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CHAPTER1
INTRODUCTION

Disease mapping as well as public healthcare have long been seen as one of

most important public health concerns. Scientists and scholars have been attempting

to discover the mechanism behind this connection for decades. In 1854, disease

mapping was first employed., while Dr. Snow mapped London, England, cholera

epidemic. However, mapping outputs of GIS are most valuable applications in public

health. Geographic information system (GIS) disease mapping has made significant

strides in recent years.

The basics of GIS technology definition

Geo informatics:

Geo (for Earth) and informatics (for information technology) make up phrase

geoinformatics (study of information processing). As a result, geoinformatics may be

defined as combination of Earth sciences with Informatics.

An integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) is a collection of technology,

software, and data that enables the collection, management, analysis, and presentation

of all types of geographically linked information.

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Components of GIS:

The number of emergency services-related applications for geoinformatics has

multiplied several fold likely.

1. epidemiology and public health

2. Infrastructure and transportation.

3. The study of minerals,

4. Land use and planning for cities

5. GPS systems in the automobile

6. Environmental modelling and analysis,

7. Military, agriculture, meteorology, climate change, oceanographic

8. Atmosphere modelling, business location planning, telecommunications, criminal

mapping, and so forth.

Components of GIS

Due to GIS wide range of application. Concept of GIS technology is utilized to trace

out covid-19 effected region.

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Purpose:

Geospatial technology may be used to map COVID 19 pandemic's effect and analyse

situation in Kalaburagi, Karnataka as well as provide a variety of solutions for

controlling pandemic.

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CHAPTER2

LITERATUREREVIEW

GIS-based spatial modeling of COVID-19 death incidence in São Paulo, Brazil

Rodrigo Custodio Urban and Liane Yuri Kondo Nakada(April2021)

Five spatial regression models have been used for evaluating illness spreading

into afflicted region in order for understanding socio-spatial response of COVID-19

virus in Brazil's highly affected region. A link between COVID-19 mortality rates

and socioeconomic factors like density of population, average household size, as well

as urban informal settlements was found using Spearman correlation test.

Furthermore, all models based on four chosen factors were shown to reflect minimum

85% of informed fatalities at district level.

Geographically-weighted regression (GWR) model describes best regional

spreading of COVID-19 in So Paulo, with spatial features of data being highlighted in

our findings. COVID-19 has been shown to have spread to places with high

concentration of susceptible persons. Our results are in line with other studies, which

have highlighted importance of focusing on marginalised regions and informal

settlements.

New corona virus is confirmed as epidemic by World Health Organization (WHO).

(1) As of June 22, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 had affected over 9.1 million individuals

globally, killing over 473,000 people.

(2) In June, Brazil was countryhaving2nd-highest amount of COVID-19 cases and

fatalities.

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(3) More than 20% of all cases reported in Brazil were found in state of Sao Paulo,

with city of So Paulo accounting for over 50% of all confirmed cases in the state.

Controlling the spread of COVID-19 requires knowledge of the virus' prevalence.

This study's goal was to simulate COVID-19 using GIS in the city of So Paulo,
taking into account environmental as well as social elements. SARS-geographical
CoV-2's distribution may be studied using spatial regression models, which have
recently been shown to be an effective method.

Distribution and Trend Analysis of COVID-19 in India: Geospatial Approach

BagyarajMurugesan1,(etal2020)Journal.GeographicalStudies,4(1),1-9,2020.ã

Since its discovery and spread throughout China in 2019, COVID-19 Coronavirus has

become most infectious infections of year. Most COVID-19-infected persons will

have mild to moderate respiratory symptoms that will improve without medical

intervention. Seniors and those with pre-existing conditions including heart disease,

diabetes, severe lung disease, and cancer have a greater chance of contracting serious

illness than the general population at-large. The outbreak of COVID-19 has been

officially designated a worldwide pandemic by the WHO. COVID-19-positive

samples from individuals who had previously been confirmed as being infected with

virus were found in India on April 11th 2020, biggest number since the epidemic

began earlier this month. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of

India has recorded 7364 confirmed cases, 633 of which have been treated or

discharged, with 240 fatalities. The study's goal is to use GIS software to examine

COVID-19's geographic distribution and trends. COVID-19 does not have a specific

antibiotic or therapy choice at this moment. In addition, large proportion of active

clinical trials are evaluating efficacy of various therapies. In order to prevent and

slow the development of COVID-19, it is essential that people be aware of the

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sickness it causes and how it keeps spreading. To prevent transmission of virus like

COVID-19, GIS geographical analysis of active connections is critical.

