INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KHARAGPUR

NPTEL Online Certification Course on

Concepts of Thermodynamics (NOC21-ME73)

Assignment-5
Common data for Questions 1 and 2:
A nozzle receives 0.1 kg/s of steam at 1 MPa, 400◦ C with negligible kinetic energy. The exit is at
500 kPa, 350◦ C, and the flow is adiabatic.

1. Determine the nozzle exit velocity.

(a) 127.3 m/s

(b) 258.6 m/s
(c) 319.5 m/s
(d) 438.7 m/s

Correct answer: (d)

Solution:
State 1: P1 = 1 MPa, T1 = 400◦ C
From superheated vapour water tables, h1 = 3263.88 kJ/kg
State 2: P2 = 500 kPa, T2 = 350◦ C
From superheated vapour water tables, h2 = 3167.65 kJ/kg

1st Law for a steady state steady flow process:

Q̇ + ṁ h1 + 21 V12 + g z1 = ṁ h2 + 21 V22 + g z2 + Ẇ

• Flow is adiabatic =⇒ Q̇ = 0
• No work involved =⇒ Ẇ = 0
• Neglect the changes in potential energy

1st Law reduces to

h1 + 12 V12 = h2 + 12 V22
Given that V1 ≈ 0
1 2
=⇒ V
2 2
= h1 − h2
p
∴ V2 = 2(h1 − h2 )
p
= 2 × (3263.88 − 3167.65) × 1000
= 438.7 m/s
2. Find the nozzle exit area.

(a) 1.3 cm2

(b) 2.6 cm2
(c) 3.9 cm2
(d) 5.2 cm2

Correct answer: (a)

Solution:
State 2: P2 = 500 kPa, T2 = 350◦ C
From superheated vapour water tables, v2 = 0.57015 m3 /kg
A2 V2
Mass flow rate, ṁ = ρ2 A2 V2 =
v2
ṁ v2 0.1 × 0.57015
∴ A2 = = = 1.3 × 10−4 m2 = 1.3 cm2
V2 438.7

3. A diffuser, as shown in the figure below, has air entering at 100 kPa and 300 K with a velocity
of 200 m/s. The inlet cross-sectional area of the diffuser is 100 mm2 . At the exit the area is
860 mm2 , and the exit velocity is 20 m/s. Determine the exit pressure of air.

(a) 248.67 kPa

(b) 123.92 kPa
(c) 67.84 kPa
(d) 542.15 kPa

Correct answer: (b)

Solution:
1st Law for a steady state steady flow process:

Q̇ + ṁ h1 + 12 V12 + g z1 = ṁ h2 + 21 V22 + g z2 + Ẇ

• Assume the flow to be adiabatic =⇒ Q̇ = 0

• No work involved =⇒ Ẇ = 0
• Neglect the changes in potential energy
 1st Law reduces to
h1 + 12 V12 = h2 + 12 V22
1 1
=⇒ h2 − h1 = 21 V12 − 12 V22 = × 2002 /1000 − × 202 /1000 = 19.8 kJ/kg
2 2
h2 − h1
∴ T2 = T1 + = 300 + 19.8/1.004 = 319.72 K
Cp
Now using the continuity equation and ideal gas law,
A1 V1 A2 V2
=
v1 v2
A1 V1 A2 V2
=⇒ R T1 = R T2
P1 P2
 
T2 A1 V1
=⇒ P2 = P1
T1 A2 V2
319.72 100 × 200
= 100 × × = 123.92 kPa
300 860 × 20

Common data for Questions 4 and 5:

R-134a is throttled in a line flowing at 25◦ C, 750 kPa with negligible kinetic energy to a
pressure of 165 kPa. (Assume velocity remains constant)

4. The exit temperature of the refrigerant is

(a) -10◦ C
(b) -15◦ C
(c) 20◦ C
(d) 0◦ C

Correct answer: (b)

