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    The Periodic Table - 9.3 Lesson

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    Sri Charitha A
    Group I elements are called alkali metals. They contain one outer electron and become softer and more reactive down the group as it is easier to lose that electron. Group VII elements are halogens. They exist as diatomic molecules and become denser down the group. Halogens displace each other in reactions according to their reactivity, with more reactive halogens higher in the group displacing less reactive ones lower down. This is because higher halogens are better oxidizing agents and attract electrons more readily.

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    The Periodic Table - 9.3 Lesson

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    Sri Charitha A
    46 views5 pages
    Group I elements are called alkali metals. They contain one outer electron and become softer and more reactive down the group as it is easier to lose that electron. Group VII elements are halogens. They exist as diatomic molecules and become denser down the group. Halogens displace each other in reactions according to their reactivity, with more reactive halogens higher in the group displacing less reactive ones lower down. This is because higher halogens are better oxidizing agents and attract electrons more readily.

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    9. the Periodic Table - 9.3 Lesson

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    Group I elements are called alkali metals. They contain one outer electron and become softer and more reactive down the group as it is easier to lose that electron. Group VII elements are halogens. They exist as diatomic molecules and become denser down the group. Halogens displace each other in reactions according to their reactivity, with more reactive halogens higher in the group displacing less reactive ones lower down. This is because higher halogens are better oxidizing agents and attract electrons more readily.

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    46 views5 pages

    The Periodic Table - 9.3 Lesson

    Uploaded by

    Sri Charitha A
    Group I elements are called alkali metals. They contain one outer electron and become softer and more reactive down the group as it is easier to lose that electron. Group VII elements are halogens. They exist as diatomic molecules and become denser down the group. Halogens displace each other in reactions according to their reactivity, with more reactive halogens higher in the group displacing less reactive ones lower down. This is because higher halogens are better oxidizing agents and attract electrons more readily.

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    of 5

    THE PERIODIC TABLE

    9.3 Group Properties


    Group I – The alkali metals
    The Group I metals are also called the alkali metals as they form alkaline solutions with high pH
    values when reacted with water. Group I consists of the five metals lithium, sodium, potassium,
    rubidium and caesium, and the radioactive element francium. They all contain just one electron in
    their outer shell. Lithium, sodium and potassium are commonly available metals. They are all very
    reactive metals and they are stored under oil to prevent them coming into contact with water or
    air.
    These three metals have the following properties.
    ♦ They are good conductors of electricity and heat.
    ♦ They are soft metals. They get softer and denser as you move down the Group. Lithium is the
    hardest and potassium the softest.
    ♦ They are metals with low densities. For example, lithium has a density of 0.53 g cm –3 and
    potassium has a density of 0.86 g cm–3.
    ♦ They have shiny surfaces when freshly cut with a knife.
    ♦ They have low melting points and the melting point decreases as you move down the Group.
    For example, lithium has a melting point of 181 °C and potassium has a melting point of 64 °C.
    ♦ They burn in oxygen or air, with characteristic flame colours, to form white solid oxides. For
    example, lithium reacts with oxygen in air to form white lithium oxide, according to the
    following equation:
    lithium + oxygen → lithium oxide
    4Li (s) + O2 (g) → 2Li2O (s)
    These Group I oxides all dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions of the metal hydroxide.
    lithium oxide + water → lithium hydroxide
    Li2O (s) + H2O (l) → 2LiOH (aq)
    ♦ They react vigorously with water to give an alkaline solution of the metal hydroxide as well as
    producing hydrogen gas. For example:
    potassium + water → potassium hydroxide + hydrogen gas
    2K (s) + 2H2O (l) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g)
    ♦ Of these three metals, potassium is the most reactive towards water, followed by sodium and
    then lithium. Such gradual changes we call trends. Trends are useful to chemists as they allow
    predictions to be made about elements we have not observed in action.
    ♦ They react vigorously with halogens, such as chlorine, to form metal halides, for example
    sodium chloride.
    sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride
    2Na (s) + Cl2 (g) → 2NaCl (s)

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    Explaining the trend in reactivity in Group I
    ♦ The reactivity of the Group I metals increases as you go down the group.
    ♦ Each outer shell contains only one electron so when they react, they lose the outer electron
    which empties the outermost shell.
    ♦ The next shell down automatically becomes the outermost shell and is already full, hence the
    atom obtains an electronic configuration which has a full outer shell of electrons.
    ♦ As you go down Group I, the number of shells of electrons increases by 1 (Period number
    increases down the Periodic table).

