Ist Year English Notes For Mid I

Unit -I
THE RAMAN EFFECT

This chapter describes Raman’s ground-breaking research that brought him the coveted Nobel
Prize. This great researcher from Tiruchirapalli was honored with the Nobel Prize for Physics in
1930 for his extraordinary discovery — the molecular scattering of light in liquids. Once he
finished his graduation from Presidency College in Chennai where he became the first ever
student of the college to publish a research paper in international journals, he then worked as
an accounts officer in Calcutta. With the assistance of the Indian Association for the Cultivation
of Science and then Calcutta University, he started focusing on his favorite areas – doing
scientific research and teaching physics. When he went to London, he got really interested in
the ‘blue’ color of the sea. The reason behind the blue color of the sea at that time was that it is
because of the reflection of the sky, but Raman was not fully convinced by this. He speculated
that it could actually be because of the water molecules scattering sunlight. After coming back
from London, he started conducting experiments in this direction along with his other research
associates (KR Ramanathan & KS Krishnan) and proved to the world that liquids are also
capable
of scattering light. This discovery attracted international attention at once and he was awarded
Nobel Prize for the same discovery in year 1930. Raman’s study in spectroscopy finds
numerous
applications in various fields today – namely Raman Spectroscopy which is used in medical
diagnostics, for separating chemical compounds in pharmaceutical industry, various handheld
scanners etc.
Raman Effect, as it is explained, states that when a beam of light travels through a medium, it
gets deflected by the molecules in the medium. A small part of the emerging light beam, after
being deflected by the molecules, had a different wavelength and color from the phenomenon,
which initiated the study called Raman Spectroscopy. It finds several applications in various
areas such as the study of molecular structure of compounds, hand-held scanners for detecting
drugs and explosives, the pharmaceutical industry and medical diagnostics.
Questions:
1. Explain Raman's journey as a scientist.
2. Explain Raman effect.
3. When and for what did Raman get Nobel prize?
Unit -II
Questions:
1. Explain the Mouryan architecture.

2. What changes took place during Ashoka's time in architecture?
3. Explain the invention of Gandhara style of architecture.
4. Analyze the difference between the Nagara and Dravida style of architecture.
Unit- III
Denim cloth that we all wear today has a very strange history. This name
comes from serge de Nimes, which is a city in France. In starting, Denim was a
strong material made from wool, and by the year 1700, it was made from wool
and cotton. After that, it was only made from cotton. Originally, people used to
make sails for the boats/ships, but eventually some innovative Genovese
sailors thought that such fine and strong material can be used to make good
quality pants.
Blue jeans, as we know it today, was not there until the 1950s. Levi Strauss, an
enterprising immigrant, who had some denim cloth with him, recognized a
need for strong work pants in the mining industries of California. After that, he
first designed and marketed ‘Levi’s’ in 1850, and this brand has stayed almost
same since its starting.
In the beginning, the Levi’s pants did not have rivets. A tailor named Jacob
Davis invented riveted jeans pants at the request of a miner who complained
that the regular jeans pants were not good enough to hold his mining tools.
There used to be rivets on the back pockets as well, which were later moved
inside because the school boards starting complaining that the students
wearing jeans were damaging the chairs and other school stuffs. In the 1960s,
the rivets from the backside were completely removed.
The blue jeans are made out of 100 percent cotton, including threads used for
stitching them. The most common dye used to colour the jeans cloth is
synthetic indigo. There is a long process involved in manufacturing the denim
cloth. First of all, the fabric has to be prepared, which is done in three stages:
I) Preparing the cotton yarn : The cotton obtained from fields is first
processed and inspected. Then it goes under a process called carding
where the cotton is put through machines to put it together. The
received cotton then is put through other machines to make the
threads stronger. Next, it is put through the spinning machine that
further twist and stretch the fibres to form yarn.
II) Dyeing the yarn : Some fabrics are woven and then dyed, but denim
cloth is usually dyed with chemically synthesized indigo before being
woven. The cotton yarns after the first stage are dipped in indigo
mixture several times so that the dye covers the yarn in layers. The
dyed yarn is then coated with a starchy substance to make the
threads stronger. Once this process is done, the dyed yarn is ready to
be woven.
III) Weaving the yarn : The yarn is woven on large mechanical looms. The
denim cloth is not a hundred percent blue cloth, as the blue dyed
threads are combined with white threads, but the number of blue
threads used is larger than the white ones, that’s why the blue colour
dominates and denim jeans look blue in colour. At this point, denim cloth is ready for finishing.
Now the cloth is brushed to remove the
loose threads so that the cloth doesn’t get shrink after washing.
After that, the desired design is selected, patters from the design are cut
using high-speed cutting machines. Once the design is selected, the denim
cloth is ready to be sewn. Sewing is done in an assembly line fashion with
rows of industrial human-operated sewing machines. Each worker is
assigned a different function.
Blue jeans are inspected after they are completed. If a problem can be
corrected, the jeans are sent back for re-sewing. They are inspected again
and passed for next procedure. Metal buttons and rivets are checked for
their durability and their capacity to withstand rust.
Questions:
What is the difference between pre washing and stone washing?

