ch6 Trignometry

6
Trigonometry
TERMINOLOGY
Angle of depression: The angle between the horizontal Complementary angles: Two or more angles that add up
and the line of sight when looking down to an object to 90c
below
Cosecant: The reciprocal ratio of sine (sin). It is the
Angle of elevation: The angle between the horizontal and hypotenuse over the opposite side in a right triangle
the line of sight when looking up to an object above
Cotangent: The reciprocal ratio of tangent (tan). It is the
Angles of any magnitude: Angles can be measured around adjacent over the opposite side in a right triangle
a circle at the centre to find the trigonometric ratios of
Secant: The reciprocal ratio of cosine (cos). It is the
angles of any size from 0c to 360c and beyond
hypotenuse over the adjacent side in a right triangle
Bearing: The direction relative to north. Bearings may
Trigonometric identities: A statement that is true for
be written as true bearings (clockwise from North) or as
all trigonometric values in the domain. Relationships
compass bearings (using N, S, E and W)
between trigonometric ratios
Chapter 6 Trigonometry 291
INTRODUCTION
TRIGONOMETRY IS USED IN many fields, such as building, surveying and
navigating. Wave theory also uses trigonometry.
This chapter revises basic right-angled triangle problems and applies them
to real-life situations. Some properties of trigonometric ratios, angles greater
than 90c and trigonometric equations are introduced. You will also study
trigonometry in non-right-angled triangles.
DID YOU KNOW?
Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus), in the second century, wrote Hē mathēmatikē syntaxis (or
Almagest as it is now known) on astronomy. This is considered to be the first treatise on
trigonometry, but was based on circles and spheres rather than on triangles. The notation ‘chord
of an angle’ was used rather than sin, cos or tan.
Ptolemy constructed a table of sines from 0c to 90c in steps of a quarter of a degree. He also
calculated a value of r to 5 decimal places, and established the relationship for sin (X ! Y ) and
cos (X ! Y ) .
Trigonometric Ratios
In similar triangles, pairs of corresponding angles are equal and sides are in
proportion. For example:
You studied similar triangles in

Geometry in Chapter 4.
In any triangle containing an angle of 30c, the ratio of AB:AC = 1:2.

Similarly, the ratios of other corresponding sides will be equal. These ratios of
sides form the basis of the trigonometric ratios.
In order to refer to these ratios, we name the sides in relation to the angle
being studied:
• the hypotenuse is the longest side, and is always opposite

the right angle
• the opposite side is opposite the angle marked in the
triangle
• the adjacent side is next to the angle marked
ch6.indd 291 8/11/09 10:58:08 AM

292 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
The opposite and adjacent sides vary according to where the angle is
marked. For example:
The trigonometric ratios are
opposite
You can learn these by their Sine sin i =
hypotenuse
initials SOH, CAH, TOA.
adjacent
Cosine cos i =
hypotenuse
What about Some Old Hags opposite
Can’t Always Hide Their Old Tangent tan i =
Age?
adjacent
As well as these ratios, there are three inverse ratios,
1 hypotenuse
Cosecant cosec i = f= p
sin i opposite
1 hypotenuse
Secant sec i = f= p
cos i adjacent
1 adjacent
Cotangent cot i = f= p
tan i opposite
DID YOU KNOW?

Trigonometry, or triangle measurement, progressed from the study of geometry in ancient
Greece. Trigonometry was seen as applied mathematics. It gave a tool for the measurement of
planets and their motion. It was also used extensively in navigation, surveying and mapping,
and it is still used in these fields today.
Trigonometry was crucial in the setting up of an accurate calendar, since this involved
measuring the distances between the Earth, sun and moon.
EXAMPLES
1. Find sin a, tan a and sec a.
Solution
AB = hypotenuse = 5
BC = opposite side = 3
AC = adjacent side = 4
opposite
sin a =
hypotenuse
3
=
5
opposite
tan a =
adjacent
3
=
4
1
sec a =
cos a
hypotenuse
=
adjacent
5
=
4
2
2. If sin i = , find the exact ratios of cos i, tan i and cot i.
7
Solution
To find the other ratios

you need to find the
adjacent side.
By Pythagoras’ theorem:
c2 = a2 + b2
72 = a2 + 22
49 = a 2 + 4
45 = a 2
à= 45
CONTINUED
adjacent
cos i =
hypotenuse
45
=
7
opposite
tan i =
adjacent
2
=
45
1
cot i =
tan i
45
=
2
Complementary angles
In D ABC, if+B = i, then +A = 90c - i (angle sum of a Δ)

b a
sin i= c sin (90c - i) = c
a b
cos i = c cos (90c - i) = c
b a
tan i = a tan (90c - i) =
b
c c
sec i = a sec (90c - i) =
b
c c
cosec i = cosec (90c - i) = a
b
a b
cot i = cot (90c - i) = a
b
From these ratios come the results.
sin i = cos (90° - i)

cos i = sin (90° - i)
sec i = cosec (90° - i)
cosec i = sec (90° - i)
tan i = cot (90° - i)
cot i = tan (90° - i)
EXAMPLES
1. Simplify tan 50c - cot 40c.
Solution
tan 50c = cot ] 90c - 50c g
= cot 40c
` tan 50c - cot 40c = tan 50c - tan 50c Check this answer on
your calculator.
=0
2. Find the value of m if sec 55c = cosec ] 2m - 15 g c.
Solution
sec 55c = cosec ] 90c - 55c g
= cosec 35c
` 2m - 15 = 35
2m = 50 Check this by substituting
m into the equation.
m = 25
6.1 Exercises
1. Write down the ratios of 3. Find the exact ratios of
cos i, sin i and tan i. sin b, tan b and cos b.
2. Find sin b, cot b and sec b.
4. Find exact values for cos x, tan x

and cosec x.
4 (c) Write down the exact ratios of

5. If tan i = , find cos i and sin i.
3 sin 60c, cos 60c and tan 60c.
2
6. If cos i = , find exact values for 11. Show sin 67c = cos 23c.
3
tan i, sec i and sin i.
12. Show sec 82c = cosec 8c.
1
7. If sin i = , find the exact ratios
6 13. Show tan 48c = cot 42c.
of cos i and tan i.
14. Simplify
Hint: Change 0.7 to a fraction. 8. If cos i = 0.7, find exact values (a) cos 61c + sin 29c
for tan i and sin i. (b) sec i - cosec ] 90c - i g
9. D ABC is a right-angled isosceles (c) tan 70c + cot 20c - 2 tan 70c
triangle with +ABC = 90c and sin 55c
(d)
AB = BC = 1. cos 35c
(a) Find the exact length of AC. cot 25c + tan 65c
(b) Find +BAC. (e)
cot 25c
(c) From the triangle, write down 15. Find the value of x if
the exact ratios of sin 45c, cos 45c sin 80c = cos ] 90 - x g c.
and tan 45c.
16. Find the value of y if
10. tan 22c = cot ^ 90 - y h c.
17. Find the value of p if

cos 49c = sin ^ p + 10 h c.
18. Find the value of b if

sin 35c = cos ] b + 30 g c.
19. Find the value of t if

cot ] 2t + 5 g c = tan ] 3t - 15 g c.
(a) Using Pythagoras’ theorem,
find the exact length of AC. 20. Find the value of k if
(b) Write down the exact ratios of tan ] 15 - k g c = cot ] 2k + 60 g c.
sin 30c, cos 30c and tan 30c.
Trigonometric ratios and the calculator
Angles are usually given in degrees and minutes. In this section you will
practise rounding off angles and finding trigonometric ratios on the calculator.
Angles are usually given in degrees and minutes in this course. The
calculator uses degrees, minutes and seconds, so you need to round off.
60 minutes = 1 deg ree (60l = 1c)

60 sec onds = 1 min ute (60m = 1l)
In normal rounding off, you round up to the next number if the number
to the right is 5 or more. Angles are rounded off to the nearest degree by
rounding up if there are 30 minutes or more. Similarly, angles are rounded off
to the nearest minute by rounding up if there are 30 seconds or more.
EXAMPLES
Round off to the nearest minute.

1. 23c 12l 22m
Solution
23c 12l 22m = 23c 12l
2. 59c 34l 41m
Solution
59c 34l 41m = 59c 35l
3. 16c 54l 30m

Because 30 seconds is
Solution half a minute, we round
up to the next minute.
16c 54l 30m = 16c 55l
% , ,, KEY
Some calculators have
This key changes decimal angles into degrees, minutes and seconds deg or dms keys.
and vice versa.
EXAMPLES
1. Change 58c 19l into a decimal.
Solution If your calculator does not

give these answers, check
Press 58 % , ,, 19 % , ,, = % , ,, the instructions for its use.
So 58c 19l = 58.31666667
2. Change 45.236c into degrees and minutes.
Solution
Press 45.236 = SHIFT % , ,,
So 45.236c = 45c14l
In order to use trigonometry in right-angled triangle problems, you need

to find the ratios of angles on your calculator.
EXAMPLES
1. Find cos 58c 19l, correct to 3 decimal places.
Solution
If your calculator
doesn't give this
answer, check that it
Press COS 58 % , ,, 19 % , ,, =
is in degree mode. So cos 58c19l = 0.525
2. Find sin 38c14l, correct to 3 decimal places.
Solution
Press SIN 38 % , ,, 14 % , ,, =
So sin 38c 14l = 0.619
3. If tani = 0.348, find i in degrees and minutes.
Solution
This is the reverse of finding trigonometric ratios.
To find the angle, given the ratio, use the inverse key ^ tan - 1 h .
Press SHIFT TAN - 1 0.348 = SHIFT % , ,,
tan i = 0.348
i = tan - 1 (0.348)
= 19c11l
4. Find i in degrees and minutes if cos i = 0.675.
Solution
Press SHIFT COS - 1 0.675 = SHIFT % , ,,
cos i = 0.675
i = cos - 1 (0.675)
= 47c 33l
6.2 Exercises
1. Round off to the nearest degree. 2. Round off to the nearest minute.
(a) 47° 13l 12m (a) 47° 13l 12m
(b) 81° 45l 43m (b) 81° 45l 43m
(c) 19° 25l 34m (c) 19° 25l 34m
(d) 76° 37l 19m (d) 76° 37l 19m
(e) 52° 29l 54m (e) 52° 29l 54m
3. Change to a decimal. 5. Find correct to 3 decimal places.

(a) 77c45l (a) sin 39c25l
(b) 65c30l (b) cos 45c 51l
(c) 24c51l (c) tan18c43l
(d) 68c21l (d) sin 68c06l
(e) 82c31l (e) tan 54c20l
4. Change into degrees and minutes. 6. Find i in degrees and minutes if

(a) 59.53c (a) sin i = 0.298
(b) 72.231c (b) tan i = 0.683
(c) 85.887c (c) cos i = 0.827
(d) 46.9c (d) tan i = 1.056
(e) 73.213c (e) cos i = 0.188
Right-angled Triangle Problems

Trigonometry is used to find an unknown side or angle of a triangle.
Finding a side
We can use trigonometry to find a side of a right-angled triangle.
EXAMPLES
1. Find the value of x, correct to 1 decimal place.
Solution
adjacent
cos i =
hypotenuse
x
cos 23° 49l =
11.8
x
11.8 # cos 23° 49l = 11.8 #
11.8
11.8 cos 23° 49l = x
` 10.8 cm = x ^ to 1 decimal point h
CONTINUED
2. Find the value of y, correct to 3 significant figures.
Solution
opposite
sin i =
hypotenuse
9.7
sin 41c 15l = y
9.7
y # sin 41c 15l = y # y
y sin 41c 15l = 9.7
y sin 41c 15l 9.7
=
sin 41c 15l sin 41c 15l
9.7
y=
sin 41c 15l
= 14.7 m ^ to 3 significant figures h
6.3 Exercises
1. Find the values of all pronumerals, (c)

correct to 1 decimal place.
(a)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(l)
4.7 cm
x
(f)
37c22l
(m) 72c18l
x
6.3 cm
(g)
(n)
63c14l
23 mm
x
y
(o)
39c47l
(h)
3.7 m
(i)
(p)
(j)
46c5l
14.3 cm
(q)
5.4 cm h
(k)
31c12l
74c29l
4.8 m
(r) 68c41l
0.45 m d
6.2 cm
73c
4. Hamish is standing at an angle of

(s) x
5.75 cm 67c from a goalpost and 12.8 m
away as shown. How far does he
19c17l need to kick a football for it to
reach the goal?
(t) 17.3 m
x
12.8 m
67c
b 5. Square ABCD with side 6 cm has

line CD produced to E as shown
so that +EAD = 64c 12l. Evaluate
the length, correct to 1 decimal
6c3l place, of
(a) CE
(b) AE
E
2. A roof is pitched at 60c. A room

built inside the roof space is to
have a 2.7 m high ceiling. How
far in from the side of the roof
will the wall for the room go?
64c12l
D A
2.7 m
60c
x C B
6 cm
3. A diagonal in a rectangle with
6. A right-angled triangle with
breadth 6.2 cm makes an angle
hypotenuse 14.5 cm long has one
of 73c with the vertex as shown.
interior angle of 43c 36l. Find the
Find the length of the rectangle
lengths of the other two sides of
the triangle.
7. A right-angled triangle ABC (a) Find the length of the side of

with the right angle at A has the rhombus.
+B = 56c44l and AB = 26 mm. (b) Find the length of the other
Find the length of the diagonal.
hypotenuse.
11. Kite ABCD has diagonal
8. A triangular fence is made for a BD = 15.8 cm as shown.
garden inside a park. Three holes If +ABD =57c29l and
A, B and C for fence posts are +DBC = 72c51l, find the length
made at the corners so that A and of the other diagonal AC.
B are 10.2 m apart, AB and CB are A
perpendicular, and angle CAB is
59c 54l. How far apart are A and C?
57c29l D
9. Triangle ABC has +BAC = 46c B
72c51l
and +ABC = 54c. An altitude 15.8 cm
is drawn from C to meet AB at
point D. If the altitude is 5.3 cm
long, find, correct to 1 decimal
place, the length of sides
(a) AC
(b) BC
(c) AB C
10. A rhombus has one diagonal

