Chapter 1

A. A MOTOR
VEHICLE IS A
SERIOUS  

RESPONSIBILIT
Y
     

   

     
 

Motorists must ensure that they are able to think clearly

and use good judgment before attempting to operate a
motor vehicle. Getting a traffic ticket is only one of the
  consequences of driving improperly. There are other,  
more serious consequences, such as loss of property,
becoming injured or injuring someone else, or loss of
your life or someone else's. Driving is a privilege, not a
right. To keep your driving privileges you must drive
responsibly and follow the law.
     
  1. Motor Vehicle is a Weapon:  

Your car is like any other weapon, if used recklessly it

can cause bodily harm or even death to you or someone
   
else. Even at low speeds, a car is a lethal weapon. A
collision at 30 miles per hour is the same as the impact
of falling from a three-story building.
     

 
2. Dangerous as a Loaded Gun, if Not  
Operated Properly:
 Just as with handling a loaded gun, many
responsibilities accompany you as the driver. You must
ensure that you follow the safety precautions, rules, and
regulations for driving your automobile. It is also
important to maintain your vehicle. Regularly check the
pressure in your tires to prevent blowouts or flat tires.
Check the engine to ensure there is plenty of coolant
and oil so your car will not overheat while you are
  driving.  

Drive only when you are rested. Avoid driving when you
are fatigued, taking medication, which causes
drowsiness, angry, ill, under stress, or under the
influence of drugs or alcohol. When driving, be aware of
your surroundings and constantly scan the road so you
can decrease your reaction time. When driving you must
also drive at a speed that is appropriate for your driving
conditions.
     
  3. Parking Responsibility:  

When parking, it is your responsibility to make sure your

car does not move from where it is parked. To
accomplish this, always make sure your parking brake is
engaged, whether your car has an automatic or a
standard transmission. When parking on a hill, turn the
wheel so the tires are angled in the proper direction. If
you are parking down hill, turn the wheel all of the way
   
to the right. If your parking brake disengages or your car
slips out of gear your car will roll harmlessly into the
curb. The same is true if you are parking uphill on a road
with a curb, but turn your wheels all of the way to the
left. Your car will roll into the curb. However, if you are
parking uphill, without a curb, turn your wheels all the
way to the right. If your car starts to roll, it will roll away
from traffic and onto the shoulder of the road.
     
   

     

No one may park within 15 feet of a fire hydrant unless

the vehicle is attended by a licensed driver who is
seated in the front seat and can immediately move the
vehicle in case of necessity.

No one may park within 15 feet of the entrance drive

way to a fire station or within 7 and ½ feet of railroad
track and may not park blocking any driveway or on a
   
sidewalk or in a posted bus zone or in a tube or tunnel
or upon a bridge unless posted to permit such parking
and may not park in front of or upon that portion of a
curb that has been cut down lowered or constructed to
provide wheelchair access to the sidewalk and no one
may park on a freeway except in an emergency without
having their car towed away and no one may double
park on the roadway side of any vehicle stopped,
parked, or standing at a curb or edge of a highway.
     

 
Prohibited Stopping, Standing, or  
Parking (Section 22500 V.C.).
   
No parking. No person shall stop, park, or leave
standing any vehicle whether attended or unattended,
except when necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic
or in compliance with the directions of a peace officer or
official traffic control device, in any of the following
places:
 

 Within an intersection.
 On a crosswalk.
 Between a safety zone and the adjacent right
 hand curb.
 Within 15 feet of the driveway entrance to any fire
station driveway.
 Blocking any driveway.
 On any portion of a sidewalk.
 Along or opposite any street or highway
excavation or obstruction when stopping,
standing or parking would block traffic.
 On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped,
parked, or standing at a curb or edge of a
highway. Double parking.
 In a posted bus zone.
 In a tube or tunnel.
 Upon a bridge unless posted to permit such
parking.
 In front of or upon that portion of a curb that has
been cut down, lowered, or constructed to
provide wheelchair access to the sidewalk.

 
Fire Hydrants.
22514. No person shall stop, park, or leave standing any
vehicle within 15 feet of a fire hydrant except as follows:
a. If the vehicle is attended by a licensed driver who is
seated in the front seat and who can immediately move
such vehicle in case of necessity.

b. If the local authority adopts an ordinance or resolution

reducing that distance. If the distance is less than 10
feet total length when measured along the curb or edge
of the street, the distance shall be indicated by signs or
markings.

c. If the vehicle is owned or operated by a fire

department and is clearly marked as a fire department
vehicle.
     

 
Stop, Park, or Leave Standing Upon a  
Freeway.

 
21718. (a) No person shall stop, park, or leave  
standing any vehicle upon a freeway except in an
emergency.On a freeway, except:
 In an emergency, or when an officer or device requires a
stop, or where a stop is specifically permitted. A vehicle
(even if disabled) that is stopped, parked, or left
standing on a freeway for more than four hours may be
removed. (CVC §22651[f])
   
NOTE: If you must stop on a freeway, park completely
off the pavement and stay in your vehicle with the doors
locked until help arrives. Leave enough space for other
vehicles to pass freely. Your car should be visible at
least 200 feet in each direction. 
 
     
  Never park or leave your vehicle:  
 

 Where a “No Parking” sign is posted.

 On a marked or unmarked crosswalk, on a
sidewalk or partially blocking a sidewalk, or in
front of a driveway.
 Within three feet of a sidewalk ramp for disabled
persons or in front of or on a curb which provides
wheelchair access to a sidewalk.
 In a disabled person parking space, unless you
are disabled and display a placard or special
plates.
   In the space next to a disabled person parking  
space, if it is painted in a crosshatched
(diagonal)pattern. (CVC 22507.8)
 In a space designated for parking or fueling zero-
emission vehicles, which display an identifying
decal.
 On the wrong side of the street.
 Between a safety zone and the curb.
 At a red curb.

The following is taken from DMV’S 2008

California Driver Handbook.

     
  Disabled Parking — Operative January 1, 2008.  

Amend: Government Code §14679 Amend: Vehicle

   
Code §§22511.59, 22511.8, 42001.13 Add: Vehicle
Code 22511.95 (AB 1531 Chapter 413).
  

 Limits the maximum consecutive number of times

a person can renew a temporary disability parking
placard. 
   Increases fines for second and third violations  
related to illegal parking in disabled spaces.
 Alters signage and painting requirements for
disabled parking spaces of buildings constructed
or renovated on or after July 1, 2008.

     
B. OBEY THE LITERAL
  INTERPRETATION OF  

EVERYDAY LAWS
     

As a driver, it is your responsibility to drive safely by

  obeying all rules and regulations that apply to operating  
a vehicle, including all traffic, warning, regulatory, and
guide signs.
     
  1. Why Stop Completely at Stop Signs?  
A Stop sign is one way traffic is regulated. It is
important for your safety and the safety of
others that you come to a full and complete
stop when you come to a Stop sign. Stopping
  allows more time for you to react in case a  
driver coming from another direction decides
not to stop. After stopping, check for
pedestrians and for traffic coming from other
directions before you proceed into the
intersection.
     
  2. What Does "Yield" Really Mean?  

Yield means to give way to. at a yield sign, the

oncoming traffic has the right of way. At a
  yield sign, slow down, be ready to stop, and  
let traffic (including people walking or riding
bikes) pass. Continue only when it is safe to
do so.
     
     

 
C. COMMON COURTESY IS A  
KEY TO SAFETY
     

One of the keys to getting to your destination safely is to

  drive courteously. You won't really lose any time by  
being courteous and you just might make someone's
day.
     
  1. Roadway is Shared by All Drivers:  

The roadways are not "owned" by any single driver.

They are meant to be shared by all drivers. That means
   
if you are driving slowly change lanes to the right to let
faster drivers pass you. It also means changing lanes to
the left on a freeway to let oncoming traffic merge safely.
     
  2. Courtesy makes Order Out of Chaos:  
Courtesy makes driving less stressful, safer and more
enjoyable. Be courteous to other drivers by giving the
   
right of way when it is their turn to go, using eye contact,
smiling or waving to show that you are aware that they
are going to change lanes, make a turn, etc.
     

 
3. Treat Other Drivers the Way You  
Want to be Treated:
Follow the Golden Rule while driving, "treat others the
way you would like to be treated". Chances are that you
will want someone to be courteous to you on the road at
   
some point, so you should be nice as well. If you yell,
scream, honk, use profanity toward other drivers, there
is an even higher chance that you will receive the same
treatment some time in the future.
   
 A.
LIGHTIN  
G
     

   

     

  The Purpose of Your Lighting:  

There are many lights on your vehicle and each has a specific
purpose.

Headlights:

Your headlights have two settings—high and low. High beams are
used at dark in places where it is difficult to see or there isn't much
light from natural sources or street lights. Never use your high beams
when following someone, driving towards someone, or in fog. Your
low beams are normally used when driving in the city where there is
light coming other sources. You should use your low beams
especially when driving in fog to reduce the glare.

Taillights:

Taillights are used to make your vehicle stand out at night. Taillights are
normally red.
 Brake Lights:

Brake lights let other drivers know that you are slowing or stopping. These
lights only come on when you step on the brake pedal. Brake lights are
normally red.

Backup Lights:
Backup lights let other drivers know of your intention to drive in
reverse. These lights only come on when the car is place in reverse.
These lights are normally white.

Turn Signals:
Your turn signals are on the front and rear of your car. They let other
drivers know of your intentions to turn. They only come on when you
use your turn signal lever to turn right or left. They are normally
yellow or red. You should remember to make sure your turn signal is
off once a turn is completed.

Emergency Flashers:
Emergency flashes, sometimes called hazard lights, are used when
you want to let other drivers know to drive with caution when
approaching your vehicle. These lights should only be used in an
emergency such as if you are pulled onto the side of the road and
experiencing car trouble. These lights are normally orange.

It is important to make sure that the lights of a your vehicle are in

good working condition. It is also important to make use of safety
equipment at appropriate times. Use of this equipment gives notice to
other drivers about your presence and lets other drivers know your
next driving maneuver.
     

  Hours of use:  

 You should turn on your headlights and your taillights

on 30 minutes after sunset and leave them on until 30
minutes before sunrise.

Visibility Requirements:
 You must turn your lights on any time you cannot see at least 1000
feet ahead, when it is cloudy, raining, snowing, or foggy.

Each lighting type has its own distance visibility requirement:

Taillights, Vehicles made after

1000ft
01/01/1969

Brake Lights 300ft

Back-up Lights 75ft

Turn Signals 300ft

 
The high beams shall be dimmed when an oncoming vehicle is at a
  distance of 500 feet or when the driver is at a distance of 300 feet behind  
another vehicle.

Maintenance and Precautionary Measures:

All lighting equipment (headlights, taillights, brake lights, back-up

lights, turn signals, emergency flashers) must be maintained in good
working condition at all times. Lights, plastic covering, or bulbs must
NOT be broken; otherwise, such motorist will be cited and will be
  required to repair the safety equipment.  

It is your responsibility to make sure all the lights on your vehicle

function and are properly aligned. A misaligned headlight can blind
oncoming traffic or direct light away from where you need it most.
Just as pilots perform a pre-flight check before they get into the air,
you should do a walk-around on your vehicle at least once a month
or prior to going on long trips. Get a friend to help you check your
lights.
     

Driving During Darkness:

  When driving during darkness you are required to operate the lights  
on your vehicle as required by the California Vehicle Code. As
mentioned previously darkness is defined as the period 30 minutes
after sunset and 30 minutes before sunrise.
     
 Lighting Distance Requirements:
The lighting on your vehicle must be sufficient to make a person or  
 
another vehicle visible. The person or vehicle must be visible during
darkness, directly ahead upon a straight, level unlighted highway,
and under normal atmospheric conditions, unless a different time,
direction, or condition is given.
     

   
Lighting Equipment Requirements (CV 24252):
     

All lighting equipment of a required type installed on a vehicle shall

  be maintained at all times in good working order. Lamps shall be  
equipped with bulbs of the correct voltage rating corresponding to the
nominal voltage at the lamp socket.
     

   
Headlamps and Auxiliary Lamps.
     

   
Headlights on Motor Vehicles (CVC 24400):
     

  (a) A motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle, shall be:  

(1) During darkness and inclement weather, a ,motor vehicle, other than a
motorcycle, shall be equipped with at least two headlamps, with at least one
on each side of the front of the vehicle, and, except as to vehicles
registered prior to January 1, 1930, they shall be located directly above or
in advance of the front axle of the vehicle. The headlamps and every light
source in any headlamp unit shall be located at a height of not more than
54 inches nor less than 22 inches.

(b) As used in subdivision (a), “inclement weather” is a weather condition

that is either of the following:

(1) A condition that prevents a driver of a motor vehicle from clearly

discerning a person or another motor vehicle on the highway from a
distance of 1,000 feet.

(2) A condition requiring the windshield wipers to be in continuous use due

to rain, mist, snow, fog, or other precipitation or atmospheric moisture. 
 This section shall become operative on July 1,2005.

     

  Auxiliary Driving and Passing Lamps (CVC 24402):  

     

Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two auxiliary
driving lamps mounted on the front at a height of not less than 16
inches nor more than 42 inches. Driving lamps are lamps designed
for supplementing the upper beam from headlamps and may not be
lighted with the lower beam.

Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two auxiliary
  passing lamps mounted on the front at a height of not less than 24  
inches not more than 42 inches. Passing lamps are lamps designed
for supplementing the lower beam from headlamps and may also be
lighted with the upper beam.

Fog lamps, driving lamps, and passing lamps look similar to one
another, but must meet different specifications, and the laws
concerning their use are different.
     

   
Fog lamps (CVC 24403):
     

Any motor vehicle may be equipped with not to exceed two fog lamps
which may be used with, but shall not be used in substitution of,
headlamps.
   
Fog lamps should be mounted between 12 and 30 inches from the
ground. They must be aimed so that when the vehicle is unladen, the
high intensity light when view from a distance of 25 feet is higher than
4 inches below the center of the lamp.
     

  SB 731- Equipment of Vehicles- (Amendment to  

CVC 24602):
     

This bill amends the minimum height requirement for red fog tail lamps to
   
not lower than 12 inches (previously 15 inches) or higher than 60 inches.

     

  Multiple beams (CVC 24406):  

     

Except as otherwise provided, the headlamps, or other auxiliary

driving lamps, or a combination thereof, on a motor vehicle during
  darkness must be arranged so that the driver may select at will the  
distribution of light projected to different elevation, and the lamps
may, in addition, be arranged so that the selection can be made
automatically.
     

   
High Beams-Low Beams.

   

     

     

   
Upper and lower beams(CVC 24407):
     

Multiple-beam road lighting equipment shall be designed and aimed as

   
follows:

     

(a) Headlamps Upper Beam- There shall be an uppermost

distribution of light or composite beam, that when properly aimed and
intense enough to reveal people and other vehicles at a distance of
at least 350 feet ahead for all conditions of loading.
   
(b) Headlamps Lower Beam- There shall be a lowermost
distribution of light or composite beam, that when properly aimed and
intense enough to reveal a person or vehicle at a distance of at least
100 feet ahead. On a straight level road under any condition of
loading, none of the high intensity portion of the beam should be
directed to shine in the eyes of an approaching driver.
     
   
Use of multiple beams (CVC 24409):
     

When driving at night, you should use a distribution of light or

  composite beam, directed high enough and intense enough to reveal  
people and other vehicles at a safe distance in front of your vehicle,
subject to the following requirements and limitations:
     

 Whenever the driver of a vehicle approaches an oncoming vehicle

within 500 feet, the upper distribution of light should not shine into
the eyes of the oncoming driver. You should only shine the
lowermost distribution of light into the eyes of an oncoming driver at
  all times, regardless of the road contours.  
 Whenever the driver of a vehicle follows another vehicle within 300
feet to the rear, he shall use the lowermost distribution of light
specified in this article.

     

   
Single beams (CVC 24410):
     

Headlamps arranged to provide a single distribution of light not

supplemented by auxiliary driving lamps are permitted on motor
  vehicles manufactured and sold prior to Sept. 19, 1940, in lieu of  
multiple-beam road lighting equipment if the single distribution of light
complies with the following requirements and limitations:
     

(a) The headlamps shall be so aimed that when the vehicle is not
loaded none of the high-intensity portion of the light shall at a
  distance of 25 feet ahead project higher than a level of five inches  
below the level of the center of the lamp from which it comes, and in
no case higher than 42 inches above the level on which the vehicle
stands at a distance of 75 feet ahead.
 
  (b) The intensity shall be sufficient to reveal persons and vehicles at a  
distance of at least 200 feet.

  Rear Lighting Equipment.  

     

   
Tail lamps (CVC 24600):
     
 During darkness, every motor vehicle shall be equipped with at least
two lighted tail lamps, red in color, which shall be plainly visible from
  all distances within 500 feet to the rear except that taillamps on  
vehicles manufactured after January 1, 1969, shall be plainly visible
from all distances within 1,000 feet to the rear.
     

   
Stop lamps (CVC 24603):
     

Every motor vehicle which is not in combination with any other

  vehicle and every vehicle at the end of a combination of vehicles  
shall at all times be equipped with stop lamps mounted on the rear as
follows:
     

(a) Every such vehicle shall be equipped with one or more

stoplamps.

(b) Every such vehicle, other than a motorcycle, manufactured and

first registered on or after January 1, 1958, shall be equipped with
two stop lamps, except that trailers and semitrailers manufactured
after July 23, 1973, which are less than 30 inches wide, may be
equipped with one stoplamp which shall be mounted at or near the
vertical centerline of the trailer. If such vehicle is equipped with two
stop lamps, they shall be mounted as specified in subdivision (d).

(c) Except as provided in subdivision (h), stop lamps on vehicles

manufactured on or after January 1, 1969, shall be mounted not
lower than 15 inches nor higher than 72 inches, except that a tow
truck, in addition to being equipped with the required stop lamps, may
also be equipped with two stop lamps which may be mounted not
lower than 15 inches nor higher than the maximum allowable vehicle
height and as far forward as the rearmost portion of the driver's seat
in the rearmost position.

(d) Where two stop lamps are required, at least one shall be mounted
at the left and one at the right side, respectively, at the same level.

(e) Stoplamps on vehicles manufactured on or after January 1, 1979,

shall emit a red light. Stop lamps on vehicles manufactured before
January 1, 1979, shall emit a red or yellow light. All stop lamps shall
be plainly visible and understandable from a distance of 300 feet to
the rear both during normal sunlight and at nighttime, except that
stoplamps on a vehicle of a size required to be equipped with
clearance lamps shall be visible from a distance of 500 feet during
 such times.

(f) Stop lamps shall be activated upon application of the service (foot)
brake and the hand control head for air, vacuum, or electric brakes.
In addition, all stop lamps may be activated by a mechanical device
designed to function only upon sudden release of the accelerator
while the vehicle is in motion. Stop lamps on vehicles equipped with
a manual transmission may be manually activated by a mechanical
device when the vehicle is downshifted if the device is automatically
rendered inoperative while the vehicle is accelerating.

(g) Any vehicle may be equipped with supplemental stop lamps

mounted to the rear of the rearmost portion of the driver's seat in its
rearmost position in addition to the lamps required to be mounted on
the rear of the vehicle. Supplemental stoplamps installed after
January 1, 1979, shall be red in color and mounted not lower than 15
inches above the roadway. The supplemental stop lamp on that side
of a vehicle toward which a turn will be made may flash as part of the
supplemental turn signal lamp.

A supplemental stop lamp may be mounted inside the rear window of

a vehicle, if it is mounted at the centerline of the vehicle and is
constructed and mounted so as to prevent any light, other than a
monitorial indicator emitted from the device, either direct or reflected,
from being visible to the driver.

(h) Any supplemental stop lamp installed after January 1, 1987, shall
comply with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 108 (49
C.F.R. 571.108). Any vehicle equipped with a stoplamp which
complies with the federal motor vehicle safety standards applicable to
that make and model vehicle shall conform to that applicable safety
standard unless modified to comply with the federal motor vehicle
safety standard designated in this subdivision.
 
     

   
Back-up Lamps (CVC 24606):   
     

  (a) Every motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle, of a type subject to  

registration and manufactured on and after January 1, 1969, shall be
equipped with one or more backup lamps either separately or in
combination with another lamp. Any vehicle may be equipped with
backup lamps.
 (b) Backup lamps shall be so directed as to project a white light
illuminating the highway to the rear of the vehicle for a distance not to
exceed 75 feet. A backup lamp may project incidental red, amber, or
white light through reflectors or lenses that are adjacent or close to,
or a part of, the lamp assembly.

(c) Backup lamps shall not be lighted except when the vehicle is
about to be or is backing or except in conjunction with a lighting
system which activates the lights for a temporary period after the
ignition system is turned off.

(d) Any motor vehicle may be equipped with a lamp emitting white
light on each side near or on the rear of the vehicle which is designed
to provide supplemental illumination in an area to the side and rear
not lighted by the backup lamps. These lamps shall be lighted only
with the backup lamps.
     

   
Signal Lamps and Devices.
     

   
Turn signal system required  (CVC 24950):
     

  When you are towing a trailer of any type or boat the combination of  
vehicles must be equipped with a lamp-type turn signal system.
     

   
Turn signal system (CVC 24951):
     

Any vehicle must be equipped with a lamp-type turn signal system

  capable of clearly indicating any intention to turn to the right or to the  
left.
   
Visibility Requirements of Signals (CVC 24952):
     

A lamp-type turn signal shall be plainly visible and understandable in

normal sunlight and at nighttime from a distance of at least 300 feet
  to the front and rear of the vehicle except that turn signal lamps on  
vehicles of a size required to be equipped with clearance lamps.
Signal lights on these vehicles must be visible from a distance of 500
feet during such times.
     

   
Turn Signal Lamps (CVC 24953):
     

Any turn signal system used to give signal indication to turn right or
left shall project a flashing white or amber light visible to the front and
a flashing red or amber light visible to the rear.

Side-mounted turn signal lamps projecting a flashing amber light to

either side may be used to supplement the front and rear turn
signals. Side mounted turn signal lamps mounted to the rear of the
center of the vehicle may project a flashing red light no part of which
shall be visible from the front.

In addition to any required turn signal lamps, any vehicle may be

   
equipped with supplemental rear turn signal lamps mounted to the
rear of the rearmost portion of the driver's seat in its rearmost
position.

In addition to any required or authorized turn signal lamps, any

vehicle may be equipped with supplemental rear turn signal lamps
that are mounted on, or are an integral portion of, the outside
rearview mirrors, so long as the lamps flash simultaneously with the
rear turn signal lamps, the light emitted from the lamps is projected
only to the rear of the vehicle and is not visible to the driver under
normal operating conditions, and the lamps do not project a glaring
light.
     

     

   
B. BRAKES
     

   
Purpose:
     

The purpose of the brake system is to allow the motorist to slow

  down or stop the automobile completely. The brakes must be kept in  
good working condition to allow the driver to maintain control at all
times.
     

  Vehicular control:  
     

Maintaining your brakes gives you control over your car. When kept
  in good working condition, applying the brakes in a timely manner  
allows you to slow down or stop smoothly.
     

   
Stopping Requirements:
     

The time necessary to bring a car to a stop differs depending on the

speed that you are driving, At 55 mph, it takes about 400 feet to react
to something you see and to bring the car to a complete stop; at 35
  mph, it takes about 210 feet to react and to bring the car to a  
complete stop. The lower the speed, the quicker you can stop,
stopping distance also depends on the road surface, condition of the
tires, and the reaction time of the driver.
     

   
Required Systems:
     

  Every vehicle must be equipped with a brake system, parking brake,  

and an emergency brake system.
     

   
Maintenance and Precautionary Measures:
     

You should have your car's brakes checked every 3,000 miles to
ensure that the braking system is in good working condition. To avoid
  a crash, repairs must be done immediately. If a your vehicle does not  
have a functioning brake system, it is impossible to maintain control
on the road.
     

   
Antilock Braking System (ABS):
     

  Here are some very important facts about antilock brakes that you  
should know if your car is equipped with an anti-lock braking system.
     

  Despite the fact that antilock braking systems (ABS) were designed  
to reduce crash rates, some automobile insurers have announced
 that discounts for ABS equipped vehicles will cease.
     

  Why? Research shows no substantial difference in claims between  

vehicles equipped with ABS and those without.
     

With ABS, drivers are not supposed to pump the brake. The brake
pedal of an ABS-equipped vehicle behaves quite differently when
  ABS engages. A loud grating sound and rapid brake pedal pulsation  
often accompanies the braking action with ABS, which may alarm the
driver.
     

When this occurs, safety experts theorize that some drivers assume
that something has gone wrong with their brakes. These drivers then
  begin to pump the pedal or simply lift off the brake pedal. This  
defeats the ABS system. When anyone buys a vehicle with an ABS
system, they should practice using ABS.
     

  ABS warnings!  

     

   
My ABS light comes on. What should I do?
     

  When you start your vehicle an ABS indicator light will illuminate on  
the instrument panel for a few seconds. This is normal.
     

   
My ABS light stays on. What should I do?
     

This means the ABS is not working. However, the conventional

  braking system is working. We recommend that you take your vehicle  
to your nearest dealer for servicing as soon as possible.
     

  My ABS light and my brake warning light both stay on. What should I do?  

     

  DO NOT DRIVE THIS VEHICLE! You have no brakes. Have it towed  

to your nearest dealer.
     
   

     

   
Required Brake System (CVC 26450):
     

Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a service brake system

and every motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle, shall be equipped
with a parking brake system. Both the service brake and parking
  brake shall be applied separately. If the two systems are connected  
in any way, they shall be constructed so that failure of any one part,
except failure in the drums, brake shoes, or other mechanical parts of
the wheel brake assemblies, shall not leave the motor vehicle without
operative brakes.
     

   
Parking Brake System (CVC 26451):
     

  The parking brake system of every motor vehicle shall comply with  
the following requirements:
     

a. The parking brake shall be adequate to hold the vehicle or

combination of vehicles stationary on any grade on which it is
operated under all conditions of loading on a surface free from snow,
ice or lose material. In any event, the parking brake shall be capable
of locking the braked wheels to the limit of traction.

  b. The parking brake shall be applied either by the driver's muscular  

efforts, by spring action, or by other energy which is isolated and
used exclusively for the operation of the parking brake or the
combination parking brake and emergency stopping system.

c. The parking brake shall be held in the applied position solely by

mechanical means.

     

  Condition of Brakes (CVC 26453):  

     

All brakes and component parts should be maintained in good

  condition and in good working order. The brakes should also be  
adjusted so they can operate as equally as practicable with respect
to the wheels on opposite sides of the vehicle.
     

  Control and Stopping Requirements (CVC  

26454):
     

a. The service brakes of every motor vehicle or combination of

vehicles shall be adequate to control the movement of and to stop
and hold such vehicle or combination of vehicles under all conditions
of loading on any grade on which it is operated.
   
b. Every motor vehicle or combination of vehicles, at any time and
under all conditions of loading, shall, upon application of the service
brake, be capable of stopping from an initial speed of 20 miles per
hour according to the following requirements:
  Max. Stopping Distance (ft.)  

     

(1) Any passenger vehicle . . . 25

(2) Any single motor vehicle with a manufacturer's gross vehicle

weight rating of less than 10,000 lbs . . .30       

(3) Any combination of vehicles consisting of a passenger vehicle

or any motor vehicle with a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight
   
rating of less than 10,000 lbs. in combination with any trailer,
semi-trailer or trailer coach . . .40

(4) Any single motor vehicle with a manufacturer's gross weight

rating of 10,000 lbs. or more or any bus . . .40

(5) All other combination of vehicles . . .50

     

 
   

C. WINDSHIELDS AND MIRRORS

     

   
Purpose:
     

  The purpose of the windshield is to aid in visibility and to protect the  

motorist from things such as wind, rain, debris and snow.
     

   
Visibility:
     

It is important for motorists to be able to see all aspects of the road at

  all times. Consequently, drivers must keep their windshields and  
mirrors clean and unblocked by objects.
     

   
Requirements to Aid Visibility:
     

All vehicles must be equipped with a windshield free of any cracks.

All vehicles must also be equipped with a windshield wiper system to
clear off any obstacles from the windshield. The rear and side mirrors
must be adjusted before starting to drive. Vehicles subject to
California registration are required to have two rear view mirrors. One
on the left side of the vehicle, the other may be in the interior of the
vehicle or on the right side of the vehicle.
   
If the vehicle is so loaded or designed as to obstruct the view through
the interior mirror, a right side mirror is mandatory. Any motorcycle
and vehicles registered in a foreign jurisdiction are required to have
at least one rear view mirror.

You must be able to see at least 200 feet behind you from your rear
view mirror.
     

   
Prohibited Devices or Equipment:
     
 The view of the road must not be blocked by signs or other objects
on any of the windows in the vehicle. Tinted safety glass is allowed in
a vehicle if the glass meets U.S. Department of Transportation
standards.

Windshield stickers, etc., are permitted only in four places: (1) a

seven inch square on the lower corner of the windshield farthest from
  the driver; (2) a five inch square on the lower corner nearest the  
driver; (3) a seven inch square on the lower corner of the rear
window farthest removed from the driver; (4) side windows to the rear
of the driver.

Drivers must stop to wipe mud, snow or other debris off the
windshield, rear window, and side windows when driving in rain,
snow, or other such conditions.
     

   
Maintenance.
     

  All windshields and windows must be kept free of dirt, debris, cracks,  
etc. to allow clear visibility of the road.
     

   
Windshields (CVC 26700):
     

  Every vehicle on the road with the exception of a motorcycle is  

required to have a windshield.
     

   
Windshield Wipers (CVC 26706):
     

Every motor vehicle, except motorcycles, that has a windshield must also
   
be equipped with a self-operating windshield wiper.

   
Assembly Bill 1854- Headlight usage, CVC section 24400 regarding required
usage of headlights to reflect the following: 

   
 Windshield Wipers On = Headlights On.
   
This section is being updated to state "every motor vehicle, other than a
 motorcycle, be operated with headlamps whenever weather conditions
prevent a driver from clearly discerning a person or other motor vehicle on
the highway from a distance of 1000 feet, or when driving in conditions that
require windshield wipers to be in continuous use."

     

     

  Condition and Use of Windshield Wipers (CVC  

26707):
     

Windshield wipers shall be maintained in good condition and shall

provide clear vision through the windshield for the driver. Wipers shall
  be operated under conditions of fog, snow, or rain and shall be  
capable of effectively clearing the windshield under all ordinary storm
or road conditions while the vehicle is in operation.
     

  Materials Obstructing or Reducing Driver's View  

(CVC 26708):
     

No one is allowed to drive any motor vehicle with any object or

material placed, displayed, installed, affixed, or applied upon the
windshield or side or rear windows.
   
In addition, no one is allowed to drive any motor vehicle with any
object or material placed, displayed, installed, affixed, or applied in or
upon the vehicle which obstructs or reduces the driver's clear view
through the windshield or side windows.
     

  Sun Screening Devices: Requirements (CVC  

26708.2):
     

You may use sun screening devices in your vehicle as long as it meets the
   
following requirements:

     

  a. You can use transparent material as long as it is green, gray, or a  

neutral smoke in color and shall have a luminous transmittance of not
less than 35 percent.
 b. If you use devices such as nontransparent louvers or other alternating
patterns of opaque and open sections they must have a uniform pattern
over the entire surface, except for framing and supports. At least 35% of the
device area shall be open and no individual louver or opaque section shall
have a projected vertical dimension exceeding 3/16 inch.

Side windows, which are to the rear of the driver's seat are not
regulated and may be tinted as dark as the person wants. Tinting
may be applied to the rear window or windows when the vehicle is
equipped with a right side rear view mirror.

