MANGO LEAVES AND ALOE VERA LEAVES

AS ANTI-HYPERGLYCEMIC AGENTS

A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of Senior High School Department
Sir Jennifer Joy Hernandez
The Sto. Niño Formation and Science School
Rosario, Batangas

In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Subject
Research

Amatus, Mariella Ysabel E.

Ebreo, Kryzle Mae R.
Katigbak, Carl Steven V.
Miñas, Christian Lloyd B.
Sandoval, Adrian Carlo V.

JANUARY 2021
 CHAPTER I

NATURE AND BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Stimuli detected. Changes perceived. Balance

amplified. It is, as always, the regular set-up of a human

body as it aims a consistent goal – to survive. As it finds

its way, despite varying factors, to maintain what it has

and intensify what it owns in the first place, mainly life,

defying everything within it is something a person should

never initiate. However, if someone did, he is in great

danger, and his body’s regular set-up, which was once

habitual under his skin, would be unknown. Once created,

now damaged – this is the innate fate of a human body

defeated by unhealthiness, and it is this study’s aim to

suppress such defeat as soon as possible.

The human body’s structure is complex. Yet, this

great-of-a-kind complexity leads to a detrimental case of

vulnerability, when improperly managed. Damages would

begin. Illnesses would thrash. Viruses would charge. It is

1
something no one has ever wanted to commence. However,

various cases of this internal war had already started, and

many were left overpowered, and worst, dead. One of such

prevalent battles, which has continuously been devastating

millions worldwide, is a fight against an increase –

diabetes.

Diabetes is “a chronic disease that occurs either

when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when

the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces

(World Health Organization, 2018).” Insulin, recognized as

a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps the body as it

moves sugar, in the form of glucose, from the blood into

the cells to be stored or utilized as an efficient energy.

If insulin seems to be insufficient or unreliable, the

movement of glucose stops and it stays in the person’s

blood, making glucose unreachable to resulting energy. As

a consequence, blood sugar increases than normal – a signal

that diabetes begins its first attack. Still and all, it is

also a signal that something has to be done to conquer it,

which calls for an emphasis of alternatives, antidiabetic

alternatives, that could inhibit the unordinary increase of

glucose in blood. Such alternatives are, namely, mango

2
leaves and aloe vera leaves, two of the most powerfully

known weapons against diabetes.

Aloe barbadensis, commonly known as Aloe vera, is a

succulent plant which belongs to the family of

Asphodelaceae. Aloe vera is “a cactus-like plant with

green, dagger-shaped leaves that are fleshy, tapering,

spiny, marginated, and filled with a clear viscous gel

(Noor, et. al 2008).” Its indigenous origin is North

Africa, specifically Sudan. It is typically grown in

tropical countries around the world, including the

Philippines. With a self-supporting growth habitat, the

plant is able to indomitably survive arid climates. It is

also widely known for its medicinal purposes, such as

healing wounds and burns, treating stomach ailments, skin

diseases, canker sores, as an antioxidant, as well as its

notable antibacterial, antiulcer, and antidiabetic effect.

Aloe vera, emphasizing its antidiabetic property, is

said to contain 75 active components, which include

vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and amino acids, which

specifically proves its characteristic as a traditional

remedy for diabetes. Pharmacologically, this plant has been

verified of retaining a vitro cytotoxic effect. According

to recent findings, “substances with cytotoxic activities

3
are therapeutically recommended for antidiabetic activities

(Hammesoet. al, 2019).” The researchers, in association

with the study, focused on its antidiabetic activity by

testing its efficacy on albino mice.

On the other hand, mangifera indica, commonly known

as mango, is said to be one of the widely consumed tropical

fruits in the world. The quintessential summer fruit is not

only perfect for desserts, but is also considered to be a

healthy superfood. Various parts of the mango tree are

shown to have medicinal properties. The flour of its fruit

pulp, the extract of its fruit kernel, its leaves, and its

stem bark were distinguished to exhibit various health

benefits.

Particularly, the tender leaves of the mango tree

contain tannins called anthocyanidins, that may help in

regulating blood sugar level and in treating early

diabetes. Benefits of these leaves are so varied and

extensive that they are also given immense significance in

eastern medicine, as well as in countries like the

Philippines. Being the national fruit of the Philippines,

mangoes, known for their nativity in such a nation, can be

found anywhere in the country, on the backyard of most

Filipinos. Acknowledging it, the plant’s presence in the

4
Philippines only clarifies its sole purpose on Filipino

soil. And, it is to save the country from one of society’s

health threats - diabetes.

This study focused on the efficacy of mango leaves

and aloe vera leaves as anti-hyperglycemic remedies

involves a pure comparison between the two samples, as both

are considered common alternatives against diabetes.

Considering the study’s advantages, the researchers could

gain various insights from the study’s information,

particularly its methods of instruction. They could also

have control over variables, deriving that most procedures,

for the goal of accomplishing the study, could be

manageably performed by the researchers. However, the study

also has its drawbacks. Just like any other of its kind, it

could also be subjected to human error. While having its

control invariables, which cannot be avoided in the course

of the study, it could be vulnerable to production of

artificial results, highlighting the fact that anyone,

mainly the researchers, could simply perform the particular

procedure tasked in the study. The results, as well, of the

certain procedure may only be applied to one context. Thus,

the study may be difficult to replicate when other samples

are involved. Despite such, this study would never change –

5
it would, as how it was constructed in the minds of the

researchers, always be directed to its general purpose.

The main purpose of the study is to test and compare

the anti-hyperglycemic activity of mango leaves and aloe

vera leaves on albino mice. The plant, particularly its

leaves, which would be concluded more effective, will then

be of greater help to treat people, specifically Filipinos,

with diabetes – an accomplishment the study wanted to

obtain, a victory the world wanted to achieve.

Statement of the Problem

The primary aim of the study is to determine the

efficacy of Mango (Mangifera Indica) leaves and Aloe Vera

(Aloe Barbadensis) leaves as Anti-hyperglycemic agents.

Specifically, it attempted to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the effect of Mango leaves on the blood

sugar level of the subject?

2. What is the effect of Aloe Vera leaves on the blood

sugar level of the subject?

3. What is the mean difference of the blood sugar level

upon the application of Mango leaves and Aloe Vera

leaves?
6
Hypotheses

Based on the following research questions

identified, the researchers formulated the following null

hypotheses:

1. There is no effect of Mango leaves on the blood

sugar level of the subject.

2. There is no effect of Aloe Vera leaves on the blood

sugar level of the subject.

3. There is no mean difference of the blood sugar level

upon the application of Mango leaves and Aloe Vera

leaves.

Conceptual Framework

In order to give substance to the purpose of the

study, the conceptual framework is presented.