The term “pre-washed” is the synonym of garment wash and means the item won't shrink,
de-shape or fade. ... Stone washing is a type of garment wash. Home textile and garments can
be garment washed in many ways: using enzymes, chloride, pigments, acids and stones, too.
What are stone washed sheets?
'Stone washing' is a specific form of garment wash. This means garments and textiles are
pre-washed after production but before they are used. ... Hence the name – stone washed. Bed
linen pieces are washed together with man-made and natural stones, such as pumice or
volcanic rock.
What color is stone wash?
A chalky, grayed tone that works with aged metals, nickel frames, marble or stainless steel
countertops.
What does stone wash mean?
Stone washing is a textile manufacturing process used to give a newly manufactured cloth
garment a worn-in (or worn-out) appearance. Stone-washing also helps to increase the softness
and flexibility of otherwise stiff and rigid fabrics such as canvas and denim.
What does stone washed linen mean?
Stonewashed linens are soft, hang beautifully and have a charming fade to the colour. This is
achieved through the process of washing the fabric in large machines with pumice or volcanic
stones (usually) inside that bash and tumble the fabric's fibres.
GRAMMAR AND OTHER PARTS FOR OBJECTIVE PAPER
Difference between Simple, Complex and Compound sentences

WHAT IS A SIMPLE SENTENCE?
A simple sentence has a subject and a verb and sometimes an object or complement. The
subject is who or what the sentence is about. The verb and the object or complement together
are often called the predicate. A simple sentence has two parts: its subject and its predicate.
She smiled. (subject + verb)
She looked pretty. (subject + verb + complement)
You and I need piano lessons.
WHAT IS A COMPOUND SENTENCE?
A compound sentence has two or more simple sentences joined together, usually with a comma
and a coordinating conjunction.
She smiled, and she laughed. (Two sentences joined with a comma + coordinator.)
Dorothy likes white water rafting, but she also enjoys kayaking.
WHAT IS A COMPLEX SENTENCE?
A complex sentence is a simple sentence with subordinate clause joined to it. A subordinate
clause depends on another clause to complete an idea, so we call subordinate clauses
dependent clauses.
She smiles when she is happy. (Independent clause + dependent clause)
Because Kayla has so much climbing experience, we asked her to lead our group.
Also, Of all sentence constructions, compound-complex sentences are typically the longest and
most involved. This is because they combine two different types of sentences into one long
sentence. To be specific, a compound-complex sentence unites a compound sentence with a
complex sentence.
In these examples, the dependent, or subordinate, clause is underlined.
1. When I grow up, I want to be a ballerina, and my mom is proud of me.
2. I will get to watch television, but first, I have to clean up the dishes after we finish eating.
3. We won the game, but my uniform was muddy because it rained the entire time.
4. There are many problems to solve before this program can be used, but engineers believe
that they will be able to solve them soon.
Full forms:
RSVP- Répondez s'il vous plaît
CV- Curriculum vitae
NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
SCUBA- self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.
LASER- light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation
UNESCO- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Synonyms:
à la carte- referring to food that can be ordered as separate items, rather than part of a set
meal.
Geo- earth, ground
effective - functional, operational
example - illustration
goal - intent, purpose
Hydro- water

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Unit -I

THE RAMAN EFFECT

1. Explain the Mouryan architecture.

What is the difference between pre washing and stone washing?

GRAMMAR AND OTHER PARTS FOR OBJECTIVE PAPER

Difference between Simple, Complex and Compound sentences

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