Sun screening devices may be installed on the windows on either

side of the front seat if the driver or passenger in the front seat has a
letter or other document signed by a licensed physician and surgeon
certifying that the person must be shaded from the sun due to a
medical condition or has in his or her possession a letter or other
document signed by a licensed optometrist certifying that the person
must be shaded from the sun due to a visual condition. These sun
screening devices shall not be used during darkness. Section
26708(b) (10) V.C.
     

   
Mirrors (CVC 26709)
     

Every motor vehicle must have a mirror that allows the driver to see
at least 200 feet to the rear of the vehicle. Every motor vehicle
subject to registration in the state of California must have two such
mirrors, including one affixed to the left-hand side.

The following motor vehicles must be equipped with mirrors on both

the left and right hand sides of the vehicle so located as to reflect to
the driver a view of the highway each mirror for a distance of at least
200 feet to the rear of such vehicle: 
   
1. A motor vehicle so constructed or loaded as to obstruct the
driver's view to the rear.

2. A motor vehicle towing a vehicle and the towed vehicle or load

thereon obstructs the driver's view to the rear.
3. A bus or trolley coach.

The provisions of subdivisions (b) shall not apply to a passenger

vehicle when the load obstructing the driver's view consists of
passengers.
     
  Defective Windshields and Rear Windows (CVC  
26710):
     

It is unlawful to operate any motor vehicle upon a highway when the

windshield or rear window is in such a defective condition as to
impair the driver's vision to either the front or rear.

In the event any windshield or rear window fails to comply with this
code the officer making the inspection shall direct the driver to make
  the windshield and rear window conform to the requirements of this  
code within 48 hours. The officer may also arrest the driver and give
him notice to appear and further require the driver or the owner of the
vehicle to produce in court satisfactory evidence that the windshield
or rear window has been made to conform to the requirements of this
code.
 
     

   D. HORN  

 
     

   
Purpose:
     

The horn technically has only one purpose—to warn other drivers or
pedestrians. You shouldn't use your horn when angry or just for the heck of
   
it. It irritates other drivers and could lead to a serious incident or a physical
scuffle with another driver.

     

   
Warning device:
     

  The horn is to be used only when necessary to avoid a crash by  

warning other drivers of the potential hazard situation.
     

   
Use:
     
 Every vehicle manufactured today is equipped with a horn. Some are
  loud and obnoxious; some are soft and hard to hear. In any case, you  
should use your horn sparingly; a couple of taps is usually all it takes
to get someone to notice you.
     

  Audible Distance:  

Your vehicle should be equipped with a horn that can be heard from a
   
distance of at least 200 feet.

     

  Prohibitive Amplification:  

In most cases, you are prohibited from putting an amplification device on

  you horn. Your horn should not be audible at distances greater than 200  
feet.

     

   
Maintenance:
     

As with any other part of your vehicle you should check your horn for proper
  operation. You can do it at the same time you do the inspection on your  
lights or when getting ready to head out on a long trip.

     

   
Horns or Warning Devices (CVC 27000):
     

Every motor vehicle, when operated upon a highway, should be

equipped with a horn in good working order and capable of emitting
sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of not less
  than 200 feet, but no horn shall emit an unreasonably loud or harsh  
sound. An authorized emergency vehicle used in responding to fire
calls may be equipped with, and use in conjunction with the siren on
that vehicle, an air horn which emits sounds that do not comply with
the requirements of this section.
     

   
Use of Horn (CVC 27001):
     

  You should only use your horn when it is reasonably necessary to insure  
 the safety of yourself and your passengers. The only other acceptable use
for your horn is as part of an auto theft alarm.

     

 
E. TIRES  

     

   

Purpose:

   

You tires have a dual purpose—they help you maintain control of your
vehicle and they give you traction on the road while driving. Traction is what
keeps you from sliding off of the road when you go around a corner or when
your driving on wet pavement.

   
Required Condition, Inflation and Tread:

The minimum tread for tires is 1/32 inch; however, this minimum
requirement may be dangerous on a wet surface. Pressure should
  not be allowed to fall below the suggested minimum pressure for your  
tires. You can find the pressure requirements for your tires on the
side of the tire or in the manual that came with your vehicle. Higher
pressure provides additional traction, which increases safety.
   
Maintenance:
     

   

     

Tires, just like any other part of your vehicle should be checked
regularly. Many times an accident can be avoided by checking to
make sure there is sufficient tread on your tires and that none of the
  steel belts are showing through. Since your tires do not wear evenly,  
they should be rotated every so often. This will help your car drive
smoother and extend the life of your tires. If during a walk through of
your vehicle you notice a nail or some other object stuck in your tire,
leave it there and get to the nearest garage.
     

   
Tire Tread Depth (CVC 27465):
     

  Anyone that sells or installs tires is required by law to ensure that the  
tread depth has at least 1/32 of an inch of tread. Keyword-chp.
     

  F. SAFETY BELTS /CHILD  

RESTRAINTS
     

   
Before you start your vehicle, you should take extra steps to
make sure that every person in your car has their seatbelts on. It's the law.

     
   

     

   
Purpose:
     

The use of seat belts and air bags reduces the chance of injury and
  fatalities in case of an accident. Seat belts keep passengers from being  
thrown through the windshield or into the dashboard.

     

   
Use:
The law states that everyone in a vehicle must wear a seatbelt. Because of
  this, you as the driver has the responsibility to make sure that all of the  
passengers are wearing a seatbelt.

     

   
Maintenance:
     

It is your responsibility as the owner of your car to make sure that the seat
belts remain in good working condition. They should be free of rips and
should not have any frayed parts. The clasp and the tab should slide
   
together easily with little effort. If you find that your seatbelts do not meet
these requirements, you should take your car to the dealer or to a qualified
mechanic.

     

   
Safety Belts: Requirements:
     
 In California, it is illegal to drive or to be a passenger without wearing
seat belts. Always fasten your seat belt and make sure all
passengers are properly using seat belts, child car seats, or booster
seats. Use your lap belt or your lap and shoulder belts if your vehicle
is equipped with them. Wear both the lap and shoulder belt even if
the vehicle is equipped with airbags. If you wear only a lap belt when
driving, your chances of living through a collision are twice as good
as someone who does not. If you wear a lap and shoulder belt, your
chances are three to four times better. Pregnant women should wear
the lap belt as low as possible under the abdomen and the shoulder
strap between the breasts and to the side of the abdomen's bulge.

  The safety belt must be in good working order and must be worn by  
you and any passenger that is 16 years old or older and any
passenger that is 6 years old but less than 16 years old or is less
than 6 years old but weighs 60 pounds or more and is less than 16
years old must be in an appropriate child passenger restraint system
or a seat belt.

WARNING: If you do not install and use a shoulder harness with the
lap belt, serious or fatal injuries may happen in some crashes. Lap-
only belts increase the chance of spinal column and abdominal
injuries especially in children. Shoulder harnesses may be available
for your vehicle, if it is not already equipped with them.

   

     

All children under the age of 6 and weighing less than 60 pounds must ride
  in a car seat. It is important to make sure that the car seat fits the child and  
that it is properly installed in the vehicle.

     
   

  Air bags save lives. It's that simple.  

     

Air bags were designed to work WITH seatbelts to prevent injury to an adult
   
sized person.

     

If air bags open in a crash, children in the front seat or in a car seat in the
   
front seat may be seriously injured.

     

   

     

  The safest place for all children under the age of twelve is in the back seat.  

     

  The use of your safety belt is required by law if your vehicle is a (an):  
     

   1968 or later model car.  

   1972 or later model trucks.  

   House car.  

 Enclosed 3-wheel vehicle (not less than 7x4 feet) with an unlade
  weight of 900 pounds or more).  
   Truck tractor (excludes passenger in sleeper berth).  

The safety belt must be in good working order. You and your
passengers must wear a safety belt while the car is moving. If not,
  you or your passenger (age 16 or older) may be given a traffic ticket  
for not wearing a safety belt. Remember, the driver is always
responsible for the safety of the occupants of the car.
     

In fact a seat belt or child passenger restraint system is required for

each person who is age six or older but less than 16 years old or
weighs 60 lbs or more and is less than 16 years old. If a child is
under six years of age and less than 60 pounds, the driver, parents,
or legal guardian, if present, must put the child in an approved safety
seat.
   
Passengers 6 to 16 (parent cited). No parent or legal guardian, when
present in a motor vehicle, may permit his or her child or ward who is
six years of age, but less than 16 years of age, or who is less than six
years of age and weighs 60 pounds or more to be transported upon a
highway in a motor vehicle without providing and properly securing
the child or ward in an appropriate child passenger restraint system
or safety belt. (Section 27360.5(a) V.C.)
     

Safety belts can reduce injuries and deaths. Many studies and actual
crash tests have proven this. Crash tests have also reinforced the
  proper way for pregnant women to wear lap and shoulder belts. Wear  
the lap belt as low as possible under the abdomen and the shoulder
strap between the breasts and to the side of the abdomen's bulge.
     

If you wear only a lap belt when driving, your chances of living
through a crash are twice as good as those of someone who isn't. If
  you wear a lap and shoulder belt, your chances are three to four  
times better. You must wear both your lap and shoulder belt if the
vehicle is equipped with both and if the vehicle is equipped with air
bags.
     

WARNING: The use of seat belts reduces the chance of being

thrown from your vehicle in case of a collision. If you don't install and
use a shoulder harness with the lap belt, serious or fatal injuries may
  happen in some crashes. Lap-only belts increase the chance of  
spinal column and abdominal injuries especially in children. Shoulder
harnesses may be available for your vehicle, if it is not already
equipped with them.
     
   
Myths About Seat Belts:
     

  A lot of scary stories are still told about safety belts. Many of the  
stories are not true. Have you heard some of these before?
     

 "Safety belts can trap you inside a car." It actually takes less than a
second to take off a safety belt. This type of scare tactic often
describes a car that caught fire or sank in deep water. Crashes like
  these seldom happen. Even if they do, a safety belt may keep you  
from being "knocked out." Your chance to escape will be better if
you are conscious.

     

 Safety belts are good on long trips, but I don't need them if I'm
driving around town." Half of all traffic deaths happen within 25 miles
  of home. Deaths can occur when drivers are going 40 mph or less.  
Don't take chances. Buckle up every time you drive.

     

 "Some people are thrown clear in a crash and walk away with hardly
a scratch." Your chances of surviving a collision are five times as
  good if you stay inside the car. Even if your car is hit from the side, a  
safety belt can keep you from being thrown out into the path of
another car.

     

 "I'm only going to the store. My little brother or sister doesn't need a
child's car seat, anyway. It's too much hassle." Car crashes are the
No. 1 preventable cause of death of children. More deadly than
leukemia or muscular dystrophy, collisions also cripple or disfigure
thousands of youngsters for life. Crash-tested child car seats reduce
  injuries and save lives. An older child can be placed on a crash-  
tested "safety booster seat," to properly fit a standard shoulder/lap
belt. In a car crash, a child can "fly" back and forth within the car,
even at low speeds. Protect any small children in your car. Take
time to buckle them up in safety belts or car seats. It's worth it, and
the law requires that you do.

     

  Most drivers, no matter how carefully they drive, will be involved in at least  
one traffic collision during their lifetime. The chances of being injured or
 killed are greater than you might think. About one person in three will be
injured or killed in a car crash. Since there is no way a driver or passenger
can completely eliminate the possibility of being involved in a collision, the
best thing is to increase your chances of surviving by always using seat
belts.

     

The pictures illustrate what can happen during a collision. Your car
  stops, but you keep on going at the same speed you were traveling  
until you hit the dashboard or windshield. At 30 mph this is like hitting
the ground from the top of a three-story building.
     

   

     

If you were struck from the side, the impact could push you back and
  forth across the seat. Belts and straps keep you in a better position to  
control the car.
     

   

     

     

  The legislature finds that a mandatory seatbelt law will contribute to  

reducing highway deaths and injuries by encouraging greater usage
of existing manual seatbelts, that automatic crash protection systems
which require no action by vehicle occupants offer the best hope of
reducing deaths and injuries, and that encouraging the use of manual
safety belts is only a partial remedy for addressing this major cause
of death and injury. The legislature declares that the enactment of
this section is intended to be compatible with support for federal
safety standards requiring automatic crash protection systems and
should not be used in any manner to rescind federal requirements for
installation of automatic restraints in new cars.

This section is known as the private motor vehicle safety act.

As used in this section, "private passenger motor vehicle" means any

passenger motor vehicle and any motor truck of less than 6,001 lbs.
unladen weight, but "private passenger motor vehicle" does not
include a motorcycle.

1. No person shall operate a private passenger motor vehicle on

a highway unless that person and all passengers 16 years of
age or over are properly restrained by a safety belt. This
paragraph shall not apply to the operator of a taxicab, as
defined in section 27908, when the taxicab is driven on a city
street.

2. The operator of a limousine for hire or the operator of an

authorized emergency vehicle, as defined in subdivision (a) of
section 165, shall not operate the limousine for hire or
authorized emergency vehicle unless the operator and any
passengers, six years of age or over and weighing 60 pounds
or more, in the front seat are properly restrained by a safety
belt.

3. The operator of a taxicab shall not operate the taxicab unless

any passengers, six years of age and over and weighing 60
lbs. or more, in the front seat are properly restrained by a
safety belt.

No person 16 years of age or over shall be a passenger in a private

passenger motor vehicle on a highway unless that person is properly
restrained by a safety belt.

Every owner of a private passenger motor vehicle, including every

owner or operator of a taxicab, as defined in section 27908, or a
limousine for hire, operated on a highway shall maintain safety belts
in good working order for the use of occupants of the vehicle. The
safety belts shall conform to motor vehicle safety standards
 established by the United States Department of Transportation.

This section does not apply to a passenger or operator with a

physically disabling condition or medical condition which would
prevent restraint in a safety belt, if the condition is duly certified by a
licensed physician and surgeon or by a licensed chiropractor who
shall state the nature of the condition, as well as the reason the
restraint is inappropriate.

Any violation of these regulations is an infraction punishable by a

fine, including all penalty assessments and court costs imposed on
the convicted person, of not more than twenty dollars for a first
offense, and a fine, including all penalty assessments and court costs
imposed on the convicted person, of not more than fifty dollars for
each subsequent offense. In lieu of the fine and any penalty
assessment of court costs, the court may order that a person
convicted of a first offense attend a school for traffic violators or a
driving school in which the proper use of safety belts is
demonstrated.
     

 
Child Passenger Seat Restraints: Requirements.  
     

A child safety system is required for any child who is under the age of six
and weighs less than 60 pounds. Each person who is age six or older or
  who weighs 60 pounds or more must wear a seat belt. Here are some  
additional tips for using a child safety seat:
 

     

 The back seat is generally the safest place in the car for all children
  12 years of age or younger.  

     

 Babies up to 20 lbs and about age one should ride in a safety seat
secured to the back seat facing the rear of the car. Make sure the
vehicle's seat belt is placed through the correct slot in the safety
  seat.  Incorrectly fastened safety seats defeat their purpose and can  
result in injury. Babies should not be placed forward or backward in
the front passenger seat if the vehicle has a passenger-side air bag.

     

   Toddlers over 20 lbs and about age 1 or older should ride in the  
 back seat buckled into an approved child safety seat.

     

Child Safety Restraints- Amendment to CVC

27360.
Requires that a child who is required to be secured in a child safety
seat (Under 6 years or under 60 pounds), be secured in the rear seat
of the vehicle. A child is allowed to be secured in the front seat of the
vehicle if:

 There is no rear seat.

   The rear seats are side facing jump seats.  
 The rear seats are rear-facing seats.
 The restraint system cannot be installed properly in the rear seat.
 All rear seats are occupied by children under the age of 12 years.
 Medical reasons necessitate that the child not ride in the rear.

A child may not ride in the front seat of a motor vehicle with an active
passenger air bag if they are under one year of age, weigh less than
20 pounds, or riding in a rear-facing child passenger restraint
system.    
*These provisions do not become effective until January 1, 2005.
 
     

   
Trunking- Effective January 1, 2007.
CVC 21712 States it is a misdemeanor violation for any driver to knowingly
  permit a person to ride in the trunk of a vehicle. Additionally, any passenger  
found guilty of riding in the trunk is guilty of an infraction.

     

     

     
 

Chapter 2

A. DRIVING
COURTESY
AND
ATTITUDE
   
   

Drivers must always be courteous and have good attitudes

towards other drivers, as the roads are shared by all
 
vehicles. In fact, individuals should not drive when they are
feeling upset, ill, etc.
   
1. Be as Courteous While Driving as in
Other Social Contacts

As in other contacts, when one is courteous to others, others

respond in the same fashion, such is true when it comes to
  driving. Therefore, drivers should give others the right of way
when appropriate and may signal each other so as to
communicate about their driving. Courtesy includes making
use of all proper equipment, such as signal lights, backup
lights...etc...in order to warn other drivers of your next
maneuver. This also includes informing other drivers when
something seems wrong with their vehicles, such when
another car has a low tire.

 
2. Right of Way
   
   
  This refers to when one driver must yield to another
when there is more than one automobile waiting for its
turn to continue driving. Right of way rules go hand in
 hand with courtesy and common sense. Not abiding
by right of way rules may lead to collisions. On the
other hand, obeying right of way rules leads to safe
driving.

a. When to use it: 

The right of way is to be acted upon when the other driver

yields it to you. Drivers must never insist on taking the right
of way.

b. When to give it up: 

 Even if you have the right of way, never insist on it if the

other driver is apparently not going to yield. It is better
to avoid a crash than to insist on going forward because you
have the right of way.
 
3. Stress, Anger, Emotion and Fatigue
In today's society, the levels of stress are increasing
rapidly. Unhealthy levels of stress lead to other
conditions such as fatigue, unhealthiness,
nervousness, impatience, and even breakdowns.

How to recognize it: 

 Stress, which is mental, emotional or physical

tension, interrupts one's sleeping and eating habits.
Although stress can be controlled somewhat, it can
affect all activities that one is involved in.  Anger and
feelings of hostility differ from stress in that anger may
result in some form of violence. Anger, like stress,
affects one's driving.

How does it affect driving?

 Stress and anger do not foster safe driving. While

stressful drivers are, for the most part,  able to
recognize potential hazards, the reaction time is slow.
It is more difficult for angry drivers to control their
anger and focus in on all the requisite techniques for
safe driving. Therefore, angry drivers may not even
spot a potentially hazardous situation and thus not
react to it. 
 Collision potential: 

Stress and anger increase the possibility of being

involved in a collision because it takes longer to
react when one is not thinking clearly and the
chances of practicing courteous driving is close to
none. In fact, drivers under these circumstances will
most likely be rude, lose their tempers and yell, use
bad judgment, drive recklessly and even be at fault for
getting into a crash.
 
MOBILITY AND GRIDLOCK -
DEALING WITH TRAFFIC
CONGESTION, ROAD RAGE,
AND TECHNOLOGY
DEALING WITH TRAFFIC CONGESTION
Chronic traffic congestion is the California commuter's
biggest headache, but even small changes in driving habits
could provide fast relief, according to the California Office of
Traffic Safety (OTS). 

Several driving behaviors which contribute to congestion

include:

  Rubbernecking-perhaps the most frustrating of

behaviors. Slowing down to look at accidents or
virtually anything else out of the ordinary is one of the
worst congestion offenders. 
 Tailgating-following too closely is common on
California freeways, accounting for innumerable
accidents, which in turn clog major freeways, often for
hours. 
 Unnecessary lane changes-although it produces
virtually no improvement in arrival times, many
motorists insist on weaving in and out of freeway
lanes, which slows down all traffic.
 Inattention-commuters can commonly be seen eating,
grooming in the rearview mirror, and talking on a
cellular telephone, and even reading the newspaper
as they drive to work. 
 Drivers who do not watch the fuel gauge or maintain
 their vehicles properly can also cause traffic
congestion. These vehicles can malfunction or stall on
freeways or surface streets and cause bottlenecks
and major slow downs in traffic flow. 

DEALING WITH ROAD RAGE

Understanding Aggressive Driving 

Road rage happens when one driver reacts angrily to

another driver. Angry drivers may lash out by deliberately
braking suddenly, pulling close to another car, or taking
more violent steps such as coercing a driver to pull over to
'settle' the dispute. 

Here are suggestions to avoid provoking

other drivers:
 
  Don't cut off other drivers. 

When you merge, make sure you have enough room

and always signal before you merge.
  Don't drive slowly in the left (fast) lane.

Avoid using the fast lane except for the brief time it
takes to pass another driver. Driving slowly in the fast
lane frustrates other drivers. 
  Don't tailgate. 

Many drivers get angry when they are followed too

closely. Remember to keep the appropriate following
distance between you and the car ahead of you.
  Don't signal gestures to other drivers.

Keep your hands on the steering wheel. Making

obscene gestures to other drivers may provoke him or
her. 
  Use your horn for emergencies only. 

Even a polite tap of your horn may be enough to

provoke another driver.
   Avoid eye contact with an angry driver. 

To some people, eye contact is the same as a

challenge. If someone is determined to act out his or
herfrustrations, even a friendly smile can be
misinterpreted.
 Give an angry driver plenty of space. 

If you make a driving error (even accidentally), it is

possible the other driver may try and pick a fight with
you. Put as much distance between your vehicle and
the other car as you can.

Stress and Anger as a Driving Impairment 

More and more drivers have started acting out their anger
when they get behind the wheel. After they've been cut off,
tailgated, or slowed down by a vehicle in front of them, these
angry drivers can commit incredible acts of violence -
including assault and murder. When the AAA Foundation for
Traffic Safety studied more than 10,000 incidents of violent
aggressive driving committed between 1990 and 1996, it
found that at least 218 people were killed and another
12,610 injured when drivers got angry.

Although many drivers involved in these incidents are men

between the ages of 18 and 26, anyone can become
aggressive if they let their anger take precedence over safe
driving. 

The AAA Foundation study found that men, women, and

people of all ages can drive aggressively if they are in the
wrong mood or circumstances. 

What's more, when drivers explained why they became

violent the reasons are often incredibly trivial: "She wouldn't
let me pass,"

"They kept tailgating me," or, as this one driver accused of

murder explained, "He practically ran me off the road - what
was I supposed to do?" How can you avoid being the victim
of an aggressive driver? While there are no sure techniques,
three basic guiding principles can help:
Avoidance of Involvement in Aggressive Driving
SItuations 

Use the following suggestions to avoid become an aggressor

or the victim of a road rage incident.

a. Don't offend

When surveys ask drivers what angers them most, the

results are remarkably consistent. A few specific behaviors
seem unusually likely to enrage other drivers. You can
protect yourself by avoiding them.

b. Cutting off. 

When you merge, make sure you have plenty of room. Use
your turn signal to show your intentions before making a
move. If you make a mistake and accidentally cut someone
off, try to apologize to the other driver with an appropriate
gesture. If someone cuts you off, slow down and give them
room to merge into your lane. 

c. Driving slowly in the left lane. 

If you are in the left lane and someone wants to pass, move
over and let them by. You may be "in the right" because you
are traveling at the speed limit - but you may also be putting
yourself in danger by making drivers behind you angry. In
many states and provinces the law requires you to travel in
the right lane and use the far left lane only for passing.
Besides, it's simple courtesy to move over and let other
drivers by. 

d. Don't engage 

One angry driver can't start a fight unless another driver is

willing to join in. 

You can protect yourself against aggressive drivers by

refusing to become angry at them. Orator Robert Ingersoll
said, "Anger blows out the lamp of the mind." A person who
is angry can do things they may later regret and that
includes you. If you're tempted to retaliate against another
driver, think: "Would I want to fly in an airplane whose pilot
was acting like this?"

Think about what kind of a crash your angry actions could

cause. Then cool down and continue your trip.

e. Steer clear.

Give angry drivers lots of room. A driver you may have

offended can "snap" and become truly dangerous. If the
other driver tries to pick a fight, put as much distance as
possible between your vehicle and the other car, and then
get away as quickly as possible. Do not under any
circumstances pull off to the side of the road and try to settle
things "man to man." 

f. Avoid eye contact. 

If another driver is acting hostile with you, don't make eye

contact. Looking or staring at another driver can turn an
impersonal encounter between two vehicles into a personal
duel. 

And Tailgating. Drivers get angry when they are followed too
closely. Allow at least a three-second space between your
car and the car ahead. (When you see the car pass a fixed
point, you should be able to count at least "one-thousand,
two-thousand" before you pass that point.)

If you think another car is driving too slowly and you are
unable to pass, pull back and allow more space, not less.
That way if the car does something unexpected you will have
time to get out of the way. 

You should be able to see the headlights of the car behind

you in your rear-view mirror. If you feel you are being
followed too closely, signal and pull over to allow the other
driver to go by. 

g. Gestures. 

 Almost nothing makes another driver angrier than an

obscene gesture. 

 Keep your hands on the wheel. Avoid making any gestures

that might anger another driver, even "harmless"
expressions of irritation like shaking your head.  
Be a cautious and courteous driver. Signal every time you
merge or change lanes, and whenever you turn. Use your
horn rarely, if ever.

If you and another driver see a parking space at the same

time, let that person have it. And if another driver seems
eager to get in front of you, say "Be my guest." When you
respond this way, after a while "be my guest" becomes your
automatic response and you won't be as offended by other
drivers' rudeness. Once things get personal, the situation
can get out of hand fast. 

h. Get help.

 If you believe the other driver is following you or is trying to

start a fight, get help. If you have a cellular phone, use it to
call the police. Otherwise, drive to a place where there are
people around, such as a police station, convenience store,
shopping center, or even a hospital. Use your horn to get
someone's attention. This will usually discourage an
aggressor. Do not get out of your car. Do not go home.

i. Adjust your attitude  

The most important actions you can take to avoid aggressive

driving take place inside your head. By changing your
approach to driving, you can make every trip more pleasant.
Try these ideas for a pleasant change: Forget winning. 

 For too many motorists, driving becomes a contest. Are you

one of those drivers who allows the shortest possible time
for a trip and then races the clock?

If something happens to slow you down do you get angry?

The solution: Allow more time for your trip. You'll be amazed
at how much more relaxed you feel when you have a few
extra minutes. So instead of trying to "make good time," try
to "make time good." Listen to soothing music or a book on
tape. Practice relaxation techniques, such as deep
breathing. You'll arrive much calmer, fresher, and in a less
stressed-out frame of mind. Put yourself in the other driver's
shoes. Instead of judging the other driver, try to imagine why
he or she is driving that way. Someone speeding and
constantly changing lanes may be a volunteer fireman, or a
physician rushing to a hospital. 
 Someone who jerks from one lane to another may have a
bee in the car, or a crying baby. Whatever their reason, it
has nothing to do with you. Stay cool and don't take other
drivers' actions personally. If you think you have a problem,
ask for help. 

Courses in anger management have been shown to reduce

heart attacks. These same techniques can also help angry
drivers. Drivers who successfully "reinvent" their approach to
the road report dramatic changes in attitude and behavior.
Look for anger management courses in your area. Self-help
books on stress reduction and anger management can also
be helpful.

Violent aggressive driving is clearly on the rise. But you can

avoid becoming a victim by using the tips in this brochure. In
the process you may find that driving has become a
completely new and more enjoyable experience.
 
DEALING WITH TECHNOLOGY
Cellular telephones are everywhere. In an emergency, they
can be a lifesaver. In non-emergency situations, they can be
a great tool if you use the cellular telephone in a safe and
responsible manner. 

Here are some tips:

 Pull over to the side of the road to use your cellular

telephone. This is the safest precaution you can
take.  
 Know your cellular telephone. Get to know your
phone and its many features such as speed dial and
redial. Take advantage of these features so you won't
take your attention off the road.  
 Use hands free devices. If available, use a hands free
device. Two hands on the steering wheel are always
safer than one.  
 Your phone should be within easy reach. If your
phone is within reach you can grab it without taking
your eyes off the road.  
 Don't use the telephone during hazardous conditions.
If you're driving conditions are hazardous (heavy
traffic, construction zones, hazardous weather
 conditions, etc.), tell your caller that you are driving
and will call back. Remember, your first responsibility
is to pay attention to the road.  
 Pay attention to the road. While you are driving, don't
take notes or look up phone numbers. If you are busy
doing other things, you are not paying attention to
your driving. 
 Be sensible about dialing. If possible, place your calls
when you are not moving or before pulling into
traffic.  
 Don't engage in distracting conversations. Stressful or
emotional conversations don't mix with safe driving.
This combination can be dangerous because you are
not paying attention to your driving. Tell your caller
that you are driving and will call back. Be safe! 
 Use your phone to call for help. Dial 9-1-1 for
emergency help. This is a free call on your cellular
phone. For other non-emergency situations (broken-
down vehicle, broken traffic signal, etc.), call roadside
assistance or other special non-emergency wireless
number.  

B. ADJUSTING TO THE DRIVING ENVIRONMENT

5. Daytime vs. Nighttime 

Motorists should drive slower during nighttime than during

the day because it is harder to see all important aspects of
the road at night. Drivers must turn on their headlights at 30
minutes after sunset and whenever else it is difficult to see
the roadway. Drivers must avoid looking directly into the
glare of oncoming headlights to avoid being blinded by such
light.

 a. Visibility: 

Drivers should turn on their headlights at other times when

they are unable to see the road clearly. High beams may be
used when the headlights are not enough. However, drivers
must ensure that they do not blind other drivers by switching
to low beams 500 feet from the vehicle coming towards you,
or 300 feet from a car that is in front.

 b. Speed:
Drivers must slow down during nighttime as it becomes more
difficult to see the road. Drivers must never continue to drive
when they are unable to see the road. Drivers must be able
to stop within the distance range lighted by the vehicle's
headlights.

c.  Planning the route: 

Determining which roads take to get to a destination is one

way to increase safe driving. First, the driver of a vehicle
must never look at a map when driving. Maps must be
studied before driving is undertaken. Motorists must never
drive recklessly to avoid passing up a street or off-ramp;
instead, drivers who miss their off ramp should go to the next
ramp and double back. Rush hours should be avoided,
especially when driving around an unfamiliar environment.

6. Weather  

Drivers must drive in accordance with weather conditions. It

is more dangerous to drive in rain, fog or snow, as the
traction decreases.

a. Rain, Fog, Snow: 

Drivers must slow down at the first sign of rain, drizzle, or

snow on the road. This is when many roads are most
slippery due to oil and dust that has not been washed away.
If the rain is so heavy that one cannot see, it is best to stop
driving for a while until the visibility is better. In a very heavy
rain or snowstorm, the driver may not be able to see more
than 100 feet ahead, meaning that one cannot drive safely
faster than 30 mph.

It is best not to drive in fog. However, if one must drive, slow

down and turn on the low-beam headlights because the light
from high beams will reflect back and cause glare. Never
drive with just your parking or fog lights. Increase your
following distance and be prepared to stop within the space
you can see in front of your vehicle. Avoid passing lanes of
traffic unless absolutely necessary. 

When you drive in snowy areas, carry chains in case you

find yourself in conditions where you can't drive without
them. Make sure you carry the correct number of chains and
that they will fit your drive wheels.

1. Braking distance:

Drivers must leave a greater front space cushion

when driving in rain, fog or snow. Unlike when one is
driving in the daytime and the driver has control over
the vehicle, the level of control over one's vehicle
decreases substantially due to the change on the
road's surface. 
2. Speed: 

Drivers must lower their speed when driving in rain,

fog, or snow in order to give the driver greater control
over the vehicle. Drivers should drive below the
posted maximum speed limit. If weather conditions
get extremely dangerous the driver should pull off the
road and wait until conditions on the roadway
improve. 
3. Wet roads:

Drivers must reduce their speeds on wet roads to

increase control over one's vehicle and to avoid
hydroplaning.

