1.1. Scope & Importance:: Analysis and Design of Shopping Mall Against Lateral Forces

Analysis and design of shopping mall against lateral forces
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. SCOPE & IMPORTANCE:
Shopping and entertainment is an important for each and every one. But they have short of time,
so they need a shopping mall under one roof to save the valuable time and that shopping mall
needs to be protected against various loading such as lateral forces like earthquakes, etc.
1.2. LOCATION:
We have decided to choose the site for the construction of shopping mall at Tambaram.
The site accommodates the following special feature.
 Land is available in heart of Chennai city.
 The site is located nearby tourist place.
 24 hour transportation facility is available.
 Proposed site creates a pleasant environment of shopping.
1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT WORK:
The objective of this project is to satisfy the needs of people within a single roof. In metropolitan
cities like Chennai, Mumbai etc., we have only very limited areas which are sold at high cost. So
we have to build buildings within this limited area satisfying each of every need of the people.
This project will help us to built buildings of that type. And this project is also designed in such a
way that it would be economical.
The civil engineers have to think of construction of high raised structures, instead of the
traditional type of reinforced concrete skeletal structure enclosed by thick walls of bricks or any
other construction materials.
A civil engineer must be familiar with planning, analysis and design of such structures
against various loading such as lateral forces, etc. Hence it was proposed to choose a problem,
involving analysis and design of multistoried framed structure as the project work.
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1.4 EXISTING CONDITION OF SITE:
The proposed site is approximately flat. Therefore, there is no necessary to level the site.
Good soil having sufficient bearing capacity is available at shallow depth.
1.5 OTHER FACILITIES:
The proposed site accommodates the following important facilities.
 24 hours transport facilities are available.
 Drinking water facilities.
 Communication facilities.
 Electrical facilities.
 Police station.
 Nearest railway station available at Tambaram..
 Underground drainage facilities available.
2. PLANNING:
2.1. INFRASTRUCTURE:
The proposed ten storied commercial building consist of area of floor is 1220 m 2. A building
should be planned to make it comfortable, economical and to meet all the requirements of the
people. The efforts of the planner should be to obtain maximum comfort with limited available
resources. Functional, utility, cost, habits, taste, requirements etc, should also be considered in
planning a building. The planning of this ten storey building is so planned to meet out all the
above factors.
2.1.1. PLANNING USING AutoCAD
The shopping mall to be analyzed and designed is plan and drawn using computer-aided drafting
software program, AutoCAD, to create precise drawings used in construction and manufacturing.
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The shopping mall consists of G+ 10 storeys and the necessary plans drawn using AutoCAD is
shown in the following:
(a) TYPICAL PLAN OF GROUND & FIRST FLOOR:
In this floor entrance foyer, coffee shop, various shops, escalator, lift, toilet blocks are provided.
With entrance foyer of 25 m2, coffee shop 120 m2, and 20 shops of 500 m2.
Fig.1: Ground floor to first floor plan
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(b) TYPICAL PLAN OF SECOND & THIRD FLOOR:
In this floor various shops, super market, food court, escalator, lift, toilet blocks are provided
with super market and food court of 200 m2and shops of 300 m2.
Fig.2: Second to third floor plan
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(c) TYPICAL PLAN OF FOURTH & FIFTH FLOOR:
In this floor office with conference hall and store, escalator, lift, toilet blocks are provided with
office area about 300 m2, conference hall area about 80 m2.
Fig.3: fourth and fifth plan
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(d) TYPICAL PLAN OF SIXTH TO TENTH FLOOR:
In this floor net point, Table tennis court, Snooker corner, various Shops, Escalator, Lift, Toilet
blocks are provided. With Table tennis court and Snooker corner of 150sq.m, net point of 220
m2, and shops of 150 m2.
Fig.4: Sixth to tenth floor plan
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2.2. STAIR CASE:
This should be located in a place easily accessible to all members. The minimum width of
staircase should be 0.9m clear of railing and many ranges up to 1.5m. There should be a clear
headway of 2.1m above each step and landing. The staircase should be constructed in two flights
having a landing in the middle to make it easy and comfortable to climb. Risers and traders
should be uniform throughout to keep rhythm while climbing or descending. In our project,
staircase at two corner portion to get more access to each floors.
2.3. HEIGHT OF FLOORS:
In our project, the commercial building each floor roof height is provided at 3.60m.
2.4. THICKNESS OF THE WALL:
For commercial buildings of one storey one brick, 23cm thick wall is sufficient. For two storied
building wall of G.F may be one and half brick, 30cm and 1st floor wall may be one brick 23cm.
in our project, the wall thickness provided as 23cm all around the building.
2.5. SITE SELECTION:
The site for the construction was selected at Tambaram. As it lies in the outskirts of Chennai city
with good water supply and underground drainage facilities and connected with good road
facilities and surrounded with vegetation, gives a comfort living to the inmates and attracts
demand.
2.6. SITE INVESTIGATION:
The G+10 storied commercial building is proposed to be constructed at as site heart of the town.
The soil at the site is hard soil having a safe bearing of 200KN/m 2 in Tambaram. The size of the
plot is 3000m2
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2.7. DRAINAGE AND SANITATION:
Two pipe systems have to be provided to remove and treat the sullage and human excreta, one
septic tank were provided in the commercial building for economical and efficient treatment of
waste.
2.8. WATER SUPPLY:
As water is one of the basic needs prime importance is given to planning of water supply
systems. The quality of water is calculated as per IS 1172-1963. The water is supplied for the
entire requirements form water tank under pressure. The tank is provided at the terrace of the
building with a capacity of 50000 liters. The water form corporation main line is stored in the
ground level sump and pumped to the over head tanks.
2.9. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS:
The electrical installation shall generally be carried out in conformity with the requirements of
Indian electricity act 1910 and Indian electricity rule 1956. Electrical conduits are providing
adjacent to the lift room on either side of each floor. A generator is also proposed as standby. It
will be used in operation of the lift also in case of power failure. Electrical installation includes
electrical wiring consuming devices accessories fittings control and protective gear and other
accessories associated with wiring situated on any premised. In this project all wiring are
concealed type.
2.10. FIRE PROTECTION:
In all buildings, sufficient automatic fire detecting and alarm facilities shall be provided, where
necessary to warn out occupant existence of fire so that they may escape.
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3. LITERATURE REVIEW:
Historically, over the past hundred years a number of investigators have undertaken studies
related to structures subjected to lateral forces typically applying classical theories to the
structures. This chapter presents an overview of previous work on related topics that provide the
necessary background for the purpose of this project. The literature review concentrates on a
range of earthquake engineering topics and structural modeling, designing and analyzing aspects.
3.1. EARTHQUAKE (OR) SEISMIC FORCE:

An earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by sudden breaking and movement of large
sections (tectonic plates) of the earth’s rocky outermost crust. Earthquakes are very complex,
uncertain, and potentially more damaging than wind loads. It is quite fortunate that they do not
occur frequently. The earthquake creates ground movements that can be categorized as a
"shake," "rattle," and a "roll." Every structure in an earthquake zone must be able to withstand all
three of these loadings of different intensities. Although the ground under a structure may shift in
any direction, only the horizontal components of this movement are usually considered critical in
a structural analysis. It is assumed that a load-bearing structure which supports properly
calculated design loads for vertical dead and live loads are adequate for the vertical component
of the earthquake.
3.1.1. STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE DURING EARTHQUAKE:

Earthquakes are natural hazards under which disasters are mainly caused by damage to or
collapse of buildings and other man-made structures. Experience has shown that for new
constructions, establishing earthquake resistant regulations and their implementation is the
critical safeguard against earthquake-induced damage. As regards existing structures, it is
necessary to evaluate and strengthen them based on evaluation criteria before an earthquake.
Earthquake damage depends on many parameters, including intensity, duration and frequency
content of ground motion, geologic and soil condition, quality of construction, etc. Building
design must be such as to ensure that the building has adequate strength, high ductility, and will
remain as one unit, even while subjected to very large deformation.
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3.1.2. SEISMIC EFFECTS:

There are four basic causes of earthquake- induced damage: ground shaking, ground failure,
tsunamis and fire.
(i) Ground shaking:
The principal cause of earthquake-induced damage is ground shaking. As the earth vibrates, all
buildings on the ground surface will respond to that vibration in varying degrees. Earthquake
induced accelerations, velocities and displacements can damage or destroy a building unless it
has been designed and constructed or strengthened to be earthquake resistant. Therefore, the
effect of ground shaking on buildings is a principal area of consideration in the design of
earthquake resistant buildings. Seismic design loads are extremely difficult to determine due to
the random nature of earthquake motions. How- ever, experiences from past strong earthquakes
have shown that reasonable and prudent practices can keep a building safe during an earthquake.
(ii) Ground failure:
Earthquake-induced ground failure has been observed in the form of ground rupture along the
fault zone, landslides, settlement and soil liquefaction. Ground rupture along a fault zone may be
very limited or may extend over hundreds of kilometers. Ground displacement along the fault
may be horizontal, vertical or both, and can be measured in centimeters or even meters.
Obviously, a building directly astride such a rupture will be severely damaged or collapsed.
While landslide can destroy a building, the settlement may only damage the building. Soil
liquefaction can occur in low density saturated sands of relatively uniform size. The phenomenon
of liquefaction is particularly important for dams, bridges, underground pipelines, and buildings
standing on such ground.
(iii) Tsunamis:
Tsunamis or seismic sea waves are generally produced by a sudden movement of the ocean floor.
As the water waves approach land, their velocity decreases and their height increases from 5 to 8
m, or even more.
Obviously, tsunamis can be devastating for buildings built in coastal areas.
(iv) Fire:
When the fire following an earthquake starts, it becomes difficult to extinguish it, since a strong
earthquake is accompanied by the loss of water supply and traffic jams. Therefore, the
earthquake damage increases with the earthquake induced fire in addition to the damage to
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buildings directly due to earthquakes. In the case of the 1923 Kanto earthquake 50% of Tokyo
and 70% of the total number of houses were burnt and more than 100,000 people were killed by
the fire.
3.1.3. Earthquake design techniques
The objective of design codes is to have structures that will behave elastically under earthquakes
that can be expected to occur more than once in the life of the building. It is also expected that
the structure would survive major earthquakes without collapse that might occur during the life
of the building. To avoid collapse during a large earthquake, members must be ductile enough to
absorb and dissipate energy by post-elastic deformations. Nevertheless, during a large
earthquake the deflection of the structure should not be such as to endanger life or cause a loss of
structural integrity. Ideally, the damage should be repairable. The repair may require the
replacement of crushed concrete and/or the injection of epoxy resin into cracks in the concrete
caused by yielding of reinforcement. In some cases, the order of ductility involved during a
severe earthquake may be associated with large permanent deformations and in those cases; the
resulting damage could be beyond repair. To overcome this problem, buildings designed to these
prescriptive provisions would (1) not collapse under very rare earthquakes; (2) provide life safety
for rare earthquakes; (3) suffer only limited repairable damage in moderate shaking; and (4) be
undamaged in more frequent, minor earthquakes.
The design seismic forces acting on a structure as a result of ground shaking are usually
determined by one of the following methods:
- Static analysis, using equivalent seismic forces obtained from response spectra for
horizontal earthquake motions.
- Dynamic analysis, either modal response spectrum analysis or time history analysis
with numerical integration using earthquake records.
Static analysis:
Although earthquake forces are of dynamic nature, for majority of buildings, equivalent static
analysis procedures can be used. These have been developed on the basis of considerable amount
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of research conducted on the structural behaviour of structures subjected to base movements.

These methods generally determine the shear acting due to an earthquake as equivalent static
base shear. It depends on the weight of the structure, the dynamic characteristics of the building
as expressed in the form of natural period or natural frequency, the seismic risk zone, the type of
structure, the geology of the site and importance of the building.
Dynamic analysis:
The dynamic time-history analysis can be classified as either linear elastic or inelastic (Chopra,
1995). The linear elastic modeling and analysis of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structures is a well-
established technique. Several commercial packages for the 3-D elastic analysis of structures are
available and are in widespread use. However, the results of the linear analysis are not useful in
the determination of the actual behavior of the RC structures and the seismic safety analysis
which depends more on inelastic displacement and deformation up to collapse than on forces. It
is necessary to take advantage of the inelastic capacity of various components of the structure.
The response spectrum approach is based on the linear force response of an equivalent single
degree of freedom (SDOF) system. There have been several developments in the response
spectrum approach including modification to account for some non-linear effects such as
inelasticity, ductility and the response modification factor. The recent development in the field of
displacement-based response spectra (Bommer et al., 1988; Priestley et al., 2000) represents a
promising approach that may be adapted to the simple seismic assessment of buildings. In
general, the response spectrum approach has its limitations. It does not account for the different
failure modes and sequence of component failure. It does not provide information on the degree
of damage or the ultimate collapse mechanism of a deficient RC structure. The inelastic analysis
of structures requires a non-linear dynamic time-history procedure past the elastic response and
upto collapse (Chopra, 1995). The two principal approaches to model RC component behavior
are microscopic finite element (FE) analysis and macroscopic phenomenological models.
Although accurate, it is not feasible to analyze an entire structure using microscopic FE models.
It is practical to study the behavior of isolated elements such as a beam, column, connection,
structural wall; slab-column and slab-wall so that their macroscopic analytical models defined in
terms of global parameters are developed for use in the analysis of a complete structure.
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3.2. Previous Relevant Research Works
Research work carried out by J.Ambrose et al.(December,1999)
A design for earthquakes was given by them where they explained earthquake-resistant
buildings, particularly their main elements, need to be built with ductility in them. Such
buildings have the ability to sway back-and-forth during an earthquake, and to withstand
earthquake effects with some damage, but without collapse.Ductility is one of the most important
may sustain severe (even irreparable) damage, but the building should not collapse. Thus,
earthquake-resistant design strives to predetermine the locations where damage takes place and
then to provide good detailing at these locations to ensure ductile behavior of the building.
Research work carried out by Priestley,M.J.N et al.(1992)
Priestley,M.J.N et al. gave a brief explanation to make buildings good for seismic
performance. Steel is used in masonry and concrete buildings as reinforcement bars of diameter
ranging from 6mm to 40mm. Reinforcing steel can carry both tensile and compressive loads.
Moreover, steel is a ductile material. This important property of ductility enables steel bars to
undergo large elongation before breaking. Concrete is used in buildings along with steel
reinforcement bars. This composite material is called reinforced cement concrete or simply
reinforced concrete (RC). The amount and location of steel in a member should be such that the
failure of the member is by steel reaching its strength in tension before concrete reaches its
strength in compression. This type of failure is ductile failure, and hence is preferred over a
failure where concrete fails first in compression.
Research work carried out by A.K.Chopra (1981)
A.K. Chopra explained that flexible buildings undergo larger relative horizontal displacements,
which may result in damage to various n on structural building components and the contents. For
example, some items in buildings, like glass windows, cannot take large lateral movements, and
are therefore damaged severely or crushed. Unsecured shelves might topple, especially at upper
stories of multi-storey buildings. These damages may not affect safety of buildings, but may
cause economic losses, injuries and panic among its residents.
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Research work carried out by S. Epackachi et al.( October,2008)
In this paper some special aspects of the tower and the assessment of its seismic load bearing
system are discussed and concluded that designer should recognize the presence of time-
dependent effects, and provide for them in the design. Having concrete structural elements with
different longitudinal stiffness makes the tower to be more sensitive to differential displacements
due to concrete time dependency. A level of ductility for seismic bracing systems, conceptually,
should be provided for energy absorption but axial loads have an adverse effect on their
acceptable performance and this fact should be considered exactly. Confinement of concrete in
shear walls is a good way to provide more level of ductility and getting more stable behavior. So,
the designer would be allowed to bring up the level of axial stresses to have a reasonable design.
Despite the fact that coupling beams are assumed to be cracked prematurely in earthquake, this
event might take place under permanent gravity loads as a result of concrete time dependency.
Research work carried out by Amar M Rahman et al. (2000)
Amar M Rahman et al. studied structural pounding of adjacent multi-storey structures