The first box shows the input which contains both

the independent and dependent variables used in the study

such as Mango leaves, Aloe Vera leaves, and Albino Mice.

The second box indicates the process which involves

the use of experimental design and data gathering.

Experimentation may help the researchers gather data and

determine the properties and effects of the leaves’

7
extracts on Albino mice. The data gathered are based on the

process and results of the experiment.

The third box shows the output which is the Anti-

hyperglycemic effect of Mango leaves and Aloe Vera leaves.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Anti-
Mango Leaves Experiment
Aloe Vera hyperglycemic
Leaves effect of Mango
and Aloe Vera
leaves

Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Independent and

Dependent variables on the Efficacy of Mango

leaves and Aloe Vera leaves as Anti-

hyperglycemic Agents

Significance of the Study

Diabetes, just like any other of its kind, has

corrupted the confines of the society in terms of health.

It has hungered the world, pleading for more than just

intangible hope. The world needs tangibility over

possibilities; it needs real solutions. And through this

study, such necessity would be sufficed; the fulfillment of

8
its mission would be made realized. Its goal, to compare

the antidiabetic effect of mango leaves and aloe vera

leaves on albino mice, would definitely make a difference.

In different contexts, the study’s essence could bring

purification, from its facts to its outputs, specifically

beyond the inevitability of health issues, particularly the

diabetes’ impact. Furthermore, it could be a helpful

assistance to the following:

To the health-related professionals. The

antidiabetic property of the extracts would be of help to

people, evidently health-related professionals, who want to

determine and improve alternative medicines to be more

efficient. It would also bring them certain facts and

answers, which could be helpful in treating diabetes, as

well as in regulating blood sugar level.

To the community. The study would also be beneficial

to the community by providing another resolution to the

rapid increase of diseases, especially diabetes, in the

society. Gradually, the results would give a productive

influence to individuals, particularly the elderly, which

might guarantee contribution to health organizations in

various ways.

9
 To the children. Young ones, in today’s age, are

never exemptions to the disturbing potential of diabetes;

some can acquire it genetically, while others through

lifestyle. Because of these, the study also aimed to test

and examine inexpensive and organic extracts, such as that

of mango leaves and aloe vera leaves, not only for adults,

but also for children.

To the students and future researchers. It would be

of great benefit towards students and future researchers,

as well. Through their understanding of the study, they

could make use of available resources in their areas to

conduct different experiments about a certain matter,

furthering the knowledge and functions of various

resources. Moreover, the awareness of such information

would lead to people realizing that there are so much more

than what the surrounding, like leaves, has.

To the government officials. It would also aid

government officials in several ways, since the study is

also about continuous knowledge; it is about being

instrumental. Through the study, they could utilize its

facts and concepts in developing policies, practicing

service provisions, shaping legislations, and altering

behaviors in terms of health. It could also be conceptual

10
in understanding recent issues and problems concerning

health, particularly diabetes and its influence. Simply

saying, through utilizing the study, the government

officials could lead the nation to a new and improved

perspective in terms of health management.

To the researchers of this study. The study could

greatly contribute to this study’s researchers. Diabetes

has been a burden for so many people, young and old, and

the medicines that the world has are not enough to cure or

lessen the effects of the said disease. Knowing that aloe

vera and mango leaves have antidiabetic effects and are

native and inexpensive in the Philippines, the researchers

would not only be aware of the great influence of these

alternative antidiabetic medicines, but they, through

comprehending the study, would also bring new knowledge and

certainty in the field of medicine.

Thus, as a whole, this study’s importance has its,

indeed, certain abundance. This paved the way for the

researchers to initiate the study, to test which is more

effective between the two, the mango leaves and aloe vera

leaves, and either or both could be used in making medicine

to cure or lessen the repercussions of diabetes – the

utmost significance of this study.

11
Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study was organized to focus on the efficacy of

the leaves' extracts as alternative medicines for diabetes

to help decrease and stabilize the rate of high blood

sugar-related cases and diseases. The researchers analyzed

the anti-hyperglycemic effect and properties of the

extracts with the intention of promoting the use of

alternative and organic medicines for healthcare

utilization. They specifically aimed to raise awareness of

the harm brought by increasing blood sugar level. The

experiment and data collection were conducted in San

Agustin, Ibaan, Batangas.

The estimated time range of the experiment and data

gathering ranges from 2-3 weeks. The general materials are

mango leaves, aloe vera leaves, and albino mice as the

subject. Not only materials were used for the experiment,

but also proficient techniques were applied to perform the

exact method, in order to present the data accurately and

precisely.

12
Definition of Key Terms

For a better understanding of the topic and the sake

of classification, the researchers listed and defined the

important terms used in the study:

Albino mice. They contain a mutation in the

tyrosinase gene, which when homozygous for the mutation,

their coat color is albino (Charles River Laboratories,

2015). In this study, they are used as subjects for

experimentation to successfully compare the antidiabetic

effect of mango leaves and aloe vera leaves.

Antidiabetic. It is a term used to describe

something that helps a person with diabetes control their

level of glucose (sugar) in the blood (Shiel, 2018). In

this study, it is a description used to specify the effect

of mango leaves and aloe vera leaves in regulating blood

sugar level.

Blood sugar. It is the sugar carried by the blood,

and is usually measured to determine someone’s health

(MedlinePlus, 2017). In this study, it is the sugar

measured to obtain results about the antidiabetic effect of

mango leaves and aloe vera leaves.

Glucose. It is known as a monosaccharide, which is

considered as the primary source of energy the human body,

13
specifically the body cells, uses (Lewin, 2019). In this

study, it determines the blood sugar levels of the subjects

(albino mice).

Hyperglycemia. It is an elevation of blood glucose

concentrations above the normal range; it is the laboratory

finding that establishes a diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

(Utiger, 2017). In this study, it is the health condition

used as a basis to satisfy the purpose of lowering blood

sugar level.

Insulin. It is a hormone made by the pancreas that

allows the human body to use sugar (glucose) from

carbohydrates and keeps the blood sugar level regulated

(Fischl, 2019). In this study, it is the hormone,

particularly its function, used as a basis to further

satisfy the purpose of the study in controlling blood sugar

level.

14
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter covers the related legal bases,

literature, and studies which are comprised by laws and

principles related to the research, referred from

government documents, books, online articles, and various

theses from local and foreign sources. The presentation

starts with the legal bases, the local and foreign

literature, and then followed by the local and foreign

studies.

Related Legal Bases

In compliance with the provisions of the Republic

Act No. 8191, known as the “National Diabetes Act of 1996,”

the state shall ensure the protection and promotion of its

citizens’ rights in terms of health and the instillation of

health awareness among them, specifically within the bounds

of the diabetes mellitus context. Through the law, the

15
creation of the “National Commission on Diabetes” is

initiated and emphasized, which achieves the law’s goal of

prescribing measures for the prevention and control of

diabetes in the Philippines.

