MODULE 1.

2
CELL CYCLE
THE CELL CYCLE
 Learning Objective

• explain the significance or applications of

mitosis/meiosis
• discuss crossing over and recombination in meiosis
• describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6
• characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their
control points
 What Is the Cell Cycle?

The cell cycle consists of sequential phases

of events wherein the parent cell divides and
replicates DNA materials to produce two
daughter cells.
Why Do Cells Have to Undergo
Cell Cycle Processes?
• For growth
• For cell differentiation
• For repair and healing of damaged tissues
• For replication of genetic materials
• For reproduction of species
MITOSIS
 Types of Cell Division
1. Mitosis

• A five-stage process of cell division solely

for eukaryotic cells wherein the replicated
traits of the chromosomes separate into
two new nuclei
 a. Prophase
This starting stage of the
mitotic phase sees the
chromatin of the nucleus
condensing to form
chromosomes.
Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis#/media/File:CONDENSING_CHROMOSOMES_2.jpg
 b. Prometaphase
It is the transition stage
wherein the nuclear envelope
breaks down causing
interaction of the spindle and
the chromosomes to form
spindle fibers that will then
bind with the kinetochore of
Image credit: Kelvinsonghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometaphase#/media/File:Prometaphase.svg
the centromere.
 c. Metaphase
Occurs after the spindle
fibers have attached to
the kinetochores, from
whence they begin
moving to the center poles
to eventually align with
the metaphase plate
Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphase#/media/File:Metaphase.svg
 d. Anaphase
Involves the replicated
chromosomes called
daughter chromatids
splitting apart and moving
towards the opposite poles
of the cell
Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphase#/media/File:Anaphase_IF.jpg
 e. Telophase
Sees the shortening of
the microtubules of the
kinetochores thereby
pulling the pair of
chromatid sisters towards
the opposite poles

Image credit: http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/anaphase_photos.png

MEIOSIS
2. Meiosis
• It is a two-round set of cell division stages
occurring solely among eukaryotic cells
with gametes.
• Its end result shall be the reduction of
chromosome number into half.
a. Meiosis I
Involves the sorting and pairing up of
homologous chromosomes (genes with
similar traits) from both male parent and
female parent resulting to a thick four-
strand tetrad of two diploid cells
 • a.1. Prophase I
Sees homologous
chromosomes from both
parents pairing up into
tetrads (synapsis) and
exchanging DNA
(homologous
recombination) resulting
Image credit: https://qph.ec.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-890c1bc2159aeb37ac037cab0dad6a72?convert_to_webp=true
in crossovers of new
combination of alleles
 • a.2. Metaphase I
• It consists of
homologous pairs
moving together and
aligning with the
metaphase plate.
• This stage also sees a
protein substance
called cohesin binding
Image credit: https://taksreview.wikispaces.com/file/view/metaphase.gif/138796915/metaphase.gif
the replicated sister
chromatids.
 • a.3. Anaphase I
During this phase,
the homologous
chromosomes move
to opposite ends of
the cell.

Image credit: http://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/anaphase_photos.png

 • a.4. Telophase I
• It sees the pair of
chromosomes reaching the
opposite poles with their
chromosomal number halved.
• The spindles disappear, two
new nuclear membrane is
formed encasing each of the
Image credit: http://www.aboutthemcat.org/images/biology/telophase1.png

haploid daughter cells, and

the cell also divides into two.
b. Meiosis II
• These stages are very similar to mitosis.
• The final output shall yield four daughter
cells from the pair of haploid cells
produced in Meiosis I.
 • b.1. Prophase
II Sees the disappearance of
both the nuclear envelope
and the nucleoli while the
chromatids condense and
the centromeres move to
the poles and assemble
Image credit:
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/Resources/Botany/Meiosis/Lily%20Micros
porogenesis/Prophase%20II.jpg
spindle fibers for the next
cell division
 • b.2. Metaphase II
Involves the two
kinetochores of the
centromeres attaching to
the spindle fibers of the
centrosomes of the
opposite poles to align at
Image credit: http://f.tqn.com/y/biology/1/S/l/h/meiosis_metaphase_2.jpg
the metaphase plate
 • b.3. Anaphase II
Consists of the
centromeres breaking up
and the sister chromatids
moving to the opposite
poles and thereby
becoming unreplicated and
Image credit: http://f.tqn.com/y/biology/1/S/S/n/meiosis_anaphase_2.jpg
individual chromosomes
 • b.4. Telophase II
Is similar to Telophase I
but instead of two
daughter cells four will be
produced

Image credit: http://f.tqn.com/y/biology/1/S/n/h/meiosis_telophase_2.jpg

3. Interphase
Describes the cell’s daily functions of
growth, metabolism, and the copying of
DNA in preparation for either mitosis or
meiosis
 a. Gap 1 (G1) Stage
Sees the cell preparing for
DNA replication by
increasing its metabolism,
proteins, and available
organelles

Image credit: http://www.news-

medical.net/image.axd?picture=2016%2F6%2FCell_division_shutterstock_137897120.jpg
 b. Synthesis (S) Stage
Involves the actual
replication of DNA materials
leading to the doubling of
the cell’s chromosomal
number

Image credit: http://www.news-

medical.net/image.axd?picture=2016%2F6%2FCell_division_shutterstock_137897120.jpg
 c. Gap 2 (G2) Stage
Sees the cell continuing
to grow in preparation
for mitosis or meiosis

Image credit: http://www.news-

medical.net/image.axd?picture=2016%2F6%2FCell_division_shutterstock_137897120.jpg
4. Cytokinesis
In eukaryotic cells, it sees the nuclear
membrane dividing into two and will produce
two daughter cells with inherent traits similar to
the parent cell.

Image credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytokinesis#/media/File:Unk.cilliate.jpg

5. Binary fission
In prokaryotic cells, it is very much similar to
cytokinesis except for the absence of a
nucleus and spindle fibers.

Image credit: https://s-media-cache-

ak0.pinimg.com/564x/62/28/8d/62288da33b272d6248a37fc3b86140c6.jpg
 Rea,M.A, Dequillo, M.Z, and Chua,J.L (2017) General
Biology 1;First Edition, Rex Bookstore, Manila City.

 Retrieved from https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-

content/uploads/2019/01/General-Biology-1.pdf

 Reece, Jane. B. et. al. Campbell Biology (9th ed.). Boston:

Pearson, 2011.