Slippery:

Wet roads are very dangerous because they become

slippery and a car may skid. If your car skids, do not brake. 
Turn the steering wheel into the direction of the skid. If you
cannot control the vehicle you may have to slowly drive into
a snow bank or some bushes to stop the vehicle. In order to
avoid skidding you should drive slowly, especially as you
approach curves and intersections, avoid fast turns and
quick stops, shift to low gear before going down a steep hill.

a. Hydroplaning:

This is when the tires of your vehicle lose contact with the
roadway and rides on top of water. This usually happens in a
heavy rain. A combination of factors result in hydroplaning,
including the speed, the amount of water on the surface of
the road, the depth of the tire tread, and the tire inflation.
b. See and be seen:

Good drivers take in the whole scene as they drive.

4. Looking Ahead:

In order to avoid last minute moves, you should look down

the road 10 to 15 seconds (about one block) ahead of your
vehicle. It is dangerous to constantly stare at the road just in
front of your vehicle. If you look ahead, you will be able to
see important things that you can't see later on.

  
Drivers must scan the roadside by looking to the side of the
road as well. Drivers must keep their eyes moving. Turn you
head before changing lanes because mirrors have blind
spots. Check your rear view mirrors frequently (every 2 to 5
seconds) so that you know the position of vehicles near you.
Any time you come to a place where people may cross or
enter your path, you should look to the sides to make sure
no one is coming. Check traffic behind you often. You may
have time to get out of the way before being hit from the rear
from a tailgating vehicle or otherwise. Check behind you
before you change lanes, slow down quickly, back up, or
drive down a long or steep hill.

7. Road Conditions
 

a.  Soft shoulders and drop offs:

Driving on the edge of the pavement may drag your vehicle

off the road and into the loose dirt. Worse, this may cause a
wreck and even cause your car to skid. If you must drive on
soft shoulders, firmly steer your vehicle, at reduced speed,
back onto the road.

b. Bad pavement:

Vehicles on bad pavement may not get a grip and thereby

slide. Driving at speeds of over 30 mph on roads that have
gravel lying in the ruts and over the road surface may cause
your vehicle to skid. Therefore, drive slower than usual on
surfaces such as dry sand or gravel.

c. Seasonal hazards:

When driving over a bump or a bumpy surface, always apply

the gas and the brakes in a controlled manner. 
The result of suddenly applying the gas or applying the
brakes heavily is skidding due to the accumulated oil on
surfaces from thousands of vehicles.

8. Intersections

a. Marked-Unmarked: 

An intersection is any place where one line of traffic meets

another. It includes: cross streets and side streets, freeway
entrances, driveway and shopping center entrances, etc. 

Blind intersections are intersections where you cannot see

for 100 feet in either direction during the last 100 feet before
crossing. You must approach an uncontrolled blind
intersection slowly enough (15 mph) to be able to stop if a
vehicle pulls out suddenly.The prima
facie speed limit of 15 mph only applies to uncontrolled blind
intersection. The law states:

The Speed limit is  15mph:

  When traversing railway grade crossing if during the last

100 feet of the approach to the crossing, the driver does not
have a clear and unobstructed view of the railway for a
distance of 400 feet in each direction. This does not apply if
the railway grade crossing has a signal device installed.
When traversing an intersection if during the last 100 feet of
the approach to the intersection the driver does not have a
clear and unobstructed view of the intersection and of any
traffic upon all the highways entering the intersection for a
distance of 100 feet. This does not apply at an intersection
protected by a stop sign, yield right-of-way sign or controlled
by traffic control signals. Section 22352(a)(1) V.C.

1.  Signaling distance: 

Drivers must turn on their signals when intending to

turn right or left during the last 100 feet(over 1/4
blocks) traveled by the vehicle before turning.
Motorists must ensure that they do not signal too
early, as other drivers may think you are going to
make a right or left turn earlier than you intend to and
thereby cause a car crash. 
2.  Speed: 

Drivers must slow down when they are about to come

to an intersection in order to avoid any potential
collisions. 
When entering an intersection, always cover your
brake pedal just in case you need to make use of it,
such as if a drunk driver comes along. Covering the
brake reduces reaction time by 3/4 of a second.
Never step on the gas to beat a yellow light or a red
 light. It is better to wait for the next light and avoid a
collision than to beat the light and risk getting into a
crash. 
3. Stopping limits:

At intersections, drivers must stop before the white

lines painted across traffic lanes. The purpose of the
lines is to separate pedestrians and crossing traffic
from the halted vehicles.

9. City, Freeway, Open Roadway,

Mountain
 
a. Speed:
In California, you must never drive faster than is safe for the
present conditions, regardless of the posted speed limit. 

The maximum speed limit on most California highways is 65

mph. However, for two-lane undivided highways, the
maximum speed limit is 55 mph. unless posted for a higher
speed. All speed limits are based on ideal driving conditions,
therefore you should drive slower in adverse weather
conditions;

Driving faster than the posted speed limit or other than is

safe for current conditions on any road is dangerous and
illegal. The faster you drive, the less time you have to avoid
a hazard or a crash.

b. Following distance: 

Good drivers keep a safe following distance so they can see

well. The more space between your vehicle and the vehicle
ahead, the more time you will have to see a hazard or a
collision down the road. Following too closely causes most
rear end collisions. To avoid this, use the "three-second
rule." When the vehicle ahead of you passes a certain point,
such as a sign, count "one-thousand-one, one-thousand-two,
and one-thousand-three." If you pass the same point before
you finish counting, you are following too closely. 

You need a four second cushion when: you are crowded by

a tailgater; on slippery roads; when following motorcycles;
when the driver behind you wants to pass; when you are
pulling a trailer or carrying a heavy load; when following
large vehicles that block your view ahead; when you are
stopped in traffic on a hill; when you see a bus or school
bus, or vehicle carrying flammables; when merging on a
freeway.

c. Braking Distance:

Braking is one of the most important skills while on the road.

If there is an object in your path, you need to see it in time to
be able to stop. A vehicle needs time to stop, it will not stop
immediately. At 55 mph, it takes about 400 feet to react to
something 
you see and to bring the car to a complete stop. At 35 mph,
it will take about 210 feet to react and to bring the car to a
complete stop.

d. Signaling Distance: 

Signal during the last 100 feet before turning. On the

freeway, it is best to signal at least five seconds before
changing lanes. Drivers must signal even when they don't
see any cars around. A car you don't see might hit you.
Drivers must signal whether they are on roadways in the city,
on the freeway, on an open roadway, or mountain. All of
these areas are potentially dangerous when drivers take
action without warning other drivers of their intentions.

e. Traffic conditions:

Drivers must always watch for the conditions of the road

when driving, not only for the weather conditions, but also
when they come to other dangerous areas- such as curves,
when you are driving behind a bus, a towing truck, or a large
truck, during traffic hours, near a car crash... etc.

f. Passing: 

Passing other vehicles is very dangerous. Therefore the

rules regarding passing must always be obeyed in order to
avoid a crash. Some of the factors to consider when passing
another vehicle are: the speed of the vehicle you are about
to pass, the distance
 that is clear ahead, the speed and distance of any oncoming
vehicles.

1.  Open Roadway :

Drivers must never drive off the paved or main-

traveled portion of the road or drive on the shoulder to
pass.
When you want to pass a vehicle or bicycle going in
your direction, pass to the left. Passing on the right is
dangerous and is legal only: If an open highway is
clearly marked for two or more lanes of vehicles
moving in your direction of travel, or if the driver of
the 
other vehicle is making a left turn. Never drive off the
road or pass to the left of a driver who is signaling a
 left turn. 

Drivers must not honk when they pass on the right.

The other driver may think you are on the left and pull
over into you. If you need to change into another lane,
move only after you have finished a turn you want to
make and when traffic is clear. 
2. Mountains:

When passing other vehicles in mountains you must

ensure that you have almost double the distance to
pass than in normal roads. When driving on a
mountainous area, never pass on a curve, or when
approaching a curve. Do not pass where it is illegal to
do so, look at the road for markings.
                 

10. Driving Distractions

a. Inside vehicle: 

When on the road, drivers must ensure that they focus on

their driving and avoid being distracted by such things as:
the radio, car phones, other passengers, checking maps or
other directories, reading, etc. It is illegal to wear
headphones in the vehicle 
because it impairs hearing during emergencies.

 Cell Phones- Effective July 1, 2008 CVC 12810.3 

Prohibits a person from driving a vehicle while using a

wireless telephone unless the person uses a system
that allows hands-free listening and speaking.

Senate Bill 33. Author: Simitian Amends CVC

sections 12810.3 and 23123

Summary: This law prohibits a person who is under

the age of 18 years from operating a motor vehicle
while using a wireless telephone, even when
equipped with a hands-free device, or while using a
mobile service device. The law provides an exemption
for the use of wireless telephones or mobile service
devices for emergency purposes.
CVC 23124. (a) This section applies to a person
under the age of 18 years.

(b) Notwithstanding Section 23123, a person

described in subdivision (a) shall not drive a motor
vehicle while using a wireless telephone, even if
equipped with a hands-free device, or while using a
mobile service device.

(c) A violation of this section is an infraction

punishable by a base fine of twenty dollars ($20) for a
first offense and fifty dollars ($50) for each
subsequent offense.

(d) A law enforcement officer shall not stop a vehicle

for the sole purpose of determining whether the driver
is violating subdivision (b).

(e) Subdivision (d) does not prohibit a law

enforcement officer from stopping a vehicle for a
violation  of Section 23123.

(f) This section does not apply to a person using a

wireless telephone or a mobile service device for
emergency purposes, including, but not limited to, an
emergency call to a law enforcement agency, health
care provider, fire department, or other emergency
services agency or entity.

(g) For the purposes of this section, "mobile service

device" includes, but is not limited to, a broadband
personal communication device, specialized mobile
radio device, handheld device or laptop computer with
mobile data access, pager, and two-way messaging
device.
(h) This section shall become operative on July 1,
2008.

SEC. 5. No reimbursement is required by this act

pursuant to Section 6 of Article XIII B of the California
Constitution because the only costs that may be
incurred by a local agency or school district will be
incurred because this act creates a new crime or
infraction, eliminates a crime or infraction, or changes
the penalty for a crime or infraction, within the
 meaning of Section 17556 of the Government Code,
or changes the definition of a crime within the
meaning of Section 6 of Article XIII B of the California
Constitution. 

No-text Law Goes Into Effect January

1,2009

From SB 28 – CVC section 23123.5

Starting January 1, 2009 a new law will go into effect

where writing, sending, or reading a text-based
communication while driving will be against the law for
all drivers in California.
This new law applies to electronic wireless
communications devices used to manually
communicate with any person using text-based
communication, including, but not limited to,
communications referred to as a text message,
instant message, or electronic mail. 
Violating this law is punishable by a base fine of $20
for a first offense and $50 for each subsequent
offense. With the addition of penalty assessments,
fines can be more than triple the base fine amount.

b. Outside vehicle: 

Drivers must avoid being distracted by items outside of the

vehicle, such as scenery, car wrecks, pedestrians, etc. In
addition, when looking for a certain destination, drivers must
never stop in the middle of the road. While in a vehicle,
driving must be one's top priority.
A. COLLISION CAUSATION
1. Mental and Physical
 
 
There are five (5) reasons most common causes of collisions occur, they are because
of the following: 

1) mental alertness,
2) physical alertness, 
3) environmental factors, 
4) other drivers, and 
5) visual habits. 

The type of crash (rear-end; broadside, hit object, head-on, sideswipe, auto-pedestrian,
and overturning) is dependent on a combination of these causes and the five reasons
why most of the common causes of collisions occur.

This course covers a variety of areas and reasons why collisions occur. This course
also provides invaluable insight into why common causes of collisions occur. The
purpose of this chapter is to alert you to what the basic causes and reasons are in
typical car crashes. The entire course will provide further insight into most specific areas
(parking, backing up, freeway driving, city driving, drinking and driving, and so on) of
what constitutes risky driving and how to avoid the avoidable.

For example, common sense should tell you that when you are backing up, you should
look back (have a clear view of where you are backing), and you should move slowly. If
by backing up, you have a rear-end crash, the environmental factor could be that it was
snowing, and you could not see what you were doing and the cause could be related to
the fact that you were backing up at a speed of 30 mph.

2. Mental Alertness
You should never drive when your not at your mental best. Some of the things that
cause you to not be mentally alert include: fatigue, drugs, alcohol, anger, and stress. It's
probably not a good idea for you to get into a car if you are affected by any of these
things.
3. Physical Alertness
Just like you should not drive if your not mentally alert, you should also refrain from
driving when you are physically ill. Physically ill includes, but is not limited to, a cold or
flu, broken limbs that make it hard to drive, stomach problems, migraine headaches,
diabetes, or if you are prone to seizures.

4. Environment
All drivers must "scan" the road while driving. However, it is important to know that
objects in the environment may be blocking another vehicle, animals, other people, etc.
Therefore, whenever you are unable to see everything in sight due to shrubbery,
billboards, bushes, etc. it is important to cover your brakes and be prepared to stop in
case critical items are being covered by unimportant looking items.

5. Visual Habits
You must scan the entire road while driving, this means looking ahead (10-15 seconds
ahead of your vehicle) as well as to the sides. You must turn their head before changing
lanes because mirrors have blind spots that may hide a motorcycle or a bicycle. Also,
check your rear view mirrors frequently, (every 2 to 5 seconds) so that you know the
position of vehicles near you.

Watch for signals from other drivers. Be prepared for rapid changes in road conditions
and traffic flow. As you look ahead, think about what will (or might) happen on the road.
Always leave yourself an "out" to protect yourself by knowing which lanes are clear so
you can use them if you need to.

6. Other Drivers
Even though you may be a safe and alert driver, other drivers on the road may not be in
the condition to drive, whether because they are driving drunk, driving while they are on
medication, angry, or stressed. Therefore, it is very important to drive defensively and to
always leave an out by knowing which lanes are available so you can use them in an
emergency.

7. Collision Types
 
a. Intersections:

Intersections are dangerous places because this is where vehicles and pedestrians
going in different directions meet. When coming to an intersection always slow down
just in case there's a sudden need to stop. Look to the left first (even if other traffic has a
red light at a stop sign), since cars coming from the left are closer to you and then look
to the right. Take one more look to the left before you pull out, just in case there is
someone you didn't see the first time.

1.  Blind:

A blind intersection is one where you are not able to see everything due to
something blocking the view. You must slow down to 15 mph when you come to
an uncontrolled intersection where you cannot see for at least 100 feet in each
direction during the last 100 feet before crossing.
2. Right of way:

"Right of way" rules tell you when to go or stop at an intersection. Never insist on
taking the right of way. You will help prevent car crashes and make driving more
pleasant. Do not enter an intersection, even when the light is green, unless there
is enough space to completely cross before the light turns red. If heavy traffic
causes you to block traffic, you can be fined. 

If all traffic signal lights are not working because of an electrical power failure,
you must treat the intersection as if it were a four-way stop. Stop at the
intersection and then proceed when you know other approaching vehicles,
bicycles, or pedestrians will also be stopping. 

At an intersection without stop or yield signs, slow down and be ready to stop.
 Yield to vehicles already in the intersection or just entering it. Also, yield to the
car on your right if it has reached the intersection at the same time as your car.

At a "T" intersection, vehicles on the through road have the right of way. When
there are stop signs at all corners, stop first; then follow the above rules.

3.  Turns:

Before making a turn at an intersection, always look for approaching cars in all
lanes and keep a watch out for pedestrians. Look both ways. Look to the left first,
then to the right. Then look to the left again before continuing because there
might be a vehicle or pedestrian that you did not see before.

 a. Left:

Before making a left turn ensure that the intersection is clear of all pedestrians
and vehicles. Do not turn too soon and do not "cut the corner" of the lane
belonging to cars coming toward you. 

Left turn from a two way street:

Start the turn at the left hand edge of the lane closest to the middle of the street.
You may complete the turn in either lane of the cross street if it is safe to do so.
You must use a left turn lane if there is one. A left turn from the next lane may be
made if signs or arrows show it is okay. 

Left turn from a two way street into a one way street: 

Start the turn from the far left-hand portion of your side of the road. You may turn
into any lane that is safely open. 

Left turn from a one-way street into a two-way street: 

Start the turn from the far left-hand portion of your side of the road. Vehicles may
turn into either of the lanes that are safely open. 

Left turn from a one-way street into a one-way street:

The turn must be started from the left hand portion of the road. Watch for
bicycles between your vehicle and the curb because they can legally use the left
turn lane for their left turns. 

Turn at a "T" intersection from a one-way into a two-way street:

Through traffic has the right of way. You may turn either right or left from the
 center lane. Watch for vehicles and bicycles inside your turn.

b. Right turns:

Start your turn in the lane nearest the right-hand curb. End the turn in the lane nearest
the right-hand curb. Do not swing wide into another lane of traffic. You may start a right
turn from other than the far right lane only where pavement or overhead markings show
that using that lane for a right turn is permitted.

 c. Simultaneous turns: 

At an intersection, two vehicles approaching each other from opposite directions may
turn left simultaneously, if it is safe to do so. Both vehicles should start their left turns at
about 4 feet from the center of the intersection so as not to collide with each other.

 d. Wide turns- Commercial vehicles: 

Truck drivers must often swing out to the left as the first step in making a right turn
because the rear wheels of a vehicle follow a shorter path than the front wheels. When
you follow a big truck, look at its turn signals before you start to pass. If you think the
truck is turning left wait a second and check the turn signals again just in case the driver
may actually be turning right.

4. Pedestrians:

Pedestrian safety is a serious issue. One in six traffic fatalities is a pedestrian.

Pedestrians lose in any collision, regardless of who had the right-of-way. You must drive
cautiously when pedestrians are near your path. 

Pedestrians have the right-of-way at corners, whether or not the crosswalks are marked
by painted white lines. Drivers must stop for the safety of anyone crossing the street. Do
not pass a vehicle from behind that has stopped at a crosswalk because a hidden
pedestrian may be crossing. 

Do not drive on a sidewalk, except to cross it at a driveway or alley. When crossing,

yield to pedestrians. 
Pedestrians with guide dogs are partially or totally blind and always have the right-of-
way, so drivers must be especially careful when turning corners or backing up. Blind
Pedestrian: A totally or partially blind pedestrian who is carrying a predominately white
cane (with or without a red tip) or using a guide dog shall have the right of way and the
driver of any vehicle approaching this pedestrian who fails to yield the right-of-way or
take all reasonable and necessary precautions to avoid injury to this blind pedestrian is
guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six
months, or by a fine of not less than five hundred dollars ($500) nor more than one
thousand dollars ($1000), or both. Section 21963 V.C.

b. Freeway:

Drivers must comply with all the laws, rules and regulations when on the freeway
because in a collision, the impact is much worse than when driving on roads. The force
of a 60 mph crash isn't just twice as great as at 30 mph, it's four times as great.

1. Merging:

Drivers must enter the freeway at or near the speed of traffic. In California the
maximum speed allowed is 65 mph on most freeways. Never stop before
merging with freeway traffic unless absolutely necessary or unless there are
metering lights. Freeway traffic has the right of way. Stay with the flow of traffic. 

Anytime you merge with other traffic, you should have a gap of at least four
seconds. A four second gap will give both you and the car behind you a two-
second following distance. You need a four-second gap whenever you change
lanes, enter a freeway from an entrance lane, or merge with another road. 
2. Exiting:

When you plan to exit the freeway, make sure to give yourself plenty of time. You
should know the freeway exit you want as well as the one that comes before it. 

To exit safely, you should: change lanes one at a time until you are in the proper
lane for either a right hand or left hand exit from the freeway. Signal your
 intention to exit approximately five seconds before; be sure you are at the proper
speed for leaving the traffic lane, not too fast so you won't lose control and not
too slow so you won't slow the flow of traffic.
3. Space cushion: 

Because it takes a longer distance to stop or slow down when you are driving
faster, freeway drivers must leave a larger space cushion in case you need to
stop suddenly. You need a four-second gap whenever you change lanes, enter a
freeway from an entrance lane, or merge with another road. You should not try to
squeeze into a gap that is too small; leave yourself enough of a space cushion.

c. Lane changes: 

Before you change lanes, look for vehicles around you. Use your mirrors and turn
signals. Turn your head to look quickly to the side before changing lanes. Leave three
seconds of space between you and the vehicle ahead. Make sure you can stop safely if
you must. If you have to cross several lanes, take them one at a time. Filter through
traffic slowly. If you stop to wait until all lanes are clear, you will tie up traffic and may
cause a crash.

1. Passing: 

Never drive off the paved or main-traveled portion of the road or on the shoulder
to pass. When you want to pass a vehicle or bicycle going in your direction, pass
on the left. Passing on the right is dangerous and is legal only: if an open
highway is clearly marked for two or more lanes of vehicles moving in your
direction of travel or if the driver of the other vehicle is making a left turn. Never
drive off the road or pass to the left of a driver who is signaling a left turn. 

If you need to move into another lane, move only after you have finished a turn
you want to make and when traffic is clear. 
2. Head-on:

When threatened with a head on collision, you must slow down as much as
possible and steer your vehicle to the right and onto the shoulder; never steer to
the left. You should flash your lights and blow your horn just in case the driver of
the oncoming car is distracted. You should grip the steering wheel firmly so that
you do not lose control. 

If you are unable to avoid a collision, use your arms and hands to protect your
face if you are wearing a shoulder strap. If you are not using a shoulder strap,
throw yourself across the seat so that you don't hit the steering wheel or the
windshield.
3. Rear-end:

When threatened with a rear-end collision, you can speed up to avoid the crash.
 If the collision is unavoidable, release the brake before being hit. This allows the
car to move forward and reduce the impact of the crash. 
4. Fixed object:

Drivers must be careful when driving at night, during heavy rainfall, in fog, etc.
because visibility reduces substantially during these conditions. A driver who
willfully or negligently damages any fixture is liable for the cost of the repair or
replacement of such item. 
5.  Slippery surface skids:

If you go into a skid, ease off the gas pedal, stop braking, and turn the steering
wheel in the direction of the skid. If you can't control your car on a slippery
surface, try to find something to stop you. Try to get a wheel on dry pavement or
on the shoulder of the road. You may have to slowly edge into a snow bank or
some bushes to stop you. 

You should avoid especially slippery areas, such as ice patches, wet leaves, oil,
or deep puddles.
6. Vehicle failure:

a. Brakes:

You must keep your brakes in workable condition, otherwise you risk a collision. You
should check your braking system every time you get oil, filter and lube change, usually
every 3,000 miles.

If your brakes suddenly give out, downshift to a lower gear; pump the brake pedal fast
and hard to build up brake fluid pressure. You will know in three to four pumps if the
brakes will work. Do not pump antilock brakes. Apply the parking brake, but be ready to
release if the car begins to skid. You could steer into bushes or something soft to make
the car stop. Sound you horn and flash your lights to warn other drivers. Turn off the
ignition when you have come to a stop, but not before. If you turn your key off while you
are still moving you risk loosing the power steering in your car and the steering wheel
may lock up.

b.Tires:

Get your tires checked regularly. Make sure that the tread, inflation, and general
construction of the tires are appropriate. 

If your tire blows out, you should hold the steering wheel tightly and steer straight
ahead, slow down gradually and take your foot off the gas pedal slowly, ensuring not to
apply the brakes. Slow down to a stop off the road. Apply the brakes when the car is
almost stopped.
  B. COLLISION AVOIDANCE
   Defensive Driving Techniques
 
Defensive driving is driving to defend yourself against possible collisions caused
by bad drivers, drunk drivers, poor weather, heavy traffic, etc.  

 Be alert- don't assume

You must always be alert while driving because other drivers may not be. Never
assume that other drivers know what your next maneuver will be.

 Escape techniques

Drive according to the weather conditions. Slow down when there is water on the
road, drive slower when there are many vehicles close together on the road, stay
further behind vehicles when the roads are slippery, slow down as you approach
curves and intersections, avoid fast turns, avoid quick stops, shift to low gears
before going down a steep hill. Watch for blind spots on the road. 

You need time to react and to slow down or stop their vehicles. Therefore, you
should keep a space cushion on each side of their vehicles. You should not drive
in the blind spot of another driver. Avoid driving alongside other cars on
multilane streets. Someone may crowd your lane or try to change lanes and pull
into you. Keep as much space as you can between yourself and oncoming
traffic. On multilane streets, stay out of the lane next to the centerline, if you can.

If possible, make room for vehicles entering freeways even though you have the
right of way. This is the courteous thing to do.

 Think ahead

When driving, if you keep your eyes moving, you will spot a hazard more easily.
Once you have seen the hazards decide what to do and act. Never "wait and
see." You can prevent most car crashes if you drive defensively and think
ahead. You should think about every "close call" or collision you have to prevent
other such situations.

 Use of the horn

Sound your horn only when necessary to avoid a crash. Don't honk at other
times. Try to get "eye contact" with other drivers. Sometimes it may be
necessary to tap your horn to alert another driver who may want to turn in front
of you. On narrow mountain roads, drive as far to the right as possible and
sound your horn where you cannot see at least 200 feet ahead. Don't honk just
to make a slow driver hurry. The driver may be ill, lost, or may be having
problems with the car. Never honk if slowing or stopping your car will prevent a
 crash. It's safer to use the brakes than push the horn. Don't honk simply to show
other drivers that they have made a mistake. Your honking may upset them so
much that they may make more mistakes. Never honk because you are angry or
upset.

  Avoiding a Collision with the Car Ahead

    Importance of vehicle lane placement   

Make sure that you drive on the right side of the road to avoid head on collisions,
be especially careful on roads that have only one lane to go in each direction.

When you have a choice as to which lane to drive on, drive in the lane that has
the smoothest flow of traffic. You will save fuel. If you can choose among three
lanes on your side of the road, pick the middle lane for the smoothest diving. If
you want to go faster, pass, or turn left, use the left lane. When you drive slowly,
enter, or turn off the road, use the right lane. If only two lanes go in your
direction, pick the right lane for the smoothest driving. Don't weave, stay in one
traffic lane as much as possible.

a. Three -second system

 Use the three-second rule in slower traffic.

 How to establish a 3-second gap
 When the vehicle ahead of you passes a certain point, such a sign, count " one-
thousand-one, one-thousand-two, and one-thousand-three."
 This takes about three seconds. If you pass the same point before you finish
counting, you are following too closely.

 When to increase following distance to 4 seconds or more

When being tailgated:

Use the four second cushion when you are being tailgated. You should allow extra
room between your car and the car ahead. Then, if you need to slow down you can do
so gradually. You will be able to avoid braking suddenly, and avoid being hit from
behind you.

When vision is blocked or visibility is poor: 

You need more time to react when visibility is poor. Allow more of a cushion when the
weather is poor or when objects may be blocking vehicles, animals, or people.
When speed is increased:

More time is needed to stop your vehicle when driving at fast speeds, such as when
driving on the freeway. Increase your space cushion when driving faster.

When adverse roadway or weather conditions exist:

Visibility decreases in adverse weather conditions; therefore the space cushion must be
increased.

 Momentary distractions- pick a safe time to look away

Take short looks:

Do not allow things inside of your vehicle (such as other passengers, the radio)
or outside the vehicle (scenery, buildings) distract you. If you must take a look,
make it quick and get your eyes on the road immediately.

Have the passenger help with navigation:

You should have the passenger help with directions, with changing the music,
with children in the vehicle etc. This will allow you to keep your eyes on the road.

 Look ahead for trouble

Look over and around the car ahead:

Keep your eyes moving. Look near and far, pay attention to the car that is immediately
ahead of you. Look for signs from the vehicle, such as when the car intends to stop,
turn, change lanes, etc.

Check ahead for speed on hilltops and curves:

You must be aware when hilltops or curves are coming up so that you will be in control
and lower your speed.

Watch for brake lights in adjacent lanes:

You must be aware of the action of the vehicle next to you. This is because the vehicle
next to you might be turning or switching lanes and you might be in its blind spot. If
such is the case you need to take action before a collision occurs.

Start braking early:

It takes time to stop your vehicle. Therefore, you must brake early on. You must always
keep your eyes on the road to know what type of action to take.

 Locations to watch for trouble

Drivers must proceed with caution wherever there might be pedestrians around. You
must stop for the safety of anyone crossing the street on foot.

These are a few places where you must drive slower than usual:

 Traffic controlled intersections,

 Approaching crosswalks,
 Lanes next to parked cars,
 Parking lot entrances,
 Interchanges where cars enter and leave,
 Slippery or ice-covered streets
 Around schools and other areas where children may be at play

Avoid Being Rear Ended by Another Vehicle

Use the three-second rule to make sure that you are not following the vehicle
ahead of you too closely. Use the four-second rule when being followed by a
tailgater, on slippery roads, when following motorcycles, when the driver behind
you wants to pass, when you are pulling a trailer or carrying a heavy load, when
following large vehicles that block your view ahead, when you are stopped in
traffic on a hill, when you see a bus, school bus, or vehicle carrying flammables,
or when merging on a freeway.

Signal early for turns, stops, and lane changes:

Signaling gives notice to other drivers about your next maneuver. It is important
to signal early so that other drivers are prepared to take appropriate action, such
slowing down and to avoid hitting your vehicle. Signal during the last 100 feet
before turning.

Brake smoothly and gradually:  

You should avoid applying the brakes suddenly. Doing so risks a rear-end
collision. Whenever possible, apply the brakes in such a way as to give notice to
the vehicles behind you to slow down.

Keep pace with traffic when possible: 

Always keep up with the flow of traffic, unless this would cause you to speed. If
you block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic by driving too slowly,
you may receive a ticket, or worse, cause another vehicle to rear end you. If you
are going slower than other traffic, do not drive in the "fast" lane. 

Check mirrors for following distance of other vehicles:

You must check your mirrors frequently (every 2 to 5 seconds) so that you know
the position of vehicles near you. Leave enough space between you and the
vehicle ahead for safe stops. Check the traffic behind you often. This way, you
will know if cars are tailgating or coming up behind you too fast. You may have
time to get out of the way before being hit from the rear; also, you can warn
vehicles behind you by tapping on your brakes lightly. On long, steep
downgrades, keep a look out for large vehicles that can gather speed very
quickly. Whenever you change lanes, check behind you to make sure you are
not getting in the way of cars in that lane.

When you must slow down suddenly, take a quick glance in your mirrors. You
should also check your mirrors when you are preparing to turn into a side road or
driveway, and when you are stopping to pull into a parking lot. 

Before changing lanes, check direction of travel:

Whenever you change lanes always check traffic behind and beside you by:
checking all mirrors, glancing over your left or right shoulder to make sure the
lane you want is clear. If you use only your left or inside rearview mirrors when
looking for cars, you may not see vehicles near the rear of your car because of a
"blind spot"; always check traffic to the sides quickly. Do not take your eyes off
the road ahead for more than an instant. 

After stopping, keep brake pedal depressed:

The purpose of your brake lights is to warn other drivers that you are about to
stop or have stopped. Therefore, always keep your brake pedal depressed when
you are stopped. Otherwise other drivers will think that you are going to keep
driving and they may rear-end you.  

Keep rear lights clean and working: 

All of your rear lights must be in good working order. The purpose of your rear
lights is to warn other drivers about your next maneuver. If your rear lights are
not functioning properly, whether because the bulbs are dead or the protective
covering is cracked, other vehicles will not know what your next maneuver is,
thereby increasing the chances of getting rear ended.
 Increase the following distance from vehicles ahead:

How to Choose an Alternative Path of Travel as an Escape Route

Whenever another driver makes a mistake, you need time to react and quickly choose
an alternative path of travel so you can escape a potential collision. You can give
yourself this time by keeping enough space between your car and the vehicles around
you. Keep a "space cushion" on all sides of your car. This will give you space to brake
or maneuver if you need it.

