O levels

Mathematics

Angles Properties in Circles

Learning Objectives

The students should be able to:

recognize various parts of a circle. state the properties of chords of a circle. state and apply the property of angles at the centre. state and apply the property of angles in the same segment. recognize the property of angles in a semi-circle. explain the meaning of the concyclic points. state the properties of angles in a cyclic quadrilateral. state the definition of a tangent to a circle. recognize the properties of the tangents to a circle. state and apply the alternate segment theorem.

Angles properties in circles

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O levels

Mathematics

Circles
1. Parts of a circle
circle is a closed curve in a plane such that all points on the curve are equidistant from a fixed point.
centre

The given distance is called the radius of the circle.

chord is a line segment !ith its end points on the circle and a diameter is a chord passing through the centre.

chord

diameter

n arc is a part of the circle. segment is the region bounded by a chord and an arc of the circle.

major arc

major segment

minor segment minor arc

sector is the region bounded by t!o radii and an arc.

sector

Angles properties in circles

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Mathematics

#.

$hords of a circle
ll these facts can be proved by the properties of

%ollo!ing are properties on chords of a circle. congruent triangles. Theorem Theorem 1 The line 'oining the centre to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord. i.e. (f OM AB then MA ) MB

&xample + is the centre of the circle. %ind the un,no!n in each of the follo!ing figures. 1.1 x ) --------

O 4 cm M

1.#
O x Q

x )---------

*ef.: line from centre chord bisects chord Theorem 2 The line 'oining the centre of a circle and the mid-point of a chord is perpendicular to the chord. i.e. (f MA ) MB then OM AB 1.3

" cm P T Q

r ) ------

1..
O

O
A M B

x# )--------x Q

3 cm

Ref.: line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord chord

M
8 cm

x) ---------

Angles properties in circles

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O levels

Mathematics

Theorem Theorem 3 &qual chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle.

&xample # + is the centre of the circle. %ind the un,no!n0s1 in each of the follo!ing figures. #.1

i.e. (f AB ) !"/ then OM ) O#

. cm 3 P # cm O x cm 6 . cm+ 4 5

x ) ----------

#.#
R #cm O # cm -

Ref.: e$%al chords& e$%idistant from center

Theorem 4 $hords !hich are equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal. i.e. (f OM ) O#/ then AB ) $2
M B

7 cm

P , ' cm

' ) ----------

#.3
7 cm

7 cm 3 cm R

O C N D

) ( cm O

Ref.: chords e$%idistant from centre are e$a%l

( ) ---------- ) ) ----------

Angles properties in circles

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O levels

Mathematics

3.

ngles in a circle
C

s sho!n in the figure/ AOB at the centre subtended by the

O O A A C B B

is the angle arc A!B.

28 is the angle at the circumference subtended by the arc $8

D B A B C

28 is also called the angle in the segment 28.

D B A

A C

&xample 3.1 (n each of the follo!ing figures/ find the angles mar,ed:C b1 B a)
#! O A !8 C " O B

4olution Theorem a1 OA ) OB b1 &xample .product to " 9oin !O and %rom a1/ ' )

Angles properties in circles

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O levels

Mathematics

Theorem 5 0 ngle at the centre theorem1 The angle that an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is t!ice the angle that it subtends at any point on the remaining part of the circumference. i.e. (f + is the centre of the circle/ then AOB ) #A!B
C

..1
4' P O x

..#

..3
D B

P &&'

Ref.: at centre t(ice at ce

...

O &8'

..7

O x A $% B

Theorem

&xample 7

Angles properties in circles

x 0 ------

R %&' O P
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O levels

Mathematics

Theorem 6

+ is the centre of the circle. %ind the un,no!n0s1 0 ngles in a semi-circle theorem1 in each of the follo!ing figures. 7.1

The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. i.e. (f AB is a diameter/ then A!B):;.