12 cm long and the diagonal
makes an angle of 28c 23l with
the side of the rhombus.
Finding an angle
Trigonometry can also be used to find one of the angles in a right-angled

triangle.
EXAMPLES
1. Find the value of i, in degrees and minutes.
CONTINUED
Solution
adjacent
cos i =
hypotenuse
5.8
=
7.3
5.8
` i = cos - 1 c m
7.3
= 37c 23l
2. Find the value of a, in degrees and minutes.
Solution
opposite
tan a =
adjacent
= .9
4
2 .1
4 .9
` a = tan - 1 c m
2 .1
= 66c 48l
6.4 Exercises
1. Find the value of each pronumeral, (b)

in degrees and minutes.
(a)
(c) (i)
(j)
(d)
(e)
3.8 cm
(k)
2.4 cm
(l)
i
(f)
8.3 cm
5.7 cm
(m) i
(g) 6.9 mm
11.3 mm
(n)
i
3m
(h) 7m
(o) b
5.1 cm 20 m 12.3 m
i
11.6 cm
(p) 3. A field is 13.7 m wide and Andre is

on one side. There is a gate on the
15 m opposite side and 5.6 m along from
where Andre is. At what angle will
he walk to get to the gate?
a
Andre
13 m
(q) 4.4 cm i
i
7.6 cm
13.7 m
(r) a
5.6 m Gate
14.3 cm
8.4 cm 4. A 60 m long bridge has an opening
in the middle and both sides open
up to let boats pass underneath.
The two parts of the bridge floor
(s) i rise up to a height of 18 m.
Through what angle do they move?
3m
18 m
5m
i
(t) c 18.9 cm 60 m
10.3 cm 5. An equilateral triangle ABC with

side 7 cm has an altitude AD that
is 4.5 cm long. Evaluate the angle
2. A kite is flying at an angle of i the altitude makes with vertex A
]+DAB g.
above the ground as shown. If the
kite is 12.3 m above the ground and
has 20 m of string, find angle i.
6. Rectangle ABCD has dimensions A B

18 cm # 7 cm. A line AE is drawn
so that E bisects DC.
(a) How long is line AE? (Answer 5 cm
to 1 decimal place).
(b) Evaluate +DEA.
D C
E
1 cm
7. A 52 m tall tower has wire stays
on either side to minimise wind (a) Find +BEC.
movement. One stay is 61.3 m (b) Find the length of the
long and the other is 74.5 m long rectangle.
as shown. Find the angles that
the tower makes with each stay. 10. A diagonal of a rhombus with
side 9 cm makes an angle of 16c
with the side as shown. Find the
a b
lengths of the diagonals.
61.3 m 74.5 m
16c
52 m
9 cm
8. (a) The angle from the ground up

to the top of a pole is 41c when
standing 15 m on one side of it.
11. (a) Kate is standing at the side of
Find the height h of the pole, to
a road at point A, 15.9 m away
the nearest metre.
from an intersection. She is at an
(b) If Seb stands 6 m away on the
angle of 39c from point B on the
other side, find angle i.
other side of the road. What is
the width w of the road?
(b) Kate walks 7.4 m to point
C. At what angle is she from
h point B?
B
i 41c
6m 15 m w
9. Rectangle ABCD has a line BE A 39c C i

drawn so that +AEB = 90c and 7.4 m
15.9 m
DE = 1 cm. The width of the
rectangle is 5 cm.
Applications
DID YOU KNOW?
The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built as a belfry for the cathedral nearby. Work started on the
tower in 1174, but when it was only half completed the soil underneath one side of it subsided.
This made the tower lean to one side. Work stopped, and it wasn’t until 100 years later that
architects found a way of completing the tower. The third and fifth storeys were built close to
the vertical to compensate for the lean. Later a vertical top storey was added.
The tower is about 55 m tall and 16 m in diameter. It is tilted about 5 m from the vertical, and
tilts by an extra 0.6 cm each year.
Class Investigation
Discuss some of the problems with the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
• Find the angle at which it is tilted from the vertical.

• Work out how far it will be tilted in 10 years.
• Use research to find out if the tower will fall over, and if so, when.
Angle of elevation
The angle of elevation is used to measure the

height of tall objects that cannot be measured
directly, for example a tree, cliff, tower or
building.
Class Exercise
Stand outside the school building and look up to the top of the building.
Think about which angle your eyes pass through to look up to the top of
the building.
The angle of elevation, i, is the angle measured when

looking from the ground up to the top of the object. We
assume that the ground is horizontal.
EXAMPLE
The angle of elevation of a tree from a point 50 m out from its base is
38c 14l. Find the height of the tree, to the nearest metre.
Solution
We assume that the tree is vertical!
A clinometer is used to
measure the angle of
elevation or depression.
h
tan 38c 14l =
50
h
50 # tan 38c 14l = 50 #
50
50 tan 38c 14l = h
39 Z h
So the tree is 39 m tall, to the nearest metre.
Angle of depression
The angle of depression is the angle

formed when looking down from a high
place to an object below.
Class Exercise
If your classroom is high enough, stand at the window and look down to
something below the window. If the classroom is not high enough, find
a hill or other high place. Through which angle do your eyes pass as you
look down?
The angle of depression, i, is the angle measured when

looking down from the horizontal to an object below.
EXAMPLES
1. The angle of depression from the top of a 20 m building to a boy

below is 61c 39l. How far is the boy from the building, to 1 decimal place?
Solution
+DAC = +ACB
= 61c 39l (alternate angles, AD < BC)
20
tan 61c 39l = x
20
x # tan 61c 39l = x # x
x tan 61c 39l = 20
x tan 61c 39l 20
=
tan 61c 39l tan 61c 39l
20
x=
tan 61c 39l
Z 10.8
So the boy is 10.8 m from the building.
2. A bird sitting on top of an 8 m tall tree looks down at a possum 3.5 m

out from the base of the tree. Find the angle of elevation to the nearest
minute.
Solution
B A
i
8m
C 3.5 m D
The angle of depression is i
Since AB < DC ] horizontal lines g

+BDC = i ^ alternate angles h
8
tan i =
3.5
8
` i = tan - 1 c m
3 .5
= 66c 22l
Bearings
Bearings can be described in different ways:

For example, N70c W:
Start at north and

measure 70o around
towards the west.
True bearings measure angles clockwise from north
EXAMPLES
We could write
315o T for true bearings. 1. Sketch the diagram when M is on a bearing of 315c from P.
Solution
Measure clockwise,
starting at north.
2. X is on a bearing of 030c from Y. Sketch this diagram.
Solution
All bearings have 3 digits

so 30° becomes 030° for
a bearing.
3. A house is on a bearing of 305c from a school. What is the bearing of

the school from the house?
Solution
The diagram below shows the bearing of the house from the school.
North
House
School
305c
To find the bearing of the school from the house, draw in North from the
house and use geometry to find the bearing as follows:
N2
N1
S
305c
The bearing of the school from the house is +N 2 HS.

+N 1 SH = 360c - 305c ^ angle of revolution h
= 55c
+N 2 HS = 180c - 55c (cointerior angles, N 2 H < N 1 S)
= 125c
So the bearing of the school from the house is 125c.
4. A plane leaves Sydney and flies

100 km due east, then
125 km due north. Find the
bearing of the plane from Sydney,
to the nearest degree.
CONTINUED
Solution
125
tan x =
100
= 1.25
x = tan - 1 (1.25)
= 51c (to the nearest degree)
i = 90c - xc
= 90c - 51c
= 39c
So the bearing of the plane from Sydney is 039°.
5. A ship sails on a bearing of 140° from Sydney for 250 km. How far
east of Sydney is the ship now, to the nearest km?
Solution
A navigator on a ship
uses a sextant to
measure angles.
i = 140c - 90c
Could you use a
different triangle for = 50c
this question?
x
cos 50c =
250
x
250 # cos 50c = 250 #
250
250 cos 50c = x
161 Z x
So the ship is 161 km east of Sydney, to the nearest kilometre.
6.5 Exercises
1. Draw a diagram to show the (b) North

bearing in each question.
(a) A boat is on a bearing of 100c
from a beach house.
(b) Jamie is on a bearing of 320c Y
West East
from a campsite. 35c
(c) A seagull is on a bearing of
200c from a jetty. X
(d) Alistair is on a bearing of South
050c from the bus stop.
(e) A plane is on a bearing of (c)
North
285c from Broken Hill.
(f) A farmhouse is on a bearing
of 012c from a dam. X
(g) Mohammed is on a bearing of
West
Y 10c East
160c from his house.
(h) A mine shaft is on a bearing
of 080c from a town.
(i) Yvonne is on a bearing of
349c from her school. South
(j) A boat ramp is on a bearing of

(d) North
280c from an island.
X
2. Find the bearing of X from Y in

each question in 3 figure (true) 23c
bearings. West East
North Y
(a)
South
(e)
North
112c
Y
West Y East
X
X
South
3. Jack is on a bearing of 260c from 10. A plane leaves Melbourne and

Jill. What is Jill’s bearing from flies on a bearing of 065c for
Jack? 2500 km.
(a) How far north of Melbourne
4. A tower is on a bearing of 030c is the plane?
from a house. What is the bearing (b) How far east of Melbourne
of the house from the tower? is it?
5. Tamworth is on a bearing of (c) What is the bearing of
340c from Newcastle. What is Melbourne from the plane?
the bearing of Newcastle from 11. The angle of elevation of a tower
Tamworth? is 39c 44l when measured at a
6. The angle of elevation from a point 100 m from its base. Find
point 11.5 m away from the base the height of the tower, to
of a tree up to the top of the tree 1 decimal place.
is 42c 12l. Find the height of the 12. Kim leaves his house and walks
tree to one decimal point. for 2 km on a bearing of 155c .
7. Geoff stands 25.8 m away from How far south is Kim from his
the base of a tower and measures house now, to 1 decimal place?
the angle of elevation as 39c 20l. 13. The angle of depression from
Find the height of the tower to the top of an 8 m tree down to
the nearest metre. a rabbit is 43c 52l. If an eagle is
8. A wire is suspended from the perched in the top of the tree,
top of a 100 m tall bridge tower how far does it need to fly to
down to the bridge at an angle of reach the rabbit, to the nearest
elevation of 52c. How long is the metre?
wire, to 1 decimal place? 14. A girl rides a motorbike through
her property, starting at her
house. If she rides south for
1.3 km, then rides west for
2.4 km, what is her bearing from
the house, to the nearest degree?
15. A plane flies north from Sydney

for 560 km, then turns and
flies east for 390 km. What is
its bearing from Sydney, to the
nearest degree?
9. A cat crouches at the top of a
4.2 m high cliff and looks down 16. Find the height of a pole, correct
at a mouse 1.3 m out from the to 1 decimal place, if a 10 m rope
foot (base) of the cliff. What is tied to it at the top and stretched
the angle of depression, to the out straight to reach the ground
nearest minute? makes an angle of elevation of
67c13l.
17. The angle of depression from the 21. Find the angle of elevation of a
top of a cliff down to a boat 15.9 m cliff from a point 100 m
100 m out from the foot of the out from its base.
cliff is 59c42l. How high is the
22. A plane leaves Sydney and flies
cliff, to the nearest metre?
for 2000 km on a bearing of 195c.
18. A group of students are How far due south of Sydney
bushwalking. They walk north is it?
from their camp for 7.5 km, then
23. The angle of depression from the
walk west until their bearing
top of a 15 m tree down to a pond
from camp is 320c. How far are
is 25c41l. If a bird is perched in
they from camp, to 1 decimal
the top of the tree, how far does it
place?
need to fly to reach the pond, to
19. A 20 m tall tower casts a shadow the nearest metre?
15.8 m long at a certain time
24. A girl starting at her house, walks
of day. What is the angle of
south for 2.7 km then walks east
elevation from the edge of the
for 1.6 km. What is her bearing
shadow up to the top of the
from the house, to the nearest
tower at this time?
degree?

top of a tower down to a car
20 m
250 m out from the foot of the
tower is 38c19l. How high is the
tower, to the nearest metre?
15.8 m
26. A hot air balloon flies south for
20. A flat verandah roof 1.8 m deep 3.6 km then turns and flies east
is 2.6 m up from the ground. At a until it is on a bearing of 127c
certain time of day, the sun makes from where it started. How far
an angle of elevation of 72c 25l. east does it fly?
How much shade is provided on
the ground by the verandah roof 27. A 24 m wire is attached to the
at that time, to 1 decimal place? top of a pole and runs down to
the ground where the angle of
elevation is 22c 32l. Find the
height of the pole.
28. A train depot has train tracks 30. Builder Jo stands 4.5 m out from
running north for 7.8 km where the foot of a building and looks
they meet another set of tracks up at to the top of the building
going east for 5.8 km into a where the angle of elevation is
station. What is the bearing of 71c. Builder Ben stands at the top
the depot from the station, to the of the building looking down at
nearest degree? his wheelbarrow that is 10.8 m
out from the foot of the building
29. Jessica leaves home and walks for
on the opposite side from where
4.7 km on a bearing of 075c. She
Jo is standing.
then turns and walks for 2.9 km
(a) Find the height of the
on a bearing of 115c and she is
building.
then due east of her home.
(b) Find the angle of depression
(a) How far north does Jessica
from Ben down to his
walk?
wheelbarrow.
(b) How far is she from home?
Exact Ratios
A right-angled triangle with one angle of 45° is isosceles. The exact length of
its hypotenuse can be found.
Pythagoras’ theorem is used

to find the length of the
hypotenuse.
c2 = a2 + b2
AC 2 = 1 2 + 1 2
=2
AC = 2
This means that the trigonometric ratios of 45c can be written as exact ratios.
1
sin 45c =
2
1
cos 45c =
2
tan 45c = 1
This angle is commonly used; for example, 45° is often used for the pitch of
a roof. The triangle with angles of 60° and 30° can also be written with exact
sides.
Halve the equilateral

triangle to get TABD.
AD 2 = 2 2 - 1 2
=3
AD = 3
3 1
sin 60° = sin 30c =
2 2
1 3 It may be easier to
cos 60° = cos 30c = remember the triangle
2 2
rather than all these ratios.
tan 60° = 3 tan 30c =
1
3
DID YOU KNOW?
The ratios of all multiples of these angles follow a pattern:
A 0c 30c 45c 60c 90c 120c 135c 150c
0 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
sin A
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 3 2 1 0 - 1 - 2 - 3
cos A
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
The rules of the pattern are:

• for sin A, when you reach 4, reverse the numbers
• for cos A, when you reach 0, change signs and reverse
EXAMPLES
1. Find the exact value of sec 45°.
Solution
1
sec 45° =
cos 45°
1
=
1
2
= 2
2. A boat ramp is to be made with an angle of 30c and base length 5 m.

