16th Week Review and Preparation For Final Examination

Engineering Mechanics: STATICS
• ME2006
• Prof. Dr. Dinh Van Phong
• Dept. of Applied Mechanics,
Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering
Mechanics: • C3/307-308 (C1/224)
• Hanoi University of Science and
Statics Technology
• Email: [email protected]
• 0903200960/ (024) 36230949
Nguyen Quang Hoang

1 Department of Applied Mechanics
-2-
Contents of Engineering Mechanics
• Statics: deals with the equilibrium of

bodies (either at rest or move with a Mechanics
constant velocity), hence the equilibrium of
force systems
• Dynamics: dealing with the motions of
material bodies under the action of given Statics Dynamics
forces. The force acts on a body with its
properties as mass and inertia moment.
- Kinematics: examines geometrically the
motion of particles / bodies/ mechanical Kinematics Kinetics
systems, regardless of the cause of
motion.
- Kinetics: examines the relationship
between the motion of the
bodies/systems and the force acting on
the system
Nguyen Quang Hoang

2 Department of Applied Mechanics-SME Department of Applied Mechanics
-3-
Final Examination: Topcis
Equilibrium of Force Systems: Determination of Reaction Forces
Structures (2 methods for trusses, method for frames and machines)
Friction
Centre of Gravity, Centroid and Moment of Inertia
Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

-4-
Equilibrium for a particle
Given: The mass of cylinder C is

40 kg and geometry is as
shown.
Find: The tensions in cables DE,
EA, and EB.
Plan:
1. Draw a FBD for particle E.
2. Apply the E-of-E to solve for the forces in cables
DE, EA, and EB.

-5-
Solution
FBD at point E
y
TEB = 40*9.81 N
TED 30˚
E x
TEA
Applying the scalar E-of-E at E , we get:

+ →  F x = − TED + (40*9.81) cos 30° = 0
+   F y = (40*9.81) sin 30° − TEA = 0
Solving the above equations, we get;
TED = 340 N  and TEA = 196 N 

-6-
Equilibrium of a body
Given: The beam is supported

3 kN/m
3 kN/m by the roller at A and a
pin at B.
Find: The reactions at points
A and B on the beam.
Plan:
a) Establish the x–y axis system.

b) Draw a complete FBD of the beam.
c) Apply the E-of-E to solve for the unknowns.

-7-
SOLUTION
FBD of the beam

3 kN/m 30 12 kN
NA 2m
30 Bx
3m
4m
By
Note that the distributed load
has been reduced to a single
force.
First, write a moment equation about point B. Why point B?
+  MB = – (NA cos 30)  (4 + 3 cos 30) – (NA sin 30)  (3 sin 30)
+ 12  2 = 0
NA = 3.713 = 3.71 kN

-8-
SOLUTION (continued)
FBD of the beam
30 12 kN
3 kN/m
NA 2m
30 Bx
3m
4m
By
Now write the  FX =  FY = 0 equations.

→ +  FX = 3.713 sin 30 – Bx = 0
 +  FY = 3.713 cos 30– 12 + By = 0
Solving these two equations, we get

Bx = 1.86 kN 
By = 8.78 kN 
-9-
Given: P, q, a,b, . Determine tension force in CD and reaction force at A .

D
 q
D Q = qb
B  TC Q b/2
A Y
C D C B
a b A
A
X a b
P
P
Equations of Equilibrium
 mA(Fk ) = aTCD cos  − (a + b)P − (a + b / 2)Q = 0

 TCD = ...
 Fkx = X A − TCD sin  = 0,  X A = ...
 Fky = YA + TCD cos  − Q − P = 0  YA = ...

-10-
Given: The 4kN load at B of

the beam is supported
by pins at A and C.
Find: The support reactions
at A and C.
Plan:
1. Put the x and y-axes in the horizontal and vertical directions,
respectively.
2. Determine if there are any two-force members.
3. Draw a complete FBD of the boom.
4. Apply the E-of-E to solve for the unknowns.
-11-
Solution
FBD of the beam:

AY 4 kN
1.5 m 1.5 m
AX
A 45° C B
FCD
Note: Upon recognizing CD as a two-force member, the number of
unknowns at C is reduced from two to one. Now, using E-of-E, we get,
+ MA = FCD sin 45  1.5 – 4  3 = 0
FCD = 11.31 kN or 11.3 kN
→ + FX = AX + 11.31 cos 45 = 0; AX = – 8.00 kN
 + FY = AY + 11.31 sin 45 – 4 = 0; AY = – 4.00 kN
Note that the negative signs means that the reactions have the opposite
directions to that assumed (as originally shown on FBD).
-12-
Task:
- Replacing distributed loading by a concentrated force.