5. The ratio of exit pipe diameter to that of the inlet pipe diameter, (Dex /Din ) is

(a) 1.00
(b) 2.54
(c) 0.45
(d) 6.19

Correct answer: (d)

Solution for Questions 4 and 5
1st Law for a steady state steady flow process:

Q̇ + ṁ h1 + 12 V12 + g z1 = ṁ h2 + 21 V22 + g z2 + Ẇ

• Throttling process is assumed to be adiabatic =⇒ Q̇ = 0

• No work involved =⇒ Ẇ = 0
• Neglect the changes in potential energy
• Given V1 = V2

1st Law reduces to

h1 = h2
State 1: T1 = 25◦ C, P1 = 750 kPa
From the saturated R-134a tables, h1 = 234.59 kJ/kg, v1 = vf, 25◦ C = 0.000829 m3 /kg
State 2: P2 = 165 kPa, h2 = h1 = 234.59 kJ/kg

Based on P2 and h2 , the refrigerant exits as a two-phase mixture, so

T2 = Tsat@165kPa = -15◦ C

h2 = hf + x2 hf g = 234.59 kJ/kg
h2 − hf 234.59 − 180.19
∴ x2 = = = 0.2603
hf g 209
∴ v2 = vf, 165 kPa + x2 × vf g, 165 kPa = 0.000746 + 0.2603 × 0.11932 = 0.0318 m3 /kg
From continuity equation and V1 = V2 , we get

A2 /A1 = v2 /v1 = (D2 /D1 )2

∴ (D2 /D1 ) = (v2 /v1 )0.5 = (0.0318/0.000829)0.5 = 6.19

6. A small expander (a turbine with heat transfer) has 0.05 kg/s helium entering at 100 kPa,
550 K and leaving at 250 kPa, 300 K. The power output on the shaft measures 55 kW.
Neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, the rate of heat transfer to the turbine is

(a) -9.9kW
(b) -4.9kW
(c) 4.9kW
(d) 9.9kW

Correct answer: (a)

Solution:
Control volume: The expander
1st Law for a steady state steady flow process:

Q̇ + ṁ h1 + 12 V12 + g z1 = ṁ h2 + 21 V22 + g z2 + Ẇ

• Neglect the changes in potential and kinetic energies

1st Law reduces to

Q̇ = ṁ (h2 − h1 ) + Ẇ
= ṁ Cp (T2 − T1 ) + Ẇ

Heat capacity of He, Cp, He = 5.193 kJ/kg-K

Q̇ = ṁ Cp (T2 − T1 ) + Ẇ
= 0.05 × 5.193 × (300 − 550) + 55 = −64.91 + 55 = -9.9 kW
7. The mass flow rate of steam into a steam turbine is 1.5 kg/s, and the heat transfer from the
turbine is 8.5 kW. The power output of the turbine is .

The following data are known for the steam entering and leaving the turbine.

Property Inlet condition Exit condition

Pressure 2 MPa 100 kPa
Temperature 350◦ C
Quality 100%
Velocity 50 m/s 100 m/s
Elevation above reference plane 6m 3m

(a) 219.2kW
(b) 805.3kW
(c) 439.1kW
(d) 678.2kW

Correct answer: (d)

Solution:
Control volume: Turbine
1st Law for a steady state steady flow process:

Q̇ + ṁ h1 + 12 V12 + g z1 = ṁ h2 + 21 V22 + g z2 + Ẇ

State1: P1 = 2 MPa, T1 = 350◦ C, V1 = 50 m/s, Z1 = 6 m

From the superheated vapour table, h1 = 3136.96 kJ/kg
State2: P2 = 0.1 MPa, x2 = 1, V2 = 100 m/s, Z2 = 3 m
From saturated vapour water table, h2 = hg,@ 0.1 MPa = 2675.5 kJ/kg
From the first law we have

Ẇ = Q̇ + ṁ h1 + 12 V12 + g z1 − ṁ h2 + 12 V22 + g z2

502 1002
   
9.8 × 6 9.8 × 3
= −8.5 + 1.5 × 3136.96 + + − 1.5 × 2675.5 + +
2 × 1000 1000 2 × 1000 1000
= 678.2 kW
 Common data for Questions 8 ans 9:
An air compressor takes in air at 100 kPa, 17◦ C, and delivers it at 1 MPa, 600 K to a constant
pressure cooler, in which the air exits at 300 K, as shown in the figure below.