Considering the study’s purpose and significance,

the study makes a certain connection with the

aforementioned law as it opens the possibility of knowledge

in terms of controlling the setbacks of diabetes in the

Philippines. It also acknowledges the use of herbal plants,

specifically aloe vera leaves and mango leaves, available

in the Philippines, which pursues the mission of the law to

guarantee the consistent heath preservation of the nation’s

citizens in relation to their blood sugar status.

Generally, this study complies a duty similar to the law’s

– to prevent and control diabetes in the Philippines.

Republic Act No. 4688 or “Clinical Laboratory Act of

1966” is an act regulating the operation and maintenance of

clinical laboratories. This also declares the exemption of

minimum laboratory examinations from the provisions of the

section: “Any person operating and maintaining a clinical

laboratory in which body fluids, tissues, secretions, etc.

from beings or animals are analyzed for the determination

16
of the presence of pathologic organisms, processes and/or

conditions in the persons or animals from which they were

obtained, shall register and secure a license annually at

the office of the Secretary of Health.”

The said republic act is related to the study since

the researchers’ specimens involve albino mice.

Accordingly, albino mice were used in the study because

they closely resemble the genetic, biological, and

behavioral characteristics of humans.

Through the 1963 Republic Act No. 3720, a declared

policy of the State is made to insure safety and quality in

terms of food supply. It is also made to prioritize the

regulation of production, sale, and traffic of food to

guarantee the nation’s health protection. Charging from the

law’s entirety, the law also states the safety of

consumption or usage of products being sold at any stores

nationwide, which also clarifies illegal selling of

medicine, reselling unsafe products to people, and selling

of items without any approval of the administration as

pervasive acts in the Philippines.

It is related to the study, because the researchers

are in the fulfillment of their duty to think of a moral

17
solution – to encourage people, especially those who don't

have enough money to buy a cure for diabetes, to utilize

herbal plants that are available at their homes - in order

to stop the on-going practice of illegal medicine-sellers.

The researchers ought to find alternative medications for

diabetes, as the stated disease attacks many people, in the

most ethical way possible. The alternative solutions,

namely aloe vera and mango, reside in every home or garden,

and from such, this study has its purpose of comparing

which of the two is more effective to come up with a legal

solution for antidiabetic purposes.

Related Literature

An article written by Joe Leechburg (2020) on

Medical News Today stated that aloe vera can be of help in

blood sugar level management which is proven by some early

evidences. It has been used as a traditional remedy for

diabetes and is said to enhance insulin sensitivity.

Moreover, it has been used in type 2 diabetic study on

animals and on humans and found promising results upon

consumption. However, it was also stated that further study

and research are needed since the result of the study

specified in the article was fairly poor.

18
 The abovementioned article is related to the ongoing

research since it claims and tackles the health benefits of

aloe vera, specifically on lowering blood sugar levels. It

shows the possibility of aloe vera to have an antidiabetic

effect not just on animals, which is one of the foci of the

present research, but also on humans. Moreover, the need of

the said study for further research and evidences will be

filled by the present study. Also, the present study can

provide firm evidence and other discoveries which will help

prove the antidiabetic activity of Aloe Vera.

An article written by Pocholo Concepcion (2019)

discussed diabetes as an epidemic in the Philippines. To

prove such fact, the article cited Dr. JM Co’s explanation

about diabetes being a destructive disease: “It destroys

many of the organs in our body. It’s the No. 1 cause of

blindness, the No. 1 cause of kidney failure that leads to

dialysis and transplants. It destroys or blocks the blood

vessels in the heart, in the brain, and in the legs, so

that the risk of getting a heart attack or stroke, or leg

amputation, is much higher than that of a person without

diabetes.” In the end, despite the threat caused by the

19
epidemic, Concepcion also pointed out recommendations from

various doctors on how to avoid suffering from diabetes.

The article has an existing relevance to the study

as it explained diabetes as an epidemic and a destructive

illness in the Philippines, which opens more information

and encouragement for the present study to be conducted.

The article also enumerated the epidemic’s effects that

could bring damage if not managed as soon as possible,

which brings the study various ideas in dealing with its

purpose and significance to the public.

A health-related article written by Jennifer Larson

(2019) emphasized the overall antidiabetic property of aloe

vera leaves, dealing with their purported benefits, as well

as their drawbacks, about the diabetes issue. In the

context of the article, she considered research suggestions

showing the aloe vera leaves’ number of advantages for

people suffering with diabetes: they lower fasting blood

glucose levels; they possess few side effects; they lower

Hemoglobin A1c, a hemoglobin that is bound to glucose,

averages; and they acknowledge people’s preferences.

However, she also covered certain disadvantages regarding

the aloe vera leaves’ antidiabetic property: they expose

20
the possibility of developing hypoglycemia, a condition in

which your blood sugar levels are dangerously low, and they

reduce the effectiveness of any other oral medications that

diabetic people might be taking. Yet, she emphasized that

these drawbacks are only possible when the extracts of aloe

vera leaves are taken in high dosages. As a bottom line,

she guaranteed that aloe vera leaves hold a promise

regarding diabetes control and suggested that more studies

should be conducted in terms of their correct type of

preparation and dosage as possible diabetes management

alternatives.

The article supports one of the study’s ideas – the

acknowledgement of the aloe vera leaves’ antidiabetic

property – which mainly contributes a direct bearing on the

study. Aside from the medical benefits the aloe vera leaves

offer, the emphasis of specific drawbacks in the article

highlights the study’s significance - to fill certain gaps

about the matter and provide more knowledge about dealing

with aloe vera leaves as antidiabetic alternatives. Simply

saying, the article gives a certain relation with the study

as it ponders the property of aloe vera leaves in terms of

treating diabetes, the same idea the study pursues.

21
 The national fruit of the Philippines, Mango,

possesses cure for multiple diseases. Mangoes are used for

making desserts, but they have nutrients, vitamins, and

minerals that most people don’t know. It is proven that

mango, as a plant, has the ability to treat asthma and

colds. It quickly heals wounds, as well. Herbert Arellano

(2018), a medical doctor in the Philippines, stated that

mango leaves can also decrease blood sugar levels, which

makes them as suggested treatments against hyperglycemia, a

condition wherein there is an excess of glucose in the

bloodstream, and diabetes.

The article is parallel to the research study,

because the study’s purpose involves testing and proving

the antidiabetic effect of mango leaves, and comparing them

to aloe vera leaves for more data about their

effectiveness, which is partially similar to how mango

leaves are described in the article as effective solutions

in decreasing blood sugar levels.