- FBD
- Equations of equilibrium
- Reaction forces at O
q1 q2
M
A
O
F a b


-13-
(…) Reduction of Distrubuted Loading
l3
Q1 = aq1 / 2
q1 Q l1 = b + a / 3
3 l2 q2
Q1 Q2 = bq2
A
Q2 l2 = b / 2
a b
O Q3 = b(q1 − q2 ) / 2
l1 l3 = 2b / 3
A O
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
l Q1l1 + Q2l2 + Q3l3
Q l=
Q

-14-
(…) FBD and Equation of Equilibrium
Q YO
M l
A mO
O XO
F a b

Equations of Equilibrium:
 Fkx = F sin  + XO = 0  XO = −F sin 

 Fky = F cos  − Q + YO = 0  YO = Q − F cos 
 mO (Fk ) = M − F cos   (a + b) + Ql + mO = 0
 mO = F cos   (a + b) − M − Ql

-15-
Example
P, 400 N
The lever ABC is pin-supported at A and connected to a C
(a)
short link . If the weight of the members is negligible,
determine the force of the pin on the lever at A. 0.5 m
0.2m
Free Body Diagram B

0.5 m 0.2m
P, 400 N O D A
C
45o
0.5 m 0.1m
FB
(b)
B B
45o FA
FB q
D A
FD (c)
0.1m

-16-
Solution (with 2-force and 3-force member)
Three-force member ABC
0.5 m
P, 400 N O P
C
45o 45o
0.5 m FA 
 FB Instructions:
B
FB FA 0.2 m tan q = 0.7 / 0.4
q
 q = 60.3  = q − 45
A
(c)
0.1m P FA FB
= =
sin  sin 45 sin(180 − 45 −  )
 FA, FB FA = 1.07 kN , F = 1.32 kN .

-17-
Other way to solve: with 2 systems for 2 bodies
We can solve this problem by considering 2 rigid bodies: with 6 equations for 6 unknowns
400 N
C 400 N
C
YB
0.2m 0.5 m 0.5 m
XB
XB
B
YD B B
0.2m
XD YA
D A D YB
A XA
(a) 0.1m 0.1m
(b) (c)
FA = XA + YA, FB = XB + YB , FD = XD + YD

-18-
Equilibrium of a body- 3D problem
The windlass is supported by a thrust

bearing at A and a smooth journal bearing
at B, which are properly aligned on the
shaft.
Determine the magnitude of the vertical force P that must be applied to the
handle to maintain equilibrium of the 100-kg bucket. Also calculate the
reactions at the bearings

-19-
Solution
Free-Body Diagram.
Since the bearings at A and B are aligned

correctly, only force reactions occur at
these supports.
Equations of Equilibrium.
 Fx = 0 : Ax = 0
 Fy = 0 : 0 + By = 0
 Fz = 0 : 424.3 − 981 + Bz − 377.6 = 0 Az = 424.3 N,
Ay = 0
 Mx = 0 : 981 N (1 m) − P (0.3 cos 30o m) = 0
 My = 0 : −981 N(0.5 m) + Az (0.8 m) + 377.6 N(0.4 m) = 0
By = 0,
 Mz = 0 : −Ay (0.8 m) = 0 Bz = 934 N

P = 377.6 N

-20-
-20-
Equilibrium of a body- 3D problem
Given: A bent rod is

supported by smooth
journal bearings at A, B,
and C. F = 800 N. Assume
the rod is properly aligned.
Find: The reactions at all
the supports.
Plan:
a) Draw a FBD of the rod.

b) Apply scalar equations of equilibrium to solve for the unknowns.
Department of Applied
Department Mechanics-SME
of Applied Mechanics-SME
-21-
SOLUTION
z A FBD of the rod

Cy C
x
Ax 2m
x
Az By
2m
Bz 0.75 m
1m
F y
The x, y and z components of force F are F = 346.4 i + 200 j + 692.8 k

Fx = (800 cos 60°) cos 30° = 346.4 N
Fy = (800 cos 60°) sin 30° = 200 N
Fz = 800 sin 60° = 692.8 N

-22-
SOLUTION (…)
Applying scalar equations of z A FBD of the rod

Cy C
equilibrium, we get x
 Fx = Ax + Cx + 346.4 = 0 (1) Ax 2m
x
 Fy = 200 + By + Cy = 0 (2) Az By
 Fz = Az + Bz – 692.8 = 0 (3)
2m
Bz 0.75 m
1m
 Mx = – Cy (2) + Bz (2) – 692.8(2) = 0 (4) F y
 My = Bz (1) + Cx (2) =0 (5) Recall
F = 346.4 i + 200 j + 692.8 k
 Mz = – Cy (1.75) – Cx (2) – By (1)
– 346.4(2) = 0 (6)
Solving Eqs. (1) to (6),

Ax = 400 N, By = 600 N, Cx = 53.6 N
Az = 800 N, Bz = -107 N, Cy = 800 N

-23-
Example (3D plate)
The rectangular plate, with dimensions a, b and weight P , is kept in horizontal equilibrium by
ball-and-socket joint at A , short hinge at B and cable DE. Force F is applied in vertical direction at
C. Draw free body diagram and determine reaction forces at A, B and tension force DE.
E E
 z
T  B
Z
z B y ZA B y
a b YA a b XB
 C  C
A A
F XA F
D x P D x P

-24-
Solution
E
3D force system (1 body) Z
B
- 6 equations T
- 6 unknowns z ZA B y
YA a b XB
 C
A
(P, F, XA, YA, ZA, XB , YB , T)  0 F
XAD P
x
 Fkx = X A + X B − T sin  sin  = 0 T = −T sin  sin  ,
 x
 Fky = YA + T sin  cos  = 0 T Ty = T sin  cos ,
T = T cos 
 Fkz = Z A + Z B + T cos  − P − F = 0  z
 mx (Fk ) = a  Z B − 21 a  P − a  F = 0 T = .., Z B = ..
 my (Fk ) = b  F + 21 b  P − b  T cos  = 0 X B = .., X A = ..
 mz (Fk ) = b  T sin  cos  − a  X B = 0 YA = .., Z A = ..