Importance of adequate visual aids

To keep a "space cushion" on all sides of your vehicle, all of your mirrors (including
windshield) must be in good working condition. Otherwise, you will not be able to see
the whereabouts of other vehicles. 

Possible speed or position adjustments

Don't drive in the blind spot of another driver. Avoid driving alongside other cars on
multilane streets. Someone may crowd your lane or try to change lanes and pull into
you. Move ahead of the other car or drop back. Keep as much space as you can
between yourself and oncoming traffic. On multilane streets, stay out of the lane next to
the center line, that way you will have more room to avoid an oncoming car that
suddenly swerves toward you. This is very important at intersections where another
driver could turn left without giving a signal. At freeway exits, don't drive alongside other
cars. A driver on the freeway may pull off suddenly or a driver leaving may swerve back
on. Keep a space between yourself and parked cars. Someone may step out from
between them. Always leave plenty of room between your car and any bicycle

 Positioning the vehicle laterally

Select speeds to position vehicle between clusters of vehicles:

When driving with clusters of vehicles, always keep up with the flow of traffic.
When driving on the right lane, position your vehicle to the right side of the lane
to allow for a space cushion with vehicles to the left of you. When driving on the
far left lane, position your vehicle to the left side of the lane to allow for a space
cushion with vehicles on the right side. When driving on the center lane, drive
directly in the middle of the lane to allow for a space cushion with vehicles on the
right and left sides.

Select a lane position within traffic clusters to allow greatest

maneuverability:
When driving alongside other vehicles, always leave yourself an out. You need
to have a space reserved to avoid a potential hazard. Avoid getting blocked in by
other vehicles.

Avoiding multiple hazards 

Identify hazards early :

To avoid last minute moves, you should look down the road 10 to 15 seconds
ahead of your vehicle. A driver needs to look that far ahead to spot hazards
early. In the city, 10-15 seconds is about one block. On the highway, 10 to 15
seconds is about a quarter of a mile.

Predict potential hazards:

Keep away from drivers that are driving erratically. As you scan the road, think
about what will (or might) happen on the road. Be alert for vehicles on either
side, to the front, and to the rear. Always leave yourself an "out" in case you
need to avoid a collision.

Adjust speed and position to avoid potential hazards:

Drive slower around areas that may be potentially hazardous, such as areas
where people might be found, areas where construction is taking place, railroad
crossings, etc. When driving through these areas, cover your brake because you
never know when you're going to need to stop suddenly.

Anticipate and plan possible escape routes :

When you get into a vehicle, you should know where you are going and how you
are going to get there. You should also be aware of alternate routes just in case
you are faced with a hazard on the road you are driving. While driving, try to plan
escape routes that you will use if necessary. 

Compromise to reduce the risk of hazards:

A long line of cars approaching from the opposite direction:

You should never pass a vehicle when there is a long line of cars approaching
from the opposite direction, or even if there is just one car. You should drive to
the right of your lane just in case one of those vehicles tries to pass another
vehicle or attempts to turn right in front of you. You should turn on your
headlights to make your vehicle more visible. Also, be prepared to use your horn
to warn a driver who apparently does not see you.

Be prepared to brake and move to the right:

To avoid an oncoming vehicle from hitting you, you should sound your horn to
warn the oncoming vehicle, flash your lights, slow down and move onto the
shoulder of the road.

An approaching vehicle drifts into lane of travel:

Slow down:

You must slow down when an approaching vehicle drifts into your lane of travel.
This will decrease the impact in case of a collision. Also, this gives you more
control over the vehicle. Quickly tapping your brakes will warn drivers that are
behind you.

Pull to the right:

You should pull to the right side of your lane when an approaching vehicle drifts
into your lane of travel. Quickly check for an opening and move to the lane to the
right of you if there is one; otherwise move onto the shoulder of the road.

Sound horn and flash lights:

When there is an approaching vehicle, try to warn the driver of your presence.
Turn on your headlights and sound your horn so that they are aware of the
situation and react. Chapter keyword - Intersection.

On a curve:

Slow before entering:

Slow down before entering a curve so you will have more control over your
vehicle. After all, you do not know what lies ahead since your visibility is
decreased.

Stay toward the right of the lane:

You should drive on the right-side of the lane that your are driving in or if there is
a lane to the right of you switch to that lane. This will help to avoid any collisions
in case an oncoming driver crosses over to your side of the road.
  Protecting Yourself When a Collision Cannot be Avoided:

Being Hit from Behind

When to apply the brakes:

The time to apply your brakes depends on the point at which you are about to be
hit. If you are stopped at an intersection, keep your foot on the brake so that your
vehicle does not cause another accident with the vehicle in front of yours.
Otherwise keep your foot off of the brake, this action will lessen the damage to
your vehicle. After, merge to the emergency lane or to the shoulder of the road
and stop the vehicle.

Use of head restraints:

The use of head restraints (headrests) in your vehicle can reduce the chance of
severe neck injury. Make sure the head restraints are properly adjusted and that
your head is comfortable.

Being hit from the Side

 If you think you will be hit from the side, you should be prepared to steer
your car away from the vehicle that will hit you.
 You should brace yourself against the steering wheel so you will not be
thrown around the car.

Being hit from the front:

Protecting your face when wearing a shoulder strap:

A head on collision is extremely dangerous and can be fatal. Use your arms and
hands to protect your face if you are wearing a shoulder strap.

Protection when not wearing a shoulder strap:

If you are not using a shoulder strap, throw yourself across the seat so that you
don't hit the steering wheel or the windshield upon impact.

Emergency Situations

 Maintenance and Construction areas:

Highway workers try hard to warn you of their presence by using orange signs,
 equipment, flags, and jackets. You must ensure both your and the workers'
safety by driving slowly through work areas. The highway worker's life is in your
hands. Be prepared to slow down or stop for vehicles used to maintain the
highways, like bulldozers. One or more lanes may be closed when road work is
in progress. Orange signs warn you that you must be prepared for people and
slow moving equipment on the road. A line of orange cones will show you the
closed lane. Do not cross the line of cones. Fines are doubled for certain
violations committed around highway construction or maintenance zones when
workers are present and/or traffic is regulated or restricted by Caltrans or local
authorities (CVC 42010).

 Always be especially careful when you drive around areas where children are
expected to be, such as playgrounds, parks, and schools. The speed limit near
schools is 25 mph. You should not drive more than 25 mph whenever children
are present, regardless of the posted speed limit. You must stop when you are
behind a bus with flashing red lights. If you do not stop you will be fined and risk
having your driver's license suspended for one year.

School busses displaying flashing red lights: The driver of any vehicle

meeting or overtaking from either direction, a school bus that is stopped for the
purpose of loading or unloading school children and displays flashing red lights,
shall bring his or her vehicle to a stop immediately before passing the school bus
and shall not proceed past the bus until the flashing red lights cease operation.
The driver of a vehicle upon a divided highway or multiple-lane highway need
not stop upon meeting or passing a school bus that is upon the other roadway.
Section 22454. V.C.

You must drive slowly in areas where animals might be present, such as roads
in the countryside. Be aware of signs that warn you that animals might get on the
road. Animals, especially large ones like deer pose a great danger to you,
passengers in your vehicle and to your vehicle.

o Animals
o Children

 
 
 PURPOSE OF BASIC SPEED LAWS
The purpose of basic speed laws is to regulate traffic and to minimize traffic hazards.

 PURPOSE OF MINIMUM SPEED LAWS

The purpose of minimum speed laws is to minimize traffic hazards and traffic
congestion. 

 Residential Zones
The speed limit is 25 mph unless signs show other limits.
 Business Districts
The speed limit is 25 mph unless signs show other limits.

School Zones

 Near a school, the speed limit is 25mph while children are outside or crossing
the street. No matter what the speed limit sign states, you should never drive
faster than 25 mph when the school ground has no fence and children are
outside.

  Blind intersections

You need to approach a "blind intersection" slowly enough (15 mph) to be able
to stop if a vehicle pulls out suddenly. However, you may drive as fast as the
posted speed limit if yield or stop signs on the side streets give you the right of
way.
  

SPEED LIMITS FOR DESIGNATED VEHICLES

The maximum speed limit on most California highways is 65 mph. However, for
two-lane undivided highways, the maximum speed limit is 55 mph. On some
highways, the maximum speed limit is 70mph, but only if there are signs posted
showing 70 mph.

 SPEED AND STOPPING DISTANCE

 Perception Time and Distance

Drivers must always ensure to scan the road 10 to 15 seconds ahead in order to
spot any hazards ahead of time and react at the split of a second. 
  Reaction Time and Distance

This refers to the time a driver becomes aware of a hazard, reacts, and stops the
vehicle. Therefore, more time is involved in stopping a vehicle than simply the amount
of time it takes to stop the vehicle from the time the brakes are applied. The farther
away from a potential hazard you are the more time you have to react. 

 Braking Distance

Braking distance is the start from the time you put your foot on the brake pedal
up until you have come to a complete stop. Braking distance varies according to
the speed at which the vehicle is traveling, the conditions of the road, and the
condition of the tires. More time is needed to stop a vehicle when it is raining or
snowing, when traveling at high speeds, and when a vehicle's braking system is
not functioning properly.

 Stopping Distance

Stopping distance is the distance you travel from when you start to react up until
you come to a complete stop. If another vehicle, person, or animal is in your
path, you need to see it in time to be able to stop. Assuming you have good
tires, good brakes, and dry pavement, at 35 mph, it would take 210 feet to react
and to bring the vehicle to a complete stop. At 55 mph, it would take about 400
feet to react and bring the vehicle to a complete stop. 

EXCESSIVE SPEED AND DESIGNATED LANE USE (CVC 22348)

 (a) Notwithstanding subdivision (b) of Section 22351, a person shall not drive a
vehicle upon a highway with a speed limit established pursuant to Section 22349
or 22356 at a speed greater than that speed limit.

 (b) A person who drives a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than 100
miles per hour is guilty of an infraction punishable, as follows:

(1) Upon a first conviction of a violation of this subdivision, by a fine of not to

exceed five hundred dollars ($500). The court may also suspend the privilege of
the person to operate a motor vehicle for a period not to exceed 30 days
pursuant to Section 13200.5. (2) Upon a conviction under this subdivision of an
offense that occurred within three years of a prior offense resulting in a
conviction of an offense under this subdivision, by a fine of not to exceed seven
hundred fifty dollars ($750). The person’s privilege to operate a motor vehicle
shall be suspended by the Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to subdivision
(a) of Section 13355. (3) Upon a conviction under this subdivision of an offense
that occurred within five years of two or more prior offenses resulting in
convictions of offenses under this subdivision, by a fine of not to exceed one
thousand dollars ($1,000). The person’s privilege to operate a motor vehicle
shall be suspended by the Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to subdivision
(b) of Section 13355. (c) A vehicle subject to Section 22406 shall be driven in a
lane designated pursuant to Section 21655, or if a lane has not been so
designated, in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the
right-hand edge or curb. When overtaking and passing another vehicle
proceeding in the same direction, the driver shall use either the designated lane,
the lane to the immediate left of the right-hand lane, or the right-hand lane for
traffic as permitted under this code. If, however, specific lane or lanes have not
been designated on a divided highway having four or more clearly marked lanes
for traffic in one direction, a vehicle may also be driven in the lane to the
immediate left of the right-hand lane, unless otherwise prohibited under this
code. This subdivision does not apply to a driver who is preparing for a left- or
right-hand turn or who is in the process of entering into or exiting from a highway
or to a driver who is required necessarily to drive in a lane other than the right-
hand lane to continue on his or her intended route.
  

BASIC SPEED LIMIT (CVC 22350)

No persons shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is
reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather, visibility, traffic, and the
surface and width of the highway, and in no event at a speed which endangers
the safety of persons or property.   

PRIMA FACIE SPEED LIMITS (CVC 22352)

The prima facie limits are as follows and shall be applicable unless changed as
authorized in this code and, if so changed, only when signs have been erected
giving notice thereof: (a) fifteen miles per hour:
 

o 15 MPH: 
o When traversing a railway grade crossing, if during the last 100 feet of the
approach to the crossing the driver does not have a clear and
unobstructed view of the crossing and of any traffic on the railway for a
distance of 400 feet in both directions along the railway. This subdivision
does not apply in the case of any railway grade crossing where a human
flagman is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or mechanical railway
crossing signal devise is installed but does not then indicate the
immediate approach of a railway train or car.

 When traversing any intersection of highways if during the last 100 feet of the
driver's approach to the intersection the driver does not have a clear and
unobstructed view of the intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways
entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all those highways,
except at an intersection protected by stop signs or yield right of way signs or
controlled by official traffic control signals. 

On any alley.

  25 MPH:

o  On any highway other than a state highways, in any business or

residence district unless a different speed is determined by local authority
under procedures set forth in this code.
o  When passing a school building or the grounds thereof, contiguous to a
highway and posted with a standard "school" warning sign, while children
are going to or leaving the school either during school hours or during the
noon recess period. The prima facie limit shall also apply when passing
any school grounds which are not separated from the highway by a fence,
gate or other physical barrier while the grounds are in use by children and
the highway is posted with a standard "school" warning sign.
o When passing a senior center or other facility primarily used by senior
citizens, contiguous to a street other than a state highways and posted
with a standard "senior" warning sign. A local authority is not required to
erect any sign pursuant to this paragraph until donations from private
sources covering those costs are received and the local agency makes a
determination that the proposed signing should be implemented. A local
authority may, however, utilize any other funds available to it to pay for
the erection of those signs.
          

MINIMUM SPEED LIMIT (CVC 22400)

   It is against the law to drive on the highway at such a slow speed as to
impede or block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, unless
the reduced speed is necessary for safe operation, because of a grade, or
a compliance with law. Never bring a vehicle to a complete stop upon a
highway so as to impede or block the normal and reasonable movement
of traffic unless the stop is necessary for safe operation or in compliance
with law.  

SLOW MOVING VEHICLES (CVC 21654)

Notwithstanding the prima facie speed limits, any vehicle proceeding
upon a highway at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in
the same direction at such time shall be driven in the right-hand lane for
traffic or as close as practicable to the right-hand edge or curb, except
when overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction or when preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into a
private road or driveway.

If a vehicle is being driven at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic
moving in the same direction at such time, and is not being driven in the
right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right-hand edge
or curb, it shall constitute prima facie evidence that the driver is operating
the vehicle in violation of subdivision (a) of this section.

The Department of Transportation, with respect to state highways, and

local authorities, with respect to highways under their jurisdiction, may
place and maintain upon highways official signs directing slow-moving
traffic to use the right-hand traffic lane except when overtaking and
passing another vehicle or preparing for a left turn.

  Maximum Speed Limit

The maximum speed limit on most California highways is 65 mph. You

may drive 70 mph where posted. Unless otherwise posted, the maximum
speed limit is 55 mph on two-lane undivided highways and for vehicles
 towing trailers.
Other speed limit signs are posted for the type of roads and traffic in each
area.  All speed limits are based on ideal driving conditions. Construction
zones usually have reduced speed zones. Driving faster than the posted
speed limit or than is safe for current conditions, on any road, is
dangerous and illegal. High speed increases your stopping distance.  The
faster you go, the less time you have to avoid a hazard or accident.  The
force of a 60 mph crash isn't just twice as great as a 30 mph crash, it's
four times as great!

The following is taken from DMV’S 2009 California Driver Handbook.  

MAXIMUM SPEED FOR DESIGNATED VEHICLES

(CVC 22406)
No person may drive any of the following vehicles on a highway at a speed in excess of
55 miles per hour:  

 A motor truck or truck tractor having three or more axles or any motor truck or
truck tractor drawing any other vehicle.
 A passenger vehicle or bus drawing any other vehicle.
 A school bus transporting any school pupil.
 A farm labor vehicle when transporting passengers.
 A vehicle transporting explosives.
 A trailer bus.
Chapter 3

A. DESIGNATED LANES OF TRAVEL

On various roadways, one or more lanes may be reserved for special vehicles. Signs
stating that the lane is reserved for special use mark reserved lanes. These lanes often
have a white diamond posted at the side of the road or painted on the road surface.

 "HOV" stands for "High Occupancy Vehicles" and indicates lanes reserved for
vehicles with more than one person in them. Signs say how many people must
be in the vehicle, as well as the days and hours to which it applies. For example,
"HOV 3" means there must be at least three people in the vehicle. Motorcycle
riders may use the HOV Lanes.

Carpool/HOV Lanes 

A carpool lane is a special freeway lane only for motorcycles, buses, and/or
carpools. You may use a carpool lane or on-ramp if your vehicle carries the
minimum number of people required for the carpool lane, or you drive a low-
emission vehicle displaying a special DMV issued decal. Motorcycle riders may
use designated carpool lanes, unless otherwise posted.Signs at the on-ramp or
along the freeway tell you the minimum number of people required for the
carpool and the hours the carpool requirement applies. The pavement in this lane
is marked with a diamond symbol ( ) and the words “Carpool as high-occupancy
vehicle (HOV) lanes. Do not cross over double parallel solid lines to enter or exit
any carpool lane except at designated entry or exit places.Vehicles towing
trailers are typically not allowed to use carpool lanes, because they must drive
more slowly and are usually restricted to the right-hand lane.

The following is taken from DMV’S 2008 California Driver Handbook.

1. Divided Highways 

A highway where a barrier separates opposing flows of traffic is called a divided

highway. 

Divided Highways: Whenever a highway has been divided into two or more roadways
by means of intermittent barriers or by means of a dividing section not less than two feet
in width, either unpaved or delineated by curbs, double-parallel lines, or other markings
on the roadway, it is unlawful to do any of the following: 

 To drive any vehicle over, upon or across the dividing section.

 To make any left, semicircular, or U-turn except at an opening or break in the
 divider intended for one.
 To drive a vehicle except to the right of the dividing section.
 To willfully drive in violation of this subdivision is a misdemeanor.

Any willful violation of this subdivision which results in injury to, or death of, a person
shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison, or imprisonment in the county jail
for a period of not more than six months. Section 21651 V.C. 

  

2. Laned Roadways 

"Laned roadways" simply means that the road that you are traveling on is divided into
lanes and it could be a one-way, two-way and have multiple lanes in each direction of
travel.

3. Three-Laned Highways 

The lanes on a highway have names so as to distinguish them from each other. The
fast lane, which is the lane farthest to the left, is called, "number one lane", the first lane
to the right of this lane is called "number two lane", the next lane is "number three lane",
etc.

21659. Upon a roadway which is divided into three lanes a vehicle shall not be driven in
the extreme left lane at any time, nor in the center lane except when overtaking and
passing another vehicle where the roadway ahead is clearly visible and the center lane
is clear of traffic within a safe distance, or in preparation for a left turn, or where the
center lane is at the time allocated exclusively to traffic moving in the direction the
vehicle is proceeding and is signposted to give notice of such allocation. This section
does not apply upon a one-way roadway. 

  4. Two-Way Left-Turn Lane

A two-way left turn lane is a lane near the center of the highway set aside for use by
vehicles making left turns in both directions from or into the highway. They are
designated by distinctive roadway markings consisting of parallel double yellow lines,
interior line dashed and exterior line solid, on each side of the lane. The lane is for use
as follows:
  A vehicle shall not be driven in a designated two-way left-turn lane except when
preparing for or making a left turn from or into a highway or when preparing for or
making a U-turn when, such a turn is permitted by law. 
 A vehicle may not be driven in a two-way left-turn lane for more than 200 feet
while preparing for and making the turn or while preparing to merge into the
adjacent lanes of travel. 
 When a two-way left-turn lane is available, a left-turn or U-turn shall not be made
from any other lane. 
 A two-way left-turn lane may not be used for passing. 
 The law does not prohibit a vehicle from being driven across a two-way left-turn
lane. Section 21460.5 V.C.  

B. POSITION OF VEHICLE IN LANE OF

TRAVEL
 
1. Marked Lanes: 

Vehicles driving on marked lanes must remain to the right side of the lane. However,
vehicles driving between two vehicles must position their vehicles so that they are
driving in the center of such lanes.  Chapter keyword - stop sign. 

2. Narrow Roadways:

On a narrow roadway, drivers should position their vehicles to the far right side of the
road. 

3. Mountain Roadways: 

When driving on a mountain, drivers should position their vehicles to the far right of the
roadway. 

4. Other Vehicles Approaching:

Drivers should move their vehicles to the far right of their lanes when there is another
vehicle approaching in the opposite direction. The same goes for when a vehicle behind
you wants to pass.

5.  Exceptions to Driving on the Right Side of Roadway

The following exceptions apply for driving on the right side of he road: 

 when you are driving on the center lane,

 when you are going to make a left turn,
 when passing another vehicle,
 when part of the road is closed due to construction work.

 C. REQUIRED LANE USE AND USE OF

TURNOUTS
1. Slow Moving Vehicles: 

Slow moving vehicles must drive in the right hand lane. Slow moving vehicles on a two-
lane highway or road where passing is unsafe, and five or more vehicles are following
should safely pull to the side of the road to let the vehicles pass.

2. Special Vehicles: 

Slow moving, large trucks must drive on the far two right lanes on four way highways. 

Emergency Vehicles/Tow Trucks- Effective January 1, 2007

CVC 21706.5 Requires drivers to take specific precautionary actions on a highway

when passing a stopped emergency vehicle or tow truck when the emergency lights are
activated. Drivers are directed to proceed with caution and to make a lane change into
an available lane not immediately adjacent to the emergency vehicle or tow truck if
practicable and not prohibited by law. If the driver cannot make a safe lane change, they
are to slow to a reasonable and prudent speed that is safe for existing conditions.
 D.     LANE USE
 

1. Right Side of Roadway (CVC 21650):

Upon all highways, a vehicle shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway, except
in the following cases:

 When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction
under the rules governing that movement.
 When passing a vehicle in a lawful position and when the vehicle is lawfully
making, a left turn.
 When the right half of a roadway is closed to traffic under construction or repair.
 Upon a roadway restricted to one-way traffic; (e) when the roadway is not of
sufficient width.
 When the vehicle is necessarily traveling so slowly as to impede the normal
movement of traffic, that portion of the highway adjacent to the right edge of the
roadway may be utilized temporarily when in a condition permitting safe
operation.
 This section does not prohibit the operation of bicycles on any shoulder of a
highway, where the operation is not otherwise prohibited by this code or local
ordinance.

2. Divided Highway (CVC 21651)

Whenever a highway has been divided into two or more roadways by means of
intermittent barriers or by means of a dividing section of not less than two feet in width,
either unpaved or delineated by curbs, double-parallel lines, or other markings on the
roadway, it is unlawful to do either of the following: (1) to drive any vehicle, over, upon,
or across the dividing section;(2) to make any left, semicircular, or U-turn with the
vehicle on the divided highway, except through an opening in the barrier designated and
intended by public authorities for the sue of vehicles or through a plainly marked
opening in the dividing section.

3. Slow Moving Vehicles (CVC 21654)

The prima facie speed limits, any vehicle proceeding upon a highway at a speed less
than the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction at such time shall drive in
the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right-hand edge as or
curb, except when overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction or when preparing for a left turn at an intersection or into a private road or
driveway. 

If a vehicle is being driven at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in the
same direction at such time, and is not being driven in the right-hand lane for traffic or
as close as practicable to the right hand edge or cub, it shall constitute prima facie
evidence that the driver is operating the vehicle in violation.
4. Designated Lanes for Certain Vehicles (CVC 21655)
 The Department of Transportation or local authorities may designate a specific lane or
lanes for the travel of vehicles required to travel at reduced speeds if this would facilitate
the safe and orderly movement of traffic. Any trailer bus, shall be driven in the lane or
lanes designated, whenever signs have been erected giving notice of that designation.
When a specific lane or lanes have not been so designated, any of those vehicles shall
be driven in the right land lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right edge or
curve. 

 If, however, a specific lane or lanes have not been designated on a divided highway
having four or more clearly marked lanes for traffic in one direction, any of those
vehicles may also be driven in the lane to the immediate left of that right-hand lane,
unless otherwise prohibited under this code. When overtaking and passing another
vehicle proceeding in the same direction, the driver shall use either the designated lane,
the lane to the immediate left of the right-hand lane, or the right-hand lane for traffic as
permitted under this code. 

This subdivision does not apply to a driver who is preparing for a left or right-hand turn
or who is entering into or exiting from a highway or to a driver who must necessarily
drive in a lane other than the right-hand lane to continue on his or her intended route.

5. Turning Out of Slow Moving Vehicles (CVC 21656) 

On a two-lane highway where passing is unsafe because of traffic in the opposite

direction or other conditions, a slow-moving vehicle, including a passenger vehicle,
behind which five or more vehicles are formed in line, shall turn off the roadway at the
nearest place designated as a turnout by signs erected by the authority having
jurisdiction over the highway, or wherever sufficient area for a safe turnout exists, in
order to permit the vehicles following it to proceed. As used in this section a slow
moving vehicle is one, which is proceeding at a rate of speed less than normal flow or
traffic at this particular time and place.

6. Laned Roadways (CVC 21658)

Whenever any roadway has been divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for
traffic in one direction, the following rule applies, a vehicle shall be driven as nearly as
practical entirely within a single lane and shall not be moved from the lane until such
movement can be made with reasonable safety. Official signs may be erected directing
slow-moving traffic to use a designated lane or allocating specified lanes to traffic
moving in the same direction, and drivers of vehicles shall obey the directions of the
traffic vehicle. 

7. Three-Lane Highways (CVC 21659) 

On a roadway which is divided into three lanes a vehicle shall not be driven in the extreme left lane at any
time, nor in the center lane except when overtaking and passing another vehicle where the roadway
ahead is clearly visible and the center lane is clear of traffic within a safe distance, or in preparation for a
left turn, or where the center lane is at the time allocated exclusively to traffic moving in the direction the
vehicle is proceeding and is sign posted to give notice of such allocation.

8. Approaching Vehicles (CVC21660)

Drivers of vehicles proceeding in opposite directions shall pass each other to the right,
and, except when a roadway has been divided into traffic lanes, each driver shall give to
the other at least one-half of the main traveled portion of the roadway whenever
possible. 

9. Narrow Roadways (CVC 21661) 

Whenever upon any grade the width of the roadway is insufficient to permit the passing
of vehicles approaching from opposite directions at the point of meeting, the driver of
the vehicle descending the grade shall yield the right of way to the vehicle ascending
the grade and shall, if necessary, back his/her vehicle to a place in the highway where it
is possible for the vehicle to pass. 

10. Mountain Driving (CVC 21662) 

The driver of a motor vehicle traveling through defiles or canyons or upon mountain
highways shall hold the motor vehicle under control at all times and shall do the
following when applicable: 

If the roadway has no marked centerline, the driver shall drive as near the right hand
edge of the roadway as is reasonably possible; (b) if the roadway has insufficient width
to permit a motor vehicle to be driven entirely to the right of the center of the roadway,
the driver shall give audible warning with the horn of the motor vehicle upon
approaching any curve where the view is obstructed within a distance of 200 feet along
the high
Topic : Backing up safely
 
A. CHECK BEHIND THE VEHICLE BEFORE
GETTING IN FOR:
 
  
1. Children 

Before getting in your vehicle check for children, small animals and any other
objects in the front, back, and sides. Once in your vehicle, look in your rear view
and side view mirrors for anyone or anything that may be in your way. Especially be
aware of children as they may be distracted. Turn over your shoulder so you are
able to see directly behind your vehicle while you are backing up. 

2. Small Objects

Before boarding your vehicle, check for small objects, such as toys in the front, back
and sides. Not only do you risk ruining such objects, but they may also damage
your vehicle while you are backing up.

B. VISIBILITY AND BODY POSTURE

3. Body Position While Steering 

While backing up, your body should be positioned to the right, with your arm over
the passenger seat. This is to allow you to get a clear view of the rear of your
vehicle.

4. Head Position While Steering 

While backing up, turn your head towards the rear of your vehicle so that you are
able to see any objects on the rear of your car.

C. SPEED CONTROL

5. Release of Brake Pedal 

When backing up, keep your foot on the brake pedal. Release the brake lightly
when you see that nothing is in your way; however, keep covering your brake just in
case someone or something suddenly gets behind your vehicle.

 6. Backing Speed 

Your speed while backing up must be very minimal. You never know when a child,
adult, animal or object will get in your way, requiring you to stop at a seconds
notice. Once you have backed up completely, move your vehicle more quickly and
start driving away so that you do not get in the way of oncoming traffic.

D. STEERING
7. Sharp Turns

It is best not to back up around sharp corners. However, if you absolutely must,
keep your body to the side , always looking to the rear of your car to ensure that
nothing is in your way. Use hand over hand movements to maneuver your vehicle
while backing up. 

 8. Backing Around A Corner 

You should avoid backing around a corner because it is dangerous; however, if you
must, use the same maneuvers as when making sharp turns. Make sure that there
are no approaching vehicles, people, or objects in your way. And as always, back
up very slowly.

E. WHEN MOVEMENT IS CONSTRICTED:

9. Use Mirrors and Passengers to Help Navigate

Whenever your movement is constricted so that you cannot turn sideways, use your
mirrors as well as your passengers to help you back up. 

10. Whenever Possible Avoid Backing Up

You should avoid backing up when possible, such as when you pass up your stop,
when you can drive forward instead of backing up.  Be very careful when you have
no choice, such as when driving out of driveways. 

11. Find Parking Spaces that Do Not Require Backing 

Avoid parking in areas which require you to back up to get out, especially where
traffic tends to be heavy. Parallel parking can be safer in these situations.
Chapter 4

Topic : Interacting at Intersections

 
 A.  IDENTIFYING AN INTERSECTION

  1.  Controlled 

Controlled intersections have traffic signs or traffic lights. You must abide by these
traffic control devices when you approach a controlled intersection.  

2.  Uncontrolled 

Uncontrolled intersections do not have traffic lights or traffic signs.  

B. SKILLS REQUIRED FOR CROSSING AND

TURNING

1. Judging Time to Make a Maneuver 

Before turning at an intersection, make sure that you have clear visibility and that the
road is clear of traffic, animals and pedestrians. 

2. Judging speed and distance of other drivers  

When driving, you should scan ahead in the road 10 to 15 seconds. This technique
also applies when you are approaching an intersection. If you see other vehicles
approaching an intersection, use good judgment when trying to determine their
distance and speed. 

3. Choosing a Traffic Gap or Space to Enter or Cross Traffic 

Before entering an intersection, make sure that there are no vehicles in your path by
looking left first, then right and then left again, just in case a vehicle that was not
there before drives up. Make sure that there is enough of a gap or cushion where
you want to enter or cross the traffic. Misjudging the speed or distance of an
oncoming vehicle can be fatal.

C. LEFT TURNS- PROTECTED AND

UNPROTECTED

1. Scan for Hazards- Other Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles

Before crossing an intersection, look for vehicles, pedestrians and people on

bicycles. Always yield to vehicles that are coming from the opposite direction and
who are too close to the intersection to stop. Also, yield for pedestrians and people
on bicycles. 

2. Vehicle Position- Before and After Turn

Start your turn on the left portion of the road (or use the left-turn lane, if one is
present). Turn only when it is safe. Look for vehicles coming head on toward you in
the same lane as they start to make their left turns. If there is only one left turn lane,
you may complete the turn in any lane of the cross street. If there are more than one
lane turning left, you must stay in the same lane that you started off your turn. 

3. When View is Blocked 

Do not start making your turn when your view is blocked. Instead, drive forward a
little so that you are able to see approaching traffic. Only turn when you are
absolutely sure that your path is free of traffic, pedestrians, and or any other objects.