An article written by Henrylito Tacio (2017) with a

title “In search of alternative drugs against diabetes”

initiated its content by describing diabetes as a threat to

22
public health all over the world. From such, the article

emphasized that diabetes is a common disease among

Filipinos, and the need for alternative drugs against it is

a must. Currently, there are four main classes of

antidiabetic drugs available for blood sugar control:

sensitizers, secretagogues, incretin analogues, and alpha-

glucosidase inhibitors, and various suggestions are made by

physicians on how to formulate antidiabetic alternatives

based on the aforementioned antidiabetic drugs, as the

article highlighted.

The article is relevant to the present study since,

from the article’s title itself, it focused its contents on

the search for alternative drugs against diabetes, which is

also the underlying purpose of the study. The purpose of

the study – to compare the antidiabetic effect of aloe vera

leaves and mango leaves on albino mice – already gave the

idea that the article contributes great relevance to the

study.

A review written by Dwiti Modak (2015) on the

“Antidiabetic Activity of Herbal Drugs” explained that

diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by

hyperglycemia resulting from increased hepatic glucose

23
production, diminished insulin secretion, and impaired

insulin action. It was also stated that traditional

medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about

60% of the world’s population. This review focused on

Indian herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of

diabetes, especially in India. It characterized both aloe

vera and mango leaves as medicinal plants with antidiabetic

and related beneficial properties.

This article is relevant to the study because the

researchers’ primary goal is to examine and prove the

antidiabetic effect of the extracts of aloe vera and mango

leaves. The researchers want to ensure that the extracts

will be safe and efficient in the medical field.

Over the years, a plant is introduced to the medical

world as "The Wand of Heaven," "Blessing from Heaven," and

"The Silent Healer" - the Aloe Vera. Aloe Vera, as studied,

is a promising herb. According to the Journal of Dental

Surgery (2014), aloe vera is not only used for external

purposes, but also for internal matters. The aloe vera,

specifically its gel, has been considered an effective

treatment for skin hydration, aging, and wounds. In

addition, it was also stated that aloe vera can also be

24
used as a treatment for diabetes as it lowers blood glucose

levels, according to various studies specified in the

article.

Aloe vera has been used as a treatment for minor

skin imperfections, which is why it is widely used in the

cosmetic world. However, it also has its own contribution

in the medical world, specifically in treating diabetes,

according to the aforementioned article. The researchers'

study is analogous to it, because just like how it

described aloe vera as an effective antidiabetic

alternative, the present study is addressed to testing aloe

vera leaves’ effectiveness in terms of its antidiabetic

potential.

An article written by Luis Junquera (2014) stated

that the pharmacological attributes of aloe vera have been

revalidated in modern sciences through various in vivo and

in vitro studies, which mainly describe the herb with

immense potential as a dental therapeutic. The biological

and pharmacological actions of aloe vera are also specified

in the article like its wound-healing effect, skin

hydration effect, anti-aging effect, anti-inflammatory

effect, antidiabetic effect, and many more. Even though

25
aloe vera is a promising herb with various clinical

applications in medicine and dentistry, more clinical

researches are needed to be undertaken to explain the

action of acemannan hydrogel in accelerating the healing of

aphthous ulcers and to validate the efficacy of aloe gel on

plaque and gingivitis so that it can be established in the

field of dentistry, as mentioned in the article.

The abovementioned article is related to the ongoing

research since it claimed the pharmacological attributes

and clinical applications of aloe vera. Through this, the

establishment of its effectiveness as an invaluable adjunct

in treating diabetes can be made possible, and it is

through conducting the present study.

Related Study

According to Diabetes Mellitus News and Research

(2019), most Americans are diagnosed with diabetes, and its

number is increasing each year. Diabetes, as the study

emphasized, is a condition wherein the pancreas can't

produce enough insulin for the body, and the only possible

treatment for it is regular insulin replacement by multiple

daily – expensive - injections. Transplantation of pancreas

is also a suggested approach, because it can restore the

26
pancreas’ ability to produce insulin. However, the donors

for this transplantation context are limited and it really

costs high amount of money.

The study above showed the increasing number of

diabetic patients. The stated possible treatments for it

were, as stated, costly. The relation of this to the

researchers' study is the consideration of its counterpart

- the acknowledgement of cost-effectiveness in terms of

treating diabetes - by formulating alternative medications

using available herbal plants like aloe vera and mango.

Such solution can not only help save money, but it can also

ensure health protection and safety – the utmost belief of

the present study.

A study conducted by Mohammad Saleem et al. (2019)

entitled “Antidiabetic Potential of Mangifera indica L.cv.

Anwar Ratol Leaves: Medicinal Application of Food Waste”

had evaluated the potential antidiabetic activity of mango

leaves. In the study, a hydro-alcoholic extract of the

plant leaves was prepared and was induced to diabetic mice.

It was followed by different tests. One of those was the

determination of postprandial glucose and body weight. As a

27
result, it was proven that the extract helps prevent the

rise of blood glucose, as well as the increase in

bodyweight. Overall, the study served as a basis for mango

leaves to be used against diabetes.

The abovementioned study supports the present study

by showing some proven evidences provided by the conducted

tests. It gives the idea that mango leaves can be used to

treat diabetes. Also, it makes use of the induction of the

extract to diabetic mice, which is one of the objectives of

the present study – to determine the efficacy of mango

leaves to diabetic mice. It provides the basis for the

present study to be pushed and conducted, knowing that

mango leaves have certain potential for treating diabetes.

A relevant study entitled “A review of the

antidiabetic potential of Mangifera indica leaf extract”

conducted by Savita Chewchinda et al. (2018) covered the

comprehensive use of the mango leaf extract in treating

diabetes, which makes it an ideal candidate for further

development as an antidiabetic alternative. The study also

emphasized certain data that guarantee the fact of the

mango leaf extract’s property and potential regarding

diabetes management and control. Above of it all, the study

28
concluded that the mango leaf extract, compared to some

pharmacological modalities for diabetes, has high level of

active compounds and safety profiles and is considered

cost-effective as an alternative treatment for people with

diabetes.

The aforementioned study does consider a relevance

to this study’s purpose as it accentuates the mango leaf

extract’s antidiabetic potential – one defining aspect the

study considers – and its comparison to the antidiabetic

property of artificially made medications that welcomes the

wide benefits of herbal plants like mango. Charging from

the content of the said study, many ideas regarding the

antidiabetic property of mango leaves are revealed, and can

then be used as factors and evidences showing how effective

mango leaves are as antidiabetic alternatives. This, and

everything in the specified study, gives this research the

support and relevance to completely pursue its purpose and

significance.