-25-
Example: system of rigid bodies
Determine the reaction forces of the structure created by 2 homogenous triangles with the
weight W . The system is subjected by forces P and F.

-26-
Solution:
For each of 2 triangles we have 3 equations of equilibrium: (in x and y direction and moment
equation), in total 6 equations for the system (6= 2 x 3)
A B
Plate (I): mA = XC h − W 13 a − YC a = 0
Plate (II): mB = W 13 a − XC h − YC a − Fh = 0

From these equations we get:
XC = a
3h
W − 21 F , YC = − 2ha F
Why do we write the moment equations first?

-27-
Solution: (…)
Pay attention to the internal reactions at C

(total number of unknowns and direction)
Equations of equilibrium in x and y direction:

Plate (I):
Fkx = X A − XC = 0  X A = XC = a
3h
W − 21 F
Fky = YA − W − YC − P = 0  YA = W + P + YC = W + P − h
2a
F
Plate (II):
Fkx = X B + XC + F = 0  X B = −F − XC = − 21 F − a
3h
W
Fky = YB − W + YC = 0  YB = W − YC = W + h
2a
F

-28-
Given: q, a, b, c, d and h.
Neglect the weights of the beams.
Determine the reaction forces at A,B and tension forces in the rods CD, EF.
A D F
h

E B
C
a b c d
Remark: we can specify angle 
cos  = c / c 2 + h 2
sin  = h / c 2 + h 2

-29-
Solution: Free body diagram
A D F
h

E B
C
a b c d
Q = q (a + b + c)
YA l Q
l = (a + b + c) / 2
XA q
A D  F AF: (Q, X A , YA , SCD , SEF )  0

SCD
S EF S EF
SCD YB
E  B XB
C
a b c d
BC: (XB , YB , SCD , SEF )  0

-30-
Solution: Equations of Equilibrium
a b+c S EF
SCD YB 6 equations for
E  B XB
YA l Q C 6 unknowns
XA q
b c d
A D  F
SCD
S EF
Beam AF:  mA (Fk ) = −Ql − SCD a − S EF sin  (a + b + c) = 0 (1)

 SCD = ..., SEF = ...
Beam BC:  mB (Fk ) = − S EF sin  (c + d ) − SCD (b + c + d ) = 0 (2)
Beam AF:  Fkx = X A − S EF cos  = 0 (3)  X A =

 Fky = −Q + YA − SCD − S EF sin  = 0 (4)  YA =
 Fkx = X B + S EF cos  = 0 (5)  X B =

Beam BC:
 Fky = YB + SCD + S EF sin  = 0 (6)  YB =

-31-
The cylinder has the radius R, and the weight P. The rod OA is massless and the dimension
OB = BA. The parameters P, F,  are given. Determine the reactions at O, B, D and E.
Without numerical calculations draw the direction of reaction at pin O.
F
A
B
C E
P
O 
D

-32-
Solution: Free Body Diagram and 2 Force Systems
Free Body Diagram for each body: rod and cylinder
F F
A A
NB
B YO B B
NB C E NE
C E
P  P
O  O
XO
D
D
ND
(F, XO , YO , NB )  0 (P, N B , N D , N E )  0
The reactions NB, NE, ND should have the right directions
Note : you can write :

NB = − N B but N B = N B (magnitude)

-33-
Solution: equations of equilibrium
A NB
F
B 
E NE NB
B
C 
YO P
NB
D

O ND
XO
OA:  mO (Fk ) = N B  OB − F  OA  sin  = 0 (1)  N B =

 Fkx = F + X O − N B sin  = 0 (2)  X O =
 Fky = YO + N B cos  = 0 (3)  YO =
Cylinder C:
 Fkx = N B sin  − N E = 0 (4)  N E = N B sin 
 Fky = − P − N B cos  + N D = 0 (5)  N D = P + N B cos 
Numerical calculation (for 5 unknowns): ……………………….

Why only 5?

-34-
Solution (…)
Without numerical calculation we can draw direction of the reaction at pin O
F F
A
F RO
A
B NB
C E
P NB
O  B
D O
(F, XO , YO , N B )  0 RO
(F, XO + YO , N B )  0  (F, R O , N B )  0
The rod OA is a Three-Force Member (F, N B , RO )  0

-35-
Given: F, q, M, a, b, c, d. (The couple acts at the beam DC)

Neglect the weights of beams.
Determine the reactions at A, C, B.
F
q
D M A C B
a b c d
Consider: the results will be changed if the couple changes acting at the beam BC?

-36-
Solution: Free Body Diagram
F
q
M A C B
a b c d
l1
Q1 Q2 YC F YB
l2
XC C XB
XC
M A C B MB
NA YC c d
a b
aq a b
Q1 = ; l1 = + b; Q2 = qb; l2 = Pay attention to the direction of XC, YC acting
2 3 2
on 2 bodies.
Direction of NA should be right

-37-
Solution: equations of equilibrium for AC
l1
Q1 Q2 l2 YC
XC
C ( M , Q1 , Q2 , N A , XC , YC )  0
M
NA
a b
AC:
 Fkx = X C = 0 (1)  X C = 0
 mC ( Fk ) = Q1l1 + Q2l2 + M − N Ab = 0 (2)  N A = ..
 Fky = −Q1 − Q2 + N A + YC = 0 (3)  YC = ..