considering soil flexibility effects and presented that the confidence in the assumption of fixed-
base foundation condition in pounding studies influences if foundation fixity conditions on the
nature of the free- vibration pounding time- history indicates the sensitivity of the results to the
characteristics of the earthquake excitation.
However, a period shift due to foundation compliance will alter the time station at which first
impact occurs with respect to excitation maxima, with consequences on subsequent impacts.
Hence, each case must be investigated separately for the relevant configuration, site conditions
and expected seismic hazard.
Indian Standard Codes recommendations:
A large number of reinforced concrete multi storeyed frame buildings were heavily damaged and
many of them collapsed completely in Bhuj earthquake of 2001 in the towns of Kachchh District
and other district towns including Surat and Ahmedabad. Such behaviour is normally unexpected
of RC frame buildings in MSK Intensity VIII and VII areas as happened in Kachchh earthquake
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of January 26, 2001. The main contributing factors which lead to poor performance during the
earthquake was brought out and recommendations which should be taken into account in
designing the multistoreyed reinforced concrete buildings so as to achieve their adequate safe
behaviour under future earthquakes were made with relevant to all the related IS codes. The
Indian Standard Code IS: 1893 was suitably updated in 2002 so as to address the various design
issues brought out in the earthquake behaviour of the RC Buildings. The code remarks that in a
nut-shell, the seismic safety of a multi-storeyed reinforced concrete building will depend upon
the initial architectural and structural configuration of the total building, the quality of the
structural analysis, design and reinforcement detailing of the building frame to achieve stability
of elements and their ductile performance under severe seismic lading. Proper quality of
construction and stability of the infill walls and partitions are additional safety requirements of
the structure as a whole. Any weakness left in the structure, whether in design or in construction
will be fully revealed during the postulated maximum considered earthquake for the seismic
zone in the earthquake code IS: 1893.
Research work carried out by Chandurkar P.P. et al (2013)
The works include Seismic Analysis of RCC Building with and Without Shear Wall which lead
to conclusion that changing the position of shear wall will affect the attraction of forces, so that
wall must be in proper position. If the dimensions of shear wall are large then major amount of
horizontal forces are taken by shear wall. Providing shear walls at adequate locations
substantially reduces the displacements due to earthquake.
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4. CODES OF PRACTICE
The Indian Standard (IS) code used for the design:
 Minimum design loads for Buildings other than seismic loads
IS 875 (Part 1): 1987 Dead loads
IS 875 (Part 2): 1987 Imposed loads
IS 875 (Part 3): 1987 Wind loads
IS 875 (Part 5): 1987 Special loads and load combinations
 Seismic Provisions for buildings
IS 1893: 2002 Criteria for earthquake resistance design of structure
IS 13920: 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced concrete Structures subjected for Seismic
forces - Code of Practice
 Building code requirements for Structural Concrete:
IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of practice
SP 16: Structural use of concrete. Design charts for singly reinforced beams, doubly
reinforced beams and columns.
SP 34: Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement & Detailing.
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5. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:
5.1. GENERAL:
ETABS is structural software for the model development, analysis, design, verification and
visualization of all aspects of structural engineering. ETABS performs analysis and design of
structure. The process and analysis are done simultaneously. The input format can be created
through CAD based input generators. The output generated by ETABS consists of numerical
results for analysis and design. The communication with ETABS is through input file. The input
file is a text file consisting of a series of commands. These commands are executed sequentially.
The commands contain either instructions or data pertaining to analysis and design. ETABS most
general application will be the space structure can be analyzing both frame and plate/shell
elements. Any type of structure such as plane, truss, floor structure and space structure can be
analyzed by ETABS. Most general application will be the space structure, which is three-
dimensional, framed structure with loads applied in any plane. The input data and output result
are in engineering unit system
A structure is an assembly of individual components such as beams, columns, slab and plate etc.,
in general the term member will be such to refer to frame elements and the term element will be
used to refer to plate/shell elements. Connectivity for members will be provided through member
incidence command while connectivity for elements may be provided with the element incidence
command .The material constants such as modulus of Elasticity, density, and poisons ratio are
provided for the analysis of structure for the self-weight of the structure and also for calculating
the shear modulus
ETABS allows specifications for supports such as pinned, fixed or fixed with different releases.
Loads on the structure can be specified as joint load, member load etc, ETABS can also generate
self weight of the structure and use it as uniformly distributed member loads in analysis. Joints
loads, both forces and moments may be applied at any joint of structure. Positive force act in the
positive coordinate directions. The member loads may be uniformly distributed load,
concentrated loads and linearly varying loads. A floor is subjected to a uniformly distributed
load. Area load command can specify the unit load per unit square area for members. The
program will calculate the tributary are for these member and provide proper member loads.
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5.2. INPUT FOR ANALYSIS:
5.2.1. MATERIAL:
Grade of reinforcement: Fe415
Grade of concrete : M25
Density of concrete : 2500Kg/m3
5.2.2. LOADING:
Dead load:
Partition wall and other external walls, floor finish etc., as per the provisions of IS: 875-
1987(part I)
Superimposed load:
As per the provisions of IS: 875-1987(part II)
Uniformly distributed load of 4.0 KN/m2
Seismic load:
Dead load + part of live load = DL+0.5LL
5.2.3. PARTIAL SAFETY FACTORS:
Load factors:
For dead load = 1.50
For live load = 1.50
Material safety factor:
For reinforcement steel = 1.15
For concrete = 1.50

