CRITIQUE OF AN ARTICLE 1

Citation of the Article

Title: Sexual Harassment and Generalized Workplace Abuse among University

Employees: Prevalence and Mental Health Correlates.

A Case study.

Authors: Richman Judith A, Rospenda Kathleen M, Nawyn Stephanie J, Flaherty

Joseph A, Fendrich Michael, Drum Melinda L and Johnson Timothy P.

Journal: Case study: American Journal of Public Health

Volume: 89

Number: 358- 363

Month & Year: March 1999

No: 3

Pages: 6

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Summary of the study:

The researcher’s purpose of the study in this article depicts the occurrence and mental

health relates of sexual harassment and generalized workplace abuse among men and women in

four university occupational groups. These occupational groups are faculty, students, clerical

and service workers.

Another purpose of this study was to understand the role of gender, race/ethnicity and

age in predicting growth in harassment. Thus, it is important to understand how gender may

influence long term harassment. Additionally, worker age may be importantly linked to

harassment; studies have shown an inverse relation between age and harassment.

The key terms of the article is that certain factors are stated in the studies are sexually

harassment, workplace abuse, gender, power, inequality, university employees, prevalence and

mental health correlates. It shows that these factors can be identified throughout the article and

being impacted among workers in their environment.

It was hypothesized that the women in the work industry and students in general

recognized that there were a greater exposure to sexual harassment that was intricate by a high

level of victimization among both gender in inferior rank. It also generalized abuse on a whole

that would be experienced by both genders, and reference to exposure of abuse that would differ

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contrariwise with classified position. The research hypothesized “Exposure to harassment and

abuse” to relate to various harmful outcomes. These hypotheses were resulting from psychiatric

epidemiologic research on differential exposure to the mental health consequences of, social

stressors.

It shows that relational workstation stressors involving sexual harassment and

generalized workplace abuse are highly predominant and expressively connected with mental

health outcomes comprising indicative anguish, the usage and abuse of alcohol and/ or drug use.

Individuals experiencing chronic harassment will manifest significantly higher problematic

drinking outcomes compared to individuals experiencing infrequent or moderate harassment.

Major Theories examine in the study:

This story didn’t have any theoretical framework supporting the research. However there

were empirical findings by used of the correlation study regarding the rates of sexual

harassment among university students, clerical, service and faculty worker. Studies have shown

talking about the harmful mental health concerns of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment

incorporates unwanted sexual advances, sexual favors, and verbal or physical conduct involving

of a sexual nature.

Studies show that female is more likely to be sexual harassed than men. These studies

have addressed situations which suggested that men's experiences with sexual harassment are

less distressful in nature because men have greater power in society. Other researchers have

pointed to additional sources of inequality between female and male. In this article these

empirical finding were derived from psychiatric epidemiologic research. This research is an

effort to construct and determine a way of change to limit these cases.

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Summary of the Review of Literature

In this Research there were high reference sections which can be seen in this article.

These were useful and relevant as they provided an effective context of the study. There are no

theoretical underpinnings in this article; however there were no recent references, but recent

cited source used.

They are Zahra Behboodi-Moghadam, Neda Nazem Ekbatani, Armin Zarian, Nahid

Dehghan Nayeri. 2018. Workplace Harassment Through the Experiences of Iranian Women: A

Qualitative Study, 2017. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences In Press:In

Press. Hyo Sun Jung, Hye Hyun Yoon. 2018.How does workplace harassment influence the

employees’ response in a deluxehotel?. The Service Industries Journal 6, 1-24.Catherine E.

Harnois, João L. Bastos. 2018. Discrimination, Harassment, and Gendered Health Inequalities:

DoPerceptions of Workplace Mistreatment Contribute to the Gender Gap in Self-reported

Health?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 59:2, 283-299.Donatella Di Marco, Helge Hoel,

Alicia Arenas, Lourdes Munduate. 2018. Workplace Incivility as Modern Sexual Prejudice.

Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33:12, 1978-2004.

Sybil Geldart, Lacey Langlois, Harry S. Shannon, Lilia M. Cortina, Lauren Griffith, Ted

Haines. 2018. Workplace incivility, psychological distress, and the protective effect of co-

worker support. International Journal of Workplace HealthManagement 11:2, 96-110. Elizabeth

A. Taylor, Allison B. Smith, Natalie M. Welch, Robin Hardin. 2018. “You Should be

Flattered!”: Female Sport Management Faculty Experiences of Sexual Harassment and Sexism.

Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 26:1, 43-53.Adetutu Deborah Aina, Pradeep

Kulshrestha. 2018. Sexual Harassment in Educational Institutions in Delhi’ NCR (India): Level

of Awareness, Perception and Experience. Sexuality & Culture 22:1, 106-126.Carla B. Abdo-

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 CRITIQUE OF AN ARTICLE 5

Katsipis. 2018. Personal Security and Electoral Demobilization: A Comparative Analysis.

Digest of Middle East Studies 27:1, 53-78. Charlotte Diehl, Jonas Rees, Gerd Bohner. 2018.

Predicting Sexual Harassment From Hostile Sexism and Short-Term Mating Orientation:

Relative Strength of Predictors Depends on Situational Priming of Power Versus Sex. Violence

Against Women 24:2, 123-143.Neil Sadler. 2018. Myths, masterplots and sexual harassment in

Egypt. The Journal of North African Studies1 1-24. Huiping Zhang. 2017. Workplace

Victimization and Discrimination in China: A Nationwide Survey. Journal of Interpersonal

Violence 12, 088626051772940.