 4. Left-Turn Arrows 

A left-turn green arrow indicates that a left-turn may be made without conflict from
opposing traffic. Normally, protected only left-turn phasing requires the use of three-
section signal faces. The sections should have lenses as follows: red arrow, yellow
arrow and green arrow. Protected-permissive or permissive-protected (with full-
traffic-actuated operation) left-turn phasing requires the use of five-section signal
faces. Normally the far left sections should be arranged vertically. The five sections
shall have lenses as follows: circular red, circular yellow, circular green, yellow arrow
and green arrow. The cluster or stack arrangement shall not be used for protected
only left-turn phasing.

D. RIGHT TURNS- PROTECTED AND

UNPROTECTED

1. Scan for Hazards- Other Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles  

Before making a right turn, make sure that the road is clear of vehicles, pedestrians,
animals and bicycles. Do not make your turn until you are sure that your path is
clear of all of the above. 

2. Check for Controlled Lanes and Signals 

When you are about to approach an intersection, look for any traffic control devices
and follow their rules. For example, look to see whether there is a right turn only
lane. Do not make your turn on a green light if there is an oncoming vehicle which
cannot stop on time for your turn. 

3. Vehicle Position Before and After Turn

Begin your right hand turn by positioning your vehicle in the lane nearest the right
hand curb. End your turn in the lane nearest the right hand curb. As you are turning,
do not swing wide into another lane of traffic. You may make a right turn from other
than the far right lane only where pavement or overhead markings show that using
that lane for a right turn is permitted. 

4. When View is Blocked

Always make sure that you can clearly see the path that you are going to follow
before proceeding to make your right turn. If you cannot see clearly, move up a little.
Proceed only when all objects and people are out of your way. 

5. Use of Bike Lane for Turns

You may drive in a bike lane only when you are making a right turn at a corner or
other entrance, such as a driveway. At such times you may drive your vehicle into
the bike lane no more than 200 feet from the entrance or corner before your turn.
Watch for bicycles before entering the bike lane.                            

6. Right - Turn Arrows

The right-turn green arrow indicates that traffic may make the indicated right-turn
without conflict from opposing traffic. It is usually displayed simultaneously with a
circular red, circular yellow, or circular green indication or another green arrow
indication. When a right-turn green arrow is to be displayed during the non-
conflicting left-turn green interval of the cross street, the U-turn on the cross street
shall be prohibited. 

A right-turn green arrow should be used only when the right-turn volume exceeds
200 vehicles per hour, or it is the only movement that traffic is permitted to make. A
right-turn yellow arrow shall be shown following a right turn green arrow when a
circular red or a right-turn red arrow is to follow. 

 E. U-TURNS

1. Scan for Hazards- Other Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles

Before making a U-turn, make sure that there are no vehicles, pedestrians, or
bicycles in your path by scanning at least 10-15 seconds ahead of where you want
to turn. 

2. Check for Prohibitive Signs  

Before making a u-turn, always look around for signs that prohibit drivers from
making u-turns. Some signs indicate that u-turns are always prohibited, other signs
indicate during which hours of the day a u-turn is permitted.    

3. Vehicle Position- Before and After 

Start your U-turn in the left lane that is closest to the center of the road. Look for any
approaching vehicles and pedestrians. Initiate the turn once you are sure it is safe to
do so.

4. Illegal U-Turns

Never make a U-turn on a highway by crossing a curb, or strip of land, or two sets of
double lines. You may not make a U-turn:

 Where you cannot clearly see 200 feet in each direction because of a curve,
hill, rain, fog, or other reason.
 Where a "NO U-TURN" sign is posted
 When vehicles may hit you.
 On a one-way street.
 In front of a fire station. Never use a fire station driveway to turn around.
 In a business district*, except at intersections or through openings in a
concrete divider.
 

 5. Circular Green or Green Arrow

A driver facing a circular green signal shall proceed straight through or turn right or
left or make a U-turn unless a sign prohibits a U-turn. Any driver, including one
turning, shall yield the right-of-way to other traffic and to pedestrians lawfully within
the intersection or an adjacent crosswalk. 

A driver facing a green arrow signal, shown alone or in combination with another
indication, shall enter the intersection only to make the movement indicated by that
green arrow or any other movement that is permitted by other indications shown at
the same time. A driver facing a left green arrow may also make a U-turn unless
prohibited by a sign. A driver shall yield the right-of-way to other traffic and to
pedestrians lawfully within the intersection or an adjacent crosswalk.  
Section 21451 V.C.

 F. PROCEEDING STRAIGHT 

1. Scan for Hazards- Other Vehicles, Pedestrians, Bicycles 

Before entering an intersection, scan the road for any vehicles, pedestrians, or
bicycles. Allow all pedestrians and vehicles to get out of the intersection before
proceeding. 
2. Covering the Brake Pedal   

Before entering an intersection, make sure that the road is clear of vehicles,
pedestrians, or bicycles. However, once the road is clear, continue covering the
brake pedal, just in case something or someone suddenly gets in your way.

G.  SIGNALING FOR TURNS AND STOPS

1. Purpose of Signaling   

The purpose of signaling before making a turn is to warn other drivers about your
intentions, so that they can react accordingly to your maneuver. 

2. Distance Required 

You must turn on your turn signal 100 feet before you make the turn. 

3. Duration of Signal  

Your car signal should turn off automatically after your turn. However, if the signal
does not go off, turn if off after you have completed your turn.

H.  INTERSECTIONS-PROCEEDING
STRAIGHT, TURNING, AND SIGNALING

1. Intersection Defined (CVC 365)

An "Intersection" is where two highways which join one another at approximately

right angles or the area within which vehicles traveling upon different highways
joining at any other angle may come in conflict.

2. Turning Upon a Highway 

The driver of any vehicle intending to turn upon a highway shall do as follows:

Right turns: Both the approach for a right-hand turn and a right-hand turn shall be
made as close a practicable to the right hand curb or edge of the roadway. 

Except on a highway having three marked lanes for traffic moving in one direction,
which terminates at an interacting highway accommodating traffic in both directions,
the driver of a vehicle in the middle lane may turn right into any lane lawfully
available to traffic moving in that direction upon the roadway being entered. When
you make a right hand turn from a one-way highway at an intersection, you shall
approach the turn and complete the turn in any lane lawfully available to traffic
moving in that direction upon the roadway being entered. Upon a highway having an
additional lane or lanes marked for a right turn by appropriate signs or markings, the
driver of a vehicle may turn right from any lane designated and marked for that
turning movement.  

Left turn: The approach for a left turn shall be made as close a practicable to the
left hand edge of the extreme left hand lane or portion of the roadway lawfully
available to traffic moving in the same direction of travel of such vehicle and, when
turning at an intersection, the left turn shall not be made before entering the
intersection. After entering the intersection, the left turn shall be made so as to leave
the intersection in a lane lawfully available to traffic moving in that direction upon the
roadway being entered, except: Upon a highway having three marked lanes for
traffic moving in one direction, which terminates at an intersecting highway
accommodating traffic in both directions, the driver of a vehicle in the middle lane
may turn left into any lane lawfully available to traffic moving in that direction upon
the roadway being entered.

3. U-turn at Controlled Intersections (CVC 22100.5)  

Drivers shall only make a U-turn at an intersection controlled by official traffic

signals, from the far left-hand lane that is lawfully available to traffic moving in the
direction of travel from which the turn is commenced but never make a U-turn if
there is sign that prohibits such a turn.

4. Regulations of Turns at Intersections (CVC 22101) 

The Department of Transportation may cause official traffic control devices to be

placed within or adjacent to intersections to regulate or prohibit turning movements
at such intersections.  

a. When turning movements are required at an intersection notice of such

requirement shall be given by erection of a sign, unless an additional clearly marked
traffic lane is provided for the approach to the turning movement, in which event
notice as applicable to such additional traffic lane shall be given by any official traffic
control device.

  b. When right or left hand turns are prohibited at an intersection notice of such
prohibition shall be given by erection of a sign.

c. When official traffic control devices are placed as required in subdivisions (b) or
(c), it shall be unlawful for any driver of a vehicle to disobey the directions of such
official traffic control devices.

5. U-turn in a Business District (CVC 22102) 

No person in a business district shall make a U-turn, except at an intersection, or on

a divided highway where an opening has been provided.  This turning movement
shall be made as close as practicable to the extreme left hand edge of the lanes
moving in the driver's direction of travel immediately prior to the initiation of the
turning movement, when more than one lane in the direction of travel is present. 

6. U-turn in a Residential District (CVC 22103)

No person in a residence district shall make a U-turn when any other vehicle is
approaching from either direction within 200 feet, except at an intersection when an
official traffic control device controls the approaching vehicle.

7. Unobstructed View Necessary for U-turn (CVC 22105)

No person shall make a U-turn upon any highway where the driver of such vehicle
does not have an unobstructed view for 200 feet in both directions along the
highway and of any traffic thereon.

8. Turning Across Bicycle Lane (CVC 21717) 

Whenever it is necessary for the driver of a motor vehicle to cross a bicycle lane that
is adjacent to his lane of travel to make a turn, the driver shall drive the motor
vehicle into the bicycle lane prior to making the turn and shall make the turn

. 9. Turning Movements and Required Signals (CVC 22107) 

No person shall turn a vehicle from a direct course or move right or left upon a
roadway until such movement can be made with reasonable safety and then only
after the giving of an appropriate signal in the manner provided in this chapter in the
event the movement may affect any other vehicle. 

10. Duration of Signal (CVC 22108)

Any signal of intention to turn right or left shall be given continuously during the last
100 feet traveled by the vehicle before turning.

11. Signal When Stopping (CVC 22109)

No person shall stop or suddenly decrease the speed of a vehicle on a highway

without first giving an appropriate signal in the manner provided in this chapter to the
driver of any vehicle immediately to the rear when there is opportunity to give the
signal.
 12. Method of Signaling (CVC 22110) 

(a) The signals required by this chapter shall be given by signal lamp, unless a
vehicle is not required to be and is not equipped with turn signals. Drivers of vehicles
not required to be and not equipped with turn signals shall give a hand and arm
signal when required by this chapter.   (b) In the event the signal lamps become
inoperable while driving, hand and arm signals shall be used in the manner required
in this chapter.   
 
 
Topic : Passing
   
A. PASSING AND BEING PASSED

1. Demands of Proper Passing  

Good Judgment 

Before passing another vehicle, you must judge the speed of the vehicle you are
about to pass as well as the speed of oncoming vehicles. You must ensure that
you have enough space to pass another vehicle safely.  

Rapid Decision Making

You must decide quickly whether or not you will be able to safely pass another
vehicle. You must never attempt to pass another vehicle if you have any doubts
about being able to pass safely. 

Keep these safety suggestions in mind:

 Check the traffic ahead of you, behind you and in your blind spot before
attempting to pass. Signal, and then accelerate to pass. Return to the
right lane as soon as you can see the front of the passed vehicle in your
rearview mirror.
 It is against the law to exceed the speed limit as you pass.
 Complete the pass before you reach a No Passing zone. If you are still in
the left lane when you reach the zone, you are breaking the law.
 You may pass on the right if the vehicle you are passing has signaled and
is making a left turn. Be cautious, because the vehicle you are passing
may be blocking your view or blocking the view of other drivers. You may
not pass on the right if you must drive off the pavement or main portion of
the roadway to get around the other vehicle.
 If you are traveling slower than the traffic around you on a multi-lane
roadway, drive in the right-hand lane.
  When approaching or passing a person riding a bicycle or moped, pass at
a safe distance and at a reasonable speed.
 

B. WHEN PASSING IS AUTHORIZED

2. Designated Lane Use and Markings

Freeways: 

Drivers must pass only where it is authorized, where the lane markings are
broken, not solid. Passing other vehicles is easier on the freeway than on a road
because all of the traffic is going in one direction. You must check your mirrors to
make sure that your path is clear. After you check your mirrors, you must use
your signal to warn other drivers of your maneuver. You must also look over your
shoulder to ensure that your blind spots are free of vehicles. When getting in
front of the vehicle that you have passed, you must check the mirrors and your
blind spot and move your vehicle only when it is safe to do so.

 
Two-lane roadways: 

Avoid passing other cars on two-lane roads. It is dangerous. Every time you
pass, you increase your chances of having a collision. It is not worth risking your
life and the life of others in order to save a few minutes. Whenever you pass
another car on a two-lane road, you must enter a lane that belongs to oncoming
cars and risk getting into a head on collision. At highway speeds of 50 to 55 mph,
you need a 10 to 12 second gap in oncoming traffic to pass safely. 

Always signal before passing. Don't pull out to pass unless you know you have
enough space to return. Before you return to the driving lane, be sure you aren't
dangerously close to the car you have passed. One way to do this is to look for
the car in the rear view mirror. When you can see both headlights, you have
enough room to return to the driving lane. Don't count on having enough time to
pass several cars at once. Don't count on other drivers making room for you.
Chapter keyword -yellow.

C. WHEN PASSING IS PROHIBITED

3. Designated Lane Use and Markings

Freeways 

You must not pass other vehicles when the lane that you need to pass on is
closed, when there is a crash on the freeway blocking your view or the lane that
you need to pass on, or where there are signs prohibiting vehicles from passing.
Do not pass when the weather does not allow good visibility.

Two-lane roadways:

Drivers must not pass other vehicles when there are signs prohibiting such
maneuvers, when the lines on the road are solid, when for whatever reason you
do not have good visibility, when construction is going on in the lane that you
need to pass, or whenever you cannot pass another vehicle safely and when
another vehicle is passing. 
You must not drive on the left side of a roadway when coming to a curve or the
top of a hill where you cannot see far enough ahead to be sure it is safe to pass. 

Remember you should not pass:

 On hills, curves, at intersections or railroad crossings, except on roads

with two or more lanes of traffic moving in the same direction.
 When you must drive off the pavement or shoulder of the road.
  When a school bus with red flashing lights is stopped to load or unload
passenger.
 Whenever a solid line marks the left side of your lane.

D. SPECIAL SITUATIONS

4. Without Sufficient Clearance 

Never attempt to pass another vehicle when you do not have enough space to
do so safely. It is not worth getting into an accident or risking your life and the life
of other people just to save a few minutes.

5. On a Hill 

To pass safely, you must be able to see at least one-third of a mile. Any time
your view is blocked by a hill or a curve, you should assume that there is an
oncoming vehicle out of sight. This means you should only pass if a hill or curve
ahead is more than one-third of a mile away. 

6. Intersections or Railroad Crossings

It is dangerous to pass another vehicle where someone is likely to enter or cross

the road. Such places include crossroads, railroad crossings, and shopping
center entrances. While you are passing, the car you are passing blocks your
view of people, cars, or a train. In addition, a driver turning onto the road into the
left lane will not expect to find you in his lane. You are able to pass next to a
vehicle in an intersection when there are two or more lanes going in the same
direction; however, you must do so with ever so much care. 

7. School Bus 

Drivers may pass a school bus when its red lights are not flashing. You must
never attempt to pass a stopped school bus with flashing red lights; you must
stop and wait until the lights stop flashing. Also, when the bus is on the other
road of divided highway or a multi-lane highway you don't have to stop

. 8. Bridges or Abutments

Never pass another vehicle on a bridge when there is only one lane in each
direction. Drivers may pass another vehicle on a bridge when there are two or
more lanes going in the same direction. Never pass another vehicle where signs
indicate that such maneuvers are prohibited.

E. DANGEROUS PASSING SITUATIONS

9. Long Line of Cars Ahead 

Drivers must never pass more than one vehicle at a time. It is extremely
dangerous to attempt to pass a long line of vehicles because another vehicle in
front of you may attempt to pass at the same time as you. In addition, there
might be another vehicle on the opposite lane and you would therefore risk a
head on collision. You should always only pass one vehicle at a time.

10. Intention to Stop or Turn

You must never attempt to pass a vehicle that is behind a slower vehicle
because that vehicle may also plan on passing and because you do not know
whether there will be enough space for you because the driver you attempt to
pass may speed up. You must never pass a vehicle that has stopped in the
center of the lane on a two-lane roadway because they may intend on making a
left turn but simply neglected to turn on their signals. 

11. Oncoming Car Too Close 

You must judge whether you have enough space to the side before you pass.
Never pass another vehicle when an oncoming car seems to be too close.
Oncoming cars are going faster than you think they are so there is a big chance
that you would not have enough room. It is better to wait for another opportunity
than to risk lives simply to save a couple of minutes. 

12. Car Ahead is at or Near the Speed Limit

Never pass another vehicle that is driving at or near the speed limit. Otherwise,
you would be speeding since you have to speed up to pass the other vehicle and
since you would be going faster than the other vehicle once, you pass it. You
should only pass vehicles that are driving slower the speed limit. 

13. Sight Distance

Ahead is Limited Never pass another vehicle unless you are able to see the
entire road. Do not pass when the weather conditions reduce visibility or when
trees, shrubbery, a large truck, etc., block your view. 

14. Maneuver 
Cannot be Completed Before Reaching a No Passing Zone Before you pass
another vehicle, judge the distance you will need. If you judge that you cannot
completely pass another vehicle before reaching a no passing zone, do not
attempt to pass. You risk being fined as well as getting into an accident since it is
especially dangerous to pass in no passing zones.

F. PASSING POTENTIAL

Passing maneuver times: 

Before passing another vehicle, be aware of the time that it will take to complete
your entire maneuver: to move over to the other lane and to pull back in front of
the vehicle you are passing. Do not attempt to pass if you doubt whether you
have enough time.

Identifying a safe distance ahead:

You need 1,600 feet to pass another vehicle. If you do not have this amount of
space available, you must not attempt to pass. Otherwise, you risk getting into a
head on collision. Identify an end-of-pass gap to pull back into lane: Before you
attempt to pass a vehicle, you must ensure that there is enough space for you to
merge in front of that vehicle. You must never cut in front of another vehicle as
this may lead to a crash. If there is not enough space between the vehicle that
you want to pass and the vehicle that is in front of such vehicle, you should not
pass.

Establish a safe response for hazards: 

Always be aware of the entire roadway before attempting to pass. You must be
able to react quickly in case something gets in your way. Never allow your
vehicle to be trapped while passing. Always have a way out before actually
passing another vehicle. 

Checking for road traction: 

You should not pass another vehicle in adverse weather conditions, such as
when it is raining or snowing. The amount of traction is considerably reduced in
these conditions, which translates into your having less control over your vehicle
and increasing the chances of having a collision.

G. STEPS FOR SUCCESSFUL PASSING

15. Scan for Hazards:

Oncoming vehicles: 
|
Before passing another vehicle, you must ensure that there are no oncoming
vehicles.

Vehicles approaching from rear: 

Before passing, ensure that the car behind you is not going to attempt to pass
you. Look in your rear view mirror to see whether the signals are on, or whether
the car seems to be moving to the left. Otherwise, you risk getting into a crash. 

Merging vehicles: 

Always be aware of merge zones and ensure that you do not attempt to pass
vehicles in these zones as other vehicles may merge and either cause a head on
collision or block your reentry into the proper flow of traffic.

16. Check for Blind Spots

Always check for all your blind spots, these area that you cannot see because of
one reason or another. Do not attempt to pass if you cannot determine that you
have enough room to safely do so. 

 
17. Signal Intent

Make sure other drivers are aware of your intentions. You do this by signaling
your intent well in advance of performing the action.

18. Warn the Driver Ahead

You must always warn the driver that you are about to pass by turning on your
left turn signal before you start passing. 

19. Obtain a Speed Advantage

When passing another vehicle, you must increase your speed by 10 mph so that
you may pass the other vehicle safely, without cutting off the other driver.
20. Re-check Conditions Ahead 

Always be aware of the conditions ahead. Check and double-check to ensure

that you are carrying out your maneuver safely.

21. Create Return Space

Before passing, you must make sure that there is enough space for you to
overpass the vehicle in front of you. If you do not have that space, then don't
pass. Otherwise, you will end up cutting off said vehicle and risk getting into a
crash.

22. Signal Return

You must signal when you are going to start your passing maneuver by turning
on your left turn signal as well as when you are going to return to the original
lane by turning on your right turn signal to warn other drivers. 

23. Check for Blind Spots 

Always check the road for anything that may be hiding a potential hazard. Do not
pass another vehicle when there is such a possibility. 

24. Create Space for Vehicle Passed 

You must never cut off the driver that you attempt to pass. You must always
leave enough room between your vehicle and the vehicle that you attempt to
pass. If you can see most of his car in your rear view mirror it is probably safe to
return to your lane.

H. WHEN BEING PASSED

25. Safety When Being Passed

Yielding required: Always yield for the vehicle that is attempting to pass you. Do
not attempt to pass the vehicle in front of you when the vehicle behind you is
passing you. Otherwise, you may get into an accident. Maintaining speed: Do not
speed up when being passed by another vehicle. In doing so, you may cause a
collision with a vehicle.

I. OVERTAKING AND PASSING

26. Overtake and Pass to Left (CVC 21750) 

The driver of a vehicle overtaking another vehicle or a bicycle proceeding in the

same direction must pass to the left at a safe distance without interfering with the
safe operation of the overtaken vehicle or bicycle.

27. Passing Without Sufficient Clearance (CVC 21751) 

On a two-lane highway, no vehicle shall be driven to the left side of the center of
the roadway in overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same
direction unless the left side is clearly visible and free of oncoming traffic for a
sufficient distance ahead to permit such overtaking and passing to be completely
made without interfering with the safe operation of any vehicle approaching from
the opposite direction. 

28. When Driving on the Left is Prohibited (CVC 21752)

Do not drive on the left side of the road:

 When approaching or upon the crest of a grade or a curve in the highway

where the drivers view is obstructed within such distance as to create a
hazard in the event another vehicle might approach from the opposite
direction.
 When the view is obstructed upon approaching within 100 feet of any
bridge, viaduct, or tunnel.
 When approaching within 100 feet of or when traversing any railroad
grade crossing.
 When approaching within 100 feet of or when traversing any intersection.

This section shall not apply upon a one-way roadway.

29. Yielding for Passing (CVC 21753) 

Except when passing on the right is permitted, the driver of an overtaken vehicle
shall safely move to the right-hand side of the highway in favor of the overtaking
vehicle after an audible signal or a momentary flash of headlights by the
overtaking vehicle, and shall not increase the speed of his or her vehicle until
completely passed by the overtaking vehicle. This section does not require the
driver of an overtaken vehicle to drive on the shoulder of the highway in order to
allow the overtaking vehicle to pass. 

30. Passing on the Right (CVC 21754) 

The driver of a motor vehicle may overtake and pass to the right of another
vehicle only under the following conditions:

 When the vehicle overtaken is making or is about to make a left turn.

 Upon a highway within a business or residence district with unobstructed
pavement of sufficient width for two or more lines of moving vehicles in
the direction of travel.
 Upon any highway outside of a business or residence district with
unobstructed pavement of sufficient width and clearly marked for two or
more lines of moving traffic in the direction of travel.
 Upon a one-way street.
 Upon a highway divided into two roadways where traffic is restricted to
one direction upon each of such roadways.

The provisions of this section shall not relieve the driver of a slow moving vehicle
from the duty to drive as closely as practicable to the right hand edge of the
roadway. 

31. Pass on Right Safely (CVC 21755) 

The driver of a motor vehicle may overtake and pass another vehicle upon the
right only under conditions permitting such movement in safety. In no event shall
driving off the paved or main-traveled portion of the roadway make such
movement. 

32. Passing on Grades (CVC 21758)

In the event any vehicle is being operated on any grade outside of a business or
residence district at a speed of less than 20 miles per hour, no person operating
any other motor vehicle shall attempt to overtake and pass such slow moving
vehicle unless the overtaking vehicle is operated at a speed of at least 10 miles
per hour in excess of the speed of the overtaken vehicle, nor unless the passing
movement is completed within a total distance not greater than one-quarter of a
mile.  
Chapter 5

Topic : Demands of City Driving

 
A. REDUCING SPEED

  1. Allows for More Time to See Details and Identify Their Meaning 

When driving in the city you must drive at a speed that will enable you to be able to
spot any hazards on the road as well as see and read all traffic control signs and
lights on the road.

2. Allows for More time to Analyze Information and Predict What Might
Happen

You must drive at a speed that will allow you the time to think ahead as to what
might go wrong and what you will do and to allow you to read all traffic signs and be
able to abide by them. 

3. Allows for More Reaction Time to Decide What to Do 

You must drive at a speed that will give you enough time to react to any
circumstances on the road. Otherwise, you risk an accident as every maneuver,
such as stopping, requires reaction time. 

4. Allows for Additional time to Execute Decisions or Avoid Dangerous

Situations

You must drive at a speed that allows you to spot and to react to dangerous
situations on the road. Avoiding a collision on a road takes time, starting from the
moment a driver spots the hazard, the time it takes to think about what to do, the
reaction time, to the actual time it takes to complete the maneuver

B.  LOOKING AHEAD OF TRAFFIC

1. Look ahead for traffic hazards 

Looking 10 to 15 seconds ahead does not mean looking only at the middle of the
road. It means looking from side to side as well. Look for:

 Cars and people that may be in the road by the time you reach them.
 Signs warning of problems ahead.
  Signs giving you directions.

Keep your eyes moving (scanning). Look near and far. Because mirrors have blind
spots, Turn your head before changing lanes,. These blind spots can hide a
motorcycle, a bicycle or another driver. Watch for things about to happen like a ball
rolling into the street; a car door opening, or a swerving bicycle. 

2. Leave Enough Distance to Maneuver

You must leave cushion space enough for you to execute any maneuver, especially
when confronted with hazards.

3. Signal Lights

Look ahead for signal changes: 

You must look down the road so that you will be able to see all lights ahead of you.
This will give you enough time to slow down in case the light is about to turn yellow
or red. Also, look for light signals from vehicles in front of you and drive accordingly.

Anticipate signal changes: 

You must know the order that lights change in order to anticipate light changes. A
light which is green will turn yellow, afterwards it will turn red. If a light ahead is
yellow, you know that you must slow down and stop because the light will be red by
the time you get to the intersection. 

Check for stale green lights:

This is a light that has been green for a while, which means that it is about to turn
yellow and then red. When approaching a stale green light, you should slow down
as the light will probably have changed to yellow by the time you get to the
intersection.

C. COVERING THE BRAKE, NOT RIDING IT

1. Slow for Reduced Stopping Distance 

When you know that you will have to stop eventually, such as when approaching a
light that will turn red by the time you get to it, you should slow down and cover your
brake so that you will not be in a position where you have to slam on the brakes to
stop your vehicle.

2. Situations in Which the Brake Pedal Should be Covered  

Next to parked cars: 

You must always cover your brakes whenever you are driving next to a parked
vehicle. The reason is that the car might suddenly turn into your lane, that the
vehicle might be blocking a hazard, someone might be getting out of the parked
vehicle, or the vehicle might be blocking a pedestrian,etc.

Brake lights of other cars:

You must cover your brake and be ready to stop whenever a vehicle in front of you
is braking. 

Approaching signal lights:

You must cover your brake when approaching a signal light, even if the light is
green. The reason is that there might be other hazards present on the road, such as
a driver that was unable to stop, or a pedestrian who is still crossing the street.

D. CITY PASSING

1. Passing Over Center Line of Travel 

You should avoid crossing the center line of travel in the city because you never
know when someone will pull into the next lane, colliding with you head on.

2. Passing In or Near an Intersection

It is dangerous to pass in or near an intersection as a car may suddenly appear out

of nowhere; this is so especially in the city. You may pass in an intersection when
there is more than one lane going in your direction. You must always watch for
pedestrians, animals, other vehicles, and bicyclists. However, this is still a
dangerous maneuver.
E. CHOOSING OF LANE

1. Choose a Lane Appropriate to Use 

You should choose a lane to drive on according to your next maneuvers. If you are
driving slowly, stay on the right lane. The same is true if you are going to turn right.
If you are going to turn left, go to the left lane. Only pass other vehicles by using the
left lane. 

2. Choose a Less Traveled or Congested Lane

Unless Planning to Turn When driving on the same road for a long period of time,
you should always choose to drive on the lane that is less congested. This is safer
for you as you will not have to slow down and stop constantly while other cars make
their turns. However, when making a left or right turn, you must choose the
appropriate lane.

F. VEHICLE POSITION

1. Keep up With Traffic Speed and Within Legal Limits 

You must always keep up with the flow of traffic, but do not speed. If you are driving
slower than the flow of traffic, you should move to the far right lane so that other
drives can pass you safely. 

2. Avoid Another Driver's Blind Spot 

You should make a point not to drive in another vehicle's blind spot. Another driver
may not be aware of your presence and collide into you. 

3. Avoid Letting Another Driver Drive in Your Blind Spot 

You should avoid letting another motorist drive in your blind spot. You should either
speed up a bit or slow down a bit to avoid this. It is not wise to have another
motorist drive in your blind spot because you might forget that they are there and
collide into them after you have checked all of your mirrors and do not see any
vehicles. 

4. Avoid Side by Side Driving

You should avoid side by side driving because you will not have an out in case of a
potential hazard. You should either slow down a bit or speed up a bit and then move
over to the right if the vehicle does not pass you.

5. Avoid Driving in Bunches

Avoid driving in bunches as you will not have a way out in case of a hazard. 

G. CHOOSING A SAFE ROUTE

1. Time of Day and Traffic Density 

You should be aware of traffic hours so that you can avoid driving during such times
as there is a greater possibility of having a collision in stop and go traffic. If there is
no alternate way of travel and you must drive during rush hour, you should drive
slowly, pay extra attention to the road, and allow for an appropriate space cushion,
using the four-second rule. 

2. Through Streets vs. Side Streets

Side streets are more dangerous than through streets. Side streets usually run
through neighborhoods and/or business districts, which means that you will
encounter many slow driving vehicles. When driving for long distances, it is better to
drive in through streets, which are designed for faster driving traffic. 

3. One-way Streets vs. Two-Way Streets 

When driving in the city, always pay close attention to street signs, such as one-way
street signs. Never, ever enter a one-way street when driving against traffic. This
will almost certainly guarantee a head on collision if other cars are on the one-way
street. Two-way streets are more dangerous as other vehicles will get in your path,
such as when other vehicles are making left turns. Keyword - traffic. 
 

H. SPECIAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH

CITY TRAFFIC

1. Parked Cars Hiding Cross Traffic 

You must slow down before making any maneuvers when driving by parked cars
because those cars may be blocking the view of traffic driving in your direction. You
must never assume that your path is clear just because you are unable to see
vehicles or pedestrians on the road; this is especially true when driving by parked
vehicles.

2. Detour in Lane of Travel 

By looking 10 to 15 seconds ahead, you will be able to spot any last minute
changes, such as detour signs, and you will have the time required to respond
accordingly. 

3. Two-Way Left Turn Center Lane Use

When making a left turn in a two-way road, always make sure that you position your
vehicle in the center of the left lane closest to the dividing line. If there is more than
one lane designated for traffic making left turns, you must end up in the same lane
that you started your left turn.

4. Turning at Corners 

Before you turn at a corner, you must ensure that other vehicles, animals, or
pedestrians are not in your path.

5. Driving on One-Way Streets

Identifying:
A one-way street is one in which the traffic is traveling in only one direction. When
driving, especially in cities, look for signs and arrows that read one-way only and do
not enter opposing traffic.

Entering: 

Whenever you are entering traffic, keep up with the flow of traffic.  When making a
left hand turn to enter a one-way street, position your vehicle in the lane closest to
the left edge of the roadway.

Speed: 

You must always obey the posted speed limits when driving, including when driving
on a one-way street. 
 
Lane Choice:

In a one-way street, the center lane is the safest because cars making right turns
must position their vehicles on the lane farthest to the right and vehicles making left
turns must position their vehicles on the far left lane.