-38-
Solution: equations of equilibrium for BC
F YB
XC XB
C (F, XC , YC , X B , YB , M B )  0
B MB
YC c d
BC:
 Fkx = − X C + X B = 0 (4)  X B = 0
 Fky = − F − YC + YB = 0 (5)  YB = ...
 mB (Fk ) = Fd + YC (c + d ) + M B = 0 (6)  M B = ...

-39-
Given: F, q, M, a, b, c, d. (The couple acts at the beam AC)

Neglect the weight of beams.
1. Determine the reactions at A, C, B and tension force in the cable DE
2. Without numerical calculations draw the direction of reaction acting on BD
from AB
3. The results will be changed if the couple M changes acting at the beam BC or BD?
E
F
D
M q
d
A 
C B c
a b

-40-
Solution: Free body diagram
T
F
D
F
D
M q
d
A 
C B c d
a
XB B 
b
c
Q = qb Q
YB (F, XB , YB , T)  0
YA YB
M
XA XB
B
A C
NC
a b
( M , Q, X A , YA , NC , X B , YB )  0
Pay attention to the direction of XB, YB acting on 2 bodies.

Direction of the tension force in the cable DE is already determined.

-41-
Solution: Equations of equilibrium for the beam BD
Beam BD:
T
F
D
d
XB B 
(F, XB , YB , T)  0
c
YB
 mB (Fk ) = − Fc + T (c + d )cos  = 0 (1)  T = ..

 Fkx = F sin  − X B = 0 (2)  X B = ..
 Fky = − F cos  − YB + S = 0 (3)  YB = ..

-42-
Solution: Equations of equilibrium for the beam AB
Beam AB:
YA Q = qb Q YB
M
XA XB
B
A C
a
NC ( M , Q, X A , YA , NC , X B , YB )  0
b
 b
 mA (Fk ) = − M − Q  a +  + N C a + YB (a + b) = 0 (4)  N C = ...
 2
 Fkx = X A + X B = 0 (5)  X A = ..
 Fky = −Q + YA + N C + YB = 0 (2) = 0 (6)  YA = ..

-43-
Extension
2) Without numerical calculation we can draw direction of the reaction at pin B (from AB to BD):
we draw FBD for BD
E
F T
D
F
M D
q
d
A 
RB
C B c
a b RB
B
F
T
(F, XB + YB , T)  0  (F, T, R B )  0
BD is a 3-force member, hence forces should be:

- Coplanar
- Concurent or paralell

-44-
-44-
Extension (…)
The results will be change if the couple is changed to BD.
E
F M
D
q
d
A 
C B c
a b
-45-
EXAMPLE: system of rigid bodies (frame)
Given: The frame supports an

external load and moment
as shown.
Find: The horizontal and vertical
components of the pin
reactions at C and the
magnitude of reaction at B.
Plan:
a) Draw a FBD of frame member BC. Why pick this part
of the frame?
b) Apply the equations of equilibrium and solve for the
unknowns at C and B.

-46-
SOLUTION (…)
FBD of member BC
800 N m 400 N
CX
1m CY
1m 2m
B1
3 FAB
Note that member AB is a two-force member.
Equations of Equilibrium:
Start with  MC since it yields one unknown.

-47-
SOLUTION (…)
FBD of member BC
800 N m 400 N
CX
1m CY
1m 2m
B1
3 FAB
Now use the x and y-direction Equations of Equilibrium:

-48-
EXAMPLE : system of rigid bodies (frame)
Given: The wall crane supports

an external load of 700 lb.
Find: The force in the cable at
winch motor W and
the horizontal and vertical
components of pin
reactions at A, B, C,
and D.
Plan:
a) Draw FBDs of the frame’s members and pulleys.
b) Apply the equations of equilibrium and solve for the
unknowns.
-49-
-49-
SOLUTION
FBD of the Pulley E
T T
700 lb
Necessary Equations of Equilibrium:
+  FY = 2 T – 700 = 0
T = 350 lb
-50-
SOLUTION (…)
350 lb
→ +  FX = CX – 350 = 0
CX = 350 lb
CY
C +   F = C – 350 = 0
Y Y
CX CY = 350 lb
350 lb
FBD of pulley C
350 lb
BY
B→ +  F = – B + 350 – 350 sin 30° = 0
30° BX X X
BX = 175 lb
350 lb  +  FY = BY – 350 cos 30° = 0
BY = 303.1 lb
FBD of pulley B

-51-
SOLUTION (…)
Please note that member BD is a two-force
member.
TBD
AX A 175 lb 350 lb
45°
B
700 lb
AY 303.11 lb
4 ft 4 ft
FBD of member ABC
+  MA = TBD sin 45° (4) – 303.1 (4) – 700 (8) = 0
TBD = 2409 lb
→ +  FX = AX – 2409 cos 45° + 175 – 350 = 0

AX = 1880 lb
 +  FY = AY + 2409 sin 45° – 303.1 – 700 = 0

AY = – 700 lb

-52-
SOLUTION (…)
FBD of member BD
DY
DX
D
45° B
2409 lb
At D, the X and Y component are ( BD is two-force member)
→ + DX = –2409 cos 45° = –1700 lb
 + DY = 2409 sin 45° = 1700 lb

-53-
Example:Transmission mechanism
Specify the machining force of the

knife F depending on the input
force P

-54-
Solution: Transmission mechanism
Lever OAB: mO (Fk ) = S1b − Pa = 0

Fkx = S1 + S 2 sin  + S 3 sin  = 0
Joint C:
Fky = −S2 cos  + S 3 cos  = 0
Knife E: Fky = Fc + S2 cos  = 0

Solving the system of 4 equations: a cos  cos 
Fc = P
b(sin  cos  + cos  sin  )
-55-
STRUCTURE
Given: Loads as shown on the truss

Find: The forces in each member
of the truss.
Plan:
1. Check if there are any zero-force members.