A study led by Mohamed Eddouks (2016) entitled

“Capparis spinosa L. Aqueous Extract Evokes Antidiabetic

Effect in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Mice” revealed

the possible mechanism of action of Capparis spinosa in

29
diabetic mice. In the study, oral administrations of

aqueous extract of CS were performed in multi-low dose

streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Euglycemic

hyperinsulinemic clamp was also utilized in association

with the endogenous glucose production to evaluate the

effect of CS aqueous extract on insulin sensitivity. The

results of the study provided a major support of reported

anti-hyperglycemic activity of Capparis spinosa extract

that may be of importance in the treatment of insulin

resistance.

The study is relevant to the present study because

it also used natural ways on how to regulate blood sugar

levels. It also stated the feasibility of the antidiabetic

properties of the extracts.

Philippines has a great number of diabetic patients.

From the Food and Nutrition Research Institute - Department

of Science and Technology 8th National Nutrition Survey

(2015), the cause of this number is the nation’s tempting

acknowledgement of bad lifestyle, which leads most of its

citizens to possess visceral fats - nasty fats inside the

belly stored in or around the internal organs - that stop

insulin action. Through exercising, eating healthy foods,

30
and getting checked, diabetes can be treated, as suggested

by the survey.

The aforementioned study talked about the large

number of Filipinos suffering with diabetes and the

respective cause of such effect in the Philippines, which

makes the study entirely related to the researchers’ study.

As the present study is focused on treating diabetes, it

also targets diabetic Filipinos who need inexpensive

treatments for the said disease, and to fulfill it, the

present study’s purpose - to compare the antidiabetic

effect of aloe vera leaves and mango leaves on albino mice

– is aligned in mitigating the number of diabetic people in

the Philippines.

A study entitled “Diabetes Care in the Philippines”

conducted by Gerry Tan (2015) emphasized the increasing

prevalence of diabetes in the Philippines as he made a

literature review using the search words diabetes

care and Philippines. He also found out, through his study,

that rapid urbanization, along with increasing dependence

on electronic gadgets and sedentary lifestyle, largely

contributed to the epidemic. He also addressed the

challenge experienced by the country because of its poor

31
diabetes care with respect to resources, government

support, and economics, as well as its cultural preferences

for a traditional diet of refined sugar which made

behavioral modifications, in terms of diabetes management,

difficult to initiate within the nation.

The study has a direct bearing on the present study

as it accentuated diabetes as a prevalent disease in the

Philippines. It also intensified the fact of poor diabetes

care existing in the country; this makes the present study

more significant to the Filipino nation as it is focused on

dealing with antidiabetic alternatives that can be of great

aids to Filipinos suffering with expensive treatments and

insufficient health care facilities in terms of diabetes

care and management.

A study conducted by K.A. Shah (2010) entitled

"Mangifera Indica (Mango)" described Mangifera indica as a

commonly used herb in the field of medicine, specifically

in the ayurvedic field where good health is practiced

through the use of herbal medicine. The study also

indicated that mango possesses antidiabetic, anti-oxidant,

anti-viral, cardiotonic, hypotensive, and anti-inflammatory

properties, as well as various effects like antibacterial,

32
antifungal, anthelmintic, anti-parasitic, antitumor, anti-

HIV, anti-bone resorption, antispasmodic, antipyretic,

antidiarrheal, anti-allergic, immunomodulation,

hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, and gastro-

protective effects. As its conclusion, Shah recommended

that the mango plant should be studied more extensively to

confirm his study’s results and reveal mango’s other

potential therapeutic effects.

The aforementioned study supports the present study by

the study’s assertion of statements that were experimented,

studied, and approved. The study gave the idea that mango

leaves can be treatments for diabetes, like any other types

of diseases. It was also stated that 50% ethanolic extract

of the leaves of MI produced a significant hypoglycemic

effect at a dose of 250 mg/kg, both in normal and

streptozotocin-induced diabetic animals. It provided enough

information for the present study to be pushed and

conducted, knowing that mango leaves can treat illnesses,

and one of which is diabetes.

33
 CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter tackles the specific procedural

elements utilized for the fulfillment of the study. In

association with the said coverage, the features comprising

this particular section of the study are the research

method used, the associated materials, the employed

equipment and utensils, the certain procedure done, the

statistical treatment applied, and other related segments

that aid to the study’s completion.

In line with the aforementioned components, the

presence of such chapter’s fragments is valuable as it

evidently contributed to the authenticity and achievement

of the study’s principal purpose: to examine and compare

Mango leaves and Aloe Vera leaves in relation to their

antidiabetic effects.

34
Research Design

In agreement with the study’s purpose, the research

design used in this study is the experimental method,

specifically the Pre-test – Multiple Treatment – Post-test

design. Particularly, the experimental method involves

scientific manipulation of one or more variables to

ascertain whether or not the changes of such variable/s

influenced the other variables. With such an emphasis of

its definition, the said method clearly leans on the

existence of controlled methods and variable manipulation

(Cherry, 2020).

Furthermore, the application of the Pre-test –

Multiple Treatment – Post-test design is suited within the

context of the study for it appropriately supports the

process done by the researchers in association to the

study’s content and purpose. In addition, the apparent

existence of the independent variables – the Mango leaves

and Aloe Vera leaves – and the dependent variables – the

albino mice’s blood sugar levels – confirms the

implementation of the experimental method for the employed

procedure displayed the manipulation of the independent

variables in order to attain necessary answers from the

35
dependent variables, satisfying the study’s research

problems.

Materials

The materials used in this study were Mango leaves

with a quantity of 500 mg for each trial resulting to

1000mg, Aloe Vera leaves with a measurement of 500mg for

each trial resulting to 1000mg, and 75% Ethanol as the

extracting solvent of the Mango leaves with a quantity of

250mL for every 500 mg of Mango leaves, resulting to 500mL,

while another 100mL was used as a component in the solution

of the final extract wherein 50mL of ethanol was added in

each extracted solution resulting to 600mL used ethanol.

Table 1 shows the materials used in the assessing the

efficacy of Mango leaves and Aloe Vera leaves as anti-

hyperglycemic agents.

Table 1. Materials Used in Assessing the Efficacy of Mango

leaves and Aloe Vera leaves as Anti-hyperglycemic

agents.