What is the exact length of the surface of the ramp?
Solution
5
cos 30c = x
x cos 30c = 5
5
x=
cos 30c
5
=
3
2
2
=5#
3
10
=
3
10 3
=
3
10 3
So the exact length of the ramp is m.
3
6.6 Exercises
Find the exact value in all questions, (b)

with rational denominator where
relevant.
1. Evaluate
(a) sin 60c + cos 60c
cos 2 45c = (cos 45c) 2
(b) cos 2 45c + sin 2 45c
(c) cosec 45c (c)
(d) 2 sec 60c
(e) cot 30c + cot 60c
(f) tan 60c - tan 30c
(g) sin 2 60c + sin 2 45c
(h) sin 45c cos 30c + cos 45c sin 30c
3. A 2.4 m ladder reaches 1.2 m up
(i) 3 tan 30c
a wall. At what angle is it resting
tan 45c + tan 60c
(j) against the wall?
1 - tan 45c tan 60c
(k) cos 30c cos 60c - sin 30c sin 60c 4. A 2-person tent is pitched at an
(l) cos 2 30c + sin 2 30c angle of 45c. Each side of the
(m) 2 sec 45c - cosec 30c tent is 2 m long. A pole of what
2 sin 60c height is needed for the centre of
(n)
sin 45c the tent?
(o) 1 + tan 2 30c
1 - cos 45c
(p)
1 + cos 45c
cot 30c
(q)
sec 60c
(r) sin 2 45c - 1 5. If the tent in the previous
(s) 5 cosec 2 60c question was pitched at an angle
2 - tan 60c of 60c, how high would the pole
(t)
sec 2 45c need to be?
2. Find the exact value of all 6. The angle of elevation from a

pronumerals point 10 m out from the base of
(a) a tower to the top of the tower
is 30c. Find the exact height
of the tower, with rational
denominator.
7. The pitch of a roof is 45c and the floor. How far out from the
spans a length of 12 m. wall is it?
9. Find the exact length of AC.
(a) What is the length l of the

roof?
(b) If a wall is placed inside the
roof one third of the way along
top of a 100 m cliff down to a
from the corner, what height will
boat at the foot of the cliff is 30c.
the wall be?
How far out from the cliff is the
8. A 1.8 m ladder is placed so that it boat?
makes a 60c angle where it meets
Angles of Any Magnitude

The angles in a right-angled triangle are always acute. However, angles greater
than 90c are used in many situations, such as in bearings. Negative angles are
also used in areas such as engineering and science.
We can use a circle to find trigonometric ratios of angles of any magnitude
(size) up to and beyond 360c.
Investigation
1. (a) Copy and complete the table for these acute angles
(between 0c and 90c).
x 0c 10c 20c 30c 40c 50c 60c 70c 80c 90c

sin x
cos x
tan x
(b) Copy and complete the table for these obtuse angles
x 100c 110c 120c 130c 140c 150c 160c 170c 180c

sin x
cos x
tan x
(c) Copy and complete the table for these reflex angles
x 190c 200c 210c 220c 230c 240c 250c 260c 270c

sin x
cos x
tan x
(d) Copy and complete the table for these reflex angles
x 280c 290c 300c 310c 320c 330c 340c 350c 360c

sin x
cos x
tan x
2. What do you notice about their signs? Can you see any patterns?
Could you write down any rules for the sign of sin, cos and tan for
different angle sizes?
3. Draw the graphs of y = sin x, y = cos x and y = tan x for
0c # x # 360c. For y = tan x, you may need to find the ratios of
angle close to and either side of 90c and 270c.
Drawing the graphs of the trigonometric ratios can help us to see the
change in signs as angles increase.
We divide the domain 0c to 360c into 4 quadrants:
1st quadrant: 0c to 90c

2nd quadrant: 90c to 180c
3rd quadrant: 180c to 270c
4th quadrant: 270c to 360c
EXAMPLES
1. Describe the sign of sin x in each section (quadrant) of the graph y = sin x.
Solution
We can sketch the graph using the table below or using the values from
the tables in the investigation above for more accuracy.
x 0c 90c 180c 270c 360c

y 0 1 0 -1 0
CONTINUED
1
y = sin x
x
90c 180c 270c 360c
-1
The graph is above the x-axis for the first 2 quadrants, then below for the
3rd and 4th quadrants.
This means that sin x is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants and
negative in the 3rd and 4th quadrants.
2. Describe the sign of cos x in each section (quadrant) of the graph of

y = cos x.
Solution
x 0c 90c 180c 270c 360c

y 1 0 -1 0 1
y = cos x
1
x
90c 180c 270c 360c
-1
The graph is above the x-axis in the 1st quadrant, then below for the 2nd
and 3rd quadrants and above again for the 4th quadrant.
This means that cos x is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants and
negative in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.
3. Describe the sign of tan x in each section (quadrant) of the

graph y = tan x.
Solution
x 0c 90c 180c 270c 360c

y 0 No result 0 No result 0
Neither tan 90c nor tan 270c exists (we say that they are undefined).
Find the tan of angles close to these angles, for example tan 89c 59l and
You will see why these
tan 90c 01l, tan 279c 59l and tan 270c 01l. ratios are undefined later
There are asymptotes at 90c and 270c. On the left of 90c and 270c, on in this chapter.
tan x is positive and on the right, the ratio is negative.

y
x
90c 180c 270c 360c
y = tan x
The graph is above the x-axis in the 1st quadrant, below for the 2nd,
above for the 3rd and below for the 4th quadrant.
This means that tan x is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants and
negative in the 2nd and 4th quadrants.
To show why these ratios have different signs in different quadrants, we

look at angles around a unit circle (a circle with radius 1 unit).
We use congruent triangles when finding angles of any magnitude.
Page 326 shows an example of congruent triangles all with angles of 20c inside
a circle with radius 1 unit.
1 unit 1 unit
20c 20c
x
20c 20c
1 unit 1 unit
If we divide the circle into 4 quadrants, we notice that the x- and y-values
have different signs in different quadrants. This is crucial to notice when
looking at angles of any magnitude and explains the different signs you get
when finding sin, cos and tan for angles greater than 90c.
Quadrant 1
Looking at the first quadrant (see diagram below), notice that x and y are both
positive and that angle i is turning anticlockwise from the x-axis.
First quadrant
The angle at the x-axis is 0 and

the angle at the y-axis is 90c, (x, y)
with all other angles in this
quadrant between these two
1 unit
angles. y
i x
x
Point (x, y) forms a triangle with sides 1, x and y, so we can find the
trigonometric ratios for angle i.
y
sin i =
1
=y
x
cos i =
1
=x
y
tan i = x
Investigation
These are called polar
Since cos i = x and sin i = y, we can write the point (x, y) as (cos i, sin i). coordinates.
The polar coordinates (cos i, sin i) give a circle.
The polar coordinates 6 A sin ] ai + c g, B sin ] bi g @ form a shape called a

Lissajous figure. These are sometimes called a Bowditch curve and they
are often used as logos, for example the ABC logo.
Use the Internet to research these and other similar shapes.
Use a graphics calculator or a computer program such as Autograph to draw

other graphs with polar coordinates using variations of sin i and cos i.
Quadrant 2
In the second quadrant, angles are between 90c and 180c.

If we take the 1st quadrant coordinates (x, y), where x 2 0 and y 2 0 and
put them in the 2nd quadrant, we notice that all x values are negative in the
second quadrant and y values are positive.
So the point in the 2nd quadrant will be (-x, y)
y
90c
Second quadrant
(-x, y)
1 unit
y
180c- i
180c i 0c
x
x
Since cos i = x, cos i will negative in the 2nd quadrant.

Since sin i = y , sin i will be positive in the 2nd quadrant.
y
tan i = x so it will be negative (a positive number divided by a negative
number).
To have an angle of i in the triangle, the angle around the circle is 180c - i.
Quadrant 3
In the third quadrant, angles are between 180c and 270c.

y
90c
180c 180c + i 0c
x
x i
y
1 unit
(-x, -y)
Third quadrant
270c
Notice that x and y are both negative in the third quadrant, so cos i and
sin i will be both negative.
y
tan i = x so will be positive (a negative divided by a negative number).
To have an angle of i in the triangle, the angle around the circle is 180c + i.
Quadrant 4
In the fourth quadrant, angles are between 270c and 360c.

y
90c
180c 0c
x
i x
360c
360c - i
y
1 unit
(x, -y)
Fourth quadrant
270c
While y remains negative in the fourth quadrant, x is positive again, so

sin i is negative and cos i is positive.
y
tan i = x so will be negative (a negative divided by a positive number)
For an angle i in the triangle, the angle around the circle is 360c - i.
ASTC rule
Putting all of these results together gives a rule for all four quadrants that we
usually call the ASTC rule.
y
90c
2nd quadrant 1st quadrant
You could remember
180c - i i this rule as All Stations
To Central or A Silly
S A Trigonometry Concept, or
you could make up your
180c 0c own!
x
360c
T C
180c + i 360c - i
3rd quadrant 4th quadrant

270c
A: ALL ratios are positive in the 1st quadrant

S: Sin is positive in the 2nd quadrant (cos and tan are negative)
T: Tan is positive in the 3rd quadrant (sin and cos are negative)
C: Cos is positive in the 4th quadrant (sin and tan are negative)
This rule also works for the reciprocal trigonometric ratios. For example,
where cos is positive, sec is also positive, where sin is positive, so is cosec and
where tan is positive, so is cot.
We can summarise the ASTC rules for all 4 quadrants:
First quadrant:
Angle i:
sin i is positive
cos i is positive
tan i is positive
Second quadrant:
Angle 180c - i:
sin ] 180c - i g = sin i
cos ] 180c - i g = - cos i
tan ] 180c - i g = - tan i
Third quadrant:
Angle 180c + i:
sin ] 180c + i g = - sin i
cos ] 180c + i g = - cos i
tan ] 180c + i g = tan i
Fourth quadrant:
Angle 360c - i:
sin ] 360c - i g = - sin i
cos ] 360c - i g = cos i
tan ] 360c - i g = - tan i
EXAMPLES
1. Find all quadrants where

(a) sin i 2 0
(b) cos i 1 0
(c) tan i 1 0 and cos i 2 0
Solution
(a) sin i 2 0 means sin i is positive.
Using the ASTC rule, sin i is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.
(b) cos i is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants, so cos i is negative in
the 2nd and 3rd quadrants.
(c) tan i is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants so tan i is negative
in the 2nd and 4th quadrants. Also cos i is positive in the 1st and 4th
quadrants.
So tan i 1 0 and cos i 2 0 in the 4th quadrant.
2. Find the exact ratio of tan 330c.
Solution
First we find the quadrant that 330c is in. It is in the 4th quadrant.
y
x
330c 30c
Notice that
The angle inside the triangle in the 4th quadrant is 30c and tan is 360c - 30c = 330c.
negative in the 4th quadrant.
tan 330c = - tan 30c
1
=-
3
30c
:3
2
60c
1
3. Find the exact value of sin 225c.
Solution
Notice that
The angle in the triangle in the 3rd quadrant is 45c and sin is negative in 180c + 45c = 225c.
the 3rd quadrant.
CONTINUED
225c
x
45c
sin 225c = - sin 45c

1 45c
=-
2 :2
1
45c
1
4. Find the exact value of cos 510c.
Solution
To find cos 510c, we move around the circle more than once.
y
30c 150c
x
510c
510c - 360c = 150c

So 510c = 360c + 150c
The angle is in the 2nd quadrant where cos is

negative. The triangle has 30c in it.
30c
cos 510c = - cos 30c
3 :3
=- 2 Notice that
2
180c - 30c = 150c.
60c
1
5. Simplify cos (180c + x).
Solution
180c + x is an angle in the 3rd quadrant where cos is negative.
So cos ] 180c + x g = - cos x
3
6. If sin x = - and cos x 2 0, find the value of tan x and sec x.
5
Solution
sin x 1 0 in the 3rd and 4th quadrants and cos x 2 0 in the 1st and 4th
quadrants. sec x is the reciprocal of
cos x so is positive in the
So sin x 1 0 and cos x 2 0 in the 4th quadrant.
4th quadrant.
This means that tan x 1 0 and sec x 2 0.
opposite
sin x =
hypotenuse
So the opposite side is 3 and the hypotenuse is 5.
y
x x
3
5
This is a 3-4-5 triangle.