It is not apparent to what extent GIS and spatial mapping have been applied for

COVID-19 research in India, although they are developing tools in global health.

This mapping evaluation covers extent and complexity of GIS as well as Spatial

Analysis studies undertaken by COVID-19 in India for the benefit of scholars and

programme makers. The use of GIS and spatial analysis, in particular, may be critical

in study of illness, its prevention, and treatment. It's possible to visualise disease's

geographic distribution, risk factors, and resources for prevention and treatment using

GIS technology. It is feasible to assess the risk of illness, patterns in outbreaks across

time and place, especially hotspots of infection by geographical analysis of particular

information.

Impact of COVID-19 on tourism sector: case study of Rajasthan, India Rajeev

Singh Chandel1, Shruti Kanga1,*andSurajKumarSingh2 AIMS Geosciences
(June2021)

Virus-borne illness (COVID-19) caused by a newly identified corona virus has been

described in China for first time (Wuhan city). When an infected individual sneezes

or coughs, virus is disseminated mostly via nasal secretions and saliva droplets. As of

2021, the Central Government of India has made three vaccinations for COVID-19

accessible to the Indian population, namely (Covishield, Covaxin, and Sputnik V).

While several of them are quite efficient in combating COVID-19 illness, no one can

guarantee complete immunity to it.

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There are certain places where it has been discovered that they may mutate and

have a greater impact on the human body. In the meanwhile, there are a slew of

studies looking at ways to treat and cure disease [1]. The World Health Organization

(WHO) labelled this epidemic global pandemic on March 11th, 2020. A number of

nations have since shut down their social and economic institutions save for those that

provide necessary services. A new potential and a major challenge have arisen from

COVID-19 pandemic, which is now affecting nations all over globe. Opportunity,

from government's perspective, is extending the medical facilities and inventing for

the individuals and society such during lockdown as well as social distancing

procedures, how people employ time, money, as well as effort at difficult period.

Both end-user and seller must gain from learning how to create and sell product in

accordance with government regulations for private individuals. In order to keep both

children and adults safe, colleges as well as schools must learn educating children

into digital manner. Increasing one's social network without negatively impacting

others is a skill that must be learned by general public.

Geographical tracking and mapping of corona virus disease COVID-19/severe a

cute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic and
associated events around the world: how21stcentury GIS technologies are
supporting the global fight against out breaks and epidemics Maged N.Kamel
Boulos1*and Estella M.Geraghty2

There were tremendous attempts to limit epidemic in Hubei Province but it soon spread
to other regions of China and other countries across the world, even though virus
(originally dubbed "Novel Corona virus 2019" and subsequently altered to "SARS-
CoV-2) had produced severe respiratory symptoms. SARS-CoV epidemics in

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2002/2003, as well as seasonal influenza outbreaks, made the use of predictive risk
mapping, population travel data, and tracing and mapping of super-spreaders' and
contacts' paths across time and space, as well as geographic information systems and
processes, including, amongst many other possible outcomes, online real-time or near
real-time mapping of illnesses and social networking reactions, indispensable. To keep
track of 2019/2020 corona virus outbreak, as well as related events throughout the
globe, this document provides references to and descriptions of variety of effective
online/mobile GIS as well as mapping dashboards as well as apps. Users in China may
check whether they have had recent close contact with someone who has been
suspected or confirmed to be infected by SARS-CoV-2 using dashboards and apps that
are getting data updates in near-real time. We also talk about other ways GIS might
assist in battle against outbreaks of infectious diseases and epidemics.