Marcus A. Henning, Chen Zhou, Peter Adams, Fiona Moir, Jennifer Hobson, Charlene

Hallett, Craig S. Webster.2017. Workplace harassment among staff in higher education: a

systematic review. Asia Pacific Education Review 18:4,521-539.Yuh-Jin Chung, Woo-Chul

Jung, Hyunjoo Kim, Seong-Sik Cho. 2017. Association of Emotional Labor andOccupational

Stressors with Depressive Symptoms among Women Sales Workers at a Clothing Shopping

Mall in the Republic of Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental

Research and Public Health 14:12 1440.Katherine Ravenswood, Julie Douglas, Jarrod Haar.

2017. Physical and verbal abuse, work demands, training and job satisfaction amongst aged-

care employees in the home and community sector. Labour & Industry: a journal of the social

and economic relations of work 27:4, 302-318.

Jennifer M. Wolff, Kathleen M. Rospenda, Anthony S. Colaneri. 2017. Sexual

Harassment, Psychological Distress, and Problematic Drinking Behavior Among College

Students: An Examination of Reciprocal Causal Relations. The Journal of Sex Research 54:3,

362-373.Meredith McGinley, Kathleen M. Rospenda, Li Liu, Judith A. Richman. 2016. It isn't

all just fun and games: Collegiate participation in extracurricular activities and risk for

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generalized and sexual harassment, psychological distress, and alcohol use. Journal of

Adolescence 53, 152-163. Heather M. Clarke, Dianne P. Ford, Lorne M. Sulsky. 2016.

Moderating effects of harasser status and target gender on the relationship between unwanted

sexual attention and overall job satisfaction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 46:12, 701-

717. Meredith McGinley, Jennifer M. Wolff, Kathleen M. Rospenda, Li Liu, Judith A. Richman.

2016. Risk factors and outcomes of chronic sexual harassment during the transition to college:

Examination of a two-part growth mixture model. Social Science Research 60, 297-310.

The research problem is clearly articulated. The gap and the purpose of the study is to

investigate the matter of the happening that are faced in the workstation and the results to

comprehend the situation.

It was clearly indicated to the point that they wrote “A smaller body of research has

suggested that other types of degrading workplace interactions not explicitly involving gender

are also highly prevalent and associated with deleterious outcomes. These involve

psychologically demeaning and physically aggressive modes of interaction to occupational

groups”.

Summary of the Design and Procedures

In this research the research methodology used was a mixed method research. The

workspace used both quantitative then qualitative measures in their data analysis. The

measurement tools used in this process to obtain data was from a mail survey to employees of

an urban American university.

The sample was divided by gender and occupation into 8 strata. Ethnographic, follow up

questions and observation was used.

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It was structured in a formal manner in which before they could collect data. They had

“additional follow-ups questionnaires (including consent and locating information forms) which

were mailed to respondents' homes.”

Procedures included a $20 participation incentive, reminder postcards, 2 additional

mailings, reminder e-mail messages, and follow-up phone calls. Reasons most frequently given

for nonparticipation were lack of time (39%) and confidentiality concerns (9%)”.

The variable in this article depicts both Independent Variable and Dependent variable

outcomes. Sexual Experiences Questionnaire was done where in each segment it was observed

that females were sexually harassed more than men and in equality of gender was depicted.

Gender harassment in the workplace was 75% for females and 73% for males; unwanted sexual

attention, 81% for females and .80% for males.

Gender biased was observation for the percentage range in both upper and lower status

of ranking the female percentage of sexual abuse was higher than the male. The impact of the

persons sexual harassed led to anger, depression, anxiety, alcohol and drug abuse Depression

Scale (scale range, 0 to 21).a levels were 86% for females and 84% for males. Persons that were

not harassed where not affected nor had the same impact as those that were abused.

Sampling was done by taking a small subset to do the survey. Stratified Random

technique was used in data collection. According to the researcher “The sample was divided by

gender and occupation into 8 strata. Occupational groups included faculty, graduate student

workers and trainees (research and teaching assistants, medical residents, and postdoctoral

fellows), clerical and secretarial workers, and service and maintenance workers. Employees

(2416 males and 2416 females) were sampled from the payroll database in the fall of 1996.”

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Being female was generally associated with higher or chronic levels of both General

workplace abuse and sexual harassment. Women were more likely to experience prolonged

workplace harassment, as well as exhibit a higher initial score in the infrequent class. Similarly,

women were subjected to more sexual harassment in the infrequent class, both initially and over

time. These latter findings suggest that even for those working adults experiencing infrequent

harassment, women still experience more harassment. Yet, women are more often at risk for

experiencing abuse. In this article it shows that women have less societal power, they are less

likely to be taken seriously in the workplace. When they complain about workplace harassment,

and thus may be less likely than men to affect a successful resolution to such

experiences. Overall, our results suggest that women bear a disproportionate burden of

workplace harassment, putting them at greater risk for experiencing problematic drinking

behaviours.

Summary of Data Analysis and Presentation

Data was analysed by using a logistic regression “Sociodemographic characteristics of

the sample are provided. Cross tabulations present the prevalence of sexual harassment and

generalized workplace abuse, contrasting male and female rates across occupational groups.

These analyses reflect logistic regression results that showed significant interactions between

occupation and gender in exposure to harassment and abuse. Ordinary least squares and logistic

regression analyses demonstrate linkages between sexual harassment and generalized workplace

abuse and mental health. Given the gender focus, results are presented separately for men and

women.

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References

Richman Judith A, Rospenda Kathleen M, Nawyn Stephanie J, Flaherty Joseph A, Fendrich

Michael, Drum Melinda L and Johnson Timothy P. (1999). Sexual Harassment and Generalized

Workplace Abuse among University Employees: Prevalence and Mental Health Correlates: A

Case study. American Journal of Public Health. 89 ,358-363.

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