By Pythagoras’ theorem, the adjacent side is 4.
CONTINUED
3
So tan x = -
4
1
sec x = cos x
5
=
4
The ASTC rule also works for negative angles. These are measured in the
opposite way (clockwise) from positive angles as shown.
y
-270c
-(180c+ i ) -(360c- i )
S A
-180c -360c
x
0
T C
-(180c- i ) -i

-90c
The only difference with this rule is that the angles are labelled differently.
EXAMPLE
Find the exact value of tan (-120c).
Solution
Notice that Moving around the circle the opposite way, the angle is in the 3rd
- (180c - 60c) = -120c. quadrant, with 60c in the triangle.
y
x
60c 120c
Tan is positive in the 3rd quadrant.

tan ] -120c g = tan 60c
= 3
30c
:3
2
60c
1
6.7 Exercises
1. Find all quadrants where 6. (a) Which quadrant is the angle
(a) cos i 2 0 -330c in?
(b) tan i 2 0 (b) Find the exact value of
(c) sin i 2 0 cos (-330c).
(d) tan i 1 0
7. Find the exact value of each ratio.
(e) sin i 1 0 (a) tan 225c
(f) cos i 1 0 (b) cos 315c
(g) sin i 1 0 and tan i 2 0 (c) tan 300c
(h) cos i 1 0 and tan i 2 0 (d) sin 150c
(i) sin i 2 0 and tan i 1 0 (e) cos 120c
(j) sin i 1 0 and tan i 1 0 (f) sin 210c
(g) cos 330c
2. (a) Which quadrant is the angle (h) tan 150c
240c in? (i) sin 300c
(b) Find the exact value of cos 240c. (j) cos 135c
3. (a) Which quadrant is the angle 8. Find the exact value of each ratio.
315c in? (a) cos (-225c)
(b) Find the exact value of sin 315c. (b) cos (-210c)
4. (a) Which quadrant is the angle (c) tan (-300c)
120c in? (d) cos (-150c)
(b) Find the exact value of (e) sin (-60c)
tan 120c . (f) tan (-240c)
(g) cos (-300c)
5. (a) Which quadrant is the angle (h) tan (-30c)
-225c in? (i) cos (-45c)
(b) Find the exact value of (j) sin (-135c)
sin (-225c).
9. Find the exact value of 4

15. If sin i = -and
(a) cos 570c 9
(b) tan 420c 270c 1 i 1 360c, find the exact
(c) sin 480c value of tan i and sec i.
(d) cos 660c 3
(e) sin 690c 16. If cos i = - and
8
(f) tan 600c 180° 1 i 1 270°, find the exact
(g) sin 495c value of tan x, sec x and cosec x.
(h) cos 405c
(i) tan 675c 17. Given sin x = 0.3 and tan x 1 0,
(j) sin 390c (a) express sin x as a fraction
(b) find the exact value of cos x
3
10. If tan i = and cos i 1 0, find and tan x.
4
sin i and cos i as fractions.
18. If tan a = - 1.2 and
4 270° 1 i 1 360°, find the exact
11. Given sin i = and tan i 1 0,
7 values of cot a, sec a and cosec a.
Use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the exact value of cos i and
find the third side. tan i. 19. Given that cos i = - 0.7 and
5
12. If sin x 1 0 and tan x = - , find 90c 1 i 1 180c , find the exact
8 value of sin i and cot i.
the exact value of cos x and cosec x.
2 20. Simplify
13. Given cos x = and tan x 1 0,
5 (a) sin ] 180c - i g
find the exact value of cosec x, (b) cos ] 360c - x g
cot x and tan x.
(c) tan ^ 180c + b h
14. If cos x 1 0 and sin x 1 0, find (d) sin ] 180c + a g
cos x and sin x in surd form with (e) tan ] 360c - i g
rational denominator if tan x = .
5 (f) sin ] - i g
7 (g) cos ] - a g
(h) tan ] - x g
Trigonometric Equations
This is called the principle Whenever you find an unknown angle in a triangle, you solve a trigonometric
solution.
equation e.g. cos x = 0.34. You can find this on your calculator.
Now that we know how to find the trigonometric ratios of angles of any
magnitude, there can be more than one solution to a trigonometric equation if
we look at a larger domain.
EXAMPLES
3
1. Solve cos x = in the domain 0° # x # 360°.
2
Solution
3
is a positive ratio and cos is positive in the 1st and 4th quadrants.
2
So there are two possible answers.
In the 1st quadrant, angles are in the form of i and in the 4th quadrant
angles are in the form of 360c - i.
3 This is called the principle
cos 30c =
2 30c
solution.
But there is also a solution in the 4th quadrant where

the angle is 360c - i. :3
2
3
For cos x =
2
x = 30c , 360c - 30c
= 30c , 330c 60c
1
2. Solve 2 sin 2 x - 1 = 0 for 0c # x # 360c.
Solution
2 sin 2 x - 1 = 0
2 sin 2 x = 1
1
sin 2 x =
2
1
sin x = !
2
1
=!
2
Since the ratio could be positive or negative, there are solutions in all
4 quadrants.
1st quadrant: angle i
2nd quadrant: angle 180c - i
3rd quadrant: angle 180c + i
4th quadrant: angle 360c - i
CONTINUED
1
sin 45c =
2 45c
x = 45c , 180c - 45c , 180c + 45c , 360c - 45c
:2
= 45c , 135c , 225c , 315c 1
45c
1
3. Solve tan x = 3 for - 180c # x # 180c.
Solution
3 is a positive ratio and tan is positive in the 1st and 3rd quadrants.
So there are two possible answers.
In the domain - 180c # x # 180c, we use positive angles for
0c # x # 180c and negative angles for - 180c # x # 0c.
90c
180c - i i
S A
180c 0c
x
-180c 0c
T C
-(180c - i) -i

-90c
In the 1st quadrant, angles are in the form of i and in the 3rd quadrant
angles are in the form of - ^ 180c - i h .
tan 60c = 3
But there is also a solution in the 3rd quadrant where the angle is
- ^ 180c - i h .
For tan x = 3 30c

x = 60c , - ] 180c - 60c g
= 30c , -120c :3
2
60c
1
4. Solve 2 sin 2x - 1 = 0 for 0c # x # 360c.
Solution
Notice that the angle is 2x but the domain is for x.
If 0c # x # 360c then we multiply each part by 2 to get the domain for 2x.
0c # 2x # 720c
This means that we can find the solutions by going
around the circle twice! 30c
2 sin 2x - 1 = 0
2 sin 2x = 1 2
:3
1
sin 2x =
2
1
sin 30c =
2 60c
1
Sin is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.

First time around the circle, 1st quadrant is i and the 2nd quadrant is 180c - i.
Second time around the circle, we add 360c to the angles.
So 1st quadrant answer is 360c + i and the 2nd quadrant answer is
360c + ] 180c - i g or 540c - i.
So 2x = 30c , 180c - 30c, 360c + 30c , 540c - 30c
Notice that these solutions lie
= 30c , 150c , 390c , 510c inside the original domain of
` x = 15c , 75c , 195c , 255c 0c # x # 360c.
The trigonometric graphs can also help solve some trigonometric equations.
EXAMPLE
Solve cos x = 0 for 0c # x # 360c.

cos 90c = 0
However, looking at the graph of y = cos x shows that there is another
solution in the domain 0c # x # 360c.
y
x
90c 180c 270c 360c
-1
For cos x = 0
x = 90c, 270c
Investigation
Here are the 3 trigonometric graphs that you explored earlier in the chapter.
y = sin x
y = cos x
y = tan x
Use the values in the sin, cos and tan graphs to find values for the inverse
trigonometric functions in the tables below and then sketch the inverse
trigonometric functions.
For example sin 270° = -1

1
So cosec 270c =
-1
= -1
Some values will be undefined, so you will need to find values near them
in order to see where the graph goes.
y = cosec x
x 0c 90c 180c 270c 360c

sin x
cosec x
y = sec x
x 0c 90c 180c 270c 360c

cos x
sec x
y = cot x
x 0c 90c 180c 270c 360c

tan x
cot x
Here are the graphs of the inverse trigonometric functions.
y = cosec x
y = sec x
y = cot x y
y = cotx
1
x
0 90c 180c 270c 360c
360c
-1
6.8 Exercises
1. Solve for 0c # i # 360c. 5. Sketch y = tan x for
(a) sin i = 0.35 0c # x # 360c .
1
(b) cos i = -
2 6. Solve tan x = 0 for
(c) tan i = - 1 0c # x # 360c .
3
(d) sin i = 7. Evaluate cos 180c .
2
1
(e) tan i = - 8. Find the value of sin 90c .
3
(f) 2 cos i = 3 9. Solve cos x = 1 for
(g) tan 2i = 3 0c # x # 360c .
(h) 2 sin 3i = - 1
10. Sketch y = sin x for
(i) 2 cos 2i - 1 = 0 -180c # x # 180c .
(j) tan 2 3i = 1
11. Evaluate cos 270c.
2. Solve for -180c # i # 180c.
(a) cos i = 0.187 12. Solve sin x + 1 = 0 for
1 0c # x # 360c .
(b) sin i =
2
(c) tan i = 1 13. Solve cos 2 x = 1 for
3 0c # x # 360c .
(d) sin i = -
2
14. Solve sin x = 0 for
1
(e) tan i = - 0c # x # 360c .
3
(f) 3 tan 2 i = 1 15. Solve sin x = 1 for
(g) tan 2i = 1 - 360c # x # 360c .
(h) 2 sin 2 3i = 1
16. Sketch y = sec x for
(i) tan i + 1 = 0 0c # x # 360c .
(j) tan 2 2i = 3
17. Sketch y = cot x for
3. Sketch y = cos x for
0c # x # 360c .
0c # x # 360c .
4. Evaluate sin 270c .
Trigonometric Identities
Trigonometric identities are statements about the relationships of
trigonometric ratios. You have already met some of these—the reciprocal
ratios, complementary angles and the rules for the angle of any magnitude.
Reciprocal ratios
1
cosec i =
sin i
1
sec i =
cos i
1
cot i =
tan i
Complementary angles
sin i = cos ] 90c - i g

cosec i = sec ] 90c - i g
tan i = cot ] 90c - i g
Angles of any magnitude
sin ] 180c - i g = sin i

cos ] 180c - i g = - cos i
tan ] 180c - i g = - tan i
sin (180c + i) = - sin i

cos (180c + i) = - cos i
tan (180c + i) = tan i
sin (360c - i) = - sin i

cos (360c - i) = cos i
tan (360c - i) = - tan i
sin (- i) = - sin i
cos (- i) = cos i
tan (- i) = - tan i
In this section you will learn some other identities, based on the unit circle.
In the work on angles of any magnitude, we defined
sin i as the y-coordinate of P and cos i as the x-coordinate of P.
y
tan i = x
sin i
=
cos i
sin i
tan i =
cos i
1
cot i =
tan i
cos i
=
sin i
cos i
cot i =
sin i
Pythagorean identities
The circle has equation x 2 + y 2 = 1.