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5.3. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OUTPUT FROM ETABS:
Fig.5: Isometric view
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Fig.6: 3D Rendered view
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Fig.7: Loading diagram
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Fig.8: Shear force diagram
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Fig.9: Bending moment diagram
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Fig.10: EQX static load
Fig.11: EQY static load
25
Fig.12: DL static load
Fig.13: Combo load
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Seismic force calculation as per IS: 1893(Part 1) – 2002
Fig.14: load_EQX
Fig.15: load_EQY
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Site Specific Time History
Fig.16: Storey drift
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Fig.17: Max. stress developed in shells (Eq.load on X direction)
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Fig.18: Max. stress developed in shells (Eq.load on Y direction)
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6. DESIGN OF SLABS
6.1. INTRODUCTION:
When the slab supported on all four edges, the load is transferred to all the four supports and
therefore, the bending and deflection in such slabs are considerably less than those in slabs
supported an all the four supports. The corners get lifted up when the slab is loaded, in case the
corners held down, the deflection in the central portions are further reduced and thus the bending
moment are reduced in such slabs. When the corners are held down due to monolithic
constructions of the slab with edge beams there will be torsion, reinforcement is to be provided.
The bearing moments are calculated added on the edge condition and loads. Bending moment is
obtained in our design.
If Mx and Myare the maximum bending moments per unit width in the middle strip of the slab in
the short and long span respectively then
M x = αxW.l x
My = αy W.l x
Where coefficients depending the ratio ly/lx In each direction of the main bars alternate bars will
be bent up at one seventh of the span. The edge condition is considered and thickness of the slab
bound to be 150mm. Live load on roof is taken as 4.0KN/m 2. Dead loads of slab, weathering
course and weight of walls are other load consideration. All slabs are designed as two way slabs
based on ly/lx ratio, 10mm dia bars are provided in both direction.
6.2. LIMIT STATE METHOD:
Limit state of Design is a further improvement of ultimate load design. In the limit state methods
a structure is designed to withstand all loads like to act on it in the duration of its life span and
also to satisfy the service requirements like deflection and limitation of crack width, limit means
an acceptable limit, for the safety and serviceability requirements before anything can occur.
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The design provides a condition that the structure will not become unfit for use for which it is
meant or in other words the structure will not reach a limit state.
The entire limit state that are relevant are considered in the design to ensure an adequate degree
of safety and serviceability, the structure in general shall be designed on the basis of the most
critical state and shall also be checked for other limit states.
6.2.1. LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE:
The design on limit state of collapse provides the necessary safety of the structure against partial
or total collapse of the structure.
6.2.2. LIMIT STATE OF SERVICEABILITY:
This limit state is introduced to prevent objectionable deflection and cracking.
Table 1 Characteristics strength of concrete
Grade M15 M20 M25 M30 M35 M40

fck
N/mm2 15 20 25 30 35 40
Table 2 Characteristics strength of steel
Grade Fe250 Fe415 Fe500

fy
N/mm2 250 415 500
6.2.3. CHARACTERISTIC LOADS:
Characteristics load means the value of the load, which has a 95 percent probability of not being
exceeded during the life of the structure. Characteristics load is the weight of the structure itself.
Characteristic live load is taken as per IS875-1964.
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6.2.4. OBJECTS OF LIMIT STATE DESIGN:
The object of limit state design is the guarantee adequate safety consistent with economy against
the structure being rendered unfit for service due to cracking, deflection, failure and such other
cases. A limit sate corresponds to each of the states in which the structure becomes unfit. These
limit state may be classified under two board categories.
Serviceability limits state in respect of defection, cracking vibration, etc.
Limit state of failure in respect of strength in shear, failure, torsion, and bond or combined
effects.
6.3. DESIGN INFORMATION BY ETABS
Flexure detailing of beam element:
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Shear detailing of beam element:
Summary detailing of beam element:
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Flexure detailing of column element:
Shear detailing of column element:
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Summary detailing of column element:
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6.4 MANUAL DESIGN
6.4.1. DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:
Size of room = 6.23 x 6.5m
Lx = 6.23m, Ly = 6.5m
Aspect ratio: Ly/Lx = 6.5/6.23 = 1.04
This ratio is less than 2. The slab is to be designed as slab spanning in two directions.
Estimation of thickness of slab:
d = Span / (B.V. x M.F.)
Assume M.F = 1.5
d = 6230 / (0.8 x 40 x 1.5) [IS 456:2000 page no.39 clause 24.1]
= 129.8mm; Take d = 130mm
D = 130 + 20 = 150mm
Effective span
If the width of the support 300mm < l/12 of clear span then clear span plus the effective depth of
slab or c/c of supports whichever is less, [IS 456:2000 page 35 clause 22.2(b)]
Now,
C/C of support = 6.23 + 0.3 = 6.53m
Clear span + effective depth = 6.23 + 0.13 = 6.36m
Effective span of shorter span = 6.36m
Effective span of longer span = 6.63m
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Load calculation:
Imposed load = 4 kN/m2
Assume weight of floor finish = 1 kN/m2
Self weight of slab = 0.15 x 25 = 3.75kN/m2
Total load = 4+1+3.75 = 8.75 kN/m2
Design load Wu = 1.50 x 8.75 = 13.125 kN/m2
Width of strips:
Width of strips of short span [IS 456:2000 Pg.41 cl.24.4]
Middle strip = 3/4 x 6.36 = 4.77 m
Edge strip = 1/8 x 6.36 = 0.795 m
Width of strips of longer span
Middle strip = 3/4 x 6.63 = 4.972m
Edge strip = 1/8 x 6.63 = 0.823 m
Design of bending moment
Calculation of bending moment co- efficient for middle strips:-
Consider 1m width of middle strips in both directions.
Shorter span:-
Positive moment co-efficient at mid span α x = 0.032
Negative moment co- efficient at mid span α x = 0.043
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Longer span:-
Positive moment co-efficient at mid span α y = 0.024
Negative moment co- efficient at mid span α y = 0.032
Design bending moments:-
Shorter span:-
Positive moment at mid span = αx wu lx2 = 0.032 x 13.125 x 6.36 2 = 17 kNm
Negative moment at support = αx wu lx2 = 0.043x 13.125 x 6.36 2 =
22.83 kNm
Longer span:-
Positive moment at mid span = α y wu lx2 = 0.024x 13.125 x 6.36 = 12.74
kNm
Negative moment at support = αy wu lx2 = 0.032x 13.125 x 6.362 = 17 kNm
Effective depth of the slab:-
For balanced section of M25 grade concrete and fe415 grade steel
Moment of resistance MR = 0.138 fck bd2
Maximum bending moment = 22.83 x 106Nmm
Effective depth d = 22.83 x 106 / (0.138 x 25 x 1000)) = 81.35mm < 130mm
Hence it is safe. Take effective depth = 130mm
Astcalculation:-
39
Reinforcement at middle strip:-
The tension reinforcement for the positive and negative values of the bending moments
required area as follows: 10mm φ, HYSD – steel bars shall be used.
Shorter span:-
At middle span (positive):
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fyAst/fck bd))
= > 17 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 130 (1- (415 x Ast /25x1000x130)) 17 x
106
= > 17 x 106 = 46936.50 Ast– 5.99Ast2
=> Ast = 380.69 mm2
At support (Negative)
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d. (1- (fyAst/fck .bd.))
= >22.83x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x A x 130 (1- (415 x A /25x1000x130)) 22.83x