Exiting: 

Before exiting a one-way street, you must become aware that you will be driving on
a two way street and abide by those rules. If you are making a left turn, you may
end up in any lane lawfully available to you.

Left Turns: 

The approach for a left turn shall be made as close as practicable to the left-hand
edge of the extreme left-hand lane or portion of the roadway lawfully available to
traffic moving in the direction of travel of such vehicle and, when turning at an
intersection, the left turn shall not be made before entering the intersection. After
entering the intersection, the left turn shall be made so as to leave the intersection
in a lane lawfully available to traffic moving in that direction upon the roadway being
entered, except:

Upon a highway having three marked lanes for traffic moving in one direction, which
terminates at an intersecting highway accommodating traffic in both directions, the
driver of a vehicle in the middle lane may turn left into any lane lawfully available to
traffic moving in that direction upon the roadway being entered.

Section 22100 V.C.

 Dealing with wrong way drivers: If you are driving on a one-way street and
another driver has entered the wrong direction, you must get the attention of the
driver so that the driver can get out of the street. You must flash your lights, honk
your horn and get out of the way in case the driver is not able to respond in time.

6. When and where to expect pedestrians and bicyclists

You should be aware of the areas where pedestrians and bicyclists are prone to be
present, such as around schools, crosswalks, intersections, parks, churches, and
shopping centers. Children will be around schools in the morning, during lunch and
after school. You must always cover your brake when driving through the above
mentioned areas just in case you have to stop suddenly if you see an unexpected
pedestrian or bicyclist. 
Topic : Demands of Freeway Driving
   
 
A. PLANNING A ROUTE IN ADVANCE
1. Be Familiar with Alternate Exits
You should be aware of alternate exits when driving on the freeway just in case you
are not able to use your original route, whether due to detour signs, freeway
closures, you miss your exit. etc. You will be less stressed when you know an
alternate route.

2. Guide Signs- Placement of Guide Signs Which Indicate

Distance and Route Direction
When driving on the freeway, you must mind all of the signs on the freeway so that
you know where you are driving and so that you are aware of any changes on the
freeway. Always be mindful of the signs on the freeway. Once you notice that your
exit is coming up, start moving your vehicle to the farthest right (or left) lane two
miles before you reach your exit. Also, when you are going to join another freeway,
make sure that you start moving to the appropriate lane well in advance. 
3. Plan Time of Travel to Avoid Unfamiliar or Congested
Traffic Situations
To drive more safely, you should avoid driving on the freeway during rush hours,
from 6:00 a.m. to 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. to 7 p.m. Drivers are less careful when the
roads are congested and everyone is trying to get to their destination. If there is no
way to avoid driving during rush hour, you should be prepared to sit in traffic, that
you will be stopping and going, and you should allow more time to get to your
destination.

B. ENTERING THE FREEWAY

 

 
 

1. Acceleration Lanes: Extra Lane Permitting a Vehicle to

Reach Freeway Speeds
Be familiar with entrance warning signs:

When entering the freeway, make sure that you read all signs and abide by them.
Some freeways indicate which lanes merging traffic must drive on; other freeways
have stoplights that regulate the amount of vehicles that enter the freeway, etc. If
you are not driving with one (or sometimes two) other person(s), do not make use of
the carpool lane as you will be fined. If you are driving on the farthest right lane, you
must be aware whether there are merge signs near entrance ramps so that you can
anticipate finding vehicles intending to get onto the freeway and thereby slow down.

Observe ramp speed limit:

As you enter the freeway, you will see posted speed limits. You must abide by the
speed limit and not slow down the traffic; otherwise, you risk getting rear ended, or
even cause a chain reaction.

Check speed of freeway traffic:

Once you are on a freeway, you must adjust your speed to the flow of traffic.
Otherwise, you risk getting hit. Be careful not to exceed the maximum speed limit.

Watch vehicle ahead for sudden stops:

As when driving on city streets, when on the freeway make sure that you have
enough of a space cushion to allow you to stop suddenly if you need to.

Locate a gap in traffic:

Before you enter the through traffic on a freeway, ensure that there is enough space
for you to merge onto the lane closest to you. If you cannot tell by using your
mirrors, look over your shoulder. Do not assume that other vehicles are going to
slow down so that you may join the flow.

Adjust speed for merging onto freeway through lanes:

You must adjust your speed to the flow of traffic as you merge onto the freeway;
otherwise, you risk getting into a collision.

Signal until entering through-traffic lane :

You must use your signal lights during the last 100 feet of the freeway ramp to warn
other drivers that you are merging and so that they may drive accordingly.

C. COMMON MISTAKES ENTERING FROM

ACCELERATION LANE
1. Sudden Slowing or Stopping :

When entering a freeway, be aware of the flow of traffic. Entering at a slow speed
will increase your chances of getting rear-ended. Entering too fast will cause you to
slow down suddenly as you come close to the vehicle in front of you, which also
increases the chance of a collision.

2. Merging At Too Slow a Speed:

Drivers must ensure not to enter a freeway at a slow speed. Drivers must speed up
while on the on-ramp. Entering the freeway at too slow a speed may cause severe
collisions, as other drivers may not be ready to slow down because they assume
that merging vehicles will enter at the flow of traffic.

D. ENTERING DIRECTLY ONTO THE

FREEWAY- NO ACCELERATION LANE
1. Yield or Merge Signs Before Entering:

If a freeway has yield or merge signs, you must wait until all oncoming vehicles
pass. As a result of waiting for other traffic to pass, you will need more time to catch
up with the flow of traffic. This means that you must only continue onto the through
traffic when you have enough room to catch up with the speed of traffic.

2. Wait for a Longer Gap Before Entering

When entering a freeway that does not have acceleration space, you must ensure
that you have more distance to catch up with the speed of the through traffic. You
will basically use the through traffic lane to catch up. It will take longer for you to
catch up to speed since you will either be starting off slowly or completely stopped.

3. Acceleration Speed to Blend into Traffic

Once you have joined the through traffic, you must catch up to speed quickly. You
must therefore accelerate firmly. Once you have reached the appropriate speed,
you must stop accelerating so that you do not drive too fast.

E. SPECIAL SITUATIONS
1. Timed Entrance Lights

Some freeway entrances have a light to control the amount of traffic that gets onto
the freeway. Usually only one vehicle may continue onto the freeway per green
light. You must abide by the light and only continue when the light is green,
otherwise you risk a collision. If there is a traffic light controlling the traffic flow
entering the freeway, usually all lanes have these metering lights, including the
HOV (carpool) or Diamond lane (s).

2. Double Merge Lanes

Some freeways have more than one lane which merges onto the freeway. When
you enter a freeway with double merge lanes you must ensure that you remain in
your lane and that you merge onto the freeway only when it is safe to do so.
3. Diamond Lanes

Assembly Bill 2628- High Occupancy Lanes (HOV lanes, diamond lanes, etc),
CVC 5205.5 to reflect the following:

"Some low emission and hybrid vehicles (rated at 45 mpg or higher) are now
permitted to use the High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes without the requisite
number of passengers. The vehicle must display a special decal, issued by the
DMV." 

Some freeways have diamond lanes to relieve the freeway of stopped traffic. These
are carpool lanes. Only vehicles that qualify can drive on such lanes. Some carpool
lanes require two individuals in the vehicle, while others require three persons to be
in a vehicle. You must read the signs to find out what amount is required.

F. LEAVING THE FREEWAY

1. Scan Ahead for Signs Indicating Desired Exit Lanes

While driving on the freeway, you must always scan the signs for your exit. Once
you determine you are approaching your exit, you should merge to the appropriate
lane to exit- usually the far right lane, although some exits are on the far left. When
you plan to exit the freeway, make sure to give your self plenty of time. You should
know the freeway exit you want and the one that comes before

2. What To Do When An Exit is Missed

If you miss your exit, never slow down suddenly, back up, drive on the shoulder of
the freeway, etc. This places you and other drivers at risk of getting into a collision.
Instead, remain calm and exit at the next off ramp. Backtrack by taking side-streets
or by getting onto the freeway going the opposite direction.

G. EXIT LANES
1. Deceleration Lanes Allow Drivers to Reduce Speed Without
Endangering Traffic to the Rear

Off-ramps allow drivers to slow their speed safely before exiting the freeway. Off-
ramps are important because otherwise vehicles that are exiting the freeway would
endanger traffic to the rear.

2. Multiple Deceleration Lanes

Some exits may have more than one lane reserved for exiting. However, the lane
farthest to the left may be an exit lane and a through traffic lane. You must therefore
watch for vehicles behind you as you are slowing down on the lane that is also used
as a through traffic lane.

Yielding to other drivers:

When there are two lanes designated to exit, you must yield to other drivers that are
merging onto the freeway or to those vehicles that have not entered the exit lanes.

3. Adjusting Speed

Posted limit:
All exits have posted exit speeds. This is the speed that has been determined as
safe to exit on the specified off ramp. Do not exceed these speed limits.

Curved ramps:
It is especially critical that vehicles exiting on a curved off ramp adjust their speed to
the posted speed limit since it is very possible to lose control on a curve when
driving too fast.

H. CHOOSING LANES OF TRAVEL

1. Two-lane Freeways
Use of right-hand lanes:

When driving on a freeway that only has two lanes in the direction you are driving,
you should drive on the right lane, which is the safer lane. You should only drive on
the left lane when passing another vehicle or when exiting on an off ramp, which is
on the left side of the freeway.

Use of left-hand lanes:

You must drive on the right lane whenever possible. You should use the left hand
lane when you are passing another vehicle, exiting on an off-ramp that is on the left
hand side of the freeway, when the right hand lane is closed, or when weather
conditions demand it.

2. Three Lanes or More

Use of right-hand lanes:

On a freeway, that has three or more lanes traveling in one direction, you should
stay off the far right hand lane if you are going to remain on the freeway for a while.
You should drive on the right hand lane if you are driving slower than the flow of
traffic, when you have just entered the freeway, when you are about to exit the
freeway, or when weather conditions require you to do so. 

Use of center lanes:

On a freeway that has three or more lanes in one direction, the best lane to drive on
is the center lane because there is less interference in this lane.

Use of left-hand lanes:

On a freeway that has three or more lanes in one direction, you should drive on the
left hand lane (fast lane) when you are going to pass another vehicle or when
weather conditions require you to do so.

3. Lane Use When Approaching Interchanges

Avoiding merging conflicts:

When you approach an interchange on the freeway you should merge to the center
or left lane. If you are unable to change lanes, you should slow down to allow the
oncoming vehicle to merge. Remember to be courteous to other drivers.

I. SPEED LIMITS
1. Posted Speed Limits:

You must never drive faster than the posted speed limits. The speed limits have
been determined according to various factors on the particular road that you are
driving on, thereby making it unsafe to drive faster.

Maximum Speed:
The maximum speed limit on most freeways is 65 mph. However, for two-lane
undivided highways, the maximum speed limit is 55 mph, unless posted for a higher
speed. On some highways the maximum speed limit is 70 mph, but only if there are
signs posted showing 70 mph. Other speed limits are set for the type of roads and
traffic in each area. All speed limits are based on ideal driving conditions. You
should drive below the speed limit during adverse weather conditions. 

55 mph. Speed limit. : No person may drive a vehicle on a two lane, undivided
highway at a speed greater than 55 mph unless that highway, or portion thereof,
has been posted for higher speed. 22349 (b) V.C.

Speed for conditions:

You must never drive faster than is safe for the present conditions, regardless of the
posted speed limit. If it raining or the roads are slick or there is a lot of traffic, slow
down. The life you save may be your own.

Minimum speed :

When driving on the freeway, you must not drive so slow that you are impeding the
progress of other drivers. Driving too slow is just as hazardous as driving too fast.
The minimum speed limit keeps the flow of traffic moving and under control. If your
vehicle is not able to go at least as fast as the minimum speed limit, you should not
drive on the freeway.

Traffic

2. Dangers of Driving too Slow

Blocking the Flow of Traffic:

You should not drive upon a highway at such a slow speed as to impede or block
the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, unless the reduced speed is
necessary for safe operation, because of a grade, or in compliance with law.

Forced lane changes:

When you drive at too slow a speed you force other vehicles to pass you up. The
more vehicles are passing others up, the higher the chances of a collision to occur.

J. MAKING A SAFE LANE CHANGE

1. Checking for Ample Space
Vehicle Ahead :

Before making a lane change, you must look ahead to ensure that the driving
conditions are suitable for a lane change. You must also look to the lane into which
you want to move into to make sure that there is ample space for you to merge into.

Vehicle to rear :

Before making a lane change, you must look to the vehicle to the rear of your
vehicle in the lane that you want to change into. You must do this to ensure that
there is enough space in the other lane so that you can move safely, without cutting
off the vehicle that is driving in that lane.

Vehicle to sides :

Before making a lane change, you must look to the lane that you want to change
into to ensure that there are no vehicles on that lane. You must also look to the lane
next to where you want to change into to ensure that another vehicle is not
attempting to switch into your spot.

2. Look for Hazards:

Use of mirrors:

Before making a lane change, use your rear view mirror and side view mirrors to
ensure that you will be able to complete your lane change safely.

Checking for blind spots:

Besides using your rear view and side view mirrors, you should also check your
blind spot to ensure that there is not a vehicle in the spot that you could not see by
only looking through your mirrors. Look over your shoulder to the lane that your
want to move into at all times before changing lanes.

3. Signaling in Advance
The first step to take before changing a lane, is to turn on your turn signals to warn
other drivers so that they know your intentions and allow you the space to make
your maneuver.

4. Change Lanes One at a Time

You must not make multiple lane changes because doing so is extremely unsafe.
When you need make more than one lane change, you must go through all of the
steps required to make a single lane change.

5. Speed When Changing Lanes

Avoid slowing or stopping :

You must not slow down or stop when changing lanes. Doing so is extremely
dangerous as cars to the rear of you may rear end you and which could cause a
chain reaction. When you change lanes, you must adjust to the flow of traffic on the
new lane.

K. TIME MARGINS FOR FREEWAY

CONDITIONS
1. Establishing a Space Cushion
When driving on the freeway, you must create a space cushion all around your
vehicle: to the front, to the sides, and to the rear of your vehicle. This will allow you
time to react and complete your maneuver to avoid a crash. To establish a space
cushion to the front of your vehicle, use the three or four second rule. To establish a
space cushion to the sides of your vehicle, you must avoid driving beside the
vehicle to the left and to the right of you. In addition, if you are driving on the right
lane, you must drive on the right side of the lane; if you are driving on the left lane
you must drive on the left side of your lane; and if you are driving between two lanes
you must drive on the center of your lane.

L. HELPING OTHER DRIVERS ENTER OR

EXIT
1. Merging Signs, Warning Other Vehicles Are Entering the
Freeway
Always be courteous when driving on the freeway. Watch for merging traffic and be
on the lookout for traffic signs. When you are driving by a merge area, you must
look to see whether there are vehicles waiting to merge to the through traffic. If
there are vehicles waiting you should either slow down to create space in front of
you, speed up to create space behind you, or make a safe lane change so that the
other vehicle has enough space to merge safely. You should do the same when you
see that a vehicle is trying to exit the freeway.

2. Adjusting Speed to Open a Gap

When you see that another vehicle is trying to merge onto the freeway, you should
be courteous to that driver and merge to the through traffic. You can open a gap for
the merging vehicle by slowing down slightly, speeding up slightly, or making a safe
lane change.

3. Moving Into Adjacent Lanes

When it is not possible for you to adjust your speed so as to create a space safe
enough for the other vehicle to merge into the through traffic, you must make a safe
lane change away from the merging vehicle. This will give the vehicle space to
merge.

M. FREEWAY EMERGENCIES
1. Blocked Roadways
While driving you must always look 10 to 15 seconds ahead of your vehicle so that
you have time to spot blocked roadways and thereby have enough to time to think
and react to the change on the freeway. If you see that the road is blocked, slow
down and proceed with caution or stop and wait for the blockage to be removed.

Steering Around:

Always continue scanning the road so that you can spot sudden changes on the
freeway and steer around any wreck, road closures, etc. When steering your vehicle
to other lanes, always do so safely, by following the appropriate lane change
procedures. Never engage in multiple lane changing, safely change lanes one at a
time.

2. Stopping
Warning drivers to the rear:

Whenever you are going to stop or slow down, warn drivers behind you by stepping
on your brakes well in advance. This will allow vehicles behind you to either slow
down or change lanes, thereby avoiding a collision.
Brake lights :

While driving on the freeway, pay close attention to brake lights. Brake lights warn
you that the vehicle is either going to stop or slow down. Adjust your speed
accordingly.

Hazard lights:

Hazard lights warn you that a vehicle is having difficulties. When you come to a
vehicle that has its hazard lights on, slow down and merge away from the vehicle by
using the appropriate lane change procedures.

N. BREAKDOWNS
1. Pulling to the Shoulder
When driving on the freeway and you experience difficulties with your vehicle,
immediately start positioning your vehicle to the shoulder of the freeway, or to the
emergency lane, if one exists. Always use the appropriate lane change procedures.

Signaling :

As you are changing lanes to pull off the road, turn on your emergency hazard lights
to warn other drivers that you are experiencing difficulties. If you cannot drive your
vehicle, turn on your emergency hazard lights and do not get out of your vehicle
unless it is safe to do so. If you have a cell phone, you should call for help and wait
with your car.

Shoulder use and vehicle position :

The shoulder is only to be used by vehicles having difficulties. You must not use the
shoulder for any other reason. If your vehicle is having difficulties, ensure that your
vehicle is positioned on the far right of the shoulder and then stop your vehicle.

2. Warning Approaching Traffic :

Hazard lights

If you are having difficulties with your vehicle, turn on your hazard lights to warn
vehicles behind you. That way they will have time to change to another lane or take
other appropriate measures to avoid hitting your vehicle.
Flares or warning devices :

Besides turning on your hazard lights, you should also make use of road flares or
some other warning devices that you have to ensure that other drivers see you. This
is especially true when your vehicle has stopped in a lane and you are not able to
get to the shoulder and at night.

O. RE-ENTERING THE FREEWAY

1. Signaling
Before reentering the freeway when you are on the emergency lane or the shoulder,
ensure that you have turned off all warning devices and that you have turned on,
signal so that other drivers will know your intentions and hopefully make room for
you to merge over to the lane

2. Accelerating on Shoulder
After you have turned on your signal, use the shoulder or emergency lane to get up
to speed of the through-traffic so that you do not interrupt the flow of traffic and risk
causing a collision. Look to the lane that you will merge into to ensure that you are
able to move over safely.

3.  Entering Into An Adequate Gap

Speed :

Before re-entering the freeway, ensure that you are driving at the speed of the traffic
so that you do not cause other vehicles to brake suddenly and risk a collision.

Checking for hazards:

Once you have reached the proper speed to merge over to the through traffic, follow
the procedures as when making a lane change. Look ahead to see whether there
are any hazards that may interrupt the flow of traffic. Check your rear and side view
mirrors to ensure that you have enough space to merge over and check your blind
spot by looking over your shoulder.

P. SPECIAL FREEWAY PROBLEMS

1. Velocitation- Unconsciously Going Too Fast
Check speedometer:

Sometimes drivers may lose sight of the speed that they are driving and may speed
without realizing it. To avoid speeding, check the speedometer frequently and avoid
driving over the posted speed limit.

Allow time to readjust to slower speeds:

When you need to slow down on the freeway for any reason, such as because you
realized that you were speeding, do not slow down suddenly as other vehicles
behind you might not have time to adjust their speed and they might end up rear-
ending you.

2. Highway Hypnosis
Highway Hypnosis is when motorists are in a daze, failing to follow proper driving
procedures, such as scanning the road. This is highly dangerous as you will not be
able to react in case of a hazard. Highway hypnosis usually occurs on long boring
drives.

Avoid drowsiness:

Do not drive when you are too tired to use good judgment. Instead, pull over to the
side of the road and relax, or if you are too tired, you should exit the freeway and
take a break from driving. If there's a passenger with you, have him or her drive if
he or she is legally able to do so. Avoid driving long stretches at a time as this may
cause exhaustion.

Q. TOLL BOOTHS- WHAT TO LOOK FOR

WHEN APPROACHING
1. Reduced Speed Limits
When approaching a toll booth (usually on a bridge or roadway) start slowing down
in advance. When you arrive at the booth stop to pay the fee.

2. Distance Ahead
Try to judge how much distance you have between you and the booth as well as
between you and the vehicles ahead of you so that you know the appropriate speed
at which you should be slowing down.
 3. Designated Lanes for Special Vehicles
When approaching a toll booth, ensure that you are in the appropriate lane. Most
toll booths have lanes designated for various types of vehicles, such as for cargo
vehicles, for trucks, for buses and for carpool vehicles or lanes for electronic
payment.  
Chapter 6

Topic : Demands of Driving on an Open Highway

 
A. AREAS OF POTENTIAL HAZARDS
 

 
 

1. Unmarked Farm and Field Driveways

When driving on open highways, be on the lookout for unmarked farm and field
driveways, which are potentially hazardous for drivers. Also, watch out for large
vehicles, such as tractors. When driving behind large vehicles lower your speed
dramatically because such vehicles cannot drive fast.

2. Livestock Crossing Areas

When driving on open highways be on the lookout for livestock such as cattle and
horses. Watch out for signs indicating areas where livestock tend to be present.
Slow down in these areas, as you never know when an animal will suddenly cross
your path. Remember that large animals may damage your vehicle, as well as put
you in danger.

3. Rough Road Conditions

When driving on open highways, scan the road for rough surfaces, such as
potholes, dirt roads, lose gravel, etc. These rough road conditions decrease the
control you have over your vehicle. Always lower your speed when you spot such
conditions. If you are driving on a road that has more than one lane in the direction
that you are driving, safely change to the lane that has the smoothest driving
conditions.

4. Unmarked Shoulders
When driving, always keep out of unmarked shoulders, as the driving conditions on
the shoulders might be dangerous. When you must drive into the shoulder because
your vehicle has broken down, merge into the shoulder slowly.

5. Roadside Stands or Gas Stations

When you approach roadside stands or gas stations you should cover your brake,
anticipating a sudden stop or turning movement, as many vehicles may be entering
or exiting the vicinity increasing the likelihood of a near-miss situation.

B. OTHER USERS OF THE ROADWAY

6. Trucks

 Drive extra cautiously when driving near large trucks because a collision with
one may be deadly.

Speed:

Be prepared to decrease your speed when driving behind a truck, as they usually
drive slower than the posted speed limit. When driving in front of a large truck do not
reduce your speed suddenly because large trucks need more time to slow down.

Passing:

Passing a large truck is dangerous because you need more distance to pass. When
driving on a two-way highway that only has one lane for both directions, ensure that
you have enough distance to pass. You need about twice the distance as when
passing a passenger vehicle. Follow all of the previously discussed procedures to
pass. When passing a truck, you may not be able to see whether there are vehicles
approaching on the next lane or whether there is enough space in front of the truck.
You should cautiously pull to the next lane a little to get a better view.
 Trucker's Blind Spots

7. Slow-Moving Vehicles
Speed:

Always scan 10 to 15 seconds ahead so that you are able to slow down when you
are approaching a slow moving vehicle.

Clearance:

You need a larger distance to pass a slow-moving vehicle because of the slow
speed that you are driving. In addition, it takes time to speed up to be able to pass
the slow-moving vehicle.

8. Animals
Unexpected :

When driving on an open highway, look around the area to predict whether there
might be animals roaming around. Also look around to see whether signs are posted
warning you that animals may get in your path. Do not drive so fast as to make it
impossible for you to stop in case an unexpected animal gets in front of your path.
You do not want to get into a situation where you must swerve suddenly or stop
suddenly as this endangers your life, the life of any passengers and the life of other
drivers. If an animal gets in front of you, use your horn and flash your lights so that
the animal gets out of your path.

Passing :

If there is an animal in front of your path, you must honk at it and flash your lights so
that the animal moves. However, if the animal does not move, you should pass the
animal by using all of the procedures of safe passing.
 C. ENVIRONMENT
9. Curves
Speed and braking :

Be especially careful when driving through curves on open highways as the road
conditions tend to be more dangerous than street driving. Ensure that you drive at
the posted speed limit. Start braking before you actually get to the curve, otherwise
you might lose control of your vehicle and cause a crash.

Hazards :

You should always cover your brakes when driving through a curve on an open
highway, as you never know what may be on the other side of the curve.

10. Hills
Shifting gears :

You should shift to a lower gear when slowly driving up a hill. You should also shift
to a lower gear when you are driving down a hill. This will keep you from driving
downhill too quickly.

Visibility and speed :

Slow down whenever you are unable to see what's ahead of you. Do not attempt to
pass a vehicle when driving on a hill, as you are unable to determine whether a car
that is out of sight is approaching you.

Brake Failure or Overheating :

Test your brakes before descending a hill. If your brakes are not functioning
correctly, shift to lower gear and pump the brake quickly to build up brake fluid
pressure. Be careful not to pump anti-lock brakes. If your brakes do not take after
three or four pumps steer your vehicle into the shoulder and turn off the engine. If
your vehicle is overheating steer to the emergency lane and pull towards the right of
the lane for safety.

Mountain Driving
Vehicle condition :

You must ensure that your vehicle is functioning properly before you drive in the
mountains. You should take your vehicle to a mechanic to have it checked. Also,
check your tires before heading towards the mountains.

Speed :

Never drive faster than the posted speed limit. Always keep abreast of signs on the
road and abide by them, lower your speed when you are approaching curves. Many
of the curves will have a different speed limit. Pay careful attention to these speed
signs.

Allowing for other vehicles to pass :

Drive on the right lane whenever you are driving slower than the posted speed limit
or than the flow of traffic. If there is only one lane designated for the direction you
are driving, allow other vehicles to pass you whenever you are slowing five or more
vehicles. Merge into the turnout to allow the vehicles behind you to pass safely. Use
the shoulder if the road does not have a turnout.

Passing slower vehicles:

If you are following a slow-moving vehicle, do not pass if you are not able to
determine whether it is safe to pass. Instead, wait until you reach a passing lane or
until the vehicle merges into a turnout to enable you to pass safely.

11. Special Problems in High Altitudes :

Overheating :

Vehicles may overheat when driving on mountains. You should check your
temperature gauge regularly. If your car is overheating, merge onto the emergency
lane and wait until your vehicle cools down. You can also turn on the heater in your
car, this will allow some of the engine heat to dissipate.

Vapor lock :

Sometimes when you vehicle overheats the gas will emit steam, freezing the engine.
When this happens, the engine will not start. Therefore, when your car overheats
you must stop your car in a safe place in case your engine will not start after your
vehicle cools down. Keyword - truck.
 D. MEETING OR APPROACHING OTHER
VEHICLES ON OPEN ROADWAYS

 
1. Meeting Lines of Cars :
Never attempt to pass a line of slow moving vehicles. Instead, wait until it is safe to
pass the vehicle that is slowing down traffic.

2. Meeting at Hilltops:
Do not attempt to pass a vehicle when going up a hilltop. You may not have proper
visibility to determine that it is safe. You should not pass a vehicle as you're
descending a hilltop as the vehicle may pick up speed. If the vehicle continues to
move slowly, you must determine whether you have enough clearance to pass.

3. Meeting at Night :
If you have your high beams while driving at night you must always act alert. You
must change your high beams to low beams when a vehicle ahead of you is within
300 feet. You must do the same when a vehicle is approaching from the opposite
direction within 500 feet.

4. Meeting Slow-Moving Vehicles

When you meet a slow moving vehicle on an open highway, wait until it is safe for
you to pass. You must follow the appropriate procedure for passing a slow moving
vehicle.  
E. ROAD CONDITIONS

 
 

1. Rough Roads
Always scan for rough roads while driving on an open highway. If you are
approaching rough road conditions, slow down so that you will be able to pass such
areas safely. Do not merge into the oncoming traffic lane to avoid rough road
conditions as a vehicle may suddenly appear on that lane.

2. Traction
Always slow down when you come to road conditions where it is possible to lose
traction. You are in danger of losing traction on slippery roads just after rain has
started to fall, on snow, ice, when there is lose gravel, or other conditions that render
the road rough.

3. Width of Road
Drive slower than usual when you are on narrow roads. Do not attempt to pass
another vehicle while on a narrow road as you do not have as much space to pass
as you normally would.

4. Field of View
Always slow down and cover your brake when your visibility is limited because of
adverse weather conditions or the road being blocked by shrubbery or anything else
so that you will be able to respond to any hazards.
 5. Line of Sight
Reduce your speed and cover your brakes when the visibility level of the road in
front of you is reduced. You should be able to see 10-15 seconds in front of you. At
night, do not overdrive your headlights, in other words don't look out past the
distance that is illuminated by your lights.
 
Topic : Hazardous Conditions
 
A. DRIVING IN THE FOG

The best advice is not to drive in the fog. 

1. Obtaining Maximum Visibility and Reducing Glare

The key to driving in the fog is to obtain maximum visibility and reduce the glare.
These goals are achieved by the appropriate use of headlamps, fog lamps,
windshield wipers, and defrosters.

Appropriate use of headlamps :

While driving in fog, you should refrain from using your hi-beams. The light from your
high beams reflects on the droplets of water in the fog and creates a glare that
actually reduces your visibility. You should always use your low-beams. Fog lamps
may be used with headlamps but must not be used as a substitution of headlamps.

Use of fog lights and mounting :

Vehicles may be equipped with two fog lamps. Fog lamps are to be used in heavy
fog to illuminate the road. Fog lights must be mounted on the front part of the
vehicle, no less than 12 inches from the ground or higher than 30 inches from the
ground.

Windshield wiper and defrosters :

When driving in the fog, use your windshield wipers to remove water outside of your
windshield and use the defroster to get rid of the fogginess inside of the windshield.
B. SPEED
1. Reduce Speed, but Keep Moving When Entering a Fog Bank

When driving in fog and you lose visibility, slow down but do not stop completely as
vehicles behind you may not see your brake lights in time to stop.

2. Watch For Slow-Moving Vehicles Ahead

When driving in fog, watch out for slow-moving vehicles ahead of you. Keep a look
out for headlights or tail lights so that you will be aware of other vehicles. Drive
slowly because your visibility is reduced.

3. Look in the Rear View Mirror for Vehicles Approaching From the
Rear

Look through your rear view mirror frequently to spot vehicles behind you. If vehicles
are driving too fast, make a safe lane change to the right. If you are unable to
change lanes safely, tap on the brakes to warn the vehicles behind you of your
presence.

C. WHEN YOUR VEHICLE STALLS

1. Move Off Roadway as Quickly as Possible

When you are having difficulties with your vehicle, turn on your hazard lights and
move to the emergency lane or to the shoulder if the road does not have a
designated lane.

2. Stay in Your Vehicle

Once your vehicle is positioned in the emergency lane or the shoulder, use the call
box to call for assistance and place flares behind your car if it is appropriate. If you
have to wait for a tow truck or some other form of assistance, wait in your car with
your seatbelt fastened. It is better to have your vehicle around you for protection in
case there is a collision.

3. Restricted Use of Flashers or Flare

You must only use your emergency lights and flares when your vehicle has stalled
or when medical complications have rendered you unable to continue driving.
D. GENERAL TIPS
1. Listen for Traffic You Cannot See

Whenever your view is blocked for whatever reason you must use your hearing to
warn you about the presence of another vehicle, individual, animal,etc. and react
accordingly. Make sure you roll your windows down so you can hear things farther
away.

2. Avoid Crossing Roadways

Avoid crossing roadways whenever possible, as it is very dangerous to pass

roadways due to the various rules that you must abide by.

3. Avoid Passing a Line of Cars

Avoid passing a line of cars, as you need more of a clearance space to pass more
than one vehicle, making such a maneuver unsafe. Also, another vehicle may be
attempting to pass at the same time as you are, increasing the risk of a collision.