2. First analyze pin D and then pin A
3. Note that member BD is zero-force member. FBD = 0
4. Why, for this problem, do you not have to find the
external reactions before solving the problem?
-56-
SOLUTION
D 450 lb
45 º
45 º
FAD FCD
FBD of pin D
+ →  FX = – 450 + FCD cos 45° – FAD cos 45° = 0

+   FY = – FCD sin 45° – FAD sin 45° = 0
FCD = 318 lb (Tension) or (T)

and
FAD = – 318 lb (Compression) or (C)
-57-
SOLUTION (…)
Analyzing pin A:
FAD Recall
45 º FAD = – 318 lb
A
FAB
AY
FBD of pin A
+ →  FX = FAB + (– 318) cos 45° = 0; FAB = 225 lb (T)
Could you have analyzed Joint C instead of A?

-58-
STRUCTURE: EXAMPLE
Given: Loads as shown on the

truss
Find: Determine the force in
all the truss members
(do not forget to
mention whether they
are in T or C).
Plan:
a) Check if there are any zero-force members.
Is member CE zero-force member?
b) Draw FBDs of pins D, C, and E, and then apply E-of-E at
those pins to solve for the unknowns.
-59-
SOLUTION
FBD of pin D
Y
D 600N
X
5
4
3
FDE FCD
Analyzing pin D:
→ +  FX = FDE (3/5) – 600 = 0
FCD = 1000 N = 1.00 kN (C)
+  FY = 1000 (4/5) – FCD = 0

FDE = 800 N = 0.8 kN (T)
-60-
FBD of pin C
Y
FCD (recall FCD = 800N
FCE C 900 N
X
FBC
Analyzing pin C:
→ +  FX = FCE – 900 = 0
FCE = 900 N = 0.90 kN (C)
+  FY = 800 – FBC = 0
FBC = 800 N = 0.80 kN (T)
-61-
FBD of pin E
Y
3
FDE = 1000 N
4 5
E FCE = 900 N
3
X
4 5 4 5
FAE 3 FBE
Analyzing pin E:
→ +  FX = FAE (3/5) + FBE (3/5) – 1000 (3/5) – 900 = 0
 +  FY = FAE (4/5) – FBE (4/5) – 1000 (4/5) = 0
Solving these two equations, we get
FAE = 1750 N = 1.75 kN (C)
FBE = 750 N = 0.75 kN (T)
-62-
STRUCTURE: Example
Determine the force in each member of the truss shown in Fig.a.

Indicate whether the members are in tension or compression.
Solution:
No joint can be analyzed until the support reactions are determined. Hence, free-body
diagram of the entire truss is given in Fig.b.
And the equations of equilibrium :
 Fx = 0 : 600 N − C x = 0, C x = 600 N
 MC = 0 : −Ay (6 m) + 400 N(3 m) + 600 N(4 m) = 0, Ay = 600 N
 Fy = 0 : 600 N − 400 N − C y = 0, C y = 200 N

-63-
STRUCTURE (…)
Joint A:
 Fy = 0 : 600 N − − 53 FAB = 0, FAB = 750 N (C)

 Fx = 0 : − 53  750 N+FAD = 0, FAD = 450 N (T)
Joint D:
 Fx = 0 : −450 N+ 53 FDB + 600 N = 0, FDB = −250 N
 Fy = 0 : −FDC − 600 N = 0, FDC = 200 N (C)

-64-
STRUCTURE (…)
Joint C:
 Fx = 0 : FCB − 600 N = 0, FCB = 600 N (C)
 Fy = 0 : 200 N − 200 N = 0, (check)
Results and total

diagram:

-65-
STRUCTURE: EXAMPLE

truss.
Find: The force in members
KJ, KD, and CD.
Plan:
a) Take a cut through members KJ, KD and CD.

b) Work with the left piece of the cut sections. Why?
c) Determine the support reactions at A. What are they?
d) Apply the E-of-E to find the forces in KJ, KD and CD.

-66-
SOLUTION
AX
AY GY
Analyzing the entire truss for the reactions at A, we get

 FX = AX = 0.
A moment equation about G to find AY results in:

 MG = AY (12) – 20 (10) – 30 (8) – 40 (6) = 0;
AY = 56.7 kN
-67-
SOLUTION (…)
2 FKJ
3
FKD
FCD
56.7 kN
Now take moments about point D. Why do this?

 MD = – 56.7 (6) + 20 (4) + 30 (2) – FKJ (3) = 0
FKJ = − 66.7 kN or 66.7 kN ( C )

-68-
SOLUTION (…)
2 FKJ
3
FKD
FCD
56.7 kN
Now use the x and y-directions equations of equilibrium.

↑ +  FY = 56.7 – 20 – 30 – (3/13) FKD = 0;
FKD = 8.05 kN (T)
→ +  FX = (– 66.7) + (2/13) ( 8.05 ) + FCD = 0;
FCD = 62.2 kN (T)
-69-
STRUCTURE: EXAMPLE

truss.
Find: The forces in members
ED, EH, and GH.
Plan:
a) Take the cut through members ED, EH, and GH.

b) Analyze the left section. Determine the support reactions at F.
Why?
c) Draw the FBD of the left section.
d) Apply the equations of equilibrium (if possible, try to do it so
that every equation yields an answer to one unknown).