Materials Quantity
Mango leaves 1000 mg
Aloe Vera leaves 1000 mg
Ethanol 600 mL

36
Equipment and Utensils

The equipment and utensils used in this study were

divided into three particular components according to their

use. The first table shows the list of equipment and

utensils that were used in extracting the Mango leaves

wherein gloves, weighing scale, electric blender, measuring

cup for the amount of ethanol, filter paper, and container

are stipulated. The second table consists of those that

were used in getting the extract of Aloe Vera leaves which

included gloves, knife for cutting, electric blender,

weighing scale, spoon, and container. The third and last

table presents the equipment and utensils utilized in

conducting the experiment which involved gloves, alcohol

for sanitation, syringe, glucose testing strips,

glucometer, and lancets for measuring the blood sugar level

of the subject. In addition, the subjects used in the

experiment were albino mice. Table 2 displays the equipment

and utensils used in the extraction of Mango leaves. Table

3 indicates the equipment and utensils used in the

production of the Aloe Vera leaves extract. Table 4 shows

the equipment and utensils used in assessing the

feasibility of Mango leaves and Aloe Vera leaves asanti-

hyperglycemic agents.
37
Table 2. Equipment and Utensils Used in the Extraction of

Mango Leaves

Equipment and Utensils Unit

Gloves 2
Weighing scale 1
Measuring cup 1
Electric blender 1
Stirring spoon 1
Filter paper 2
Funnel 1
Container 3

Table 3. Equipment and Utensils Used in the Extraction of

Aloe Vera Leaves

Equipment and Utensils Unit

Gloves 2
Knife 1
Spoon 1
Measuring cup 1
Electric blender 1
Container 2

Table 4. Equipment and Utensils Used in Assessing the

Feasibility of Mango Leaves and Aloe Vera Leaves

as Anti-Hyperglycemic Agents.

Equipment and Utensils Unit

Gloves 8
Alcohol 1
Syringe 4

38
 Glucometer 1
Glucose testing strips 4
Lancets 4
Mouse(subject) 2

Procedures

The researchers utilized mice as their specimen/

subject. The study was conducted including three processes:

two for gathering and obtaining the treatments applied and

one for experimenting and analyzing of data. The two

aforementioned initial processes were done by the

researchers to obtain a correct dosage of each treatment

which was required for the accuracy and validity of the

study. These two are presented separately from the general

process as a way to specifically elaborate the procedures

done by the researchers.

Extraction of the Mango Leaves. After collecting

Mango leaves, they were first washed and put into an

electric blender to obtain smaller and fine pieces

fulfilling a weight of 500mg. These blended leaves were

then transferred in a container with 250mL ethanol. The

solution was stirred with a spoon to allow a more effective

way of dissolving and transferring the Mango leaves into

the extracting solvent. After obtaining the chemical

39
properties of the leaves for about 48 hours, it was

filtered separating the leaves from the solution. The next

procedure made was the evaporation of the solvent wherein

the container was left open and was placed in an another

container filled with warm water. The evaporation process

was completed after three days. Another 50mL of ethanol was

added to the solution resulting to the final variable used

as a treatment in the experiment, the Mango leaves extract.

3mL of this extract was placed in a syringe when it was all

set for the subject to take. Figure 2 shows the process

done in extracting the Mango leaves.

40
 Washing of Grinding of
Mango leaves Mango leaves
into 500mg

Stirring every Placed in a

one hour in one container with
day 250mL ethanol

Transferring of Filtering the

chemical solution
properties

Adding of 50mL Evaporation of

ethanol solvent in five
days

Mango Leaves
Extract(1.5mL)

Figure 2. Process Flow Sheet for the Extraction of Mango

Leaves

Extraction of Aloe Vera Leaves. The Aloe Vera leaves

were first washed after being collected. After rinsing the

leaves, the yellow sap coming from the leaves called the

aloe latex was drained away as it is not part of the

extract. The hard spines on either side of the leaves were

41
removed. The researchers made sure that the leaves were dry

before cutting as a slippery leaf could lead to potential

accidents. The next step was removing the top and bottom

layers of the leaves. Finally, the Aloe Vera gel extract

was removed, measured to 500mg, and blended to have a finer

texture. 3mL of this extract was also placed in a syringe

when it was ready for the subject to take. Figure 3

displays the procedure made in extracting the Aloe Vera

leaves.

Washing of cut Draining of

Aloe Vera aloe latex
leaves residue

Cutting of top
and bottom Removing of
layers spines

Blended to
Scraping off obtain finer
gel extract texture

Aloe Vera
Leaves
Extract(1.5mL)

Figure 3. Process Flow Sheet for the Extraction of Aloe

Vera Leaves
42
 Experiment. The first step for the experiment was

checking the blood sugar level of the mice (subject) using

the glucometer acquiring a measurement with a unit of

mg/dL. In this study, blood sugar level checking was done

before each of the four trials. Basically, this was the

pre-test part of the study. The next step conducted was the

utilization and application of the treatments which were

the Mango leaves and Aloe Vera leaves extract. The first

two trials were both the subject’s intake of Mango leaves

extract (3mL). The remaining two trials were focused on the

subject’s intake of Aloe Vera leaves extract (3mL). One-

hour interval was given to allow the subject’s absorption

of the treatment after each trial. The final step of the

experiment was checking the blood sugar level of the

subject after the application of the treatment in order to

determine the effect of the extracts. Glucometer was

utilized again to measure the blood sugar level of the

subject. This was the post-test part of the study. Data

were analyzed and recorded by carefully listing the

measurements obtained in each trial. The process of the

experiment justified the research design used because this was

mainly about the Pre-Test – Multiple Treatment – Post-Test

design. Figure 4 displays the processes involved in

43
assessing the efficacy of Mango and Aloe Vera leaves as

anti-hyperglycemic agents.

Checking of Blood
Sugar Level Before

Recording of
results

Application of
treatments

Trials A & B: Mango Trials C & D: Aloe

Leaves extract Vera Leaves Extract
(1.5mL) (1.5mL)

Two-hour absorption
of treatment

Checking of Blood
Sugar Level After

Recording of
results

Figure 4. Process Flow Sheet for Assessing the Efficacy of

Mango Leaves and Aloe Vera Leaves as Anti-

Hyperglycemic Agents

44
Statistical Treatment

The statistical tool used in analyzing and

interpreting the data were the mean and mean difference. It

was used to determine which is more effective between Mango

and Aloe Vera in lowering blood sugar levels. The formulas

used for mean are as follow:

a1 + a2
x̅b = b1 + b2 and x̅a =
N N

where x̅b corresponds for the mean of the trials done

“before” and x̅a for the mean of the trials done “after”; b

stands for the blood sugar level of the subject before the

application of the treatments wherein b1 is from the first

trial and b2 is from the second trial. Likewise, a stands

for the blood sugar level of the subject after the

application of the treatments wherein a1 is from the first

trial and a2 is from the second trial; and N corresponds to

the number of trials conducted in each category of “before”

and “after”. Both formulas were utilized for the results of

Mango leaves and Aloe Vera leaves upon lowering blood sugar

levels. The formulas for getting the mean differences are

as follow:

x̅1= x̅b- x̅a and x̅2= x̅b - x̅a

45
where x̅1 is the mean difference of x̅b and x̅a involving Mango

leaves; and x̅2 is the mean difference of x̅b and x̅a involving

Aloe Vera leaves. x̅b stands for the means obtained from

“before”; and x̅a represents the means obtained from “after”.

x̅1 was applied only to the results gathered in experimenting

with Mango leaves and x̅2 was used for the results collected

in experimenting with Aloe Vera leaves.