Substituting x = cos i and y = sin i into x 2 + y 2 = 1 gives
Remeber that cos 2 i

means (cos i) 2.
cos 2 i + sin 2 i = 1
This is an equation so can be rearranged to give

sin 2 i = 1 - cos 2 i
cos 2 i = 1 - sin 2 i
There are two other identities that can be derived from this identity.
1 + tan 2 i = sec 2 i
Proof
cos 2 i + sin 2 i = 1
cos 2 i sin 2 i 1
+ =
cos 2 i cos 2 i cos 2 i
1 + tan 2 i = sec 2 i
This identity can be rearranged to give

tan 2 i = sec 2 i - 1
1 = sec 2 i - tan 2 i
cot 2 i + 1 = cosec 2 i
Proof
cos 2 i + sin 2 i = 1
cos 2 i sin 2 i 1
+ =
sin i sin i
2 2
sin 2 i
cot i + 1 = cosec 2 i
2
This identity can be rearranged to give These are called Pythagorean

identities since the equation
cot 2 i = cosec 2 i - 1 of the circle comes from
Pythagoras’ rule (see Chapter 5).
1 = cosec 2 i - cot 2 i
EXAMPLES
1. Simplify sin i cot i.
Solution
cos i
sin i cot i = sin i #
sin i
= cos i
2. Simplify sin ^ 90c - b h sec b where b is an acute angle.
Solution
1
sin ^ 90c - b h sec b = cos b #
cos b
=1
CONTINUED
3. Simplify sin 4 i + sin 2 i cos 2 i .
Solution
sin 4 i + sin 2 i cos 2 i = sin 2 i ^ sin 2 i + cos 2 i h

= sin 2 i ] 1 g
= sin 2 i
= sin i
4. Prove cot x + tan x = cosec x sec x.
Solution
LHS = cot x + tan x
cos x sin x
= +
sin x cos x
cos 2 x + sin 2 x
=
sin x cos x
1
=
sin x cos x
1 1
= # cos x
sin x
= cosec x sec x
= RHS
` cot x + tan x = cosec x sec x
1 - cos x 1
5. Prove that = .
sin 2 x 1 + cos x
Solution
1 - cos x
LHS =
sin 2 x
1 - cos x
=
1 - cos 2 x
1 - cos x
=
] 1 + cos x g ] 1 - cos x g
1
=
1 + cos x
= RHS
1 - cos x 1
` =
sin x
2
1 + cos x
6.9 Exercises
1. Simplify (d) sec 2 x - tan 2 x
(a) sin ] 90c - i g = cosec 2 x - cot 2 x
(b) tan ] 360c - i g
(e) ] sin x - cos x g3
(c) cos ] - i g = sin x - cos x - 2 sin 2 x cos x
(d) cot ] 90c - i g +2 sin x cos 2 x
(e) sec ] 180c + a g (f) cot i + 2 sec i
2. Simplify 1 - sin 2 i + 2 sin i
=
(a) tan i cos i sin i cos i
(b) tan i cosec i (g) cos 2 ] 90c - i g cot i
(c) sec x cot x = sin i cos i
(d) 1 - sin 2 x (h) (cosec x + cot x) (cosec x - cot x) = 1
(e) 1 - cos a
2
1 - sin 2 i cos 2 i
(i)
(f) cot 2 x + 1 cos 2 i
(g) 1 + tan 2 x = tan i + cos 2 i
2
(h) sec 2 i - 1 1 + cot b

(j) - cos b
(i) 5 cot 2 i + 5 cosec b
(j)
1 sec b
cosec 2 x =
tan b + cot b
(k) sin 2 a cosec 2 a
4. If x = 2 cos i and y = 2 sin i,
(l) cot i - cot i cos 2 i
show that x 2 + y 2 = 4.
3. Prove that 5. Show that x 2 + y 2 = 81 if
(a) cos 2 x - 1 = - sin 2 x
x = 9 cos i and y = 9 sin i.
1 + sin i
(b) sec i + tan i =
cos i
3
(c) 3 + 3 tan a =
2
1 - sin 2 a
Non-right-angled Triangle Results

A non-right-angled triangle is named so that its angles and opposite sides have
the same pronumeral. There are two rules in trigonometry that refer to non-
right-angled triangles. These are the sine rule and the cosine rule.
Sine rule
sin A sin B sin C

a = b = c
Use this rule for finding an angle.
Use this rule for finding a

a b c
side. or = =
sin A sin B sin C
Proof
In TABC, draw perpendicular AD and call it h.

From TABD,
h
sin B = c
` h = c sin B (1)
From TACD,
h
sin C =
b
` h = b sin C (2)
From (1) and (2),
c sin B = b sin C
sin B sin C
= c
b
Similarly, drawing a perpendicular from C it can be proven that
sin A sin B
a = b .
EXAMPLES
The sine rule uses 2 sides
and 2 angles, with 1
1. Find the value of x, correct to 1 decimal place. unknown.
Solution
Name the sides a and b, and angles A and B.
a b
=
sin A sin B
x 10.7
=
x 10.7
sin 43c 21l # = sin 43c 21l #
10.7 sin 43c 21l
x=
sin 79c 12l
Z 7.5 cm
2. Find the value of y, to the nearest whole number.
You can rename the

triangle ABC or just make
sure you put sides with
their opposite angles
together.
Solution
+Y = 180c - (53c + 24c ) You need to find +Y first, as it
= 103c is opposite y.
a b
=
sin A sin B
y 8
=
sin 103c sin 53c
y 8
sin 103c # = sin 103c #
sin 103c sin 53c
8 sin 103c
y=
sin 53c
Z 10
CONTINUED
3. Find the value of i, in degrees and minutes.
Solution
sin A sin B
a = b
sin i sin 86c 11l
=
6.7 8.3
sin i sin 86c 11l
6.7 # = 6.7 #
6 .7 8.3
6.7 sin 86c 11l
sin i =
8 .3
- 1 6.7 sin 86c 11l
i = sin c m
8 .3
Z 53c39l
Since sin x is positive in the first 2 quadrants, both acute angles (between 0c
and 90c) and obtuse angles (between 90c and 180c) give positive sin ratios.
e.g. sin 50c = 0.766
and sin 130c = 0.766
This affects the sine rule, since there is no way of distinguishing between an
acute angle and an obtuse angle. When doing a question involving an obtuse
angle, we need to use the 2nd quadrant angle of 180c - i rather than relying
on the calculator to give the correct answer.
EXAMPLE
Angle i is obtuse. Find the value of i, in degrees and minutes.

Solution
sin A sin B
a = b
sin i sin 15c 49l
=
11.9 5.4
sin i sin 15c 49l
11.9 # = 11.9 #
11.9 5.4
11.9 sin 15c 49l
sin i =
5.4
- 1 11.9 sin 15c 49l
i = sin c m
5.4
= 36c 55l ^ acute angle h
But i is obtuse
` i = 180c - 36c 55l
= 143c 05l
6.10 Exercises
1. Evaluate all pronumerals, correct (c)
to 1 decimal place.
(a)
(d)
(b)
(e)
2. Find the value of all pronumerals, BC = 4.6 cm and

in degrees and minutes. +ACB = 33c 47l.
(a) 4. Triangle EFG has +FEG = 48c ,

The shortest side is opposite +EGF = 32c and FG = 18.9 mm.
the smallest angle and the
Find the length of
longest side is opposite the
largest angle. (a) the shortest side
(b) the longest side..
(b)
5. Triangle XYZ has +XYZ = 51c ,
+YXZ = 86c and XZ = 2.1 m.
Find the length of
(a) the shortest side
(b) the longest side.
(c)
6. Triangle XYZ has XY = 5.4 cm,
+ZXY = 48c and +XZY = 63c.
Find the length of XZ.
7. Triangle ABC has BC = 12.7 m,

+ABC = 47c and +ACB = 53c as
shown. Find the lengths of
(d) (a) AB
(b) AC.
A
47c 53c
B C
12.7 m
8. Triangle PQR has sides

(e) (i is obtuse) PQ = 15 mm, QR = 14.7 mm
and +PRQ = 62c 29l. Find to the
4.9 nearest minute
3.7 (a) +QPR
21c31l i (b) +PQR.
9. Triangle ABC is isosceles with

3. Triangle ABC has an obtuse angle AB = AC. BC is produced to
at A. Evaluate this angle to the D as shown. If AB = 8.3 cm,
nearest minute if AB = 3.2 cm, +BAC = 52c and +ADC = 32c
find the length of
(a) AD 10. Triangle ABC is equilateral with

(b) BD. side 63 mm. A line is drawn from
A A to BC where it meets BC at D
52c and +DAB = 26c 15l. Find the
8.3 cm length of
(a) AD
B 32c D (b) DC.
C
Cosine rule
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
Similarly
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac cos B
Proof
A
b c
p
C B
x D a-x
In triangle ABC, draw perpendicular CD with length p and let CD = x.

Since BC = a, BD = a - x
From triangle ACD
b2 = x2 + p2 (1)
x
cos C =
b
` b cos C = x (2)
From triangle DAB
c2 = p2 + ] a - x g 2
= p 2 + a 2 - 2ax + x 2
= p 2 + x 2 + a 2 - 2ax (3)
Substitute (1) into (3):

c 2 = b 2 + a 2 - 2ax (4)
Substituting (2) into (4):
c 2 = b 2 + a 2 - 2a ] b cos C g
= b 2 + a 2 - 2ab cos C
DID YOU KNOW?
Pythagoras’ theorem is a special case of the cosine rule when the triangle is right angled.
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
When C = 90c
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos 90c

= a 2 + b 2 - 2ab ] 0 g
= a2 + b2
EXAMPLE
Find the value of x, correct to the nearest whole number.
The cosine rule uses 3 sides

and 1 angle, with 1 unknown.
Solution
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
x 2 = 5.6 2 + 6.4 2 - 2 (5.6) (6.4) cos 112c 32l
Z 99.79
x = 99.79
Z 10
Press 5.6 x 2 + 6.4 x 2 - 2 # 5.6 # 6.4

# cos 112 % , ,, 32 % , ,, = =
When finding an unknown angle, it is easier to change the subject of

this formula to cos C.
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
c 2 + 2ab cos C = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C + 2ab cos C
c 2 + 2ab cos C = a 2 + b 2
c 2 - c 2 + 2ab cos C = a 2 + b 2 - c 2
2ab cos C = a 2 + b 2 - c 2
2ab cos C a2 + b2 - c2
=
2ab 2ab
a2 + b2 - c2
cos C =
2ab
Similarly
b2 + c2 - a2
cos A =
2bc Subtract the square of
the side opposite the
a +c -b
2 2 2
cos B = unknown angle.
2ac
EXAMPLES
1. Find i, in degrees and minutes.
Solution
a2 + b2 - c2
cos C =
2ab
52 + 62 - 32
cos i =
2 ]5 g]6 g
52
=
60
52
i = cos - 1 c m
60
Z 29c 56l
2. Evaluate +BAC in degrees and minutes.

A
4.5 cm 6.1 cm
B C
8.4 cm
CONTINUED
Solution
a2 + b2 - c2
cos C =
2ab
Notice that the negative sign 4.5 2 + 6.1 2 - 8.4 2
cos +BAC =
tells us that the angle will be
2 ] 4. 5 g ] 6 .1 g
obtuse.
= - 0.2386
+BAC = cos- 1 ] - 0.2386 g
= 103c 48l
6.11 Exercises
1. Find the value of all pronumerals, (e)

(a)
2. Evaluate all pronumerals correct

to the nearest minute
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d) YZ = 5.9 cm. Find the value of all

angles, to the nearest minute.
7. Isosceles trapezium MNOP

has MP = NO = 12 mm,
(e) MN = 8.9 mm, OP = 15.6 mm
and +NMP = 119c 15l.
(a) Find the length of diagonal NP.
(b) Find +NOP.
8. Given the figure below, find the

length of
(a) AC
(b) AD.
3. Kite ABCD has AB = 12.9 mm,
CD = 23.8 mm and B
+ABC = 125c as shown. Find the
length of diagonal AC.
42 c8 l
8.4 cm 3.7 cm
B
12.9 mm 125 c
C
101 c38 l
A C
A
23.8 mm 9.9 cm
D
4. Parallelogram ABCD has sides

11 cm and 5 cm, and one interior
angle 79c 25l. Find the length of D
the diagonals.
9. In a regular pentagon ABCDE
5. Quadrilateral ABCD has sides with sides 8 cm, find the length
AB = 12 cm, BC = 10.4 cm, of diagonal AD.
CD = 8.4 cm and AD = 9.7 cm
10. A regular hexagon ABCDEF has
with +ABC = 63c 57l.
sides 5.5 cm.
(a) Find the length of diagonal AC
(a) Find the length of AD.
(b) Find +DAC
(b) Find +ADF.
(c) Find +ADC.
6. Triangle XYZ is isosceles with

XY = XZ = 7.3 cm and
Applications
The sine and cosine rules can be used in solving problems.
Use the sine rule to find:

1. a side, given one side and two angles
2. an angle, given two sides and one angle
Use the cosine rule to find:

1. a side, given two sides and one angle
2. an angle, given three sides
EXAMPLES
1. The angle of elevation of a tower from point A is 72c. From point B,

50 m further away from the tower than A, the angle of elevation is 47c.
(a) Find the exact length of AT.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the height h of the tower to 1 decimal place.
Solution
(a) +BAT = 180c - 72c ^ straight angle h

= 108c
+BTA = 180c - ] 47c + 108c g (angle sum of T)
= 25c
a b
=
sin A sin B
AT 50
=
sin 47c sin 25c
Use TBTA to find AT. 50 sin 47c
` AT =
sin 25c
h
(b) sin 72c =
AT
` h = AT sin 72c Use right-angled TATO
to find h. Do not use the
50 sin 47c
= # sin 72c sine rule.
sin 25c
Z 82.3 m
2. A ship sails from Sydney for 200 km on a bearing of 040c , then sails
on a bearing of 157c for 345 km.
(a) How far from Sydney is the ship, to the nearest km?
(b) What is the bearing of the ship from Sydney, to the nearest degree?
Solution
(a) +SAN = 180c - 40c ^ cointerior angles h

= 140c
` +SAB = 360c - (140c + 157c) ^ angle of revolution h
= 63c
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
x 2 = 200 2 + 345 2 - 2 (200) (345) cos 63c
Z 96374.3
x = 96374.3
Z 310
So the ship is 310 km from Sydney.
sin A sin B
( b)
a = b
sin i sin 63c
=
345 310
345 sin 63c
` sin i =
310
Z 0.99
i Z 82c
The bearing from Sydney = 40c + 82c To find the bearing,
measure +TSB.
= 122c
6.12 Exercises
1. Find the lengths of the diagonals from one post and 11 m from
of a parallelogram with adjacent the other, find the angle within
sides 5 cm and 8 cm and one of which the ball must be kicked
its angles 32c 42l. to score a goal, to the nearest
degree.
2. A car is broken down to the north
of 2 towns. The car is 39 km from 7. A boat is sinking 1.3 km out to
town A and 52 km from town B. sea from a marina. Its bearing is
If A is due west of B and the 2 041c from the marina and 324c
towns are 68 km apart, what is the from a rescue boat. The rescue
bearing of the car from (a) town A boat is due east of the marina.
(b) town B, to the nearest degree? (a) How far, correct to 2 decimal
places, is the rescue boat from the
3. The angle of elevation to the top
sinking boat?
of a tower is 54c 37l from a point
(b) How long will it take the
12.8 m out from its base. The
rescue boat, to the nearest
tower is leaning at an angle of
minute, to reach the other boat if
85c 58l as shown. Find the height
it travels at 80 km/h?
of the tower.
8. The angle of elevation of the
top of a flagpole from a point a
certain distance away from its
base is 20c. After walking 80 m
towards the flagpole, the angle of
elevation is 75c. Find the height
of the flagpole, to the nearest
metre.
9. A triangular field ABC has sides

54 c37 l 85c58 l AB = 85 m and AC = 50 m. If B is
12.8 m on a bearing of 065c from A and
C is on a bearing of 166c from A,
4. A triangular park has sides 145.6 m,
find the length of BC, correct to
210.3 m and 122.5 m. Find the
the nearest metre.
size of the largest interior angle of
the park. 10. (a) Find the exact value of AC in
the diagram.
5. A 1.5 m high fence leans
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the
outwards from a house at an
angle i, correct to the nearest
angle of 102c. A boy sits on top
minute.
of the fence and the angle of
depression from him down to the
house is 32c 44l . How far from
the fence is the house?
6. Football posts are 3.5 m apart.

