of electricity in A/hr or the total Current of energy in kWhr,
Supplied to the load in a particular time. The principle of operation is based on the induction
principle.
The 4 main parts of operating mechanism are
1. Driving
2. Moving
3. Breaking
4. Regulating system.
The supple voltage is applied across the pressure coil which is inductive, as it has large
number of turns. The Current input through it is proportional to supply voltage and lags it by a
few degrees less than 90 degree. Since winding has small resistance, Current Ip produces flux 
pi which divides into two parts 0 y & 0 p. The' major 0 g flows across side gap as reluctance of
this path is small. The resistance of flux 0 p goes across aluminium disc and hence responsible
for the production of driving torque.

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PROCEDURE
1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
2. A 1 AC supply is applied across variable resistive load by closing SPST switch.
3. Now the load resistor is varied step by step and at each step the load current load
voltage, the time taken by the energy meter for en' revolutions are noted tabulated.

FORMULA
Power = V L IL cos 
cos  = 1 (for resistive load)
Energy = ((Power in Watts x time in Sec) /1000 x 60 x 60) kW hr.
MODEL CALCULATION

VIVA OUESTION:
1. What is the unit of energy?
2. What are the parts available in energy meter?
3. What is the use of energy meter?
4. How voltmeter and ammeter are connected in any electrical circuit?
5. Mention the tariff of TNEB.

RESULT
The energy is measured using the given 1W energy meter.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR WINDING TO WINDING RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR WINDING TO MOTOR BODY RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT

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MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE TO EARTH OF AN ELECTRICAL

Ex.No: 5
EQUIPMENT

AIM
To measure the resistance to earth of the given electrical equipment by using a Megger.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.NO COMPONENTS RANGE QUANTITY
1 3Φ Induction Motor - 1

2 500V Megger - 1

3 Test leads - 1

PROCEDURE

1. Disconnect the supply from the object to be tested.

2. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
3. Rotate the handle of the megger at 1600 RPM and check that the pointer deflects to infinity
without any connections to the terminal.
4. Connect the earth and line terminals of the object to be tested.
5. Rotate the handle of the megger and read the scale.
6. Note down the readings.

TABULATION
S.No Connection Insulating resistance Value (M.Ohm)

1 Winding to Winding

2 Winding to Motor Body

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VIVA OUESTIONS:
1. What is the use of megger?
2. What type of megger is used in this experiment?
3. What is meant by resistivity?

RESULT
Thus the resistance to earth of the given electrical equipment was measured by using a
Megger.

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STUDY OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT’S SUCH AS IRON BOX, INDUCTION

Ex.No: 6
HEATER.

Aim:
To study about the electrical equipment’s such as iron box, induction heater.

ELECTRIC IRON BOX

DEFINITION

An Electric Iron box is a heating device in which the electrical energy is converted into heat
energy. This heat energy is concentrated on a smooth, flat bottom surface which is pressed
over the cloth to be ironed.

TYPES OF IRON BOX:

1) Non-automatic Iron box
2) Automatic Iron box
3) Steam Iron box

NON-AUTOMATIC IRON BOX :

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In non-automatic type, the temperature is not regulated. The user has to switch ON or OFF the
iron as per the heat requirement.

Sole Plate: It is made up cast iron and it is generally chromium-plated. The transfer of heat
from the heating element to the material ironed is done through sole-plate.

Heating element: There are two types of heating elements. One is made of ribbon shaped
Nichrome (resistance) wire wound around a sheet of mica. This type of element is placed on
the top of the sole-plate as shown in Fig. Other type is made up of round resistance wire coiled
on a ceramic form and cast directly into the sole plate as shown in Fig. The flat type element is
replaceable whereas the cast type heating element has to be replaced along with the sole-plate
only. In this type of irons, a pressure plate is not necessary.
Terminals and power cord: The ends of the heating elements are connected at the points
called as terminals as shown in Fig. The electric supply is given the coil terminals through 3
core power cord. Pressure plate: It is made of cast iron and the purpose is to keep the
heating element firmly against the sole-plate. The pressure plate is insulated from heating
element by asbestos sheet of same shape. The asbestos sheet is placed just above the heating
element to prevent the heat developed in the element travelling upward due to conduction and
radiation.
Cover: It comes above the pressure plat. This part covers the heating element’s internal
connections of the iron. It also serves as a shield to protect the user’s hands from the generated
heat and the electric terminals.
Handle: It is made of Bakelite or ebonite because it offers high resistance to flow current and it
can withstand more heat. The indicator lamp and power socket are fixed in the handle.
Heel plate: The purpose of the heel plate is to enable fig

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Working of iron box: When electric supply is given to the heating element using 3-core power
cord, the heat produced in the element will be transferred to the sole-plate which is then
pressed over the cloth to be ironed. Thus the iron converts the electricity into heat at the sole-
plate. The heat at the sole-plate is used to iron the clothes. In Non-automatic type irons, the
temperature is not regulated. As such the user has to switch ON or OFF the electric supply as
per the heat requirement.