st st
106
= >22.83x 106 = 46936.50 Ast –5.99 Ast2
=> Ast = 521.05mm2
Longer span:-
Positive B.M:
40
M = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fyAst/fck bd)) 12.74 x 10 6

u
= >12.74 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x A x 130 (1- (415 x A /25x1000x130))12.74 x

st st
106
= >12.74 x 106= 46936.50 Ast – 5.99 Ast2
=> Ast = 281.55mm2
41
At Support:
M = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fyAst/fck bd))17 x 106

u
= > 17 x 10 6 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 130 (1- (415 x Ast / 25x1000x130)) 17 x
106
= >17 x 10 6 = 46936.50 Ast – 5.99 Ast2
=> Ast = 380.69mm2
Spacing of bars:-
Shorter span (Positive)
Spacing (s) = (ast / Ast ) x 1000 = (78.53 / 380.69) x 1000
= 206.28mm c/c ~ 200mm c/c
Maximum spacing
(i) 3d = 3 x 130 = 390mm c/c
(ii) 300mm c/c (adopt whichever is minimum)
Spacing: use 10mmφ RTS @ 200mm c/c
At support
= 150.71mm c/c ~150mm c/c
Maximum spacing:
(i) 3d = 3 x 130 = 390mm c/c
42
Spacing: - use 10mmφ RTS @ 150mm c/c
Longer span (positive)
At mid span
= 278.92mm c/c ~270mm c/c
Maximum spacing
(i) 3d = 3 x 130 = 390mm c/c
Spacing: use 10mmφ RTS @ 270mm c/c
At support (Negative):-
= 206.28mm c/c ~200mm c/c
Maximum spacing
(i) 3d = 3 x 130 = 390mm c/c
Spacing: - use 10mmφ RTS @ 200mm c/c
Torsion reinforcement:
Since the slab is continuous on all its four edge (interior panel) no torsion reinforcement is
required at the corner.
Check for shear stress:
43
Considering the short span and unit width of slab
Vu = (0.5 x wu x le) = (0.5x 13.125 x 6.36) = 41.74kN
Ʈv = (Vu/bd) = (41.74x 103) / (1000 x 130) = 0.321 N/ mm2
Pt = (100 Ast/b d) = (100 x 521.05) / (1000x130) = 0.4
Refer table no: 19 in IS 456 - 2000
Ʈc = 0.36 N/mm2
Ʈc >Ʈv (i.e.) 0.36 N/mm2 > 0.321 N/mm2
Hence the shear stresses are within safe permissible limits.
Check for deflection control
Considering unit width of slab in the short span direction, Lx
Area of steel provided at the
Middle of shorter span = (78.53 x 1000) / 300 = 261.77 mm2
Percentage of steel = (261.77 / (1000 x 130)) x100 = 0.201 %
Stress in tension steel (short span)
Fs = 0.58 x 415 x (380.69/261.77) = 350.05 N/mm 2
From figure no: 4 of IS 456: 2000
Modification factor = 1.80
Effective depth required = 6.36 x 103 / (1.80 x 0.8 x 40) = 110.42mm
Effective depth provided = 110.42mm <130mm
Hence the deflection within the permissible limit
44
Check for crack control
Reinforcement provided is more than the minimum
Percentage of 0.12 % = (0.12 / 100) x 130 x 1000 = 156mm2
Spacing of main reinforcement 3d = (3 x 130) = 390mm
Diameter of reinforcement < (D/8), 10mm< (150/8), 10mm< 18.75mm
Hence cracks will be within safe permissible limits.
45
46
6.4.2. DESIGN OF BEAM
From the ETABS Analysis done we obtain the maximum positive moment, maximum negative
moment and maximum shear force from these the beams are designed manually.
Width of Beam = 300 mm
Over all depth of Beam = 600 mm
Length of the Beam, L = 6230mm
Thickness of slab, Df = 150mm
Concrete grade = M25
Steel grade = Fe415
Bending moment and shear force
Negative moment @ interior support = 187.41 kNm
Positive moment @ centre of span = 187.26 kNm
Maximum shear force at its support,Vu = 158.8 kN
Limiting moment of Resistance
Mulimit = 0.138fck bd2 = 0.138 x25x300x5502
Mulimit = 313.088 kNm ; Mu limit > Mumax
Hence the section is designed for under reinforced.
47
Ast calculation:
Main reinforcement (Negative)
Mu = 0.87 f y Ast d (1- (fyAst/fckbd)) 187.41x106
=> 0.87 x 415 x A x 550 (1- (415 xA / 25x300x550))187.41 x 106 = 198577.5 A – 19.978
st st st
Ast2
=> Ast1 = 1055.94 mm2
Use 25mm dia bars; No. of bars required = Ast / ast =1055.94 / ((π/4) x 252) = 2.15 Say 3 nos
Provide 3 nos of bars #25 at the top tension face at support of span section.
Asc calculation:
Main reinforcement (Positive)
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d (1- (fyAst/fckbd)) 187.26x106
=> 0.87 x 415 x A x 550 (1- (415 x A /25x300x550))187.26 x 106 = 198577.5 A – 19.978
st st st
Ast2
=> Ast = 1054.98 mm2 Use 25mm dia bars
No of bars required = Ast / ast
= 1054.98 / ((π/4) x 252) = 2.15 Say 3 nos
Provide 3 nos of bars #25 at the Bottom tension face at centre of span section.
48
Shear reinforcement:
Maximum shear force V = 158.8kN
Ʈv = (Vu/bd) = (158.8x 103) / (300 x 550) = 0.962 N/ mm2
Pt = (100Ast/bd) = 100 x ((1054.98) / (300x550)) = 0.64%
From table no: 19 in IS 456 - 2000
Ʈc = 0.54 N/mm2
Ʈv > Ʈc (i.e.) 0.99N/mm2 > 0.54 N/mm2
Hence shear reinforcement are required.
Excess shear force,
Vus = Ʈv – Ʈc bd = (0.99– 0.54) x 300 x 550 = 74250 N
Assume # 8mm, 2 legged vertical stirrups are used
Asv = 2 x (π / 4) x82 = 100.53 mm2
Spacing of stirrups (Sv)
Sv = 0.87 fy Asvd / Vus =0.87 x 415 x 100.53 x 550 / 74250 = 268.86 mm c/c
i) Svmin = 0.87 x fy x Asv / (0.4 x b)
Svmin = 0.87 x 415 x 100.53 / ((0.99-0.54) x 300)
= 268.86 Say = 260 mm
ii) 0.75 x 550 = 412.5 mm
iii) 300mm whichever is minimum.
Provide 8mm # @ 2 legged vertical stirrups at 260 mm c/c
Check for deflection:-
49
At centre of span
Pt = 100 Ast / (b x d) = 0.64%
fs = 0.58 x 415 = 240.7 N/mm2
M.F = 1.1
Neglecting bars in compression side
Kc = 1
L/d max = L/d basic x K t x K f
= 26 x 1.1 x 1.00 x 1.00 = 28.6
L/d actual = 6230 / 550 = 11.33
28.6 > 11.33
Hence defection control is safe.
50
51
6.4.3. DESIGN OF COLUMN
From the ETABS Analysis done we obtain the maximum positive moment, maximum negative
moment and maximum shear force from these the beams are designed manually.
Column size = 450 x 450mm
Concrete grade = M25
Steel grade = Fe415
Factored load Pu = 1339.3kN
Factored Moment M uz = 68.34kN.m
Factored Moment M uy = 68.34kN.m