-70-
SOLUTION
1) Determine the support reactions

at F by drawing the FBD of the
entire truss.
Fy
Ax
Ay
+  MA = – Fy (4) + 40 (2) + 30 (3) + 40 (1.5) = 0;

Fy = 57.5 kN
-71-
SOLUTION (…)
2) Analyze the left section.
FED
+  ME = – 57.5 (2) + FGH (1.5) = 0;
1.5 m 4
FGH = 76.7 kN (T) 3
FEH
↑ +  Fy = 57.5 – 40 – FEH (3/5)= 0;
FGH
FEH = 29.2 kN (T) Fy= 57.5 kN
+  MH = – 57.5 (4) + 40 (2) – FED (1.5) = 0;

FED = -100 kN = 100 kN (C)

-72-
Friction: Example
Given: Automobile has a mass

of 2000 kg and s = 0.3.
Find: The smallest magnitude
of F required to move
the car if the back brakes
are locked and the front
wheels are free to roll.
Plan: a) Draw FBD of the car.

b) Determine the unknowns.
d) Apply the E-of-E and friction equations to solve
for the unknowns.
-73-
Solution
FBD of the car
2000 × 9.81 N
Note that there are four
unknowns: F, NA, NB, and FB
FB
Equations of Equilibrium: NA NB
+ →  FX = FB – F (cos 30) = 0 (1)

+   FY = NA + NB + F (sin 30) – 19620 = 0 (2)
+  MA = F cos30(0.3) – F sin30(0.75) + NB (2.5)
– 19620(1) = 0 (3)
Assume that the rear wheels are on the verge of slip. Thus
FB = µs NB = 0.3 NB (4)

-74-
Solution (…)
+ →  FX = FB – F (cos 30) = 0 (1)

+   FY = NA + NB + F (sin 30) – 19620 = 0 (2)
+  MA = F cos30(0.3) – F sin30(0.75) + NB (2.5)
– 19620(1) = 0 (3)
FB = µs NB = 0.3 NB (4)
Solving Equations (1) to (4),

F = 2762 N
and NA =10263 N, NB = 7975 N, FB = 2393 N.

-75-
Friction: Example
Given: A force P is applied to move

wedge A to the right. The
spring is compressed a
distance of 175 mm.
The static friction coefficient
is S = 0.35 for all contacting
surfaces. Neglect the weight
of A and B.
Find: The smallest force P needed to move wedge A.

Plan:

-76-
Plan
1. Draw FBDs of block B and wedge A.

2. Apply the E-of-E to block B to find the friction force when
the wedge is on the verge of moving.
3. Apply the E-of-E to wedge A to find the smallest force
needed to cause sliding.

-77-
Solution
FSP = 15(0.175) NB
= 2.625 kN FB=0.35NB
NC P
10º
FA=0.35NA
FB=0.35NB 10º
NB NA
FBD of Block B FBD of Wedge A
Using the spring formula:

Fsp = k x = (15 kN/m) (0.175m) = 2.625 kN
If the wedge is on the verge of moving to the right, then slipping
will have to occur at both contact surfaces.
Thus, FA = S NA = 0.35 NA and FB = 0.35 NB.

-78-
Solution (…)
FSP = 2.625 kN NB
FB=0.35NB
NC P
10º
FA=0.35NA
FB=0.35NB 10º
NB NA
Applying the E-of-E to the Block B, we get:
+  FY = NB – 2.625 = 0
NB = 2.625 kN

-79-
Solution (…)
FSP = 2.625 kN 2.625 kN

FB=0.35(2.625)
NC P
10º
FA=0.35NA
FB=0.35NB 10º
NB NA
Applying the E-of-E to Wedge A:
+  FY = NA cos 10 – 0.35NA sin 10 – 2.625 = 0

NA = 2.841 kN
→+  FX = P – 0.35(2.625) –0.35(2.841) cos10– 2.841 sin10 = 0
P = 2.39 kN

-80-
Friction: Example
Determine the smallest magnitude of

force F to keep the disk in equilibrium
under action of the torque Md. The
coefficient of static friction between
the belt and disk is μ0. Neglect weights
of bodies.
FBD for 2 bodies

-81-
Solution:
Clearly: S2 > S1 to keep equilibrium under

action of Md
and angle of contact  = π.
For impending motion:
We get the smallest magnitude F:

-82-
Friction: Example
The maximum tension that can be developed in

the cord is 500 N. If the pulley at A is free to
rotate and the coefficient of static friction at the
fixed drums B and C is μs = 0.25, determine the
largest mass of the cylinder that can be lifted by
the cord. Assume that the force T applied at the
end of the cord is directed vertically downward,
as shown.

-83-
Solution
Lifting the cylinder causes the cord to move counterclockwise

over the drums at B and C; hence, the maximum tension T2 in
the cord occurs at D, T2 = 500 N.
The angle of contact between the drum and the cord is β =
(135°/180°) π or β = 3π/4 rad. Therefore, for impending motion
toward T2:
s  0.25[(3 / 4) ]
T2 = Te
1 : 500 N = Te
1
500 N 500 N
T1 = = = 277.4 N
exp{0.25[(3 / 4) ]} 1.80
The pulley at A is free to rotate, equilibrium requires that the
tension in the cord remains the same on both sides of the
pulley. The weight W < 277.4 N, hence, for impending
motion:
s 
T2 = Te
1
: 277.4 N = We 0.25[(3/4) ]
W = 153.9 N
W 153.9 N
m= = 2
= 15.7 kg
g 9.81m/s

-84-
EXAMPLE: Friction and tipping
Given: Crate weight = 250 lb and

s = 0.4
Find: The maximum force P that can be
applied without causing movement
of the crate.
Plan:
??
a) Draw a FBD of the box.

b) Determine the unknowns.
c) Make your friction assumptions.
d) Apply E-of-E (and friction equations, if appropriate ) to solve for the
unknowns.
e) Check assumptions, if required.

