Mine Geology: Unearth Geoscience

UNEARTH GEOSCIENCE
MINE GEOLOGY
PRELIMINARY - UNEARTH
TERMINOLOGY GEOSCIENCE
UGT 2
PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION
UGT 3
PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION
UGT 4
MINING PROJECT STAGE
Lassonde Curve - AusIMM, 2012 UGT 5

MINING PROJECT STAGE
Visual capitalist – modified from Lassonde Curve UGT 6

WHAT IS MINE GEOLOGY?
“Applied science which combines the principles of economic geology and mining engineering to the
development of a defined mineral resource.” - Wikipedia
“Branch of economic geology that deals with the application of geology to mining” – Dict Merriam Webster
“Mining geology is a specialised area of applied geological sciences that historically evolved as a support for
operating mines and for evaluating mining projects” – Abzalov, 2016
APPLIED GEOLOGICAL SCIENCE
SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING PROJECT
UGT 7
MODERN MINING GEOLOGY
“supports technical and economic valuation of the mining projects and ensures their sustainable
exploitation based on optimal mine production plans”
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY MINING ENGINEERING
PETROGRAPHY ROCK MECHANICS

PETROLOGY
GEOCHEMISTRY MINERAL ECONOMICS
GEOPHYSICS COMPUTER SCIENCE

BASIC STATISTIC
SAMPLING THEORY GEOSTATISTIC UGT 8

DEPARTMENT IN MINING INDUSTRY
SRY UGT 9
MINING VALUE CHAIN
EXPLORATION GRADE CONTROL
GEOLOGY
GEO + MINING + ENG
GEO + MINING + ENG + PROCESS
PROCESSING
EXPLORATION GRADE CONTROL

PRODUCTION PROCESS
BROWNFIELD EXPLORATION PRODUCTION GEOLOGY
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ORE CONTROL

MINING BENEFICATION ROUTE
UGT 10
MINE GEOLOGY IN MINING INDUSTRY
NEAR MINE MAPPING SOIL SAMPLING TRENCHING
RESOURCE DRILLING CORE LOGGING
UGT 11
MINE GEOLOGY IN MINING INDUSTRY
PIT MAPPING ORE SPOTTING
BLAST HOLE DRILLING & CHIP LOGGING
RC DRILLING MODELLING
UGT 12
GEOSCIENTIST CAREER PATH
UGT 13
GEOSCIENTIST CAREER PATH
UGT 14
REFFERENCE
UGT 15
GRADE CONTROL - UNEARTH
INTRODUCTION GEOSCIENCE
UGT 16
WHAT IS GRADE CONTROL?
“The processes used to identify and delineate the tonnage and grade of ore for one or more cut-off grades” -
DEKA
“Grade control is a process of maximising value and reducing risk. It requires the delivery of tonnes at an
optimum grade to the mill, via the accurate definition of ore and waste” – SC Dominy, 2013
“Main purpose of grade control at the mines is for accurate definition of the contact between ore and waste
and determining grade of the mined ore” – Abzalov, 2016
DELINEATE ORE AND WASTE
CUT OFF GRADE
GRADE DETERMINATION
UGT 17
GRADE CONTROL PURPOSE - DEFINITION
Maximise the profitability of the mine by minimising the amount of misclassification that
occurs during mining.
Ore : The economically viable part of the zone of mineralisation.
Waste : All uneconomic material.
Cut-off grade : Threshold concentration applied to select ore from waste.
UGT 18
Tonnes : Grade control ore tonnages are generally reported as dry tonnages.
Volume (geometry) x dry bulk density measurement (or assumption).
The wet tonnage in most mines is recorded through tallies of haulage

vehicles.
Grade : In metalliferous mines grades are usually reported in metal units per dry
tonne for one or more critical attributes (example : Au g/t)
G/T Curve : In metalliferous mines grades are usually reported in metal units per dry
tonne for one or more critical attributes (example : Au g/t)
UGT 19
SMU : The selective mining unit or SMU is the minimum block size at which ore
and waste can be delineated and mined. This is a function of the mining
method, equipment, geometry of the mineralisation and the grade
variability within the mineralised domains.
Selectivity : Selectivity refers to the scale at which mining is carried out and is a
function of the SMU. A high selective mining method attempts to
distinguish ore from waste at a local scale and has a small SMU. A bulk
mining method has a large SMU.
BULK MINING – LARGE SMU SELECTIVE MINING – SMALL SMU
90 T
20 T
ORE
ORE
UGT 20
Dilution : The mining (and milling) of waste material with ore. Dilution can be both
internal and/or marginal to the ore.
Planned dilution results from such as minimum mining sizes (SMU) and
development requirements.
Unplanned dilution results from poor sampling, estimation error,
misdirected trucks, movement of material during blasting or over break.
STOCKPILE
ACTUAL
PLAN
WASTE
WASTE
DUMP
UGT 21
Ore Loss : The mining of ore as waste or leaving ore behind, hence, the ore is lost
for processing.
Planned ore loss results from such as minimum mining sizes (SMU)
stability pillars and ramp locations.
Unplanned ore loss results from poor sampling, estimation error,
misdirected trucks, movement of material during blasting or hang ups.
SELECTIVE MINING – SMALL SMU
STOCKPILE
ORE LOSS
ACTUAL
PLAN
20 T
ORE
ORE
WASTE
DUMP
UGT 22
Estimates : Estimates of tonnes and grade for the Mineral Resource, Ore Reserve
and grade control. These estimates are derived from sampling
information and they have a confidence level or error associated with
them. In general, increasing the amount of sampling information
decreases the associated error and increases the level of confidence in
the estimate.
Reconciliation: The processes used to compare the grade control tonnage and grade
estimates to the ore reserve estimates, mine production tallies and mill
production data. Reconciliation is also referred to as metal accounting.
UGT 23
OPEN PIT – BENCH TERMINOLOGY
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation UGT 24

GRADE CONTROL PROCESS – NEXT MEETING
UGT 25
THANK YOU
Ikrar Teguh Mandiri +6281214066141
[email protected]

Mine Geology: Unearth Geoscience

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UNEARTH GEOSCIENCE

Lassonde Curve - AusIMM, 2012 UGT 5

Visual capitalist – modified from Lassonde Curve UGT 6

APPLIED GEOLOGICAL SCIENCE

SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINING PROJECT

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY MINING ENGINEERING

PETROGRAPHY ROCK MECHANICS

GEOCHEMISTRY MINERAL ECONOMICS

GEOPHYSICS COMPUTER SCIENCE

SAMPLING THEORY GEOSTATISTIC UGT 8

GEO + MINING + ENG

GEO + MINING + ENG + PROCESS

EXPLORATION GRADE CONTROL

RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ORE CONTROL

RESOURCE DRILLING CORE LOGGING

BLAST HOLE DRILLING & CHIP LOGGING

DELINEATE ORE AND WASTE

CUT OFF GRADE

The wet tonnage in most mines is recorded through tallies of haulage

SELECTIVE MINING – SMALL SMU

Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation UGT 24

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