Moments due to minimum eccentricity are less than the values given above
Reinforcement is distributed equally on four sides
As a first trail assume the reinforcement
P = 3.75
P/fck = 3.75/25
= 0.15
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about XX and YY axis
Effective cover d’ = cover +dia of rod/2 = 40+25/2 = 52.5mm
Effective depth d = 450-25-(25/2) = 412.50mm
D = 450 mm; d’/D = 52.5/450 = 0.1167; Check for d’/D = 0.15 will be used
52
Pu/fck bd = 1339.3 x 103 / (25 x 450 x 450) = 0.462
Referring to chart45
Mu/ fck bd2 = 0.135
M ux1= Muy1 =0.135 x 25 x 450 x 4502 =307.55kN.m
Calculation of Puz:
Referring to chart 63 corresponding to
P = 3.75; fy = 415; fck = 25
P uz/ Ag = 22.70Ag => 22.70 x450 x 450/1000 = 2596.75kN
Pu/Puz = 1339.30/2596.75 = 0.51
Muy/Muy1= 68.34/307.55 = 0.22
M ux/Mux1= 68.34/307.55 = 0.22
Referring the chart 64 by the permissible value of M ux/Mux1 corresponding to the above value
of Muy/Muy1and Pu/Puz is equal
As = 3.75 x 450 x 450 / 100 = 7593.75mm 2
Assume 25mm # rod; 16nos. of 25mm # provided
As = 7853.98mm 2
P = 7853.98/ (450 x 450) x 100 = 3.88
With the % the function may be reached as follows
53
P/ fck = 3.88/25 = 0.1552
Referring to chart 45
Mu/ fck bd2 = 0.155
M ux1 = Muy1 = 0.155 x 25 x 450 x 450 2 = 353.11kN.m
Referring the chart 63
Puz/ Ag = 23 A g = 23 x 450 x 450/1000 = 2657.50kN
Pu/Puz = 1339.30/2657.50 = 0.50
M uy/Muy1= 68.34/353.11 = 0.19
M ux/Mux1 = 68.34/353.11 = 0.19
Corresponding to the above of value of M uy/Muy1 and Pu/Puz the permissible value of
Mux/Mux1 is equal. Hence the section is ok.
Design of lateral ties:-
Dia = 25/4 = 6.25mm ‘or’ Dia = 8 mm whichever is greater i.e. dia = 8mm.
Pitch of lateral ties
P = Least Lateral Dimension = 450mm
P = 16 x 25 = 400mm
P = 300mm whichever is less; Provide 8mm # 300mm c/c as lateral ties.
54
55
6.4.4. DESIGN OF FOUNDATION (ISOLATED FOOTING)
The outer column footings are designed as isolated footings. From the ETABS analysis done we
obtain the axial load for the designing of footing.
Data for design:
Axial load = 1403.16kN say 1500kN
Moment, Mx = 2.37 kN
Moment, M z = 2.26 kN
Safe bearing capacity of soil = 200kN/m 2
Area required for foundation = 1500 / 200= 7.5m2
Area required = LxB
BxB = 7.2m2 => B2=7.2m2 =>B = 2.74m; L = 2.74m
Length required = 2.74m
Breadth required = 2.74m
Length provided = 2.75m
Breadth provided = 2.75m
Original area = 2.75m x 2.75m = 7.56 m2
Column size:
Length = 0.45m; Width = 0.45m
56
Self weight of the footing:-
Unit weight of concrete = 25.00kN/m3
Depth below Ground level = 2.40m
Depth of footing @ face of column = 1.00m
Depth of footing @ Edge of footing = 0.30m
Volume of footing:-
Volume of frusta of pyramids and concrete
= h/3 ((A1 +A2 + (√ A 1 A 2))
= (1.00–0.30)/3((0.45x0.45)+(2.75x2.75)+(√ 0.45 x 0.45 x 2.75 x 2.75 )
= 2.1m3
Volume of flat portion = 2.75 x 2.75 x 0.30 = 2.27m3
Total volume of concrete = 4.37m3
Weight of footing = 4.37 x 25 =109.25kN
Self weight of soil above footing:
Self weight of soil = 18kN/m3
Volume of column portion (0.45x0.45x1.5) = 0.303 m3
Volume of soil portion (2.75 x 2.75x2.40)-(4.37 +0.303)) = 13.477m3
Weight of soil portion = 13.477 X 18 = 242.59kN
Total load = Pu + self wt. of footing + self wt of soil = 1800 + 109.25 + 242.59
57
=> P = 2151.84 kN
Soil pressure with weight of footing and weight of soil above footing:
Zx = 2.75 x (2.75) 2 / 6 = 3.47 m3
Zz = 2.75 x (2.75) 2 / 6 = 3.47 m3
Soil Pressure = P /A ± Mx / Zx ± Mz /Zz
Pmax = 2151.84 / (2.75x2.75) + (68.34/3.47) + (68.34 / 3.47) = 323.93kN/m2
P 189.74kN/m2
min = 2151.84 / (2.75x2.75) – (68.34x3.47) - (68.34 / 3.47) =
Soil pressure without weight of footing and weight of soil above footing:
Soil Pressure = P /A ± Mx / Zx ± Mz /Zz
Pmax = 1800 / (7.56) + (68.34/3.47) + (68.34/3.47) = 277.48kN/m2
Pmin = 1800 / (7.56) - (68.34/3.47)- (68.34/3.47) = 198.71kN/m2
Net safe bearing capacity of soil = 200kN/m2
Consider SBC can be increased by 50% =1.50 x 200 = 300kN/m2
Can be increased by Depth of soil x density =2.40 x 18 = 43.20 kN/m2
Allowable safe Bearing capacity of the soil =300+43.20 = 343.20kN/m2
P max is less than SBC. Hence it is safe.
Design of Isolated footing:-
58
Soil pressured without weight of footing:-
Pmax = 277.48 kN/m2; Pmin = 198.71 kN/m2
Pressure along ‘Z’ direction; Soil pressure along ‘z’ = P /A ± Mz / Zz
Pmax = 1800 / (2.75x2.75) + (68.34 / 3.47) = 257.79kN/m 2
Pmin = 1800 / (2.75x2.75) - (68.34 / 3.47) = 218.40kN/m 2
Pressure along ‘X’ direction; Soil pressure along ‘x’ = P /A ± Mx / Zx
Pmax = 1800/ (2.75x2.75) + (68.34 / 3.47) = 257.79 kN/m 2
Pmin = 1800 / (2.75x2.75) - (68.34 / 3.47) = 218.40kN/m 2
Upward soil pressure at A
= 218.40 + (218.40 – 257.79) / 2.75 x (2.75 -1.15) = 241.32kN/m2
Over all depth of face of column = 1000mm
Clear cover = 60mm
Dia of bar assumed = 12.00 mm
Effective depth = 1000 – 60 – (12/2) = 964.00mm
Mux = Pnu (L-a / 2 x B) x (L-a /4)= 241.32((2.75-.0.45) / 2) x 2.75) x (2.75 – 0.45)/ 4
Mux = 438.82kNm
Muy = Pnu (L) x (B-b) 2 / 8 = 241.32 x 2.75 x ((2.75-0.45) 2 / 8)
59
Muy = 438.82kNm
Maximum Bending moment @ face of column = 438.82kNm
60
Thickness of footing required against bending moments:
Mu 2
max= Qubd
= > 438.82 x 106=0.138 x25x 2750x d 2; d = 215.06mm Say 220mm; D = 220+ 60 = 280mm
Upward soil pressure at B
218.40 + (218.40 – 257.79) / 2.75 X (2.75 -1.15-0.45) = 234.87kN/m2
Mux = Muy = Pnu Lx ((B-b) 2/8)=234.87x2.75x(2.75-0.45)2/8 = 427.10kNm
Maximum Bending moment @ face of column = 427.10kNm
Thickness of footing required against bending moments:
Mumax = Qubd2
427.10 x 106=0.138x25x2750xd2; d= (427.10 x 106)/0.138x25x2750 = 212.17mm say