If a footballer is standing 8 m
11. Find the value of h, correct to 16. Rhombus ABCD with side 8 cm
1 decimal place. has diagonal BD 11.3 cm long.
Find +DAB.
17. Zeke leaves school and runs for

8.7 km on a bearing of 338c,
then turns and runs on a bearing
of 061c until he is due north of
school. How far north of school
is he?
18. A car drives due east for 83.7 km

12. A motorbike and a car leave a then turns and travels for 105.6 km
service station at the same time. on a bearing of 029c. How far is
The motorbike travels on a the car from its starting point?
bearing of 080c and the car travels
19. The figure below shows the
for 15.7 km on a bearing of 108c
diagram that a surveyor makes
until the bearing of the motorbike
to measure a triangular piece of
from the car is 310c. How far,
land. Find its perimeter.
correct to 1 decimal place, has the
motorbike travelled?
13.9 m
13. A submarine is being followed
14.3 m
by two ships, A and B, 3.8 km 58 c1l
132 c31l
apart, with A due east of B. If A
11.4 m
is on a bearing of 165c from the
submarine and B is on a bearing
of 205c from the submarine, find
the distance from the submarine
20. A light plane leaves Sydney and
to both ships.
flies for 1280 km on a bearing of
14. A plane flies from Dubbo on a 050c. It then turns and flies for
bearing of 139c for 852 km, then 3215 km on a bearing of 149c.
turns and flies on a bearing of How far is the plane from Sydney,
285cuntil it is due west of Dubbo. to the nearest km?
How far from Dubbo is the plane,
21. Trapezium ABCD has AD ; BC,
to the nearest km?
with AB = 4.6 cm, BC = 11.3 cm,
15. A triangular roof is 16.8 m up CD = 6.4 cm, +DAC = 23c 30l
to its peak, then 23.4 m on the and +ABC = 78c .
other side with a 125c angle (a) Find the length of AC.
at the peak as shown. Find the (b) Find +ADC to the nearest
length of the roof. minute.
22. A plane leaves Adelaide and

flies for 875 km on a bearing of
125 c
056c. It then turns and flies on a
16.8 m 23.4 m bearing of i for 630 km until it is
due east of Adelaide. Evaluate i
to the nearest degree.
23. Quadrilateral ABCD has 25. A wall leans inwards and makes
AB = AD = 7.2 cm, BC = 8.9 cm an angle of 88c with the floor.
and CD = 10.4 cm, with (a) A 4 m long ladder leans against
+DAB = 107c the wall with its base 2.3 m out
(a) Find the length of diagonal BD. from the wall. Find the angle that
(b) Find +BCD. the top of the ladder makes with
the wall.
24. Stig leaves home and travels on a
(b) A longer ladder is placed the
bearing of 248c for 109.8 km.
same distance out from the wall
He then turns and travels for
and its top makes an angle of 31c
271.8 km on a bearing of 143c.
with the wall.
Stig then turns and travels home
(i) How long is this
on a bearing of a.
ladder?
(a) How far does he travel on the
(ii) How much further
final part of his journey?
does it reach up the wall
(b) Evaluate a.
than the first ladder?
Area
To find the area of a triangle, you need to know its perpendicular height.
Trigonometry allows us to find this height in terms of one of the angles in the
triangle.
1
A= ab sin C
2
Similarly,
1
A= ac sin B
2
1
A = bc sin A
2
Proof
From D BCD,
h
sin C = a
` h = a sin C
1
A= bh
2
1
= ba sin C
2
EXAMPLE
Find the area of D ABC correct to 2 decimal places.
To find the area, use

2 sides and their
included angle.
Solution
1
A= ab sin C
2
1
= (4.3) (5.8) sin 112c 34l
2
Z 11.52 units 2
6.13 Exercises
1. Find the area of each triangle (c)

(a)
(d)
(b)
(e)
2. Calculate the exact area of D ABC.
7. Find the area of a regular

hexagon with sides 4 cm, to the
3. Find the area of DOAB correct to
nearest cm 2 .
1 decimal place (O is the centre of
the circle). 8. Calculate the area of a regular
pentagon with sides 12 mm.
9. The figure below is made from a

rectangle and isosceles triangle
with AE = AB as shown.
84c
E B
4. Find the area of a parallelogram

with sides 3.5 cm and 4.8 cm, 14.3 cm
and one of its internal angles
67c 13l, correct to 1 decimal
place. D C
10.5 cm
5. Find the area of kite ABCD,

correct to 3 significant figures. (a) Find the length of AE.
(b) Find the area of the figure.
10. Given the following figure,
58c
9.4 cm
44c 36c
B D
C
6.7 cm
6. Find the area of the sail, correct (a) Find the length of AC
to 1 decimal place. (b) Find the area of triangle ACD
(c) Find the area of triangle ABC.
Trigonometry in Three Dimensions
EXAMPLES
1. From point X, 25 m due south of the base of a tower, the angle of

elevation is 47c. Point Y is 15 m due east of the tower. Find:
(a) the height, h, of the tower, correct to 1 decimal place
(b) the angle of elevation, i, of the tower from point Y.
Solution
(a) From D XTO
h
tan 47c =
25 Use the full value of
25 tan 47c = h 26.80921775 for a more
accurate answer to (b).
26.8 = h
So the tower is 26.8 m high.
(b) From DYTO
26.8
tan i =
15
26.8
` i = tan - 1 c m
15
= 60c 46l
So the angle of elevation from Y is 60c 46l.
2. A cone has a base diameter of 18 cm and a slant height of 15 cm. Find

the vertical angle at the top of the cone.
Solution
The radius of the base is 9 cm.
9
sin i =
15
9
` i = sin - 1 c m
15
= 36c 52l
Vertical angle = 2i
= 73c 44l
6.14 Exercises
1. A gymnastics bar is supported by

wires as shown below.
(a) If one wire is inclined at an
angle of 55c to the horizontal
and is 1.4 m out from the base
of the bar, find the height of the
bar, to the nearest metre. 4. A cone has radius 7 cm and a
(b) The second wire is inclined at slant height of 13 cm. Find the
an angle of 68c to the horizontal. vertical angle at the top of the
How long is the wire (to cone, in degrees and minutes.
1 decimal place)?
5. From a point 15 m due north of
(c) The third wire is 2.2 m long.
a tower, the angle of elevation of
What is its angle of elevation?
the tower is 32c
(a) Find the height of the tower,
to the nearest metre.
(b) Find the angle of elevation
of the tower at a point 20 m due
east of the tower.
2. A pole has two supporting ropes,

2.5 m and 3.1 m long.
(a) If the 3.1 m rope makes an
angle of elevation of 38c , find the
length of the pole, correct to
1 decimal place.
(b) What angle of elevation does 6. A pole is seen from two points
the other rope make? A and B. The angle of elevation
from A is 58c . If +CAB = 52c
and +ABC = 34c , and A and B
are 100 m apart, find:
(a) how far A is from the foot of
the pole, to the nearest metre.
(b) the height of the pole, to
1 decimal place.
3. A 25 cm #11 cm # 8 cm cardboard
box contains an insert (the
shaded area) made of foam.
(a) Find the area of foam in the
insert, to the nearest cm 2 .
(b) Find the angle, i, the insert
makes at the corner of the box.
7. Two straight paths up to the top 9. A cylinder with radius 4 cm and

of a cliff are inclined at angles of perpendicular height 15 cm is
25c and 22c to the horizontal. tilted so that it will just fit inside
a 12 cm high box. At what angle
must it be tilted?
(a) If path 1 is 114 m long, find

the height of the cliff, to the 10. A hot air balloon flying at
nearest metre. 950 m/h at a constant altitude
(b) Find the length of path 2, to of 3000 m is observed to have an
1 decimal place. angle of elevation of 78c . After
(c) If the paths meet at 47c at 20 minutes, the angle of elevation
the base of the cliff, find their is 73c . Calculate the angle
distance apart at the top of the through which the observer has
cliff, correct to 1 decimal place. turned during those 20 minutes.
8. David walks along a straight road.

At one point he notices a tower on
a bearing of 053c with an angle
of elevation of 21c. After walking
230 m, the tower is on a bearing of
342c , with an angle of elevation
of 26c . Find the height of the
tower correct to the nearest metre.
Sums and Differences of Angles

Sums and differences
Angles can be expressed as sums or differences of other angles. This enables

us to simplify or evaluate some angles that normally would be too hard to
simplify.
cos ^ x - y h = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

Proof
Remember:
cos i = x -coordinate and
sin i = y -coordinate.
By the distance formula:

d 2 = _ x 2 - x 1 i2 + _ y 2 - y 1 i2
AB 2 = ^ cos x - cos y h2 + ^ sin x - sin y h2
= cos 2 x - 2 cos x cos y + cos 2 y + sin 2 x - 2 sin x sin y + sin 2 y
= (cos 2 x + sin 2 x) + (cos 2 y + sin 2 y) - 2 cos x cos y - 2 sin x sin y
= 2 - 2 (cos x cos y + sin x sin y) (1)
By the cosine rule:

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C
AB 2 = 1 2 + 1 2 - 2 (1) (1) cos (x - y)
= 2 - 2 cos (x - y) (2)
From (1) and (2):

2 - 2 cos ^ x - y h = 2 - 2 ^ cos x cos y + sin x sin y h
` cos ^ x - y h = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
cos ^ x + y h = cos x cos y - sin x sin y
Proof
Substitute - y for y.
cos (x - y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
cos (x - (- y )) = cos x cos (- y ) + sin x sin (- y )
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y + sin x (- sin y )
cos (x + y) = cos x cos y - sin x sin y
sin ^ x + y h = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

Proof
Substitute 90c - x for x.
cos (x - y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
cos (90c - x - y) = cos (90c - x) cos y + sin (90c- x) sin y
cos (90c - (x + y)) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
sin ^ x - y h = sin x cos y - cos x sin y
Proof
Substitute - y for y.
sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

sin (x + (- y)) = sin x cos (- y) + cos x sin (- y)
sin (x - y) = sin x cos y + cos x (- sin y)
sin (x - y) = sin x cos y - cos x sin y
tan x + tan y
tan ^ x + y h =
1 - tan x tan y
Proof
sin ^ x + y h
tan (x + y) =
cos ^ x + y h
sin x cos y + cos x sin y
=
cos x cos y - sin x sin y
sin x cos y + cos x sin y
cos x cos y Divide top and bottom by
=
cos x cos y - sin x sin y cos x cos y.
cos x cos y
tan x + tan y
tan (x + y) =
1 - tan x tan y
tan x - tan y
tan ^ x - y h =
1 + tan x tan y
Proof
Substitute -y for y.
tan x + tan y
tan (x + y) =
1 - tan x tan y
tan x + tan ^ - y h
tan (x + (- y)) =
1 - tan x tan ^ - y h
tan x - tan y
tan (x - y) =
1 - tan x ^ - tan y h
tan x - tan y
tan (x - y) =
1 + tan x tan y
EXAMPLES
1. Simplify sin 2i cos i - cos 2i sin i.
Solution
sin 2i cos i - cos 2i sin i = sin (2i - i)

= sin i
2. Find the exact value of cos 75c .
Solution
cos 75c = cos (30c+ 45c)
= cos 30c cos 45c - sin 30c sin 45c
3 1 1 1
= # - #
2 2 2 2
3-1
=
2 2
3-1 2
= #
2 2 2
6- 2
=
4
3. Simplify cos ] i + 60c g + sin ] i + 60c g .
Solution
cos (i + 60c) + sin (i + 60c)

= cos i cos 60c - sin i sin 60c + sin i cos 60c + cos i sin 60c
1 3 1 3
= cos i # - sin i # + sin i # + cos i #
2 2 2 2
1 3 3 1
= cos i d + n + sin i d - + n
2 2 2 2
1+ 3n 1- 3n
= cos i d + sin i d
2 2
Ratios of double angles
By using the sum of angles, we can find the trigonometric ratios for double
angles.
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
Proof
sin 2x = sin (x + x)
= sin x cos x + cos x sin x
= 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos 2 x - sin 2 x

= 1 - 2 sin 2 x
= 2 cos 2 x - 1
Proof
cos 2x = cos (x + x)
= cos x cos x - sin x sin x
= cos 2 x - sin 2 x Remember:
sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1.
= (1 - sin 2 x) - sin 2 x
= 1 - 2 sin 2 x
= 1 - 2 (1 - cos 2 x)
= 2 cos 2 x - 1
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 - tan 2 x
Proof
tan 2x = tan (x + x)
tan x + tan x
=
1 - tan x tan x
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 - tan 2 x
EXAMPLES
1. Simplify cos 2 2i - sin 2 2i.
Solution
cos 2 2i - sin 2 2i = cos 2 (2i)