46
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter particularly delves into the data

presented by the researchers, with a particular

consideration on its details, which are specifically

gathered from differing set-ups focused on obtaining

results in order to come up with certain sets of

information concerning the paper’s research purpose.

Considering the said content, this chapter also offers a

considerable emphasis on table analyses and result

interpretation supported by the statistical treatments

applied on the data obtained.

In order to visually present the sets of data

gathered, tables, texts, and graphs are utilized for better

manifestation and understanding of the said information. In

addition, the presented numerical figures in this chapter

are treated through particular statistical techniques,

namely the mean and the weighted mean difference.

47
1. Blood Sugar Level Results of the Specimen Before and

After the Institution of Mango Leaves Extract in Two Trials

The results of the blood sugar level in two trials

upon the institution of mango leaves extract were recorded

and presented in table 5. This determines the efficacy of

mango leaves in lowering blood sugar levels.

Table 5. Blood Sugar Level Results Before and After the

Institution of Mango Leaves Extract

Treatment Blood Sugar Level(mg/dL)

TRIAL A TRIAL B

Mango Leaves Before After Before After

Extract
(1.5mL)
102 96 128 58

As shown in the table, the treatment applied

affected the blood sugar level of the specimen. Mango

leaves extract, the treatment, was administered to both

trials, namely trial A and trial B. These trials were

composed of the before and after application of the mango

leaves extract. As seen from the table, the treatment was

indicated by the unit mL and the blood sugar level by mg/dL

48
and with this, the specimen’s blood sugar level was

recorded.

From the procedure, a 1.5 mL of mango leaves extract

was administered in trials A and B. In trial A, the blood

sugar level before the application of the treatment was 102

mg/dL which decreased to 96 mg/dL after the application. In

trial B, 128 mg/dL was recorded before the application of

the treatment and after, it decreased to 58 mg/dL. As a

result, there was a significant decrease in the blood sugar

level of the specimen wherein a value of +6 was recorded in

trial A while +70 was recorded in trial B.

Considering the data presented through utilizing

mango leaves extract in relation to blood sugar levels, the

discussion and interpretation of the said results, which

evidently manifests the efficacy of mango leaves in

decreasing blood sugar level, was supported by Herbert

Arellano (2018) who focused on a specific medical feature

of mango leaves on one’s health: its antidiabetic property.

Furthermore, Mohammed Saleem et al. (2019), Savita

Chewchinda et al. (2018), and K.A. Shah (2010) reassured

the presented results regarding the mango leaves’ potential

to treat health concerns and matters, specifically

concerning diabetes. Thus – emphasizing the threatening

49
problem of the world in terms of diabetes’ existence as

discussed by Pocholo Concepcion (2019), Diabetes Mellitus

News and Research (2019), Department of Science and

Technology (2015), and Gerry Tan (2015) – the efficacy of

herbal and alternative medicines against diabetes, through

considering the results obtained from the mango leaves

extract, can further solve the aforementioned issue

regarding high blood sugar levels as corroborated by

Henrylito Tacio (2017), Dwiti Modak (2015), and Mohamed

Eddouks (2016).

2. Blood Sugar Level Results of the Specimen Before and

After the Institution of Aloe Vera Leaves Extract in Two

Trials

The results of the blood sugar level in two trials

upon the institution of aloe vera leaves extract were

recorded and presented in table 6. This demonstrates the

feasibility of aloe vera leaves in decreasing blood sugar

levels.

50
Table 6. Blood Sugar Level Results Before and After the

Institution of Aloe Vera Leaves Extract

Treatment Blood Sugar Level(mg/dL)

TRIAL A TRIAL B

Aloe Vera Leaves Before After Before After

Extract
(1.5mL)
88 79 124 119

The data presented were arranged according to the

data in the previous table. The two tables differed only in

the value of the recorded blood sugar level and the

treatment applied. For the following two trials, 1.5 ml of

extracted aloe vera leaves was examined as anti-

hyperglycemic agent.

In trial A, the result before the application of the

treatment was 88 mg/dL, and the after result was 79 mg/dL.

Meanwhile, trial B resulted to a record of 124 mg/dL before

the institution of the treatment and the corresponding

after result was 119 mg/dL.

Based from the indicated values in table 6, the

blood sugar level results in line with the institution of

51
the aloe vera extract range from 79 to 124 mg/dL which were

also comparable to the blood sugar level of humans.

Moreover, the data presented showed that the anti-

hyperglycemic agent used caused the decrease in the blood

sugar levels of the specimen that were recorded before the

application. In the two trials conducted, the treatment

effectively made the blood sugar level of the specimen

lower than the first results obtained. This effectiveness

was specifically recognized in trial A, where the before

blood sugar level result decreased by +9, and in trial B,

where the before blood sugar level result decreased by +5.

On that account, it was revealed that the treatment was

more effective in the first trial.

In relation to the blood sugar level results before

and after the institution of the aloe vera leaves extract

as presented by the table above, it was, thus, analyzed and

interpreted that aloe vera leaves possess a feasible

potential in treating diabetes, a health problem

particularly known by its connection with high blood sugar

levels. In connection with such, the data displayed and

discussed were, then, proven by Joe Leechburg (2020),

Jennifer Larson (2019), Journal of Dental Surgery (2014),

and Luis Janquera (2014) that specifically discuss the

52
medical advantage brought about by aloe vera leaves in

terms of regulating blood sugar levels and controlling

diabetes prevalence. Hence, diabetes – being one of the

world’s health-related menacing issues as tackled by

Pocholo Concepcion (2019), Diabetes Mellitus News and

Research (2019), Department of Science and Technology

(2015), and Gerry Tan (2015) – can be mitigated through

providing herbal and alternative drugs, like the aloe vera

leaves, the opportunities to unleash their certain

potential in the aspect of health as focused on by

Henrylito Tacio (2017), Dwiti Modak (2015), and Mohamed

Eddouks (2016).

3. Mean Difference of the Blood Sugar Level Upon the

Institution of Mango Leaves Extract and Aloe Vera Leaves

Extract

The table shows the means and mean differences of

the blood sugar levels before and after the institution of

the treatments obtained from the two trials.