4. Consider Postponing Driving Until Conditions Clear

You should postpone driving in adverse driving conditions, such as when there is
heavy rainfall, heavy fog, or during rush hour. Driving in such conditions puts you
and other drivers at risk of a collision.

5. Keep Headlight and Taillights Clean

Always keep your headlights and taillights clean so that you will have good visibility
and so that other vehicles will be able to see your warning signals.

E. DRIVING ON SLIPPERY SURFACES

1. Obtaining Maximum Visibility

Drive with headlamps on:

Drive with your headlights on while the roads are slick. This makes you more visible
to other drives.

Use Windshield Washers to Remove Film :

Keep your windshields clear of any debris so that you may have clear visibility. Use
your windshield wipers and your windshield washers to clear any debris that may be
on your windshield.

F. SPEED
1. Keep Speed Below Dry Road Speed

Speed limits are based on ideal conditions of the road. If the road is slick, wet, or
there is some other hazard, you should lower your speed to compensate for those
conditions. You can still be given a citation if an officer thinks you are going faster
than is safe for the road conditions.

2. Decrease Speed When Entering a Curve

Decreasing your speed when entering a curve helps you maintain control and
stability going through the turn. Reducing your speed is especially important when
the road is wet, as your vehicle may skid uncontrollably.

G. STAYING ON THE ROADWAY

1. Stay on Paved Portion of the Roadway

Always remain on the paved portion of the roadway when driving. Do not drive on
the shoulder of the road because the loose ground could pull you completely off of
the road and into a situation you would rather avoid.

2. Drive in the Tracks of the Car Ahead

You should follow the tracks of the car ahead of you when it is raining or snowing.
Vehicles ahead of you have made grooves in the road, making that part of the road
safer.

3. Allow More of a Space Cushion

Increase your space cushion so that you can have more space to stop or maneuver
your vehicle out of a potential hazardous situation.

4. Avoid Sudden Movements

Never brake suddenly, steer suddenly, shift gears suddenly, or speed up suddenly.
You need time to slow down, to steer your vehicle, to slow down. etc. Otherwise,
you risk getting hit by another vehicle or losing complete control of your vehicle.
 
H. GOING THROUGH DEEP WATER
 

 
 

1. Do Not Overload the Rear

You must avoid overloading the rear of your vehicle because this may cause your
vehicle to hydroplane, as the front wheels of you vehicle will go up.

2. Shift to a Lower Gear

You can lose control if you hit a deep puddle at too high a speed or stall the engine if
you splash too much water into the engine compartment. If you have to drive
through standing water, slow down, but do not brake suddenly. Turn on your
windshield wipers and be prepared for loss of visibility. After driving through deep
water, tap your brakes several times to dry them out after exiting the water. Then
make a test stop. If the vehicle pulls to one side, pump the brakes to further dry
them out. Do not resume speed until full braking power has been restored. 
 
 
I. HYDROPLANING
 
 
  

1. Regaining Vehicle Control

Take foot off gas:

If your vehicle begins to hydroplane, take your foot from the gas pedal and let the
natural friction and loss of acceleration slow you down.

Do not brake:

Keep your hands on the wheel and when you feel you tires start to make contact
with the road, slowly apply your brake to slow down. Do not apply your brake while
your car is hydroplaning because this could cause your car to go into a wild skid.
 
 

J. DRIVING IN SNOW AND ICE

 
 

1. Obtaining Maximum Visibility

Appropriate use of headlamps:

Turn on your low beams whenever you are driving in snow and ice so that you are
able to see the road ahead and so that you can warn other drivers of your presence.
Do not turn on your high beams, as you will blind other drivers.

Windshield wipers and defrosters:

Use your windshield wipers and defrosters when driving in snow and ice. Always
keep your windshield clear so that you have clear visibility. You should carry an ice
scraper in your vehicle when driving in snow and ice so that if the buildup is too
much, you can stop and scrape it off.

K. SPEED
1. Keep Speed Below Dry-Road Speed

Speed limits are based on ideal conditions of the road. If the road is slick, wet, or
there is some other hazard, you should lower your speed to compensate for those
conditions. You can still be given a citation if an officer thinks you are going faster
than is safe for the road conditions.

2. Keep Steady Speed

When driving in snow and ice, you must keep your speed slow and steady so that
you do not lose control of your vehicle and skid.

3. Reduce Speed on Curves and Shady Areas

You must reduce your speed on curves and shady areas when driving in snow and
ice because ice tends to collect in these areas, thereby making curves even more
dangerous to drive on.

4. Maintain a Longer Space Cushion

You must maintain a longer space cushion when driving in adverse road conditions
because it takes a longer period of time to stop, slow down, or otherwise maneuver
your vehicle.
 

L. GENERAL TIPS TO AVOID SKIDS

1. Watch for Areas Where Ice Collects

You must prepare to slow down when you see that you are approaching areas
where ice collects, such as around curves, in shady areas, and bridges.

2. Avoid Turning or Swerving Suddenly

You must never maneuver your vehicle too quickly when driving in adverse weather
conditions so that your vehicle does not skid.

3. Avoid Applying Brakes Too Suddenly or Too Hard

Avoid braking too suddenly or too hard so that your vehicle does not skid. This is
especially important when driving in adverse weather conditions.

4. Do Not Drive on Road Edge or Shoulder

You must never drive on the edge of the road or on the shoulder. You must be
especially careful not to do this when driving in the snow as this is where ice may
build up, making driving more dangerous than normal.
5. Do Not Change to a Lower Gear at Too Fast a Speed

You must never change to a lower gear quickly when you are driving fast. You must
always slow down to change gears; otherwise, your vehicle might skid.

6. When to Use Chains

 

 
You must use chains when weather conditions demand it and when it is snowing
and there is a layer of snow on the road. In areas where snow and ice are common,
the local authorities will determine when the use of chains is necessary.
 
 
M. HOW TO STOP SKIDDING
 
 

1. Avoid Braking Suddenly- Pump Brakes Lightly But Fast

You must avoid braking suddenly when you are skidding. Instead, you must pump
brakes lightly but fast.

2. Steer in the Direction Which the Rear End is Skidding

When your vehicle is skidding, steer in the direction in which the rear end is
skidding. This will enable your to gain control of your vehicle.

3. Avoid Over steering

Never over steer when your vehicle is skidding. Doing so will only complicate
matters. Steer only as much as is necessary to stop skidding.

4. Keep the Clutch Engaged

You should engage the clutch when skidding; this is the equivalent of neutral.

5. Avoid Lifting Your Foot From the Accelerator Suddenly

You must not reduce your speed suddenly when you are skidding. This would
complicate your situation even more. You must slow down gradually.

N. STARTING WHEN TRACTION IS POOR

1. Start in a Higher Gear
When traction is poor, you must start your vehicle in a higher gear to keep your
vehicle from skidding.

2. Accelerate Gradually
Accelerate gradually when traction is poor to avoid skidding. Taking off suddenly
could cause your car to fishtail and skid out of control.

O. HOW TO ROCK OUT

1. Start Slowly in Low Gear
If you find yourself stuck in dirt, snow, sand,etc., you must put your vehicle in low
gear to get the power needed to maneuver your vehicle out of the hole.

2. Shift Rapidly to Reverse

Once you have made a quick movement forward in low gear, you must move the
gear to reverse and accelerate to enable your vehicle to get out of the hole.

3. Back Until Wheels Start to Spin

The next step is to back up your vehicle until the wheels start to spin.

4. Shift Back to Low Gear

Afterwards, shift to low gear and go forward again.

5. Repeat Movement in Rapid Succession

Rapidly repeat all of the above mentioned steps if you were unable to get out of the
hole, the first time around.

P. MECHANICAL FAILURE
1. Accelerator Stuck
If your accelerator gets stuck, put your car in neutral and coast to the side or the
road or to an emergency lane and turn off your ignition. If you cannot get the foot
pedal unstuck, do not drive further, but call for assistance.
 
2. Blowout

If you experience a blowout, firmly grip the steering wheel and steer out of the flow
of traffic and onto the side of the road. The steering will be sluggish. If you have a
sudden tire blowout, you should:

 Hold the steering wheel tightly and steer straight ahead.

 Slow down gradually. Take your foot off the gas pedal slowly, but don't hit the
brakes.
 Let the car slow to a stop, completely off the road.
 Apply the brakes when the car is almost stopped.
 

3. Brake Failure
If you find yourself having trouble with your brakes and you do not have anti-lock
brakes, you should quickly pump your brakes four times. If your have an anti-lock
braking system you must push down on the brakes all the way. If your brakes still do
not function, you must turn on your emergency lights try to slow your car by putting it
in a lower gear. IF YOUR BRAKES FAIL-
 

 Downshift to low gear

 Pump the brake pedal fast and hard to build up brake pressure. You will know
in three or four pumps if the brakes will work.
 Apply the parking brake, but be ready to release it if the car begins to skid.
 Remember you can steer into bushes or something soft.
 Sound your horn and flash your lights to warn other drivers.
 When you no longer need to change direction and have stopped, turn off the
ignition. (Turning off the key locks the steering wheel of many vehicles).
 

4. Headlight Failure
If your headlights fail while you are driving, slow down and turn on your hazard
lights. WHAT TO DO:
 

 Activate the hazard lights

 Reduce speed
 Maintain your lane position using the image you have imprinted in your brain
 Turn the headlight and dimmer switches on and off several times
 If the lights function, proceed to the nearest service center. Be careful to dim
the high beams (even to no lights) for oncoming traffic.
 Change lanes to move off the roadway as far as possible.
 Install flares, flashing lantern, or reflectors if you cannot stop in a lit area 
 
5. Power Steering Failure
If your power steering goes out, turn on your emergency lights and use your strength
to steer the car to the shoulder or emergency lane.
Chapter 7

er Drugs
  A. ALCOHOL AND OTHER DRUGS

 
1. As a Drug
Alcohol is a drug. Alcohol is a depressant that decreases the responses of the central
nervous system. It takes up to 24 hours for alcohol to be eliminated from the body.
Often, it is said that taking cold showers, drinking black coffee, or exercising will sober a
person up. This is false. Only time, body weight, the number of drinks, and how much
has been eaten, can affect how long it takes anyone to sober up. It takes about an hour
for the body to get rid of each drink. “One drink” is a 1 1/2-ounce shot of 80-proof liquor
(even if mixed with non-alcoholic drinks), a 5-ounce glass of 12% wine, or a 12-ounce
glass of 5% beer.  

It is illegal to carry in a vehicle an opened bottle, can, or container with an alcoholic

drink in it. Such containers must be full, sealed, and unopened. Otherwise, it must be
put in the trunk. 

2. Stages of Alcohol Influence

a. Blood alcohol level:

Drinking affects your blood alcohol level. It is illegal to drive with a BAC (blood alcohol
level) of 0.08% or more (0.04% or more if you drive commercial vehicles or 0.01% or
more if under age 21). Even a BAC below 0.08% does not mean that it is safe or legal
to drive. When a person is arrested for DUI/Alcohol, the only tests that are available are
blood and breath. Urine, since 1999, is no longer an option for alcohol, only drugs. If
you are arrested because a police officer suspects you have been driving under the
influence of alcohol you will be required to take a breath or blood test to determine if
this is true. If you are suspected of being under the influence of a drug or a combination
of drugs and alcohol you will be required to take a blood or urine test.
    

b.  Know limits:  

Do not drink and drive.

c.  Reaction time: 

The reaction time of drunk drivers is substantially reduced due to the fact that alcohol
affects every part of the body, including the eyes, the body extensions, and the brain, all
which are needed to take appropriate action while on the road. Safe drivers must look
ahead of the road, need to determine whether there are any hazards ahead based on
what they see and they need to take appropriate action. Drunk drivers, for the most
part, are not able to do all three in time to avoid a car crash.

d.  Accident Potential/Statistics:

Intoxicated individuals are unable to drive safely because alcohol affects the eyes, the
body extensions, as well as the brain, making it more difficult to both spot and react to a
potential hazard. 

Per the California Highway Patrol, SWITRS report, in 2001 there were 1171 fatal
collision with DUI as the primary collision factor.  

3. Effects of Alcohol on the Body

a. Organs

A symptom of alcohol abuse is that it dilates the pupils, making vision unclear. When
under the influence of alcohol, drivers may see double, may have less visibility at night,
may not have peripheral vision, may not be able to focus accurately, and may be
unable to accurately judge distance.

 b.   Brain

At birth, individuals have between 10 to 12 billion brain cells. After the age of 35 the
average person loses about 100,000 brain cells. While alcohol causes loss of brain
cells, moderate consumption of drinking does not kill an overwhelming number of brain
cells. When alcohol is abused over a long period of time, an individual may suffer brain
damage. These cases, however, are rare.

Drinking and driving impairs judgment, control, and muscular movement. Therefore,
intoxicated individuals must avoid driving by making other transportation arrangements.

 Although studies have shown that alcohol may be beneficial, it is important to note that
alcohol, if not taken in moderation, is harmful to one’s body. Alcohol, when abused, may
cause liver damage. Liver cells are destroyed when alcohol is broken down in the body.
While the liver may repair the cells that were destroyed, such is not possible if alcohol
consumption is continued over a longer period of time. Death may result as a result of
liver damage. Other negative affects of alcohol are: pancreatis (a disease of the liver),
neuropathy (disease of the nerves), and cardimyopathy (damage to the muscles),
anemia, …etc.

       c.  Vision
    
                                                     4.  How to Avoid/Identify Drunk Drivers 

Drunk drivers have caused the deaths of innocent motorists. Even though you may be a
sober driver, nevertheless watch out for those drivers that break the law by driving while
intoxicated. Therefore, while on the road, watch out for vehicles that are speeding,
driving too slowly, driving between two lanes, swerving, driving in opposing traffic,
making multiple lane changes unsafely, driving on the sidewalk or anywhere else that is
prohibited, tailgating, etc. Basically, watch out for any driving that is hazardous. 

Why Is Drinking And Driving So Dangerous?

You lose your judgment when you drink or use drugs. It is often the first thing about you
that changes. Loss of judgment, or good sense, affects how you react to sounds, what
you see, and the speed of other vehicles around you. It takes about an hour for the
body to get rid of each "drink." If a person has had more than one drink an hour, one
hour of "sobering up" time should be allowed for each extra drink. Better still, someone
who has not been drinking should drive. 

5. Designated Driver Program

The best and most desirable solution to drinking and driving is to not drink at all.
However, because drinking is socially accepted, sometimes drinking may be
unavoidable. Therefore, another solution is to make prior arrangements for
transportation, such as designating a sober driver or getting a taxi when an individual
feels unable to drive safely. 

The Designated Driver Program is an anti-DUI effort that works. It has been saluted by
its proponents as a program that takes a positive approach to averting the potential
disaster of the drinking driver. The goal of the program is to encourage one individual to
abstain from consuming alcoholic beverages for an outing so that he or she can be
responsible for transporting the other members of the group safely. Many licensed
eating and drinking establishments participate in the program by providing
complimentary nonalcoholic beverages or other incentives.

To participate as a designated driver, an individual:

 Must possess a valid driver license.
 Should be at least 21 years of age.
 Must be part of a group of two or more persons.
 Must verbally identify himself or herself as the designated driver to the server.
 Must abstain from consuming alcoholic beverages for the duration of the outing.
 Must not be an otherwise impaired driver.
 Must understand that management reserves the right to refuse service to anyone
at anytime.

DUI related deaths have declined significantly over the past ten years. Programs such
as Designated Driver have contributed to that trend.
The success of the Designated Driver Program serves as an example of the spirit of
cooperation between individuals, private business, and local agencies.

                                        6. Synergistic Effects

The effects of combining alcohol and drugs vary, depending on various factors, such as
the physical condition of the person and the amount consumed; however, the effects
are worse when alcohol is combined with drugs, and in some cases serious
complications may arise due to shock to the body. Consequently, drugs and alcohol
should never be consumed at the same time.

B.  OTHER DRUGS
 

7. Types- Effects
a. Prescription :

Many medicines prescribed by a doctor can affect the way an individual drivers.
Therefore, You must check with your physician or pharmacist before driving after taking
any medication. Most drugs taken for headaches, colds, hay fever, allergy, or to calm
nerves can make a person drowsy, which impairs the ability to drive safely.

  Pep pills, “uppers” and diet pills can make a driver more alert for a short time;
however, they can cause a person to feel nervous, dizzy, and unable to concentrate. 

You must read the label and know the effects of any drugs you consume. You should
not consume any drug whose label says, “may cause drowsiness or dizziness” before
you drive.

   b. Nonprescription

1. Depressants:

These drugs relieve anxiety, irritability, and tension. They produce a state of intoxication
similar to that of alcohol. Consuming depressants alters the senses, may cause slurred
speech, impairs judgment, and causes loss of motor coordination. Very large doses
may cause respiratory depression, coma, and even death.

Types of depressants include: barbiturates, benzodiazepines, methaqualone,

tranquilizers, chloral hydrate and glutethimide.
2. Stimulants:

These drugs increase alertness, relieve fatigue, make the consumer feel stronger and
more decisive. They are consumed for the euphoric effects or to counteract a “down”
feeling of tranquilizers or alcohol. Some possible effects include increased heart rate
and respiratory rates, elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils and decreased appetite.
High doses may cause rapid or irregular heartbeat, loss of coordination, collapse,
blurred vision, dizziness and delusions. 

3. Narcotics :
These drugs relieve pain, cause relaxation with an immediate “rush”, and may cause
initial unpleasant effects. Possible side effects include euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory
depression and constricted pupils. Individuals may experience convulsions, get into a
coma or even die from an overdose. Types of narcotics include: opium, morphine,
codeine, heroin, hydromorphone, meperidine and methadone. 

4. Hallucinogens: 

These drugs produce behavioral changes that are often multiple and dramatic. Possible
side effects are rapidly changing feelings immediately and long after use, chronic use
may cause depression, violent behavior, anxiety, and distorted perception of time.
Large doses may cause convulsions, coma, heart/lung failure, and ruptured blood
vessels in the brain. Psychosis, coma and even death may result from overdose. Types
of hallucinogens include PCP, LSD, mescaline, peyote, psilocybin, and ecstasy.

8. Effect on Driving Task

Any drug (the law does not distinguish between prescription, over the counter, and
illegal drugs) which impairs your driving is illegal. Both prescribed and non-prescribed
impairs one’s driving. Therefore, before driving after having consumed a prescribed or
over the counter drug, you must ask you doctor or read the label to learn whether it is
safe to drive. 

You must never drive after having consumed a non-prescribed drug as they affect the
body and, in turn, one’s body in numerous, dangerous ways. In addition, it is a crime to
either consume or have illegal drugs on one’s body.

9. Synergistic Effects
You must never combine two drugs. You must consult your doctor before you consume
more than one type of medication to ensure that it is safe to do so. The effect on the
body is intensified greatly when you combine drugs, especially illegal drugs. The result
may be deadly!

C. PENALTIES
10. Implied Consent
When you drive in California, you consent to take a test of your breath or blood, or
under certain circumstances, your urine if you are arrested for driving under the
influence of alcohol, drugs or a combination of both.

Under 21 – Zero Tolerance for Alcohol Use.

If you are under 21,you must submit to a preliminary alcohol screening (PAS) or one of
the other chemical tests if you have been detained and a peace officer has reason to
believe you were drinking alcohol. If your BAC measures 0.01% or higher on the PAS,
the officer may take your license, issue you a temporary license for 30 days, give you
an order of suspension for one year, and then determine whether to release you, turn
you over to juvenile authorities, or to contact your parents. You may request DMV
administrative hearing within 10 days.

If your PAS showed a BAC of 0.05%, the officer may require you to submit to either a
breath or blood test. Some PAS devices provide a record which may be submitted in
court as evidence. Other PAS devices  do not provide a record, so the officer may ask
for a breath or blood test after the PAS. You do not have a right to consult with a lawyer
before selecting or completing a test.   The suspension or revocation is independent of
any jail, fine, or other criminal penalty imposed in court for the driving under the
influence offense. 

If you do not take, or failed to complete, a chemical test:

 First offense: suspended one year

 Second offense in 10 years: revoked 2 years
 Three or more offenses in 10 years: revoked 3 years
                        

AB 979- DUI: Suspension and Revocation of License

(Amendment to CVC 13352)

This bill provides that a person convicted of multiple DUI's within 10 years of a prior
conviction, can have his or her privilege reinstated, if he or she shows proof of
completing the initial 12 months of either the 18-month or 30-month drinking driver
treatment program, installs an ignition interlock device, and establishes proof of
financial liability. 

Immediate suspension
  13353.2.  (a) The department shall immediately suspend the privilege of a person to
operate a motor vehicle for any one of the following reasons: 

(1) The person was driving a motor vehicle when the person had 0.08 percent or more,
by weight, of alcohol in his or her blood. 
 
(2) The person was under 21 years of age and had a blood-alcohol concentration of
0.01 percent or greater, as measured by a preliminary alcohol screening test, or other
chemical test.  

(3) The person was driving a vehicle that requires a commercial driver’s license when
the person had ( )1 0.04 percent or more, by weight, of alcohol in his or her blood.   

(4) The person was driving a motor vehicle when both of the following ( )2 applied:  

(A) The person was on probation for a violation of Section 23152 or 23153. 

(B) The person had ( )1 0.01 percent or more, by weight, of alcohol in his or her blood,
as measured by a preliminary alcohol screening test or other chemical test.
  

Driving Under the Influence Repeated Offense — Operative January 1, 2009 

Amend and Add: Vehicle Code 13353.1, 13353.2, 22651, 42009, 422010, 13389, and
23154 (AB 1165 Chapter 749) 
 

 Makes it unlawful for a person who is on probation for a driving-under-the-

influence offense to operate a motor vehicle at any time with a blood-alcohol
concentration of 0.01 percent or greater.
 Imposes an admin per se driver license suspension on persons found to violate
this prohibition.

Driving Under the Influence of Alcohol While on Probation for Prior DUI 23154.

(a)It is unlawful for a person who is on probation for a violation of Section 23152 or
23153 to operate a motor vehicle at any time with a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.01
percent or greater, as measured by a preliminary alcohol screening test or other
chemical test.

(b) A person may be found to be in violation of subdivision (a) if the person was, at the
time of driving, on probation for a violation of Section 23152 or 23153, and the trier of
fact finds that the person had consumed an alcoholic beverage and was driving a
vehicle with a blood-alcohol concentration of 0.01 percent or greater, as measured by a
preliminary alcohol screening test or other chemical test.

(c) (1) A person who is on probation for a violation of Section 23152 or 23153 who
drives a motor vehicle is deemed to have given his or her consent to a preliminary
alcohol screening test or other chemical test for the purpose of determining the
presence of alcohol in the person, if lawfully detained for an alleged violation of
subdivision (a). 

(2) The testing shall be incidental to a lawful detention and administered at the direction
of a peace officer having reasonable cause to believe the person is driving a motor
vehicle in violation of subdivision (a).

(3) The person shall be told that his or her failure to submit to, or the failure to complete,
a preliminary alcohol screening test or other chemical test as requested will result in the
suspension or revocation of the person’s privilege to operate a motor vehicle for a
period of one year to three years, as provided in Section 13353.1. 

Added Sec. 5, Ch. 749, Stats. 2007. Effective January 1, 2008. Operative January 1,
2009.

11. Fines and Penalties- DUI

First and second conviction requirements

First conviction (CVC 23536): 

Effective January 1, 2007 

CVC 23536 Has been amended to increase the mandatory driver's license suspension
period to ten months for persons convicted of a first offense of DUI if the individual's
blood alcohol concentration level was .20% or greater.  

(a) If any person is convicted of a first violation of Section 23152, that person shall be
punished by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than 96 hours, at least 48 hours
of which shall be continuous, nor more than six months and by a fine of not less than
three hundred ninety dollars ($390), nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000).
  (b) The court shall order that any person punished under subdivision (a), who is to be
punished by imprisonment in the county jail, be imprisoned on days other than days of
regular employment of the person, as determined by the court. If the court determines
that 48 hours of continuous imprisonment would interfere with the person's work
schedule, the court shall allow the person to serve the imprisonment whenever the
person is normally scheduled for time off from work. The court may make this
determination based upon a representation from the defendant's attorney or upon an
affidavit or testimony from the defendant.

(c) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 23538, the
person's privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be suspended by the Department of
Motor Vehicles pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 13352. The court
shall require the person to surrender the driver's license to the court in accordance with
Section 13550. 

AB 1353- Sentencing for Driving While Under the Influence (Amendments to CVC
23538 and 23556)

This bill increases the duration of alcohol treatment programs after a first DUI
conviction, where probation is granted from 6 months to 9 months and the required
program activity hours from 45 hours to 60 hours when the blood alcohol content (BAC)
is 20% or greater, or the subject refuses a chemical test. 

Conditions of probation for first conviction (CVC 23538):  

(a) Except as provided in subdivision (d), if the court grants probation to any person
punished under Section 23536 , in addition to the provisions of Section 23600 and any
other terms and conditions imposed by the court, the court shall impose as a condition
of probation that the person be subject to one of the following:  

 (1) Be confined in the county jail for at least 48 hours but not more than six months,
and pay a fine of at least three hundred ninety dollars ($390), but not more than one
thousand dollars ($1,000). Except as provided in paragraph

(2), the person's privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be suspended by the
Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to paragraph

(1) of subdivision (a) of Section 13352. The court shall require the person to surrender
the driver's license to the court in accordance with Section 13550. 

(2) Pay a fine of at least three hundred ninety dollars ($390) but not more than one
thousand dollars ($1,000), and, if the person gives proof of financial responsibility, as
defined in Section 16430, to the Department of Motor Vehicles, have the privilege to
operate a motor vehicle restricted for 90 days to necessary travel to and from that
person's place of employment and to and from participation in a program described in
subdivision (b). If driving a motor vehicle is necessary to perform the duties of the
person's employment, the restriction also shall allow the person to drive to locations
within the person's scope of employment. Whenever the driving privilege is restricted
pursuant to this paragraph, the person shall maintain proof of financial responsibility for
three years. 

(3) If the court elects to order a 90-day restriction as provided for in paragraph (2), the
court shall order and advise the person of the following matters:  

(A) If the person's privilege to operate a motor vehicle is suspended under Section
13353.2, the court-ordered restriction does not allow the person to operate a motor
vehicle unless the suspension under Section 13353.2 has either been served to
completion or set aside, and his or her license has been reinstated. The restriction of
the driver's license described in paragraph (2) shall commence upon the reinstatement
of the privilege to operate a motor vehicle. 

(B) If a suspension was not imposed pursuant to Section 13353.2, the person shall be
advised by the court that the person's driving privilege may be suspended by the
department pursuant to subdivision (c) of Section 13352.4 until proof of financial
responsibility is provided.   (b) In any county where the board of supervisors has
approved, and the State Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs has licensed, a
program or programs described in Section 11837.3 of the Health and Safety Code, the
court shall also impose as a condition of probation that the driver shall enroll and
participate in, and successfully complete a driving-under-the-influence program,
licensed pursuant to Section 11836 of the Health and Safety Code, in the driver's
county of residence or employment, as designated by the court. 

(1) The court shall refer a first offender whose blood-alcohol concentration was less
than 0.20 percent, by weight, to participate for at least three months or longer, as
ordered by the court, in a licensed program that consists of at least 30 hours of program
activities, including those education, group counseling, and individual interview
sessions described in Chapter 9 (commencing with Section 11836) of Part 2 of Division
10.5 of the Health and Safety Code.

(2) The court shall refer a first offender whose blood-alcohol concentration was 0.20
percent or more, by weight, or who refused to take a chemical test, to participate for at
least six months or longer, as ordered by the court, in a licensed program that consists
of at least 45 hours of program activities, including those education, group counseling,
and individual interview sessions described in Chapter 9 (commencing with Section
11836) of Part 2 of Division 10.5 of the Health and Safety Code.  

(3) The court shall advise the person at the time of sentencing that the driving privilege
shall not be restored until the person has provided proof satisfactory to the Department
of Motor Vehicles of successful completion of a driving-under-the-influence program
licensed pursuant to Section 11836 of the Health and Safety Code.  

(c) (1) The court shall revoke the person's probation pursuant to Section 23602, except
for good cause shown, for the failure to enroll in, participate in, or complete a program
specified in subdivision (b).  

 (2) The court, in establishing reporting requirements, shall consult with the county
alcohol program administrator. The County alcohol program administrator shall
coordinate the reporting requirements with the department and with the State
Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs. That reporting shall ensure that all persons
who, after being ordered to attend and complete a program, may be identified for either
(A) failure to enroll in, or failure to successfully complete, the program, or (B) successful
completion of the program as ordered. (d) Notwithstanding subdivision (a), if the offense
occurred in a vehicle requiring a driver with a class A or class B driver's license or with
an endorsement specified in Section 15278, the court shall upon conviction order the
department to suspend the driver's privilege pursuant to paragraph (1) of subdivision (a)
of Section 13352.

Second offense within ten years (CVC 23542):

If the court grants probation to any person punished under Section 23540, in addition to
the provisions of Section 23600 and any other terms and conditions imposed by the
court, the court shall impose as conditions of probation that the person be subject to
either subdivision (a) or (b), as follows:  

(a) Be confined in the county jail for at least 10 days but not more than one year, and
pay a fine of at least three hundred ninety dollars ($390), but not more than one
thousand dollars ($1,000). The person's privilege to operate a motor vehicle shall be
suspended by the Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to paragraph (3) of
subdivision (a) of Section 13352. The court shall require the person to surrender the
driver's license to the court in accordance with Section 13550. 

 (b) All of the following: 

 
(1) Be confined in the county jail for at least 96 hours, but not more than one year. A
sentence of 96 hours of confinement shall be served in two increments consisting of a
continuous 48 hours each. The two 48-hour increments may be served
nonconsecutively.  

(2) Pay a fine of at least three hundred ninety dollars ($390), but not more than one
thousand dollars ($1,000). (3) Have the privilege to operate a motor vehicle be
restricted by the Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to Section 13352.5. Until all
conditions prescribed in this section are met, the person's driving privilege is suspended
pursuant to paragraph 
(3) of subdivision (a) of Section 13352. This paragraph does not apply if the offense
occurred in a vehicle requiring a driver with a class A or class B driver's license or with
an endorsement prescribed in Section 15278. 
(4) Either of the following:

(A) Enroll and participate, for at least 18 months subsequent to the date of the
underlying violation and in a manner satisfactory to the court, in a driving-under-the-
influence program licensed pursuant to Section 11836 of the Health and Safety Code,
as designated by the court. The person shall complete the entire program subsequent
to, and shall not be given any credit for any program activities completed prior to, the
date of the current violation. The program shall provide for persons who cannot afford
the program fee pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (b) of Section 11837.4 of the
Health and Safety Code in order to enable those persons to participate. 

(B) Enroll and participate, for at least 30 months subsequent to the date of the
underlying violation and in a manner satisfactory to the court, in a driving-under-the-
influence program licensed pursuant to Section 11836 of the Health and Safety Code.
The person shall complete the entire program subsequent to, and shall not be given
any credit for any program activities completed prior to, the date of the current violation.

(c) The court shall advise the person at the time of sentencing that the driving privilege
shall not be restored until the person has provided proof satisfactory to the Department
of Motor Vehicles of successful completion of a driving-under-the-influence program
licensed pursuant to Section 11836 of the Health and Safety Code.
 
 
 
Commercial Drivers- Effective January 1, 2007
 
CVC 15300 States that a driver of a commercial vehicle may not operate a commercial
motor vehicle for one year for the first conviction of specified offences, including DUI, hit
and run or vehicular manslaughter, while driving any vehicle, not just a commercial
vehicle. CVC 15302 provides for permanent disqualification of a commercial driver for
two or more convictions of specified offenses, while driving any vehicle.
 