8. The specific compressor work input is

(a) 316.85 kJ/kg

(b) 158.43 kJ/kg
(c) 435.86 kJ/kg
(d) 79.25 kJ/kg

Correct answer: (a)

Solution:
Control Volume: Compressor
1st Law for a steady state steady flow process:

Q̇ + ṁ h1 + 12 V12 + g z1 = ṁ h2 + 21 V22 + g z2 + Ẇ

• Compressor is adiabatic =⇒ Q̇ = 0
• Neglect the changes in kinetic and potential energies

1st Law reduces to

h1 = h2 + wc
State 1: P1 = 100 kPa, T1 = 17◦ C
At given conditions, from the ideal gas properties table, h1 = 290.17 kJ/kg
State 2: P2 = 1 MPa, T2 = 600 K
At given conditions, from the ideal gas properties table, h2 = 607.02 kJ/kg

Specific compressor work = |wc | = h2 − h1 = 607.02 − 290.17 = 316.85 kJ/kg

9. The specific heat transfer in the cooler is

(a) 416.85 kJ/kg

(b) 306.83 kJ/kg
(c) 153.48 kJ/kg
(d) 94.56 kJ/kg

Correct answer: (b)

Solution:
Control Volume: Cooler
1st Law for a steady state steady flow process:

Q̇ + ṁ h2 + 12 V22 + g z2 = ṁ h3 + 21 V32 + g z3 + Ẇ

• No work involved =⇒ Ẇ = 0
• Neglect the changes in kinetic and potential energies

1st Law reduces to

|qcooler | = h2 − h3
State 2: P2 = 1 MPa, T2 = 600 K
At given conditions, from the ideal gas properties table, h2 = 607.02 kJ/kg
State 3: P3 = P2 = = 1 MPa, T3 = 300 K
At given conditions, from the ideal gas properties table, h3 = 300.19 kJ/kg

Specific heat transfer in the cooler, |qcooler | = h2 − h3 = 607.02 − 300.19 = 306.83 kJ/kg
10. Two steady flows of air enter a control volume, as shown in the figure below. One is a
0.025 kg/s flow at 350 kPa, 150◦ C, state 1, and the other enters at 450 kPa, 15◦ C, state 2.
A single flow exits at 100 kPa, -40◦ C, state 3. The control volume rejects 1 kW heat to the
surroundings and produces 4 kW of power output. Neglecting kinetic and potential energies,
the mass flow rate at state 2 is

(a) 0.0065 kg/s

(b) 0.0082 kg/s
(c) 0.0042 kg/s
(d) 0.0025 kg/s

Correct answer: (c)

Solution:
Control volume: Steady device with two inlets and one exit flow.
State 1: P1 = 350 kPa, T1 = 150◦ C
State 2: P2 = 450 kPa, T2 = 15◦ C
State 3: P3 = 100 kPa, T3 = -40◦ C
Continuity equation:
ṁ1 + ṁ2 = ṁ3
Energy equation:
−Q̇reject + ṁ1 h1 + ṁ2 h2 = ṁ3 h3 + Ẇcv
=⇒ −Q̇reject + ṁ1 h1 + ṁ2 h2 = (ṁ1 + ṁ2 )h3 + Ẇcv
Using the constant heat capacity,

−1 + 0.025 × 1.004 × 423.15 + ṁ2 × 1.004 × 288.15 = (0.0025 + ṁ2 ) × 1.004 × 233.15 + 4

∴ ṁ2 = 0.0042 kg/s