O
x

x ) ----------

7.# Ref.: in semi-circle Theorem 7 0 ngle in the same segment theorem1

x ) ---------' ) ----------

ngles in the same segment of a circle are equal. i.e. (f A"B and A!B are in the same segment AB"!/ 7.3
D x

then A"B ) A!B

O
' #;

3<

x Ref.: s in the same segment ' )

4 ..1

C!clic "#a$rilaterals $oncyclic points

Angles properties in circles

O levels

Mathematics

Points are concyclic if they all lie on a circle/ i.e. a circle can be dra!n to pass through all of them.

n infinite number of circles can be dra!n to pass through any t!o points.

(f three points are not collinear/ then one and only one circle can be dra!n to pass through them.

(f four points are concyclic/ a circle can be dra!n/ but if they are not concyclic/ no circle can be dra!n to pass through all of them.

concyclic points

non-concyclic points

..#

$yclic quadrilateral

Angles properties in circles

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O levels

Mathematics

There are t!o important facts about a cyclic quadrilateral: i1 quadrilateral is called cyclic if a circle can be dra!n to pass through all the four vertices. ii1 ll triangles are cyclic/ but it is not true for quadrilateral.. Theorem Theorem % The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. i.e. (f P& -& R& , are concyclic/ then P = R ) 1<;/ and , = - ) 1<;
Q P

&xample " + is the centre of the circle. %ind the un,no!n0s1 in each of the follo!ing figures ".1
' O
x 11;

<7

x ) ---------' ) ----------

Ref.: opp. s & c'clic $%ad. Theorem & (f one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is extended/ the exterior angle equals the interior opposite angle. i.e. (f P-R, is a cyclic quadrilateral and P, is extended to 3/ then R,3 ) P-R.
Q (

".#
'
>; x

x ) ---------' ) ----------

".3
1#;

O '

<#

x ) ---------' ) ----------

Ref.: ext. & c'clic $%ad.

Tangents to a circle

7.1. 2efinition of a tangent to a circle

O levels

Mathematics

%igure 7.1 sho!s the three possibilities that a straight line 0i1 0ii1 0iii1
)ig* +*&

does not intersect a circle? intersects a circle at t!o points? touches a circle 0i.e. intersects at one and only point1.
,i) ,ii) ,iii)

@hen a straight line touches a circle/ it is called a tangent to the circle at that point. The follo!ing theorem states a basic property of a tangent to a circle. Theorem 1' &xample > 8 is the tangent to the circle at T. %ind the un,no!n
O
#7

The tangent to a circle at a point is perpendicular >.1 to the radius at that point. i.e. (f 3AB is a tangent at / then OA 3A

a A T C B

>.#
!' +

+T$ )

B A T

c B

Ref.: tangent radi%s

>.3
+ 4# b A T B C

O! ) O3

7.#. Tangents from an external point to a circle

Angles properties in circles

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Mathematics

Theorem 11 (f t!o tangents are dra!n to a circle from an external point/ a1 the tangents are equal? b1 the tangents subtend equal angles at the centre? c1 the line 'oining the external point to the centre bisects the angle bet!een the tangents.

&xample < T and T8 are tangents to the circle at points and 8 respectively. %ind the un,no!ns. <.1
A 7 cm O b 3;
a

3A ) a ) b)

i.e. (f 3A/ 3B are tangents from 3/ then 3A ) 3B? and 3OA ) 3OB? and A3O ) B3O

<.#
O

3A ) 3B c) d)

.#

<.3

%4'

Ref.: tangent properties

3OB )

x
T

Angles properties in circles

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O levels

Mathematics

7.3. lternate 4egment Theorem

&xample : T8 is a tangent to the circle at points . %ind the un,no!ns in each of the follo!ing figures.

:.1
4# +' O b A B

a )-------b ) -------

:.#
c O d
B

c )-------d ) -------

.7

:.3

Ref.: in alt. ,egment

3+

' )
' x T B A

:.. 6)
O 3' A B Angles properties in circles

O z

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Mathematics

Angles properties in circles

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