220mm
D = 220 + 60 = 280mm
Check for Effective depth required against shear:-
The critical section of shear is taken at a distance of‘d’ from the pedestal.
Vu max = Pu B ((L-a)/2) –d) = 241.32 x 2.75 x (2.75- 0.45) /2 –d) = 663.63(1.15 –d)
Vumax = 763.17 – 663.63 d
The total shear stress induced at critical section is resisted by the shear stress and developed by
concrete section,
Ʈcu = Ks.Ʈc
61
Ks = 0.5 + βc = 0.5 + (0.45 /0.45) = 1.50 >1
Ks = 1
Ʈc = 0.25√ fck = 1.25N/mm2
Ʈcu = 1x1.25 = 1.25N/mm2
Ʈvu = (Vumax/bd) = (763.17 – 663.63d)/2750 x d
Ʈvu = Ʈcu
1.25x103 = (763.17 – 663.63d)/2.75d
d = 0.186m = > d = 186mm; D = 250mm
Check for Effective depth required against two way shear (or) punching shear. The critical
section of two way shear is taken at a distance of d/2 around form the pedestal
Vumax = Pnu((LxB – (a+d) (b+d)) = 241.32(2.75x2.75 – (0.45+d)(0.45+d))
= > 241.32(7.36-d2-0.9d) = 1776.11 – 217.19d – 241.32 d2
Ʈvu = (Vumax)/(2(a+d)+2(b+d))d) = 1776.11–217.19d – 241.32 d2/(2(0.45+d) +2(0.45+d))x d
= > 1.25 x 103 (1.8d + 4d2) = 1776.11 – 217.19d – 241.32 d2
= > 5241.32d2 + 2467.19 d – 1776.11 = 0 = > d = 392mm say 400mm
D = 450mm; Provide maximum depth D = 450mm
62
Fig.i Two way shear plan
Reinforcement along x direction:-
Mu = 0.87 fy Astd(1- (fyAst/fckbd))
= > 438.82 x 10 6 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx 400(1- (415 xA st / 25x2750x400))
=> Ast = 3192.25mm2
Provide 20mm dia bars; No. of bar = 3192.25 / ((π /4) x 202) = 10.16 nos Say 11 nos
Reinforcement along y direction:-
Mu = 0.87 fy Astd(1- (fyAst/fckbd))
= > 438.82 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Astx 400(1- (415 x A st / 25x2750x400))
=> Ast = 3192.25mm2
Provide 20mm dia bars; No. of bar = 3192.25 / ((π /4) x 202) = 10.16 nos Say 11 nos
Provide 20mm dia bars 11nos in both directions.
63
64
6.4.5. DESIGN OF STAIR CASE:
Stairs consist of steps arranged in series for purpose of giving access to different floors of
building. Location of stair requires good and careful consideration. Two – dog – legged – case is
arranged for entire building i.e. one near the entrance and one in the rear face.
Assumptions:-
Imposed uniform distributed load on staircase = 4kN/m2
The flight slab and landing span longitudinally
Weight of brick steps = 20 kN/m3
Arrangements of stairs:-
Vertical height between the floors = 3.60m = 3600mm
Assuming rise of step as 150mm
No of risers = 3600/150= 24Nos
No of flights = 2 (Dog legged stair)
Riser per flight = 24/2 = 12Nos
Providing tread as 300mm
Going in each flight = 11 x 300 =3300mm
Width of landings = 4800 – 3300 = 1500mm
Providing a clear gap of 300mm between the two flights
Width of flights = 2350mm
Effective span:
Effective span of flight = c/c distance of support = 1.5 + 3.3 + 0.3 = 5.10m
65
Loads:
Assume the thickness of waist slab and landing 180mm
Self weight of waist slab per m2of sloped area= 1 x 0.20 x 25 = 5.0 kN
Self weight of waist slab per m2 of plan area = 4.5 x (0.32 + 0.152) / 0.3 = 5.03kN
Weight of steps per m2 of plan area = 1000/300 x ½ x 0.3 x 0.15 x 1 x 20 = 1.5kN
Imposed load per m2of plan area = 4kN
Total load on waist portion = 4 + 1.5 + 5.03 = 10.53 kN/m 2
Total load on landing portion = 5.00 + 4.00 = 9.00 kN/m2
Bending moment: Consider 1 m width of slab throughout the span
Reactions:
RBx 5.26 – 10.53 x 3.76 x 3.38 – 9.0 x 1.35 x 0.75=0 = > R B = 27.17 kN
=> R A = 25.82 kN
Max shear force = 27.17 kN
Shear force is zero at = 27.17 / 25.82 = 1.052 m from B
Maximum bending moment at 1.091 m from B = 27.17 x 1.052 – 10.50 x 1.052 x 0.546
= 22.55 kNm
Factored bending moment = 1.5 x 22.55 = 33.83kNm
Maximum shear force:
Maximum shear force at support (Vu) = 27.26 kN
66
67
Depth of slab required:
For balanced section of M25 grade concrete and fe415 steel.
Moment of resistance = 0.138 fck bd 2 = 3.45 bd2
Design bending moment = 33.83kNm
Effective depth required = (33.83 x 106) / (3.45 x 1000) = 99.02mm
Assume effective cover = 20mm
Over all depth required = 119.02mm
Over all depth provided = 119.02mm < 200mm
Hence safe
Main reinforcement:
Mu = 0.87fyAst180(1-(fyAst/fckbd))
= > 33.83x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 180(1- (415 x Ast/ 25x1000x180))
=> A st = 547.34mm2; No of bar = 547.34 /113.10 x 2.35 = 11.37 nos Say
12nos
Provide 12 nos of 12mm dia bar in each flight.
Distributors:
Area of steel required =0.12 % BD = 216 mm2
Spacing = (50.26 x 1000) / 216 = 232 mm say 230mmc/c
Provide 8mm # bars @230mmc/c
Check for shear:
68
Design shear force = 1.5 x 27.26 = 40.89 KN
Nominal shear stress Ʈv = Vu/ bd = (40.89 x 103) / 1000 x 160 = 0.256 N/mm2
Minimum value of permissible shear stress = 0.35 N/mm2
Hence safe against shear
Check for stiffness:
Area of steel provided = 12 x 113.10 =1357.20 mm2
Percentage of steel = (1357.20 / (2350 x 180)) x100 = 0.321%
Modification factor = 1.50
Basic value = 20
Effective depth required for Stiffness = 5100 / (20 x 1.5) = 170mm <180mm
Hence it is safe.
69
70
7. CONCLUSIONS
Our project deals with planning, analysis and design of shopping mall with lateral forces at
Tambaram, Chennai. The plan using AutoCAD, analysis by seismic coefficient method and
design of some selective parts of the shopping mall using ETABS and manual calculation
satisfying the necessary requirements as per BIS specification as well as various Indian standard
code specifications have been presented above.
71
8. REFERENCES
Journal Paper:
o Takeda T., M.A.Sozen and N.N.Nielsen, (1970). "Reinforced concrete response to