-85-
SOLUTION
1.5 ft 1.5 ft
P 250 lb
4.5 ft
3.5 ft
0
F
x
N
FBD of the crate

There are four unknowns: P, N, F and x.
First, let’s assume the crate slips. Then the friction equation for
impending motion is
F = s N = 0.4 N.
-86-
Solution (…)
1.5 ft 1.5 ft
P 250 lb
4.5 ft
3.5 ft
0
F
x
+ →  FX = P – 0.4 N = 0 N
+   FY = N – 250 = 0 FBD of the crate
Solving these two equations gives:
P = 100 lb and N = 250 lb
+  MO = -100 (4.5) + 250 (x) = 0

Check: x = 1.8  1.5 : No slipping will occur since x  1.5
-87-
Solution (…)
Since tipping occurs, we have the correct FBD and equations of equilibrium:
+ →  FX = P – F = 0 1.5 ft 1.5 ft
+   FY = N – 250 = 0
P 250 lb
These two equations give:
P = F and N = 250 lb
4.5 ft
3.5 ft
0
F
N
FBD of the crate
MO = – P (4.5) + 250 (1.5) = 0
P = 83.3 lb, and F = 83.3 lb  s N = 100 lb

-88-
Centroid: EXAMPLE
Given: The area as shown.

Find: The centroid location (x , y)
Plan: Follow the steps.
Solution:
1. Since y is given in terms of x, choose
dA as a vertical rectangular strip.
2. dA = y dx = x3 dx
~ ~
3. x = x and y = y / 2 = x3 / 2

-89-
Solution(…)
4. x = ( A x~ dA ) / ( A dA )
1
0  x (x 3)dx 1/5 [ x5 ]1
0
= 1 =
0 (x3 )dx 1/4 [ x4 ]01
= ( 1/5) / ( 1/4) = 0.8 m
~ 1
A y dA 0  (x 3 / 2) ( x3 ) dx 1/14[x7]01
y = = 1
=
A dA 0  x 3 dx 1/4
= (1/14) / (1/4) = 0.2857 m
-90-
Centroid: Example
Given: The steel plate is 0.3 m thick and

has a density of 7850 kg/m3.
Find: The location of its center of mass.
Also compute the reactions at A
and B.
Plan: Follow the solution steps to
find the CM by integration.
Then use 2-dimensional
equations of equilibrium to
solve for the external reactions.

-91-
Solution
1. Choose dA as a vertical
rectangular strip (why?)

-92-
Solution (…)
4.

-93-
Solution (…)
Place the weight of the plate at the centroid G.
Area, A = 4.667 m2
Weight, W = (7850) (9.81) (4.667) 0.3 = 107.8 kN
FBD :
From Equations of Equilibrium:
+ →  FX = – Ax + 47.92 sin 45 = 0

AX = 33.9 kN
+   FY = Ay + 47.92 cos 45 – 107.8 = 0

AY = 73.9 kN

-94-
Centroid: Example
Given: The part shown.

Find: The centroid of
the part.
b
a c Plan: Follow the steps
d
for analysis.
Solution:
1. This body can be divided into the following pieces:
triangle (a) + rectangle (b) + quarter circular (c)
– semicircular area (d).
Note that a negative sign should be used for the hole!

-95-
Solution (…)
y
Steps 2 & 3: Create and complete
the table using parts a, b, c,
and d. Note the location of b
the axis system. a c
d
Segment Area A 
x y x A y A
(in2) (in) (in) ( in3) ( in3)
Triangle a 4.5 –4 1 – 18 4.5

Rectangle b 9.0 – 1.5 1.5 – 13.5 13.5
Qtr. Circle c 9/4 4(3) / (3 ) 4(3) / (3 ) 9 9
Semi-Circle d –/2 0 4(1) / (3 ) 0 – 0.67
 19.00 – 22.5 26.33

-96-
SOLUTION (…)
4. Now use the table data results and the formulas to find the
coordinates of the centroid.
Area A x A 
yA
19.00 – 22.5 26.33
x = (  x A) / ( A ) = – 22.5 in3/ 19.0 in2 = – 1.18 in

y = (  y A) / ( A ) = 26.33 in3 / 19.0 in2 = 1.39 in
y

-97-
Examples: (Pappus and Guldinus)
Determine the surface of a drum body (by revolution of a part of a circle)
y y B
L
L xC
O
O x
x R
A
Solution
By integration: L = 2 R,
d = xC = R −1 sin 
Hence
sin 
A = 2dL = 2 R 2 R = 4 R2 sin 

When:  =  / 2  A = 4 R
2

-98-
Examples: (Pappus and Guldinus)
Determine the volume of the bracelet by revolution of a square
a
Solution r
rC r, A a2
Hence
V 2 rC A 2 ra 2