    ♦ This means that the outer electron is further away from the nucleus so there are weaker
    electrostatic forces of attraction.

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    ♦ This requires less energy to overcome the electrostatic forces of attraction between the
    negatively charged electron and the positively charged nucleus.
    ♦ This allows the electron to be lost easily, making it more reactive as you go down the Group.
    Group VII – The halogens
    Group VII consists of the four elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, and the radioactive
    element astatine. Of these five elements, chlorine, bromine and iodine are generally available.
    These elements are coloured and darken going down the group.

    ♦ They exist as diatomic molecules, for example Cl 2, Br2 and I2.


    ♦ They show a gradual change from a gas (Cl2), through a liquid (Br2), to a solid (I2) as the density
    increases.
    ♦ The melting and boiling point of the halogens increases as you go down the Group.
    ♦ They form molecular compounds with other non-metallic elements, for example HCl.
    ♦ They react with hydrogen to produce the hydrogen halides, which dissolve in water to form
    acidic solutions.
    hydrogen + chlorine → hydrogen chloride
    H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g)
    hydrogen chloride + water → hydrochloric acid
    HCl (g) + H2O → HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl− (aq)
    ♦ They react with metals to produce ionic metal halides, for example chlorine and iron produce
    iron (III) chloride.
    iron + chlorine → iron (III) chloride
    2Fe (s) + 3Cl2 (g) → 2FeCl3 (s)
    Displacement reactions
    If chlorine is bubbled into a solution of potassium iodide, the less reactive halogen, iodine, is
    displaced by the more reactive halogen, chlorine.
    potassium iodide + chlorine → potassium chloride + iodine
    2KI (aq) + Cl2 (g) → 2KCl (aq) + I2 (aq)
    The observed order of reactivity of the halogens, confirmed by similar displacement reactions, is:

    The table below shows what happens when different halogens are added to different halides.

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    Halogens Halide (aqueous solution)
    (aqueous solution) Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium iodide
    chloride
    Chlorine Potassium chloride + Potassium chloride +
    No reaction
    (colourless) Bromine (red brown) iodine (brown)
    Bromine Potassium bromide +
    No reaction No reaction
    (Red brown) iodine (brown)
    Iodine (Brown) No reaction No reaction No reaction
    The results show the following:
    ♦ When a reaction takes place, the solution changes colour.
    ♦ A halogen higher in the group displaces a halogen lower in the group from its halide solution.
    ♦ This is because halogens higher in the group are more reactive than those lower in the group.
    ♦ The reactions are redox reactions.
    ♦ In the reaction of chlorine with potassium iodide, both Cl atoms in Cl 2 gain an electron from an
    iodide ion, I– , thus forming two chloride ions, Cl – . The iodine atoms so formed, by the loss of an
    electron, combine to give an iodine molecule, I2.
    2I− (aq) + Cl2 (g)→ 2Cl− (aq) + I2 (aq)
    Oxidation number: -1 0 -1 0
    Colour: colourless green colourless brown
    The iodide ion has been oxidized because it has lost electrons. The oxidation number has
    increased. Chlorine has been reduced because it has gained electrons. The oxidation number
    has decreased.
    ♦ The reason why halogens higher in the group are more reactive is that they are better oxidizing
    agents.
    ♦ There is no reaction if a halogen lower in the group is added to a halide ion higher in the group.
    Explaining the trend in reactivity in Group VII
    ♦ Reactivity of Group VII non-metals increases as you go up the Group.
    ♦ Each outer shell contains seven electrons and when they react, they will need to gain one outer
    electron to get a full outer shell of electrons.
    ♦ As you go up Group VII, the number of shells of electrons decreases (Period number decreases
    moving up the Periodic Table).
    ♦ This means that the outer electrons are closer to the nucleus so there are stronger electrostatic
    forces of attraction that attract the extra electron needed.
    ♦ This allows an electron to be attracted more readily, so the higher up the element is in Group VII
    then the more reactive it is.
    Uses of halogens
    ♦ Fluorine is used in the form of fluorides in drinking water and toothpaste because it reduces
    tooth decay by hardening the enamel on teeth.
    ♦ Chlorine is used to make PVC plastic as well as household bleaches. It is also used to kill bacteria
    and viruses in drinking water.
    ♦ Bromine is used to make disinfectants, medicines and fire retardants.
    ♦ Iodine is used in medicines and disinfectants and also as a photographic chemical.

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