= cos 4i
4
2. If sin x = , find the exact value of sin 2x.
7
Solution
AC 2 = 7 2 - 4 2
= 33
` AC = 33
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
4 33
=2# #
7 7
8 33
=
49
PROBLEM
1 ]
Ulug Beg (1393–1449) used the relation sin 3 i = 3 sin i - sin 3i g to
4
draw up a table of sine ratios. Can you prove this relation?
6.15 Exercises
1. Expand 2. Simplify
(a) sin ] a - b g (a) sin a cos b + cos a sin b
(b) cos ^ p + q h tan 36c + tan 29c
(b)
(c) tan ^ a + b h 1 - tan 36c tan 29c
(c) cos 28c cos 27c - sin 28c sin 27c
(d) sin (x + 20c)
(d) sin 2x cos 3y + cos 2x sin 3y
(e) tan ] 48c + x g
tan 3i - tan i
(f) cos ] 2i - a g (e)
1 + tan 3i tan i
(g) cos ( x + 75c) (f) sin 74c cos 42c - cos 74c sin 42c
(h) tan ^ 5x - 7y h (g) sin ] a + b g + sin ] a - b g
(i) sin ^ 4a - b h (h) sin ^ x + y h - sin ^ x - y h
(j) tan ^ a - 3b h (i) cos ^ x - y h - cos ^ x + y h
(j) cos ] m + n g + cos ] m - n g
3. Find the exact value of 3 5

11. If sin x = and cos y = , find
(a) sin 75c 5 13
(b) cos 15c the value of
(c) tan 75c (a) cos x
(d) tan 105c (b) sin y
(e) cos 105c (c) sin ^ x - y h
(f) sin 15c (d) tan y
(g) sin 105c (e) tan ^ x + y h
(h) tan 285c
12. (a) Write an expression for
(i) sin (x + 30c) + cos (x + 30c)
cos ^ x + y h + cos ^ x - y h .
(j) cos ^ 45c - y h + cos ^ 45c + y h
(b) Hence write an expression for
4. Simplify cos 50c cos 65c.
tan ^ x + y h + tan ^ x - y h
. 13. Find an expression for
1 - tan ^ x + y h tan ^ x - y h (a) sin ^ x + y h + sin ^ x - y h
2 3 (b) cos ^ x + y h - cos ^ x - y h
5. If sin x = and cos y = , find
3 4 (c) sin ^ x + y h - sin ^ x - y h
the exact value of (d) cos ^ x + y h + sin ^ x - y h
(a) sin ^ x + y h
(e) tan ^ x + y h + tan ^ x - y h
(b) cos ^ x - y h
(f) tan ^ x + y h - tan ^ x - y h
(c) tan ^ x + y h
14. Expand
6. By taking 2i = i + i, find an
(a) sin 2b
expression for
(b) tan 2i
(a) sin 2i
(c) cos 2i
(b) cos 2i
(d) sin (x + 2y)
(c) tan 2i
(e) cos (2a + b )
7. By writing 3i as 2i + i, find an (f) tan (x + 2y)
expression in terms of i for (g) sin (2i - d )
(a) sin 3i (h) cos (i - 2c)
(b) cos 3i (i) tan (x - 2z)
(c) tan 3i (j) sin (2x - 2y)
tan 7i - tan 3i 15. Simplify
8. (a) Simplify .
1 + tan 7i tan 3i
(a) 2 cos 3x sin 3x
(b) Find an expression for sin 4i (b) cos 2 7y - sin 2 7y
in terms of 7i and 3i. 2 tan 5i
(c)
9. Find an expression for cos 9x in 1 - tan 2 5i
terms of 2x and 7x. (d) 1 - 2 sin 2 y
(e) sin 6i cos 6i
10. Find the exact value of
(f) ] sin x + cos x g2
(a) cos 23c cos 22c - sin 23c sin 22c
(g) 2 cos 2 3a - 1
tan 85c - tan 25c
(b) (h) 1 - 2 sin 2 40c
1 + tan 85c tan 25c
2 tan b
(c) sin 180c cos 60c (i)
+ cos 180c sin 60c 1 - tan 2 b
(d) cos 290c cos 80c (j) ] sin 3x - cos 3x g2
+ sin 290c sin 80c
tan 11c + tan 19c
(e)
1 - tan 11c tan 19c
16. Find the exact value of 19. Express sin 4i in terms of i.

(a) cos 22.5c sin 22.5c
(b) cos 2 30c - sin 2 30c sin 2x
20. (a) Simplify .
2 tan 15c 1 + cos 2x
(c)
1 - tan 2 15c (b) Hence, find the exact value of
(d) 2 sin 75c cos 75c tan 15c.
2 tan 120c 1
(e) 21. Find the exact value of tan 22 c
1 - tan 2 120c 2
by using the expression for
(f) 1 - 2 sin 2 165c
tan 2x.
(g) 2 cos 2 22.5c - 1
2 tan i 22. Prove
(h) where i = 112.5c
1 - tan 2 i 1
(a) sin 2 i = sin 2i tan i
(i) sin 67.5c cos 67.5c 2
(j) 2 cos 105c sin 105c i 1 - cos i
(b) tan =
2 sin i
5
17. If cos x = , find the exact value
8 23. Show that
of cos 2x and sin 2x.
sin 2 7i - sin 2 4i = sin 11i sin 3i.
3 12
18. If sin a = and tan b = , find 24. Prove that
5 5
cos 3i = 4 cos 3 i - 3 cos i.
the exact values of
(a) sin ^ a + b h 25. Find an expression for sin 3x in
(b) cos 2a terms of sin x.
(c) sin 2b
(d) tan ^ a - b h
Further Trigonometric Equations

Some trigonometric equations are difficult to solve. However, there are some
expressions that can be used to solve them.
i
Ratios in terms of tan
2
i 2t
If tan = t, then tan i =
2 1 - t2
Proof
2 tan A
tan 2A =
1 - tan 2 A
i
2 tan
2
` tan i = where i = 2A
i
1 - tan 2
2
2t
=
1 - t2
i 2t
If tan = t, then sin i =
2 1 + t2
Proof
i t
tan =t=
2 1
The hypotenuse is
1 + t 2 by Pythagoras’
theorem.
sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A

i i
` sin i = 2 sin cos where i = 2A
2 2
t 1
= 2e oe o These ratios for sin
i
1+t 2
1 + t2 2
i
2t and cos come from the
= 2
1 + t2 triangle above.
i 1 - t2
If tan = t, then cos i =
2 1 + t2
Proof
cos 2A = cos 2 A - sin 2 A

i i
` cos i = cos 2 - sin 2 where i = 2A i
2 2 The ratios for cos and
2
i
1 2
t 2
sin come from the
=e o -e o 2
1 + t2 1 + t2 previous triangle.
1 t 2
= -
1+t 2
1 + t2
1 - t2
=
1 + t2
EXAMPLES
2 tan 15c
1. Find the exact value of .
1 + tan 2 15c
Solution
2t i
sin i = where t = tan
1 + t2 2
2 tan 15c
So = sin 30c
1 + tan 2 15c
1
=
2
i i
2. Prove that cot - 2 cot i = tan .
2 2
Solution
i
LHS = cot - 2 cot i
2
1 2
= -
i tan i
tan
2
1 2 i
= - where t = tan
t 2t 2
1 - t2
1 2^1 - t h
2
= -
t 2t
1 1 - t2
= -
t t
1 - 1 + t2
=
t
t2
=
t
=t
i
= tan
2
= RHS
i i
` cot - 2 cot i = tan
2 2
There is also another expression that will help solve some further
trigonometric equations.
a sin i + b cos i = r sin ] i + a g where

b
r = a 2 + b 2 and tan a = a
Proof
b
If tan a = , then the
a
hypotenuse is a 2 + b 2 by
Pythagoras’ theorem.
RHS = r sin (i + a )
= a 2 + b 2 (sin i cos a + cos i sin a )
a b
= a 2 + b 2 e sin i # + cos i # o
a + b2
2
a + b2
2
= a sin i + b cos i
= LHS
` a sin i + b cos i = r sin ] i + a g
b
where r = a 2 + b 2 and tan a = a
EXAMPLES
1. Write 3 sin x + cos x in the form r sin ] x + a g.
Solution
b
a sin i + b cos i = r sin ] i + a g where r = a 2 + b 2 and tan a = a
For 3 sin x + cos x:
a = 3, b = 1
r= a2 + b2
2
= 3 + 12
= 3+1
= 4
=2
b
tan a = a
1
=
3
1
a = tan - 1 e o
3
= 30c
So 3 sin x + cos x = 2 sin(x + 30c)
CONTINUED
2. Write 3 sin i + 2 cos i in the form r sin ] i + a g.
Solution
b
a sin i + b cos i = r sin (i + a ) where r = a 2 + b 2 and tan a = a
For 3 sin i + 2 cos i:

a = 3, b = 2
r= a2 + b2
= 32 + 22
= 9+4
= 13
b
tan a = a
2
=
3
2
a = tan - 1 c m
3
= 33° 41l
So 3 sin i + 2 cos i = 13 sin (i + 33c 41l)
Class Investigation
Can you find similar results for these?

• a sin i - b cos i
• a cos i + b cos i
• a cos i - b sin i
6.16 Exercises
1. Simplify 2 tan i
(e)
2t 1 + tan 2 i
(a)
1 - t2 i
1 - tan 2
1 - t2 (f)
2
(b)
1 + t2 i
1 + tan 2
2
2 tan 10c
(c)
1 - tan 2 10c 2. Find the exact value of
1 - tan 25c
2 2 tan 30c
(d) (a)
1 + tan 2 25c 1 + tan 2 30c
1 - tan 2 22.5c (a) 2 sin i + cos i

(b)
1 + tan 2 22.5c (b) sin i + 3 cos i
1 - tan 2 30c (c) sin i + cos i
(c) (d) 5 sin i + 2 cos i
1 + tan 2 30c
(e) 4 sin i + cos i
2 tan 90c
(d) (f) 3 sin i + cos i
1 - tan 2 90c
(g) 2 sin i + 3 cos i
3. Write each expression in terms of (h) 4 sin i + 7 cos i
i (i) 5 sin i + 4 cos i
t where t = tan .
2 (j) 3 sin i + 5 cos i
(a) cosec i
(b) sec i 7. Write each expression in the form
(c) cot i r sin ] i - a g.
(d) sin i + cos i (a) sin i - cos i
(e) 1 + tan i (b) sin i - 2 cos i
i (c) sin i - 3 cos i
(f) 1 + tan i tan
2 (d) 3 sin i - cos i
(g) 3 cos i + 4 sin i (e) 5 sin i - 2 cos i
1 + sin i + cos i
(h) 8. Write the expression
1 + sin i - cos i
3 cos i + sin i in the form
(i) tan i + sec i r cos ] i - a g.
(j) sin 2i
9. Write the expression
1 + sin i - cos i
4. Prove = t. cos i - 3 sin i in the form
1 + sin i + cos i
r cos ] i + a g.
5. Find an expression for
sin 2i - cos 2i in terms of t. 10. Write the expression
9 sin i + 2 cos i in the form.
6. Write each expression in the form (a) r sin ] i + a g
r sin ] i + a g. (b) r cos ] i - a g
We can use these results to help solve some trigonometric equations.
EXAMPLES
1. Solve 2 sin i = cos i for 0c # i # 360c .
Solution
2 sin i = cos i
Dividing both sides by cos i: (check cos i = 0 does not give a solution)
2 sin i cos i
=
cos i cos i
2 tan i = 1
tan i = 0.5
CONTINUED
Since tan i is positive in the first and third quadrants:
i = 26c 34l, 180c+ 26c 34l

= 26c 34l, 206c 34l
2. Solve cos 2i = cos i for 0c # i # 360c.
Solution
cos 2i = cos i
2 cos i - 1 = cos i
2
2 cos i - cos i - 1 = 0
2
] 2 cos i + 1 g ] cos i - 1 g = 0
` 2 cos i + 1 = 0 or cos i - 1 = 0
2 cos i = -1 cos i = 1
1
cos i = - i = 0c, 360c
2
i = 120c, 240c
` solutions are i = 0c, 120c, 240c, 360c
3. Solve 3 sin x + cos x = 1 for 0c # x # 360c.
Solution (Method 1)
Use the result for a sin x + b cos x.
For 3 sin x + cos x, a = 3 and b = 1
r= a2 + b2
= ^ 3 h + 12
2
=2
b
tan a = a
1
=
3
` a = 30c
` 3 sin x + cos x = 2 sin ] x + 30c g
Solving:
3 sin x + cos x = 1 for 0c # x # 360c

2 sin ] x + 30c g = 1 for 30c # x + 30c # 390c
1
sin ] x + 30c g =
Sine is positive in the first and 2
second quadrants. ` x + 30c = 30c , 180c - 30c , 360c + 30c
= 30c , 150c , 390c
x = 0c , 120c , 360c
Solution (Method 2)
i
Use the results for t = tan .
2
3 sin x + cos x = 1
2t 1 - t2
3d n + =1
1 + t2 1 + t2
2 3 t + 1 - t2
=1
1 + t2
2 3 t + 1 - t2 = 1 + t2
0 = 2t 2 - 2 3 t
= 2t ^ t - 3 h
` 2t = 0 or t - 3 =0
t=0 t = 3
x x x
tan = 0 tan = 3 for 0c # # 180c
2 2 2
x x
= 0c, 180c = 60c
2 2
` x = 0c, 120c, 360c
Test x = 180c separately:
3 sin 180c + cos 180c = 0 + (- 1)
= -1
!1
` x = 180c is not a solution
Solutions are x = 0c , 120c , 360c .
General solutions of trigonometric equations
Often the solutions of trigonometric equations are restricted, for example, to