-99-
Moment of Inertia: EXAMPLE
Given: The shaded area shown in the

figure.
•
Find: The MoI of the area about the
(x,y) x- and y-axes.
Plan: Follow the steps given earlier.
Horizontal differential element for calculation of Ix (why?)
Solution:
Ix =  y2 dA
dA = (1 – x) dy = (1 – y3/2) dy
1
Ix = 0 y2 (1 – y3/2) dy
1
= [ (1/3) y3 – (2/9) y9/2 ] 0 = 0.111 m4
-100-
Moment of Inertia: Solution (…)
Vertical differential element for calculation of Iy
Iy =  x2 dA =  x2 y dx
=  x2 (x2/3) dx
• (x,y) 1
= 0 x8/3 dx
11/3 1
= [ (3/11) x ]0
= 0.273 m 4
In this example, Ix can be also determined using a vertical

strip (using the moment of inertia of the rectangle)
1
Then Ix =  (1/3) y3 dx = 0  (1/3) x 2 dx = 1/9 = 0.111 m 4

-101-
Moment of Inertia: EXAMPLE
Given: The beam’s cross-sectional area.

Find: The moment of inertia of the area
about the x-axis and the radius of
gyration, kx.
Plan: Follow the steps for analysis.
Solution: [3] [2] [1]
1. The cross-sectional area can be divided into three rectangles

( [1], [2], [3] ) as shown.
2. The centroids of these three rectangles are in their center. The
distances from these centers to the x-axis are 175 mm, 0 mm,
and -175 mm, respectively.
-102-
Solution (…)
3. From handbook, the MoI of a

rectangle about its centroidal axis is
(1/12) b h3.
Ix[2] = (1/12) (50 mm) (300 mm)3
[1] = 1.125×108 mm4
[2]
[3]
Using the parallel-axis theorem,
Ix[1] = Ix[3] = Ix’ + A (dy)2
= (1/12) (200) (50)3 + (200) (50) (175)2
= 3.083×108 mm4
-103-
Solution (…)
Summing these three MoIs:

4. Ix = Ix1 + Ix2 + Ix3
Ix = 7.291×108 mm4
Now, finding the radius of gyration:

kx =  ( Ix / A)
A = 50 (300) + 200 (50) + 200 (50) = 3.5×104 mm2
kx =  (7.291×108) / (3.5×104) = 144 mm

-104-
Mass Moment of Inertia: EXAMPLE
Given: The pendulum consists of a 5 kg plate

and a 3 kg slender rod.
R
Find: The radius of gyration of the
pendulum about an axis
P perpendicular to the screen and
passing through point G.
Plan: Determine the MMI of the pendulum using the method for
composite bodies. Then determine the radius of gyration
using the MMI and mass values.

-105-
SOLUTION
1. Separate the pendulum into a square plate (P)

and a slender rod (R).
R 2. The center of mass of the plate and rod are

2.25 m and 1 m from point O, respectively.
P 
y = ( y m) / ( m )
= {(1) 3 + (2.25) 5} / (3+5) = 1.781 m
3. Using the MMI data on plates and slender rods
and the parallel-axis theorem,
IP = (1/12) 5 (0.52 + 12) + 5 (2.25 − 1.781)2 = 1.621 kg·m2

IR = (1/12) 3 (2)2 + 3 (1.781 − 1)2 = 2.830 kg·m2

-106-
SOLUTION (…)
4. IO = IP + IR = 1.621 + 2.830 = 4.45 kg·m2
R
5. Total mass (m) equals 8 kg
P Radius of gyration
k = IO / m = 4.45 / 8 = 0.746 m

Homework
◼ Solve problems on Small textbook
◼ Discuss problems with friends
◼ Prepare well for final examination
◼ Good luck and see you later
Nguyen Quang Hoang

Department of Applied Mechanics

16th Week Review and Preparation For Final Examination

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Engineering Mechanics: STATICS

Nguyen Quang Hoang

Contents of Engineering Mechanics

• Statics: deals with the equilibrium of

Nguyen Quang Hoang

Equilibrium of Force Systems: Determination of Reaction Forces

Structures (2 methods for trusses, method for frames and machines)

Centre of Gravity, Centroid and Moment of Inertia

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Given: The mass of cylinder C is

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Applying the scalar E-of-E at E , we get:

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Given: The beam is supported

a) Establish the x–y axis system.

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

FBD of the beam

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Now write the  FX =  FY = 0 equations.

Solving these two equations, we get

Given: P, q, a,b, . Determine tension force in CD and reaction force at A .

 mA(Fk ) = aTCD cos  − (a + b)P − (a + b / 2)Q = 0

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Given: The 4kN load at B of

FBD of the beam:

- Replacing distributed loading by a concentrated force.

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

 Fkx = F sin  + XO = 0  XO = −F sin 

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Free Body Diagram B

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Three-force member ABC

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

The windlass is supported by a thrust

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Since the bearings at A and B are aligned

 Mz = 0 : −Ay (0.8 m) = 0 Bz = 934 N

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Given: A bent rod is

a) Draw a FBD of the rod.

z A FBD of the rod

The x, y and z components of force F are F = 346.4 i + 200 j + 692.8 k

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Applying scalar equations of z A FBD of the rod

Solving Eqs. (1) to (6),

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Plate (I): mA = XC h − W 13 a − YC a = 0

Plate (II): mB = W 13 a − XC h − YC a − Fh = 0

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Pay attention to the internal reactions at C

Equations of equilibrium in x and y direction:

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME

Remark: we can specify angle 

Department of Applied Mechanics-SME