KamelBoulos and Geraghty.Int J Health Geogr (2020) International

Journal of HealthGeographics.
With speed at which illness may spread, it is necessary for knowledge to

spread even more swiftly. This is where Esri ArcGIS Online's map-based dashboards

take centre stage, with over 160 million views. The Johns Hopkins University Center

for Systems Science and Engineering(JHU.CSSE) dashboard, which was first

released on January 22, 2020, garnered 140 million views. The dashboard was built

by Lauren Gardner with her colleagues at JHU CSSE, which went viral by hundreds

of press pieces and social media shares. This fervent reaction to JHU CSSE as well as

other dashboards demonstrates how keen individuals are to monitor health hazards

and dangers to the public.

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CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVE

1. To assess and map theaffectedpartsofcovid-19.

2. For evaluating risk of epidemic upon health sector.

3. To initially track and fore cast cases of COVID-19 into area of study

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CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY
For this study, we employed primary as well as secondary data tools (field

trips and semi-structured interviews), together with GIS tools and GPS, Topo sheets

and GIS data. The geographic coordinates (Latitude/Longitude) were used to connect

each region. Hand-held GPS receivers are used to gather waypoints and track points,

and the data is then plotted using GIS software. Afterwards, qualities were stacked in

order to establish their spatial connection. GIS analysis was performed to identify

COVID-19 prone zones with risk mapping in Geodatabase.

The materials and methods used in research are shown in figure.

Flow Chart are present show Tackling to Covid-19 Cases is performed

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Consequently spread of infectious diseases like (COVID19), people who are in close

proximity to patient or come into contact with them are at risk. The spread of

COVID-19 is being closely controlled and monitored by public health officials using

tried-and-true methods.

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Monitoring and Review:

The following steps are to be followed to monitor and review of spread and control of
covid-19

Step-01:Riskanalysis,riskevaluation,riskmanagement

For the COVID-19 disease zone in Karnataka, India, a GIS tool was utilised to

create maps and cluster models. In order to create this app, we first gathered GIS data

on locations and populations of health clinics. The non-spatial statistics associated to

such coverages included the city's population density, the city's health capacity,

number of patients (COVID-19), and the city's population. Patient data from

Karnataka's health centres were mined for information on the COVID-19. In addition,

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a variety of statistical and analytical algorithms were utilised for mapping and

clustering COVID-19 in attempt to discover geographical trends.

Step- 02: Geospatial technologies may be used to determine COVID-19 danger zones

relying upon bulk screening.

Step-03: Pandemic region evaluation and mapping

Step-04:Preatment of potential dangers and prediction of their appearance in future

Datacollectionofcovid-19patientthroughoutIndianstates:

INDIAmap

Studylocation:Kalaburagi,KARNATAKA

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Page 14
 REGION SHOWING CORONA EFFECTED PLACE (study area:
Kalaburagi, Karnataka)

The findings of hotspot analysis may be used to determine where

the specified health issues are more intense and, finally, where or which health

services should be provided.

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 Place
TotalOverallKarnatakastatusofcovid-19
Active Discharged Deaths
Name
Bagalkot 19208 0 7070 98
Gadag 13192 61 6364 115
Kalaburagi 45662 200 12540 251
Hassan 42218 153 9697 239
Haveri 13231 54 5354 139
Mysuru 84078 31 21543 611
Raichur 23499 119 8101 126
Udupi 33780 2 12661 132
BangaloreRural 38814 14 5474 65
Bellary 55095 0 23558 364
Chamarajanagar 12385 27 2579 62
Chitradurga 17439 70 3936 46
Davanagere 27046 408 10501 230
Kodagu 12539 15 1740 27
Shimoga 29618 283 9656 221
Belgaum 35618 2 14429 243
Bidar 19882 5 4806 156
Dakshina
49010 39 14334 453
Kannada
Dharwad 33488 404 12147 448
Kolar 20353 88 3876 91
UttaraKannada 21462 158 5797 76
Ramanagara 13242 37 4050 58
BangaloreUrban 798321 0 167122 3402
Vijayapura 22971 11 7186 148
Chikkamagaluru 19710 0 5192 97
Koppal 18999 0 7625 193
Mandya 34749 6 6671 87
Tumkur 52171 139 7153 205
Chikkaballapura 22313 2 4848 75
Yadagiri 15915 6 6074 48

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OverallKarnatakastatusofcovid-19

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Kalaburagi-covid-19 status before precautionary measure and after

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Web-based GIS tools, enhanced data sharing, including real-time data to

enable essential decision-making are focus of modern GIS technology.

