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    QTomography

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    mtallis3142275
    1. The document describes a quantum tomography problem of estimating the amplitudes a and b of an unknown single-qubit state |ψ⟩ = a|0⟩ + b|1⟩ by measuring many copies of the qubit with respect to the Pauli spin operators σ1, σ2, σ3. 2. It provides the probabilities of measurement outcomes for each operator in terms of a and b and shows how to compute a and b from these probabilities. 3. The document assigns two tasks: write a subroutine Meas(ψ,O) that measures an observable O on a qubit ψ, and write a program QTomography

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    QTomography

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    mtallis3142275
    12 views2 pages
    1. The document describes a quantum tomography problem of estimating the amplitudes a and b of an unknown single-qubit state |ψ⟩ = a|0⟩ + b|1⟩ by measuring many copies of the qubit with respect to the Pauli spin operators σ1, σ2, σ3. 2. It provides the probabilities of measurement outcomes for each operator in terms of a and b and shows how to compute a and b from these probabilities. 3. The document assigns two tasks: write a subroutine Meas(ψ,O) that measures an observable O on a qubit ψ, and write a program QTomography

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    1. The document describes a quantum tomography problem of estimating the amplitudes a and b of an unknown single-qubit state |ψ⟩ = a|0⟩ + b|1⟩ by measuring many copies of the qubit with respect to the Pauli spin operators σ1, σ2, σ3. 2. It provides the probabilities of measurement outcomes for each operator in terms of a and b and shows how to compute a and b from these probabilities. 3. The document assigns two tasks: write a subroutine Meas(ψ,O) that measures an observable O on a qubit ψ, and write a program QTomography

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    12 views2 pages

    QTomography

    Uploaded by

    mtallis3142275
    1. The document describes a quantum tomography problem of estimating the amplitudes a and b of an unknown single-qubit state |ψ⟩ = a|0⟩ + b|1⟩ by measuring many copies of the qubit with respect to the Pauli spin operators σ1, σ2, σ3. 2. It provides the probabilities of measurement outcomes for each operator in terms of a and b and shows how to compute a and b from these probabilities. 3. The document assigns two tasks: write a subroutine Meas(ψ,O) that measures an observable O on a qubit ψ, and write a program QTomography

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    CMSC 643

    RESEARCH PROBLEM 1
    QUANTUM TOMOGRAPHY FOR A SINGLE QUBIT

    DR. LOMONACO

    1. Setting up the problem


    Problem 1. Given many copies of a qubit in an unknown fixed state

    |ψi = a |0i + b |1i ,

    where
    |a|2 + |b|2 = 1 ,
    find a way to estimate the amplitudes a and b to arbitrary accuracy.

    Since an overall phase can not be physically determined, we can without loss of
    generality assume that the amplitude a is a non-negative real number.

    We begin by showing how to estimate the amplitudes a and b to arbitray ac-


    curacy by measuring many copies of the state |ψi with respect to the Pauli spin
    operators σ1 , σ2 , σ3 . These observables together with their respective eigenvalues
    and corresponding eigenkets are given in the table below:
    µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
    0 1 0 −i 1 0
    Eigenvalue σ1 = σ2 = σ3 =
    1 0 i 0 0 −1
    µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
    1 1 1
    +1 √1 = |0i+|1i
    √ √1 = |0i+i|1i
    √ = |0i
    2
    µ 1 ¶
    2 2
    µ i ¶
    2
    µ 0 ¶
    1 1 0
    −1 √1 = |0i−|1i
    √ √1 = |0i−i|1i
    √ = |1i
    2 −1 2 2 −i 2 1

    The algebraic expressions for the ket |ψi, expressed in terms of the eigenstates
    of each of the operators σ1 , σ2 , σ3 , are given respectively by
     ³ ´³ ´ ³ ´³ ´

     |ψi = a+b
    √
    |0i+|1i
    √ + a−b
    √
    |0i−|1i
    √

     2 2 2 2


     ³ ´³ ´ ³ ´³ ´
    |0i+i|1i |0i−i|1i
     |ψi = a−ib√ √ + a+ib
    √ √

     2 2 2 2




    |ψi = a |0i + b |1i
    1
    2 DR. LOM ONACO

    Thus, the probabilities p+ + +


    1 , p2 , p3 of producing the eigenvalue +1 when measuring
    |ψi with respect to each of the observables σ1 , σ2 , σ3 are given respectively by:
     ¯ ¯ ³ ´

     + ¯ √ ¯2 1 ab+ab
     p1 = ¯ a+b
     ¯ = 2 + 2 = 1
    2 + a b+b
    2 = 12 + a Re (b)


    2

     ¯ ¯2 ³ ´
    + ¯ a−ib ¯ 1 ab−ab 1 b−b

     p2 = ¯ √
    2
    ¯ = 2 + 2i = 2 + a 2i = 12 + a Im (b)





     p+ = |a|2
    3

    It now follows that if the probabilities p+ + +


    1 , p2 , p3 are known, then the amplitudes
    a and b can be computed from the following expressions:
     q

     a = p+

     3




     (p+
    1 −2)
    1
    Re (b) = √ +


    p3





     Im (b) = (p√
    +
    2 −2)
    1
     +
    p3

    Your "Mission Impossible Assignment," should you choose to accept, is to ac-


    complish the following two tasks.

    TASK 1:
    Write a Maple subroutine
    Meas(ψ, O)
    that takes as input an arbitrary unknown 2-qubit ket |ψi and an arbitrary ob-
    servable O, and outputs a random eigenvalue λ of O and a correpanding eigenket
    |λi of O according to the laws of quantum mechanics.

    Remark 1. Please note that if the observable O has only one eigenvalue λ, then
    the output will simply be that eigenvalue λ and the original ket |ψi.

    TASK 2:
    Next write a Maple program
    QT omography(ψ, )
    that takes as input an unkown 2-qubit ket |ψi and a positive real number ,
    a and eb of the amplitudes a and b such
    ¯ estimates e
    and then produces as¯ output
    ¯ ¯
    a| < and ¯b − eb¯ < . [This program will make multiple calls to the
    that |a − e
    subroutine Meas.]

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