AUTOMATIC IRON BOX:

Automatic Iron box is same as that of Non-automatic type except that it has additional
device called as thermostatic device to regulate the temperature. The simplest form of
automatic type is shown in Fig.

Construction: The main parts are 1) Bakelite handle 2) pilot lamp 3) steel cover 4)
chrome plated, cast iron sole plate 5) built in automatic heat adjustment 6) cord
Thermostats: A thermostat is a switch which can be designed to close or open a circuit
at predetermined temperature. One of the simplest and most dependable components in the
modern heating appliances is the BIMETAL THERMOSTAT.
Bimetal thermostat: The principle behind a bimetallic strip thermometer relies on the
fact that different metals expand at different rates as they warm up. By bonding two different
metals together, we can make a simple electric controller that can withstand fairly high
temperatures. The general layout is shown in Fig.
In the thermostat there is a bimetal strip made of two strips of metal with different
expansion rates welded together. The metal strip expands when heated and contacts when
cooled. One metal in the bimetal strip has a high rate of expansion when heated and the other
has a low rate. When a bimetal strip is heated both the metals in the strip expand but the one at
the bottom as shown in Fig.9.7, with a high rate of expansion, expands faster and forces the

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upper half to curl up or bend away from the contact point. The strip curls or bends enough to
break the contact, i.e. opening the circuit. As the strip cools, it straightens and restores contact

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with the stationary point. The bending of the bimetal strip on heating is towards the side that
has smaller expansion rate. By adjusting the size of the gap between the strip and the contact,
you control the temperature. A simplified sketch of Adjustable Thermostat is shown in Fig.9.8

Working: Automatic Irons are fitted with a thermostatic switch to regulate the heat to a
specific predetermined value. The thermostatic switch disconnects the supply when the
predetermined value is reached and reconnects the supply when iron cools down. A turning
knob with a dial just below the handle marked as a rayon, cotton, silk, wool, etc., can be
operated to select the preset temperature depending upon the particular fabric to be ironed.
The kind of cloth and the required heat are given in table I. A lamp fitted in the handle goes off
when the desired temperature is attained.
STEAM IRON
Electrically there is no difference between steam irons and dry irons. A steam iron has a
small reservoir mounted above the heating element. A control valve on this allows the water to
drip slowly into recess in the sole plate. Check valve prevents the water and steam going back
to reservoir. When the water drips on the hot sole-plate, it is converted into steam and goes out
through the holes in the bottom of the sole-plate. The heating element is concealed with the
sole-plate. The amount of steam can be controlled by the contact knob on the iron located on
the handle. Like automatic iron, a thermostat is also provided to control the temperature.
Fig.9.9 shows the diagram of construction of typical steam iron.

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When the element is found to be defective, sole plate along with the sealed heating
element has to be replaced. Distilled water is recommended for filling into the tank. Ordinary
water, if used, may result in deposition of salts in the tank and clog the entry and exit ports. It is
recommended to flush the water in the tank by pressing the steam control knob fully for some
time before the iron is switched off keeping it till next use. Salt deposits can be removed by
filling the tank with water diluted vinegar and plugging the iron to supply. A number of
attempts may be made to flush to iron by pressing steam control knob.

INDUCTION HEATERS
Induction heating is the process of heating an electrically conducting object (usually a
metal) by electromagnetic induction, through heat generated in the object by eddy currents. ...
The rapidly alternating magnetic field penetrates the object, generating electric currents inside
the conductor called eddy currents.
IMMERSION WATER HEATERS:
An immersion water heater is a very simple appliance which heats a bucket of water in a
10 to 15 minutes. It consist of a heating coil has a chord similar to an electric iron as shown in
Fig
Construction : The main parts are i) heating element and ii) outer frame
Heating element : The heating element is made up of
Nichrome wire which produces heat while giving electric
supply. Its melting point is about 4200 oC. The coil type
heating element is normally used in this heater.

Outer frame : The outer frame is made up of chromed iron

brass pipe in which a heating element is placed. Inside wall of

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the pipe is coated with magnesium oxide, which act as

indicate the water lever to be maintained.

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touch the pipe. The top portion of the outer frame is made up of Bakelite insulator. The ends of
the heating element coils are connected at the points called as a terminal which is connected to
the power chord. The scale is also provided to insulation, so that the heating element may not

Operation : To use immersion water heater, one simply fills a bucket of water and places the
immersion rod into the bucket either directly or with an aid like a clothes hanger. Then connect
the plug into the socket and switch ON. As the supply is given, the heating element gets heated
and is transferred to the water. So water gets heated.

Precaution

i) The heater should not be heated for a long time. Supply should be given only after
immersing the heater in bucket of sufficient water.
i) After disconnecting the supply only, water should be taken out from the bucket.
ii) In the bucket, water should be filled up to the level marked in the heating element.
iii) The heater should be operated without adequate water otherwise it will burn the coil
and make the device useless.

Result:

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Thus the electrical equipment’s such as iron box, induction heater were studied.

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