simulated earthquakes." Journal of Structural Division, A.S.C.E 96(ST12), 2557-2573.
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structures free to rock on their foundation”, Bulletin, New Zealand National Society for
Earthquake Engg.,11(3),143-145.
o Carr A. J., (June, 1994). "Dynamic Analysis of Structures." Bulletin, New Zealand
National Society for Earthquake Engineering, 27(2), 129-146.
o Priestley M.J.N. and M.J.Kowalaky, (December, 2000). "Direct Displacement-Based

seismic Design of Concrete Buildings."Bulletin, New Zealand National Society for
Earthquake Engineering, 33(4), 421-444.
o Magdy A. Tayel and Khaled M. Heiza (March, 2012) “Comparative Study of The Effects
of Wind and Earthquake Loads on High-rise Buildings” Concrete research letter, Vol.
3(1).
o Kevadkar M.D and P.B. Kodag, (May-June, 2013). “Lateral Load Analysis of R.C.C.”
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) ,Vol.3, Issue.3, 1428-
1434
o Chandurkar P.P and P. S. Pajgade(May - June 2013). “Seismic Analysis of RCC Building
with and Without Shear Wall” International Journal of Modern Engineering Research
(IJMER) Vol. 3, Issue. 3, pp-1805-1810
Research Record:
o Bommer J.J., A.S.Elnashai, G.O.Chlimintzas and D.Lee, (1988). “Review and

development of response spectra for displacement-based seismic design.” Engineering
Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Section, Imperial College, London. ESEE-
98(3).
o Amar M Rahman, A.J.Carr and Peter J Moss, (2000). “Structural pounding of adjacent
multi-storey structures considering soil flexibility effects.” 12th World Conference on
earthquake engineering, Article no. 1175.
72
Conference Proceedings:
o L.A.Toranzo, A.J.Carr and J.I.Restrepo, (2001). “Displacement based design of rocking

walls incorporating hysteretic energy dissipators” 7th international seminar on seismic
Isolation,Passive Energy dissipation and active Control of Vibration of Structures. Assisi,
Italy.
o Epackachi S.,O. Esmaili, M. Samadzad and S.R. Mirghaderi(October 12-17, 2008).

“Study of Structural RC Shear Wall System in a 56-Story RC Tall Building” 14th World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China
o M.J.Pender, L.M. Wotherspoon and J.C.W.Toh, (2008). “Foundation stiffness estimates

and earthquake resistant structural design.” 14th World Conference on earthquake
engineering, Beijing, China.
Books:
o Chopra A.K. (1995). “Dynamics of structures: theory and applications to earthquake

engineering.” Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
o Ramamrutham and R. Narayan (9th edition, 2013). “Theory of structures” Dhahpat Rai
& sons publishers,India
o SN Sinha(2002) “Design of Reinforce d concrete.” Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, India
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1.1. Scope & Importance:: Analysis and Design of Shopping Mall Against Lateral Forces

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Analysis and design of shopping mall against lateral forces

1.1. SCOPE & IMPORTANCE:

The site accommodates the following special feature.

 Land is available in heart of Chennai city.

 The site is located nearby tourist place.

 24 hour transportation facility is available.

 Proposed site creates a pleasant environment of shopping.

1.3. OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT WORK:

1.4 EXISTING CONDITION OF SITE:

1.5 OTHER FACILITIES:

The proposed site accommodates the following important facilities.

 24 hours transport facilities are available.

 Drinking water facilities.

 Nearest railway station available at Tambaram..

 Underground drainage facilities available.

2.1.1. PLANNING USING AutoCAD

(a) TYPICAL PLAN OF GROUND & FIRST FLOOR:

Fig.1: Ground floor to first floor plan

(b) TYPICAL PLAN OF SECOND & THIRD FLOOR:

Fig.2: Second to third floor plan

(c) TYPICAL PLAN OF FOURTH & FIFTH FLOOR:

Fig.3: fourth and fifth plan

(d) TYPICAL PLAN OF SIXTH TO TENTH FLOOR:

Fig.4: Sixth to tenth floor plan

2.2. STAIR CASE:

2.3. HEIGHT OF FLOORS:

2.4. THICKNESS OF THE WALL:

2.5. SITE SELECTION:

2.6. SITE INVESTIGATION:

2.7. DRAINAGE AND SANITATION:

2.8. WATER SUPPLY:

2.9. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS:

2.10. FIRE PROTECTION:

3.1. EARTHQUAKE (OR) SEISMIC FORCE:

3.1.1. STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE DURING EARTHQUAKE:

3.1.2. SEISMIC EFFECTS:

3.1.3. Earthquake design techniques

of research conducted on the structural behaviour of structures subjected to base movements.

3.2. Previous Relevant Research Works

Research work carried out by J.Ambrose et al.(December,1999)

Research work carried out by Priestley,M.J.N et al.(1992)

Research work carried out by A.K.Chopra (1981)

Research work carried out by S. Epackachi et al.( October,2008)

Research work carried out by Amar M Rahman et al. (2000)

Amar M Rahman et al. studied structural pounding of adjacent multi-storey structures

Indian Standard Codes recommendations:

Research work carried out by Chandurkar P.P. et al (2013)

The Indian Standard (IS) code used for the design:

 Minimum design loads for Buildings other than seismic loads

IS 875 (Part 1): 1987 Dead loads

IS 875 (Part 2): 1987 Imposed loads

IS 875 (Part 3): 1987 Wind loads

IS 875 (Part 5): 1987 Special loads and load combinations

 Seismic Provisions for buildings

IS 1893: 2002 Criteria for earthquake resistance design of structure

 Building code requirements for Structural Concrete:

IS 456: 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of practice

SP 34: Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement & Detailing.