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COVID-19(EFFECTS)

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COVID-19(RECOVERYRATE)

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 Many web-based mapping services, like Google Maps and Bing Maps, have

emerged in recent years. Massive volumes of geographic data are made available to

general public through these websites. It is possible to construct bespoke apps using

some of these services such sgoogle Maps as well as Open Layers. Aerial and satellite

photography, geocoding, searches, and routing are all common features in these

packages.

Several instances of its usage include: In the event of a natural catastrophe,

GIS may help emergency planners determine reaction timelines as well as mobility of

response resources (for logistics).

The use of fundamental GIS mapping abilities has allowed us to demonstrate

that maps including spatial interpretations may be created using GIS technology that

are simple and do not need use of specific data, employees, or systems.

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 Despite this, they provide useful information for examining, evaluating, and

enhancing health-related planning and policy concerns.

Geographic information systems (GIS) have made a significant contribution to

improving healthcare via illness mapping and clustering, disease transmission trends

detection, identification of infection vectors' locations, as well as management and

monitoring of infectious diseases. Records from local health centres were used to

gather information on these disorders. As a result of employment of GIS-based and

statistical clustering methods, locations of diseases were defined

GIS technology may assist a wide range of industries. GIS hardware and

software have seen significant cost reductions as a consequence of a thriving market

for GIS. Technology's wide-ranging uses include public health, real estate, digital

forensics and national security; landscape architecture, natural resources, as well as

sustainable development; landscape architecture; archaeology; regional planning and

logistics along with transportation. Selective covid-19 clusters are shown. As a

consequence, Karnataka's health planners will be able to better target provision of

health services in clusters that study identifies.

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CHAPTER 5

SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT

In the realm of geometrics, geographic information systems are one of most

intriguing and powerful decision-making tools. An area's topography, environment,

as well as socioeconomic features may be seen using a GIS, which employs computer

technology to combine, modify, and display many types of data. A GIS begins by

computerised topographic map like its starting point, then overlays and combines

visual and textual information from other sources. Customized, dependable, and

virtually immediate responses to complicated problems are product of this process.

(Geomatics Canada's Web Site, 2000))

An Overview

"In 1990, Star and Estes proposed GIS as an information system intended to

operate with data reference using spatial or geographic co-ordinates. Same authors

say that GIS is both an operational database system for spatially-referenced data and

collection of procedures for working with and evaluating data, which is why it is

called a GIS.

In his explanation from Lang (2000), the author states: "This kind of computer

system analyses and maps just about everything, whether it's moving or not. With a

GIS, you can view how data connects in place and time, as well as perform typical

database activities like querying. In the case of disease outbreaks, for example, GIS

maps are valuable for displaying locations and events that take place there.

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 Visualizing any system that varies over time, such as patient's brain or heart,

or breakdown of diagnosis on body, may be done using these tools. They can also be

used to indicate how many beds are being used, how long they've been, and who's

using them.

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 REFERENCES

1. https://covid19.karnataka.gov.in/covid-reports/report

2. https://www.mygov.in/covid-19/

3. IANS(2021)Rajasthan reports first case of coronavirus. Outlook india.

Available from: https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/rajasthan-reports-first-

case-of-coronavirus/1749775.

4. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CCDC). The Epidemiological

Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19)–

China. 2020. http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-

fea8db1a8f5117Feb 2020.

5. World Health Organization. Statement on these cond meeting of the International

Health Regulations Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel

coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Geneva,Switzerland,30January2020.

6. KamelBoulosMN.Chapter49:Principles and techniques of interactive Web

cartography and Internet GIS. In:M Madden, Editor. Manual of Geographic

Information Systems. Bethesda, Maryland: ASPRS—American Society for Photo

grammetry and Remote Sensing, 2009, p. 935–974 (ISBN: 1-57083-086-X).

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