53
Table 7. Mean Comparison of the Blood Sugar Level Results

of the Two Treatments

Blood Sugar Level (mg/dL)

Treatment
x̅b x̅a x̅b - x̅a
Mango Leaves
115 77 38
Extract
Aloe Vera
106 99 7
Leaves Extract

The presented data in the table are the means and

mean differences which are gathered before and after

applying the involved extracts concerning the blood sugar

levels of albino mice. The displayed data are respectively

designated under two specific treatments, the mango leaves

extract and the aloe vera leaves extract.

The mango leaves extract had a mean of 115 mg/dL

before its institution on the specimen and a mean of 77

mg/dL after doing so. On the contrary, the aloe vera leaves

extract had a mean of 106 mg/dL before its institution on

the specimen and a mean of 99 mg/dL after executing so. The

means gathered by the researchers are based from the data

presented through tables 5 and 6.

The mean differences, the most important data in

comparing how effective the independent variables – mango

leaves and aloe vera leaves - are, of the two treatments

54
were obtained by getting the mean average from the

conducted trials. Specifically, the mango leaves extract

had a mean difference of 38 mg/dL; meanwhile, the aloe vera

leaves extract had a mean difference of 7 mg/dL.

According to the results, the mango leaves extract

provided a more prodigious amount than the aloe vera leaves

extract and the gap between the said treatments was

considerably wide, ±31, which evidently means that the

mango leaves extract was more effective than the aloe vera

extract as an anti-hyperglycemic agent.

With respect to the data presented through the table

displayed above involving the corresponding means and mean

differences of the specimen’s blood sugar level results

constituting the application of the mango leaves and aloe

vera leaves extracts, Henrylito Tacio (2017), Dwiti Modak

(2015), and Mohamed Eddouks (2016) further validated the

said data, with a certain emphasis on the evident

interpretation of the obtained results implicitly

manifesting the effectivity of mango leaves and aloe vera

leaves in treating diabetes, as they agreed with the

potentiality of herbal and alternative medicines in blood

sugar level control and regulation. Moreover, the

antidiabetic property of mango leaves – as discussed by

55
Herbert Arellano (2018), Mohammed Saleem et al. (2019),

Savita Chewchinda et al. (2018), and K.A. Shah (2010) – and

aloe vera leaves – as examined by Joe Leechburg (2020),

Jennifer Larson (2019), Journal of Dental Surgery (2014),

and Luis Janquera (2014) – can be deemed as a significant

weapon against the ongoing prevalence of diabetes around

the world as tackled by Pocholo Concepcion (2019), Diabetes

Mellitus News and Research (2019), Department of Science

and Technology (2015), and Gerry Tan (2015).

56
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter comprises the summary of findings. This

also includes the conclusions and recommendations of the

researchers based on the results from the conducted

experiments.

Summary

The primary aim of the study is to determine the

efficacy of Mango (Mangifera Indica) leaves and Aloe Vera

(Aloe Barbadensis) leaves as Anti-hyperglycemic agents.

Specifically, it attempted to answer the following

questions:

1. What is the effect of Mango leaves on the blood

sugar level of the subject?

2. What is the effect of Aloe Vera leaves on the blood

sugar level of the subject?

57
 3. What is the mean difference of the blood sugar level

upon the application of Mango leaves and Aloe Vera

leaves?

Summary of Findings

Based from the results of the experimentation

recorded by the researchers, presented here is the summary

of findings.

1. The results of the blood sugar levels before the

institution of Mango leaves extract in two trials

averaged at 115mg/dL. Accordingly, an estimation of

77mg/dL was recorded patiently after the injection

of the extract on the subject.

2. The results of the blood sugar levels before the

institution of Aloe Vera leaves extract in two

trials made an average of 106mg/dL. Consequently,

the estimation of the blood sugar level after the

application of the extract resulted to 99mg/dL.

3. The Mango leaves extract acquired a mean difference

of +38mg/dL. On the other hand, Aloe Vera leaves

obtained a mean difference of +7mg/dL.

58
Conclusions

Data analysis and interpretation, along with the

summary of findings, resulted to the following conclusions:

1. There is an effect upon the institution of Mango

leaves extract as the blood sugar level of the

subjects decreased coherently, therefore the null

hypothesis is rejected.

2. There is an effect upon the institution of Aloe Vera

leaves extract on the subjects as their blood sugar

level lowered consistently, therefore the null

hypothesis is rejected.

3. There are mean differences of the blood sugar level

results obtained upon the application of Mango

leaves extract and Aloe Vera leaves extract,

therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.

Recommendations

Based on the summary of findings and conclusions,

the following are the recommendations given:

1. The study’s researchers recommend future researchers

to examine other herbal alternatives that can be of

aid to mitigate the alarming concern about the

59
 implications brought about by high blood sugar level

through testing and/or comparing two of such

alternatives to determine their efficacy.

2. The researchers recommend future researchers who

would likely conduct a similar study to seek aid

from health allied professionals to handle subjects

properly and to acquire more accurate and precise

data.

3. To further validate the results gathered in this

study, the researchers suggest the future

researchers to conduct the experiment having more

than two trials, and to perform the experiment using

a different dosage of the variables.

4. The study’s proponents recommend medicine-inclined

companies, particularly pharmaceutical companies, to

invest more on formulating medicines utilizing Mango

and/or Aloe Vera leaves as subjects for medicine

production against the threatening number of

diabetes-related cases dominating the country and

the world.

5. For further development, the researchers recommend

future researchers to conduct a similar study to

support or refute the study’s claims.

60
 ABSTRACT

With the present study, mango leaves and aloe

vera leaves were studied in line with treating

diabetes mellitus. To prove and compare their

efficacy, the researchers conducted an experiment on

albino mice involving applications of both leaves.

Regarding the leaves’ anti-hyperglycemic

efficacy, certain questions were asked: (1) What is

the effect of mango leaves on the blood sugar level of

the subject? (2) What is the effect of aloe vera

leaves on the blood sugar level of the subject? and

(3) What is the mean difference of the blood sugar

level upon the application of mango leaves and aloe

vera leaves?

Upon the fulfillment of the experimentation

conducted, the researchers arrived at particular

conclusions: (1) Mango leaves cause an effect on the

subject’s blood sugar level; (2) Aloe vera leaves do

have an effect on the subject’s blood sugar level; and

(3) Upon the institution of mango leaves and aloe vera

61
leaves extracts, the mean differences of the subject’s

blood sugar levels are obtained.

Furthermore, to amplify improvement, the

researchers recommended the following: (1) For

medicine-inclined companies, it is encouraged to

invest more on formulating medicines involving mango

leaves and aloe vera leaves; and (2) To future

researchers: examine other herbal alternatives that

can help mitigate issues concerning hyperglycemia,

seek aid from healthcare professionals in subject

handling and data acquisition, conduct an experiment

entailing more than 2 trials and a different variable

dosage, and conduct a similar study to support or

refute the present study’s claims.

62