0c # i # 360c . If the solutions are not restricted, then they can be described
by a general formula.
EXAMPLE
3
Find all solutions for sin i = .
2
Solution
CONTINUED
Sin is positive in the 1st sin i = sin 60c

and 2nd quadrants. i = 60c, 180c - 60c, 360c + 60c, 360c + 180c - 60c,
360c + 360c + 60cg
= 60c, 180c - 60c, 360c + 60c, 540c - 60c, 720c + 60c, g
If i can also be negative,
i = - (180c + 60c), - (360c - 60c), - [360c - (180c - 60c)], g
= - 180c - 60c, - 360c + 60c, - 540c - 60c, g
So the general solution for sin i = sin 60c is
i = 180c # n + ] - 1 g n 60c where n is an integer.
In general, the solution for sin i = sin a

is given by i = 180n + (-1) n a where n is
an integer.
EXAMPLE
1
Find all solutions for cos i = .
2
Solution
Cos is positive in the 1st cos i = cos 45c

and 4th quadrants.
i = 45c, 360c - 45c, 360c + 45c, 360c + 360c - 45c,
360c + 360c + 45c, f
= 45c, 360c - 45c, 360c + 45c, 720c - 45c, 720c + 45c, f
If i can also be negative,
i = - 45c, - (360c - 45c), - (360c + 45c), - [360c + (360c - 45c)], f
= - 45c, - 360c + 45c, - 360c - 45c, - 720c + 45c, f
So the general solution for cos i = cos 45c is
i = 360c # n ! 45c where n is an integer.
In general, the solution for cos i = cos a

is given by i = 360n ! a where n is an
integer.
EXAMPLE
Find all solutions for tan i = 1.
Solution
tan i = tan 45c Tan is positive in the 1st

and 3rd quadrants.
i = 45c, 180c + 45c, 360c + 45c,
360c + 180c + 45c, 360c + 360c + 45c, f
= 45c, 180c + 45c, 360c + 45c, 540c + 45c, 720c + 45c, f
If i can also be negative, then
i = - (180c - 45c), - (360c - 45c), - [360c + (180c - 45c)], f
= -180c + 45c, - 360c + 45c, - 540c + 45c, f
The general solution for tan i = tan 45c is
i = 180c # n + 45c where n is an integer.
In general, the solution for tan i = tan a

is given by i = 180n + a where n is an
integer.
6.17 Exercises
1. Solve for 0c # x # 360c . 2. Solve for 0c # i # 360c.
(a) sin x = cos x (a) 3 sin i + 4 cos i = 0
(b) cos x = 3 sin x (b) 5 cos i - 12 sin i = -3
(c) sin 2x = sin x (c) sin i - 3 cos i = 0
(d) tan x - tan x = 0
2
(d) sin i + cos i = -1
(e) 2 sin x - sin x - 1 = 0
2
(e) 4 sin i - cos i + 3 = 0
(f) 2 sin 2 x + 3 cos x - 3 = 0 (f) sin i - cos i = 1
(g) sin x cot x - sin x = 0 (g) 2 cos i + sin i = 1
(h) cos x - 1 = 0
2
5
(h) 2 sin i - cos i =
(i) 2 sin x tan x - tan x 2
+ 2 sin x - 1 = 0 (i) 3 cos i - 5 sin i + 2 = 0
(j) 3 cos 2 x - 7 cos x + 4 = 0 (j) 2 cos i + sin i + 1 = 0
3. Find the general solution for 7. Find the general solutions of

1 (a) sin i = 0
(a) sin i =
2 (b) cos x = 1
(b) tan a = 3 (c) tan x = 0
3 (d) sin i = -1
(c) cos i =
2 (e) cos a = 0
(d) 2 sin x = -1
8. For each question
(e) tan i + 1 = 0 (i) solve for 0c # x # 360cand
(f) 2 cos 2 b = 1 (ii) find the general solutions
(a) 2 sin x - 1 = 0
(g) 4 sin 2 c = 3
(b) 4 cos x - 3 = 0
1
(h) tan i = (c) sin x = 3 cos x
3
(d) 3 sin x + cos x = 0
(i) cos i = 0.245
(e) sin x + cos x = 2
(j) sin a = 0.399
9. Find the general solutions of
3
4. Solve sin ] 2x - 45c g = for 2 sin 2 x + sin x – 1 = 0.
2
-180c # x # 180c .
10. (a) Solve cos 2x = cos x for
5. Find the general solutions of 0c # x # 360c.
sin 2x = cos x. (b) Find the general solutions of
cos 2x = cos x.
6. Solve sin 2 x = sin x for
-180c # x # 180c .
Test Yourself 6
1. Find the exact value of cos i and sin i if 11. Find the length of AB as a surd.
3
tan i = .
5
2. Simplify
(a) sin x cot x
cos 40c + sin 50c
(b)
cos 40c
(c) 1 + cot 2 A 12. Evaluate x, correct to 2 significant
1 - t2 i figures.
(d) where t = tan
1+t 2
2 (a)
(e) 1 - 2 sin 2 10i
3. Evaluate to 2 decimal places.

(a) sin 39c 54l
(b) tan 61c 30l
(c) cos 19c 2l (b)
4. Find i to the nearest minute if

(a) sin i = 0.72
(b) cos i = 0.286
5
(c) tan i =
7 13. Evaluate i to the nearest minute.
2 cos i
2 (a)
5. Prove that = 2 + 2 sin i.
1 - sin i
6. Find the value of b if
sin b = cos ] 2b - 30 g c .
7. Find the exact value of
(a) cos 315c (b)
(b) sin ] - 60c g
(c) tan 120c
(d) 2 sin 105c cos 105c
8
(e) sin ^ x - y h when sin x = and
17
5
cos y =
13 (c)
8. Solve 2 cos x = -1 for 0c # x # 360c.
9. Sketch the graph of y = cos x, and hence

solve cos x = 0 for 0c # x # 360c .
10. A ship sails on a bearing of 215c from

port until it is 100 km due south of port.
How far does it sail, to the nearest km?
14. Find the area of triangle MNO. (a) Find an expression for the length of AD.
(b) Find the height of the pole, to
1 decimal place.
20. A plane flies from Orange for 1800 km

on a bearing of 300c . It then turns and
flies for 2500 km on a bearing of 205c .
How far is the plane from Orange, to the
15. Solve for -180c # x # 180c . nearest km?
3
(a) sin 2 x = 21. Find the exact value of
4
1 (a) sin 75c
(b) tan 2x =
3 (b) cos 105c
(c) 3 tan 2 x = tan x (c) sin 22c 30l cos 22c 30l.
5
16. If sec i = - and tan i 2 0, find sin i 22. Find the general solutions of
4
and cot i. (a) 2 cos x – 1 = 0
(b) tan x = 1
17. Jacquie walks south from home for 3
(c) sin x = .
3.2 km, then turns and walks west for 2
1.8 km. What is the bearing, to the 23. Solve 3 sin i + cos i = 1 for
nearest degree, of 0c # i # 360c .
(a) Jacquie from her home?
(b) her home from where Jacquie is now? 24. Evaluate a in the figure below.
18. Find the general solution of a

6 sin i - 8 cos i = 5.
19. The angle of elevation from point B to

the top of a pole is 39c , and the angle of 10 mm
elevation from D, on the other side of

the pole, is 42c. B and D are 20 m apart.
4 mm
12 mm
25. (a) Simplify cos x cos y – sin x sin y.

(b) Show that cos 2x = 1 – sin2 x.
Challenge Exercise 6
1. Two cars leave an intersection at the 6. Simplify sin ] 360c - x g $ tan ] 90c- x g .
same time, one travelling at 70 km/h
along one road and the other car 7. Find the exact area of D ABC.
travelling at 80 km/h along the other
road. After 2 hours they are 218 km
apart. At what angle, to the nearest
minute, do the roads meet at the
intersection?
2. A ship sails from port on a bearing of

055c , then turns and sails on a bearing of
153c for 29.1 km, when it is due east of
port. How far, to 1 decimal place, is the
8. Find the exact value of cos (-315c) .
ship from its starting point?
9. Solve tan 2x - 1 = 0 for 0c # x # 360c .
3. Evaluate x correct to 3 significant figures.
10. Find i to the nearest minute.
4. (a) Find an exact expression for the

length of AC.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find the value of
h correct to 1 decimal place.
11. The angle of depression from the top of

a 4.5 m mast of a boat down to a fish
is 56c 28l . How far down, to 1 decimal
place, does a pelican sitting at the top of
the mast need to fly to catch the fish?
12. Solve 2 cos (i + 10c ) = - 1 for

0c # i # 360c.
13. Two roads meet at an angle of 74c . Find

the distance, correct to 3 significant
5. A man walks 3.8 km on a bearing of 134c figures, between two cars, one 6.3 km
from a house. He then walks 2.9 km on a from the intersection along one road
bearing of 029c . How far is he from the and the other 3.9 km along the other
house, to 1 decimal place? road.
14. Find the exact value of cos i, given

5
sin i = and cos i 1 0.
9
15. From the top of a vertical pole the angle
of depression to a man standing at the
foot of the pole is 43c . On the other side
of the pole is another man, and the angle
of depression from the top of the pole to
this man is 52c . The men are standing
58 m apart. Find the height of the pole,
to the nearest metre.
16. Show that 20. A cone has a base diameter of 14 cm and

a perpendicular height of 26 cm. Find
cos i ] sin i + cos i g
= 1 + tan i. the vertical angle at the top of the cone.
] 1 + sin i g ] 1 - sin i g
17. If x = 3 sin i and y = 3 cos i - 2, 21. Show that

eliminate i to find an equation relating cos 6i cos 4i - sin 6i sin 4i = 2 cos 2 5i - 1.
x and y.
22. A cable car 100 m above the ground is
18. From point A, 93 m due south of the seen to have an angle of elevation of 65c
base of a tower, the angle of elevation when it is on a bearing of 345c . After a
is 35c . Point B is 124 m due east of the minute, it has an angle of elevation of
tower. Find 69c and is on a bearing of 025c . Find
(a) the height of the tower, to the how far it travels in that minute, and its
nearest metre speed in ms - 1 .
(b) the angle of elevation of the tower
23. Solve cos 2i - sin i = 0 for
from point B.
0c # i # 360c .
19. ABCD is a triangular pyramid with
24. Find the general solutions of sin i = -1.
BC = 7 m, CD = 10 m, BD = 8 m, AB = AC
and +ACB = 67c . Calculate 25. Simplify cosec i ] cos i - 1 g by expressing
(a) +BCD i
(b) length AB, to the nearest metre. it in terms of t c tan m .
2

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6

DID YOU KNOW?

You studied similar triangles in

In any triangle containing an angle of 30c, the ratio of AB:AC = 1:2.

• the hypotenuse is the longest side, and is always opposite

ch6.indd 291 8/11/09 10:58:08 AM

The trigonometric ratios are

As well as these ratios, there are three inverse ratios,

DID YOU KNOW?

1. Find sin a, tan a and sec a.

To find the other ratios

In D ABC, if+B = i, then +A = 90c - i (angle sum of a Δ)

From these ratios come the results.

sin i = cos (90° - i)

1. Simplify tan 50c - cot 40c.

2. Find the value of m if sec 55c = cosec ] 2m - 15 g c.

2. Find sin b, cot b and sec b.

4. Find exact values for cos x, tan x

4 (c) Write down the exact ratios of

17. Find the value of p if

18. Find the value of b if

19. Find the value of t if

Trigonometric ratios and the calculator

60 minutes = 1 deg ree (60l = 1c)

Round off to the nearest minute.

2. 59c 34l 41m

3. 16c 54l 30m

1. Change 58c 19l into a decimal.

Solution If your calculator does not

2. Change 45.236c into degrees and minutes.

In order to use trigonometry in right-angled triangle problems, you need

1. Find cos 58c 19l, correct to 3 decimal places.

2. Find sin 38c14l, correct to 3 decimal places.

3. If tani = 0.348, find i in degrees and minutes.

4. Find i in degrees and minutes if cos i = 0.675.

3. Change to a decimal. 5. Find correct to 3 decimal places.

4. Change into degrees and minutes. 6. Find i in degrees and minutes if

Right-angled Triangle Problems

We can use trigonometry to find a side of a right-angled triangle.

1. Find the value of x, correct to 1 decimal place.

2. Find the value of y, correct to 3 significant figures.

1. Find the values of all pronumerals, (c)

4. Hamish is standing at an angle of

b 5. Square ABCD with side 6 cm has

2. A roof is pitched at 60c. A room

7. A right-angled triangle ABC (a) Find the length of the side of

10. A rhombus has one diagonal

Trigonometry can also be used to find one of the angles in a right-angled

1. Find the value of i, in degrees and minutes.

2. Find the value of a, in degrees and minutes.

1. Find the value of each pronumeral, (b)

(p) 3. A ﬁeld is 13.7 m wide and Andre is

10.3 cm 5. An equilateral triangle ABC with

6. Rectangle ABCD has dimensions A B

8. (a) The angle from the ground up

9. Rectangle ABCD has a line BE A 39c C i

DID YOU KNOW?

Discuss some of the problems with the Leaning Tower of Pisa.

• Find the angle at which it is tilted from the vertical.

The angle of elevation is used to measure the