Misdemeanor vs. felony:
 

    Driving under the influence is considered a misdemeanor except under the

following circumstances:

 Under influence of alcohol, drug, or combination, causing injury or death to

another on highway or other than a highway.
 Driving with a BAC of .08% or more causing injury or death to another.
 Commercial Driver, driving with a BAC of .04% or more causing injury or death to
another.
 Driving under the influence, fourth or subsequent offense within seven years.
 Driving under the influence, within 10 years of prior felony DUI.

Personal:

Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol affects every aspect of one’s life, as you
may be required to serve jail time and you will not be able to drive legally. 

Required DUI Declaration Adds Vehicle Code

Assembly Bill 808. Author: Parra 
CVC Section 13385

Summary: As a condition of obtaining or renewing a driver’s license, the applicant must

sign a declaration stating that they are advised that being under the influence of alcohol
or drugs or both impairs the ability to safely operate a motor vehicle, that it is extremely
dangerous to human life to drive while under the influence, and that, if they drive while
under the influence and as a result a person is killed, they can be charged with murder.
Effective July 1, 2008

Dismissal- Prohibition Amends Vehicle Code Assembly Bill 645. Author: Feuer 
CVC Sections 40501 & 42005

Summary: AB 645 prohibits the courts from dismissing serious traffic violations through
completion of a traffic violator school or any other court approved program of driving
safety. Serious traffic violations are those that would result in the assessment of two
negligent operator points, such as DUI, hit-and-run, reckless driving, etc.

Ignition Interlock Devices Amends Vehicle Code SB 1190, Sections

23575 & 23575

Reduces the threshold of the blood alcohol content that triggers the requirement for the
court to give heightened consideration for the installation of an ignition interlock device
(IID) for a first time offender convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) of an
alcoholic beverage from .20 percent to .15 percent or more at the time of arrest. This
law also authorizes the Department of Motor Vehicles to study the effectiveness of ID’s
to reduce the recidivism rate of first time DUI offenders and report their findings to the
Legislature. 

Financial:

Driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol is also costly, as you will be required to
pay a fine. This is hard earned money that is basically thrown out the window. You can
also loose your vehicle and be required to pay restitution to injured parties.  
   
A. PEDESTRIAN SAFETY
 

 
1. Pedestrian Responsibility
Pedestrians have a responsibility not to put themselves into harm's way. This
means they should cross at crosswalks or intersections, watch for traffic, and walk
only when it is safe to do so. Pedestrians always have the right of way in marked
and unmarked crosswalk. A marked crosswalk is one with painted stripes that
designate a path of travel from one side of the street to the other. At night
pedestrians should wear reflective clothing so they are plainly visible to drivers.

2.  Driver Responsibility

Drivers should stop behind the white lines at crosswalks. Drivers must yield to all
pedestrians crossing the street and only continue when there are no pedestrians
crossing. Drivers should be especially careful when driving around areas where
pedestrians could be present, such as around schools, recreation areas, residential
neighborhoods, etc.

B.  MOTORCYCLE SAFETY

 
1. Sharing the Roadway
Motorcyclists must abide by the same rules and regulations as vehicle drivers.
Motorcyclists may be hard to spot, so always keep a lookout for them. Check your
blind spot thoroughly, as a motorcyclist might be present. Keep a four-second space
cushion when driving behind a motorcycle, watch out for their warning signals, keep
in mind that motorcycles are entitled to the same full lane width as all other vehicles,
reduce your speed when following a motorcycle and there are potholes, slippery
roads or other rough conditions ahead as these conditions may be major hazards to
motorcyclists.

2. Protection
 

 
Motorcyclists must protect themselves by wearing a helmet. A helmet may protect
you from serious head injury in case of a collision. You must ensure that it is
fastened tightly, that it is free of cracks and that it is approved by the California
Highway Patrol.

Motorcyclists, unlike automobile drivers, do not have a windshield to protect their

eyes from such things as wind, rain, debris, etc. Therefore, motorcyclists should
wear plastic face shields. 

You should wear gloves to protect your hands and you should wear clothing that
covers your arms and legs in case of a crash and you should wear tough shoes.

3. Safety Helmets

A driver and any passenger shall wear a safety helmet when riding on a motorcycle,
motor-driven cycle, or a motorized bicycle.

It is unlawful to operate any motorcycle, motor-driven cycle, or motorized bicycle on

a highway, if the driver or any passenger is not wearing a safety helmet.
It is unlawful to ride as a passenger on a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle or
motorized bicycle on a highway if the driver or any passenger is not wearing a
safety helmet. Section 27803 V.C.

C. BICYCLE SAFETY
1. Sharing the Roadway
Bicyclists on public streets have the same rights and responsibilities as automobile
drivers. Drivers of motor vehicles must treat bicyclists the same as other drivers.
Bicyclists are part of the traffic flow and share the road with other drivers. Bicyclists
must obey stop signs, traffic lights, and other traffic laws and signs. They must ride
in the same direction as other traffic. They should ride on the roadway as opposed
to the sidewalk. Bicyclists should normally ride in a straight line as near to the right
curb or edge of the roadway as possible. Bicyclists can legally move left to turn left,
to pass a parked or moving vehicle, another bicycle, an animal, or to make a turn, or
avoid other hazards. Bicyclists should use bicycle lanes where lanes are so
designated.

   
As of January 2003, California law requires all persons under 18 years of age to
wear a properly-fitted and fastened bicycle helmet while operating a bicycle or riding
upon a bicycle as a passenger, operating a non-motorized scooter or skateboard,
wearing in-line or roller skates, or while riding upon a non-motorized scooter or
skateboard as a passenger. 

Assembly Bill 1878- Motorized scooters CVC sections 21235 and (add 21226) to reflect
the following:

"A person is prohibited from operating a motorized scooter unless that person has a
valid class C driver's license or an instruction permit. A person is also prohibited
from altering or modifying the exhaust system of a motorized scooter in violation of
specified noise restrictions and mufflerrequirements."
2. Driver Responsibility
Drivers should look carefully for bicyclists before turning right and merge safely
toward the curb or into the bike lane. Do not overtake a bicyclist just before making
a right turn. Drivers must be careful when driving close to bicyclists. Drivers should
allow a minimum of three feet of space between the vehicle and bicycle when
passing. Before passing a bicyclist in a narrow traffic lane, wait until the traffic is
clear in the opposite lane and then change lanes to pass the bicyclist. Do not
attempt to squeeze past the bicyclist.

3. Protection
Bicyclists, like motorcyclists, do not have the same protection as vehicle drivers.
Therefore, you should wear a bike helmet and visible clothing as bicyclists are easy
to miss because they occupy little space on the road.
 
D. SCHOOL BUSES
 
FACT SHEET
School Bus Safety

 Every year, approximately 440,000 public school buses travel more than 4
billion miles and daily transport 24 million children to and from schools and
school-related activities. School buses account for an estimated 10 billion
student trips each year.
 By all measures, school buses are the safest motor vehicles on the
highways.
 Most of the school bus fatalities were in non-survivable situations (the fatality
occurred at the point of maximum damage to the school bus).
 Half of the pedestrian fatalities in school bus-related crashes were children
between 5 and 7 years old.
 Most student pedestrian fatalities in school bus-related crashes occur when
coming home from school during daylight hours.
 School buses manufactured after January 1,1977, must meet a series of
strict Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards which have to greatly enhance
the safety of school buses.
 School buses are required to meet more Federal motor Vehicle Safety
Standards than any other type of motor vehicle.
 Unequaled safety record. There is no safer way to transport a child than in a
school bus. Fatal crashes involving occupants are extremely rare events,
even though school buses serve daily in every community - a remarkable 8.8
billion student trips annually. Every school day, some 440,000 yellow school
buses transport more than 24 million children to and from schools and
school-related activities. Said another way to give perspective to the huge
magnitude of pupil transportation, the equivalent of the populations of
Florida, Massachusetts and Oregon ride on a school bus twice every day -
almost always without a serious incident.
 Safety Statistics. Last year, 45 states had not a single child killed as a school
bus occupant - an incredible safety record. Between 1990 and 2000, an
average of just six children each year died as school bus passengers. These
tragedies typically involved unavoidable, severe circumstances.
  Trust the school bus for the best safety for your child. The Transportation
Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences estimates that every
year more than 800 school-aged children are killed as passengers in other
motor vehicles, or walking or riding bicycles, during "normal school
transportation hours." Most of these deaths could be prevented if children
rode in school buses. Parents need to know that driving a child to school is
not a safety smart decision - hands down, the school bus is the safest way to
and from school. Even worse, allowing a child to drive themselves to school,
or riding with other teenagers to school, increases the risk of fatality by 10
percent.
 Pedestrian fatalities. Over the past 10 years, an average of 29 children were
killed in school bus-related pedestrian accidents - struck while getting on or
off a school bus.
 School buses are the largest mass transit program in the U.S. School buses
provide approximately 8.8 billion student trips per year. In contrast, transit
buses provide only about 5.2 billion unlinked passenger trips each year in the
U.S. (i.e. getting to a destination by using a single bus instead of multiple
connections).

School bus: Meeting and Passing

The driver of any vehicle, upon meeting or overtaking, from either direction, any
schoolbus equipped with signs as required in this code, that is stopped for the
purpose of loading or unloading any schoolchildren and displays a flashing red light
signal and stop signal arm, as defined in paragraph (4) of subdivision (b) of Section
25257, if equipped with a stop signal arm, visible from front or rear, shall bring the
vehicle to a stop immediately before passing the schoolbus and shall not proceed
past the schoolbus until the flashing red light signal and stop signal arm, if equipped
with a stop signal arm, cease operation. 

The driver of a vehicle upon a divided highway or multiple-lane highway need not
stop upon meeting or passing a schoolbus that is upon the other roadway. For the
purposes of this subdivision, a multiple-lane highway is any highway that has two or
more lanes of travel in each direction.

If a vehicle was observed overtaking a schoolbus in violation of subdivision (a), and

the driver of the schoolbus witnessed the violation, the driver may, within 24 hours,
report the violation and furnish the vehicle license plate number and description and
the time and place of the violation to the local law enforcement agency having
jurisdiction of the offense. That law enforcement agency shall issue a letter of
warning prepared in accordance with paragraph (2) with respect to the alleged
violation to the registered owner of the vehicle. The issuance of a warning letter
under this paragraph shall not be entered on the driving record of the person to
whom it is issued, but does not preclude the imposition of any other applicable
penalty.
E. UNATTENDED CHILDREN
 

 
Unattended children (SB225-Speier), known as Kaitlyn's Law, prohibits parents or
guardians from leaving a child 6 years old or under in a vehicle unattended when
the vehicle's engine is running, the keys are left in the ignition or there is significant
risk to the child without the child being subject to the supervision of a person 12
years of age or older. The law was named for a child who died after being left for
two hours in a vehicle in 100-degree heat.

Kaitlyn's Law (Section 15620 V.C.)

A parent or legal guardian or other person responsible for a child who is six years of
age or younger may not leave that child unattended in a motor vehicle without being
subject to the supervision of a person 12 years of age or older if the engine is
running or keys left in the ignition, or where there are conditions that present a
significant risk to the child’s health or safety.

Senate Bill 7. Author: Oropeza

Amends Vehicle Code Section 12814.6 and Health and Safety Code
118947

Summary: This bill makes it an infraction for a person to smoke a cigarette, pipe,

or cigar in a motor vehicle when a minor is present in the vehicle. The law applies
whether the vehicle is at rest or in motion, is secondary enforcement and
punishable by a fine not exceeding $100.

Health and Safety Code 118947. This act shall be known, and may be cited, as the
Marco Firebaugh Memorial Children's Health and Safety Act of 2007.

Section118948 of the Health and Safety Code reads. 

(a) It is unlawful for a person to smoke a pipe, cigar, or cigarette in a motor vehicle,
whether in motion or at rest, in which there is a minor.

(b) For the purposes of this section, "to smoke" means to have in one's immediate
possession a lighted pipe, cigar, or cigarette containing tobacco or any other plant.

(c) A violation of this section is an infraction punishable by a fine not exceeding one
hundred dollars ($100) for each violation.

118949. A law enforcement officer shall not stop a vehicle for the sole purpose of
determining whether the driver is in violation of this article.

F. MISCELLANEOUS
1. Stereo Equipment
It is against the law to wear headsets or earplugs covering both ears while driving.
Such equipment may not allow you to hear important warning sounds while driving,
such as sirens and horns.

2. Emergency vehicles

Emergency Vehicles/Tow Trucks - Effective January 1, 2007

CVC 21706.5 requires drivers to take specific precautionary actions on a highway

when passing a stopped emergency vehicle or tow truck when the emergency lights
are activated. Drivers are directed to proceed with caution and to make a lane
change into an available lane not immediately adjacent to the emergency vehicle or
tow truck if practicable and not prohibited by law. If the driver cannot make a safe
lane change, they are to slow to a reasonable and prudent speed that is safe for
existing conditions.

Traffic on both sides of the road must yield the right-of-way and must immediately
drive to the right hand edge or curb of the highway clear of an intersection and stop
whenever there is vehicle displaying a red light and sounding emergency sirens
coming from ambulances, police vehicles, or fire trucks. Motorists must remain
stopped until the emergency vehicle has passed. This is so the street may be clear
for these emergency vehicles to drive quickly and safely to their destinations.
Section 21806 V.C.

- You may not follow within 300 feet of any emergency vehicle that is displaying a
red light and siren Section 21706 V.C.

- It is against the law to drive to the scene of a fire, accident, or other disaster for
sight seeing purposes. 

Section 21707 V.C. and  the California Driver's Handbook.

 
 
G. PROCEDURES WHEN INVOLVED IN A
COLLISION

 
 

1. Stopping Requirements
Victims at Scene :

You must stop if you are involved in a car collision. Someone could be injured and
need your help. If you don't stop, you may be convicted of "hit and run" and could
be severely punished. If anyone is hurt, call the police or California Highway
Patrol. You must provide your driver license, registration card, evidence of financial
responsibility, and current address to the other driver or persons involved, or to any
peace officer.  The driver or his or her insurance agent, broker, or legal
representative must make the following reports: If someone is killed or injured,
report the crash  to the police or CHP.  Do this within 24 hours of the collision.  Also
report to the DMV if there was more than $750 in damage done to the property of
any person or if anyone was injured or killed. You must fill out the collision report
form SR1, available in any DMV or CHP office.

Property damage- unable to locate owner :

If you hit a parked vehicle or other property, try to find the owner. You must identify
yourself before you leave. If you can't find the owner, leave a note with your name
and address as well as the name and address of the owner of the vehicle which you
are driving. If you are unable to locate the owner leave a note in the vehicle or
securely attached to it. Report the crash to the city or police, or in unincorporated
areas, to the CHP.

2. Aid to Injured
Sending for help :

If you get into a collision and someone is severely injured, you must call the police
or CHP. If you are unable to call yourself, send another person to call for help. They
will immediately send an emergency vehicle to provide assistance.

When to move an injured person :

You must not move a person that has been hurt, as doing so may aggravate the
injury. The only time you should move a person that has been hurt is when the
person's life is in danger, such as when there is a chance of a fire starting. Keyword
- traffic.

3. Preventing Further Damage

Reducing chances of fire :

Turn off the engines of all vehicles involved in a collision to reduce the chances of a
fire igniting. In addition, ensure that no one turns on a lighter, a match, or a
cigarette.

Warning oncoming vehicles :

Warn oncoming vehicles to prevent other collisions. Ensure that the emergency
lights of all vehicles involved are on, make use of flares and any other warning
devices that you have at your disposal. Also, protect yourself by staying away from
dangerous spots around the scene of the crash.

4. Reporting Requirements
When a report must be filed :

You must report a crash that you are a part of if more than $750 in damage was
done to the property of any individual or if anyone was injured (no matter how
slightly) or killed. Each driver must make a report to the DMV. This can also be
done by the driver's insurance agent or broker or legal representative. The CHP or
police will not make the required report. You must make this report, whether you
caused the collision or not and even if the crash occurred on private property. You
must report the incident within 10 days. If the parties involved in an accident do not
report the accident within one year, the DMV is not required to file a report on the
accident.

Use of reports :

Collision reports will be used confidentially by the Department of Motor Vehicles, by

the Department of Transportation and local authorities.

5. Exchanging Information
Identifying Information:

You are required to show your driver license, registration, evidence of financial
responsibility, and current address to the other driver or persons involved, or to any
peace officer.

Noting damage and injury :

Note all of the damage and bodily injuries that occurred. Go to an auto shop
immediately to get a written estimate of all of the damage to your vehicle. If you
were injured, go to a hospital immediately to get checked. Take these two actions
immediately to avoid any disputes about the extent to which a vehicle was damaged
or whether an individual was injured.

6. Additional Steps
Obtain names and addresses of other witnesses :

You should obtain the names and addresses of any witnesses in case there is a
dispute about the collision and you need witnesses that have personal information
about the incident.

Give accurate facts to police :

Give truthful and complete facts about everything that occurred at the time of the
crash.

Seek medical attention :

Seek medical assistance immediately if you are injured. Otherwise, your injuries
might be aggravated or the other party might dispute such injuries.

File necessary supplemental reports :

You are required to file reports with the CHP, when necessary, such as whenever a
person is killed or injured (must be filed within 24 hours).

H. COLLISIONS AND COLLISION REPORTS

1. Duty to Stop at Scene of Crash (CVC 20001 VC)
a. The driver of any vehicle involved in a crash resulting in injury to any persons,
other than him/herself, or in death of any person shall immediately stop the vehicle
at the scene of the collision and shall fulfill the requirements of sections 20003 and
20004.

1. Except as provided in paragraph (2), any violation of subdivision (a) shall be

punished by imprisonment not for more than one year, or by a fine of not less
than one thousand dollars or more than ten thousand dollars, or by both fine
and imprisonment.
2. Any violation of subdivision (a) which results in death or permanent, serious
injury shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or
four years, or in the county jail for not less than 90 days nor more than one
year, or by a fine of not less than one thousand dollars nor more than ten
thousand dollars, or by both.
3. In imposing the minimum fine required by this subdivision, the court shall
take into consideration the defendant's ability to pay the fine and may, in the
interest of justice and for reasons stated in the record, reduce the amount of
that minimum fine to less than the amount required by this section.

2. Duty Where Property Damaged (CVC 20002)

The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting only in damage to any
property, including vehicles, shall immediately stop the vehicle at the nearest
location that will not impede traffic or otherwise jeopardize the safety of other
motorists. Moving the vehicle in accordance with this subdivision does not affect the
question of fault. The driver shall also immediately do either of the following:

Locate and notify the owner or person in charge of that property of the name and
address of the driver and owner of the vehicle involved and, upon locating the driver
of any other vehicle involved or the owner or person in charge of any damaged
property, upon being requested, present his or her driver's license, and vehicle
registration, to the other driver, property owner, or person in charge of that property.
The information presented shall include the current residence address of the driver
and of the registered owner. If the registered owner of an involved vehicle is present
at the scene, he or she shall also, upon request, present his or her driver's license
information, if available, or other valid identification to the other involved parties. 

Leave in a conspicuous place on the vehicle or other property damaged a written

notice giving the name and address of the driver and of the owner of the vehicle
involved and a statement of the circumstances thereof and shall without
unnecessary delay notify the police department of the city wherein the collision
occurred or, if the collision occurred in unincorporated territory, the local
headquarters of the Department of the California Highway Patrol. 

Any person who parks a vehicle which, prior to the vehicle again being driven,
becomes a runaway vehicle and is involved in an accident resulting in damage to
any property, attended or unattended, shall comply with the requirements of this
section relating to notification and reporting and shall, upon conviction thereof, be
liable to the penalties of this section for failure to comply with the requirements. 

Any person failing to comply with all the requirements of this section is guilty of a
misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment in
the county jail not exceeding six months, or by a fine not exceeding one thousand
dollars ($1,000), or by both that imprisonment and fine.

3. Duty to Report Car Crashes (CVC 20008)

a. The driver of a vehicle, other than a common carrier vehicle, involved in any
collision resulting in injuries to or death of any person shall within 24 hours after the
incident make or cause to be made a written report of the crash to the department
of the CHP or, if the crash occurred within a city, to either the Department of the
CHP or the police department for investigating the crash, it shall immediately
forward the report to the law enforcement agency which is responsible for
investigating the collision. On or before the fifth day of each month, every police
department which received a report during the previous calendar month of the
collision which it is responsible for investigating shall forward the report of a copy
thereof to the main office of the department of the CHP or a copy.

b. The owner or driver of a common carrier vehicle involved in any such a collision
shall make a like report to the department of CHP on or before the 10th day of the
month following the crash.

4. Reports Confidential (CVC 20012)

All required collision reports, and supplemental reports, shall be without prejudice to
the individual so reporting shall be for the confidential use of the DMV and the CHP
or the law enforcement agency to whom the crash was reported shall disclose the
entire contents of the reports, including, but not limited to, the names and addresses
of persons involved or injured in, or witnesses to, a crash, the registration numbers
and descriptions of vehicles involved, the date, time and location of the collision, all
diagrams, statements of the drivers involved or occupants injured in the crash and
the statements of all witnesses, to any person who may have a proper interest
therein, including, but not limited to, the driver or drivers involved, or the guardian or
conservator thereof, the parent of a minor driver, the authorized representative of a
driver, or to any named person injured therein, the owners of vehicles or property
damaged thereby, persons who may incur civil liability, including liability based upon
a breach of warranty arising out of the incident, and any attorney who declares
under penalty of perjury that he or she represents any of the above persons. A
request for a copy of a collision report shall be accompanied by payment of a fee,
provided such fee shall not exceed the actual cost of providing the copy.

5. Reports as Evidence (CVC 20013)

No such collision reports shall be used as evidence in any trial, civil or criminal,
arising out of the incident, except that the department shall furnish upon demand of
any persons who has, or claims to have, made such a report or upon demand of
any court, a certificate showing that a specified collision report has or has not been
made to the department solely to prove a compliance or failure to comply with the
requirement that such a report be made to the department.

6. Use of Reports (CVC 20014)

All required collision reports and supplemental reports and all reports made to the
department of the CHP by any peace officer, member of the department or the
CHP, or other employee of the DMV and the department of the CHP, shall be
immediately available for the confidential use of any division in the department
needing the same, for confidential use of the Department of Transportation, and,
with respect to collisions occurring on highways other than state highways, for the
confidential use of the local authority having jurisdiction over the highway.

7. Counter Reports; No Determination of Fault (CVC

20015)
a. No traffic or police officer shall include in any counter report of a property-
damage collision, as defined in this section, any determination by the peace officer
or fault of the reporting person, including, but not limited to, inattentiveness. This
section does not apply to a determination which is the result of an examination of
the physical; evidence of the collision at the site of the collision by the traffic or
police officer or the result of an express, knowing admission of the reporting person
if the basis for the determination is also included in the report.

b. As used in this section, "counter report of a property-damage collision" means

any report of a crash involving one or more vehicles which meets the following
criteria: (1) the collision  reported caused damage to property, but did not cause
personal injury to or the death of any person (2) the report is prepared at an office of
the CHP or local law enforcement agency (3) the report is written or recorded by, or
with the assistance of, a peace officer.

I. FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
REQUIREMENTS
Senate Bill 1500- Financial responsibility, CVC section 4000.38 to
reflect the following:

"Effective January 2006, the DMV no longer has the choice of canceling the
registration of any vehicle when it is determined that the vehicle is not covered by a
valid form of financial responsibility, but instead the DMV is mandated to cancel the
registration by law. Additionally, the DMV may charge a reinstatement fee to cover
the cost of reinstating the registration after cancellation."

1. When a Report is Required

Property damage amounts :

You or your delegate must report a collision when there is property damage of $750
or more.

Injury :

You or your delegate must report a collision when an individual has been injured.

Time frames for reporting :

Report accidents to DMV. The driver of a motor vehicle who is in any manner

involved in an accident originating from the operation of a motor vehicle on a street
or highway, or is involved in a reportable off-highway accident, that has resulted in
damage to the property of any one person in excess of seven hundred fifty dollars
($750), or in bodily injury, or in the death of any person shall report the accident,
within 10 days after the accident either personally or through an insurance agent,
broker, or legal representative, to the DMV on an SR-1 Form. The driver shall
identify on the form, by name and current residence address, if available, any
person involved in the accident complaining of bodily injury. Section 16000 V.C.

Duty to Report Accidents to law enforcement. The driver of a vehicle, other than

a common carrier vehicle, involved in any accident resulting in injuries to or death of
any person shall within 24 hours after the accident make or cause to be made a
written report of the accident to the Department of the California Highway Patrol or,
if the accident occurred within a city, to either the Department of the California
Highway Patrol or the police department of the city in which the accident occurred. If
the agency, which receives the report, is not responsible for investigating the
accident, it shall immediately forward the report to the law enforcement agency,
which is responsible for investigating the accident. Section 20008 V.C.
 

2. Required Amounts of Coverage

Minimum amounts of insurance coverage:

The law states that you must be financially responsible for your actions whenever
you drive and for all motor vehicles you own. The minimum amount your insurance
must cover per collision is: $15,000 for a single death or injury; $30,000 for death or
injury to more than one person; and $5,000 for property damage.

Additional forms of coverage:

There are three other forms of financial responsibility: (1) a deposit of $35,000 with
DMV; (2) A surety bond for $35,000 obtained from a company licensed to do
business in CA; and (3) A DMV issued self-insurance certificate.

3. Suspension for Failure to Provide Proof of Coverage

Period of suspension:

You must carry written evidence of financial responsibility whenever you drive. If
you don't have this evidence to show to a peace officer after a citation stop or
collision, you may have to pay a fine and a court may impound your vehicle. If you
don't have acceptable financial responsibility and have a collision, you may lose
your driver license for up to four years.

J. FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LAWS

1. Report Required (CVC 16000)
a. The driver of every motor vehicle who is in any manner involved in a crash
originating from the operation of a motor vehicle on any street or highway or any
reportable off-highway collision defined in section 16000.1 which has resulted in
damage to the property of any one person in excess of seven hundred and fifty
dollars or in bodily injury or in the death of any person shall, within 10 days after the
crash, report the crash, either personally or through an insurance agent, broker, or
legal representative, on a form approved by the department to the office of the
department at Sacramento subject to the provisions of this chapter. The driver shall
identify on the form, by name and current residence address, if available, any
person involved in the collision complaining of bodily injury.

b. A report is not required if the motor vehicle involved in the collision was owned or
leased by, or under the direction of, the United States, this state, another state, or a
local agency.

2. Mandatory Suspension of License (CVC 16004)

If you fail to make a report within the required time limit, you are subject to having
your driving privileges suspended. Your license will remain under suspension until
you turn in the report or provide proof that financial responsibility is in effect. You
may not be suspended or an existing suspension will be terminated if the
suspension is a result of a judgment for the same accident for which the collision
report is required.

3. Required Maintenance of Financial Responsibility

a. Every driver and every owner of a motor vehicle shall at all times be able to
establish financial responsibility and must carry in the vehicle evidence of the form
of financial responsibility in effect for the vehicle.

b. Evidence of financial responsibility means any of the following: 

(1) the name of the insurance or surety company that issued a policy or bond for the
vehicle that meets the requirements of section 16056 and is currently in effect, and
the number of the insurance policy or surety bond.

(2) If the owner is a self-insurer, as provided in section 16052 or a depositor, as

provided in section 16054.2, the certificate or deposit number issued by the
department.

(3) An insurance covering note, as specified in section 382 of the insurance code.
(2) A showing that the vehicle is owned or leased by, or under the direction of, the
United States or any public entity, as defined in section 811.2 of the government
code.
c. Evidence of financial responsibility also includes the identifying symbol issued to
a highway carrier by the public utilities commission pursuant to section 3543 of the
public utilities code and displayed on the motor vehicle.

d. Evidence of financial responsibility shall be in writing, and established by writing

the name of the insurance company or surety company and the policy number on
the vehicle registration card issued by the department.

4. Requirement of Policy or Bond (CVC 16056)

a. No policy or bond shall be effective under section 16054 unless issued by an
insurance company or surety company authorized to do business in this state,
except as provided in subdivision (b). Nor unless the policy or bond is subject, if the
collision has resulted in bodily injury or death, to a limit, exclusive of interest and
costs, of not less than $15,000 because of bodily injury to or death of one person in
any one collision and, subject to such limit for one person, to a limit of not less than
$30,000 because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one
collision, and, if the crash has resulted in injury to, or destruction of property, to a
limit of not less than $5,000 because of injury to or destruction of property of others
in any one collision.

b. No policy or bond shall be effective under section 16054 with respect to any
vehicle which was not registered in this state or was a vehicle which was registered
elsewhere than in this state at the effective date of the policy or bond or the most
recent renewal thereof, unless the insurance company or surety company issuing
the policy or bond is authorized to do business in this state, or if the company is not
authorized to do business in this state, or if the company is not authorized to do
business in this state, unless it executes a power of attorney authorizing the
department to accept service on its behalf of notice or process in any action upon
the policy or bond arising out of a collision mentioned in subdivision (a).

5. Suspension of the Driving Privilege (CVC 16070)

a. Whenever a driver involved in an collision fails to prove the existence of financial
responsibility at the time of the crash, the department shall suspend the privilege of
the driver or owner to drive a motor vehicle, including the driving privilege of a
nonresident in this state.

b. Whenever a driver involved in an collision report pursuant to this article which

alleges that any of the drivers involved in the collision was not in compliance with
section 16020 at the time of the crash, the department shall immediately mail to that
driver a notice of intent to suspend the driver's license of that driver. The
department shall suspend the driving privilege 30 days after mailing the notice,
unless the driver has, prior to that date, established proof of financial responsibility
at the time of the collision, as specified in section 16021, with the department. The
suspension notice shall notify the driver of the action taken and the right to a
hearing.

6. Period of Suspension
a. The suspension of the driving privilege of a person as provided in section 16070
shall not be terminated until one year has elapsed from the date of actual
commencement of the suspension and until the person files proof of financial
responsibility as provided in chapter 3, except that the suspension shall be
reinstated if the person fails to maintain proof of financial responsibility for three
years. However, in lieu of suspending a person's driving privilege pursuant to this
section, the department may, upon application, if the person files and maintains
proof of financial responsibility and pays a penalty fee to the department of $250,
restrict the person's driving privilege to any of the following situations: (1) necessary
travel to and from that person's place of employment; (2) driving that is required in
the person's course of employment, when driving a motor vehicle is necessary in
order to perform the duties of the person's primary employment. (3) necessary
travel to transport a minor dependant in that person's immediate family to and from
an institute of primary or secondary education, if the chief administrative officer or
principal of the educational institution certifies in writing to the department that the
minor dependent is enrolled in the educational institution and no form of public
transportation or school bus is available between the applicant's place of residence
and the educational institution. The restriction shall remain in effect for the period of
suspension, so long as proof of financial responsibility is maintained.

b. If a suspension has been imposed under section 16070 and one year has
elapsed from the date the suspension actually commenced, that suspension shall
be terminated if the driving privilege is suspended under section 16370 or 16381 as
the result of a judgment arising out of the incident for which proof of financial
responsibility was required to be established. The department may re-impose the
suspension of the driving privilege of a person under section 16070 if the
suspension under section 16370 or 16381 is later set aside for a reason other than
that the person has satisfied the judgment in and full or to the extent provided in
chapter 2 and has given proof of ability to respond in damages as provided in
chapter 3.
 
Chapter 8

Topic : Traffic Signs, Signals and Pavement Markings

 
A. RECOGNIZING TRAFFIC CONTROL
SIGNALS AND PAVEMENT MARKINGS

1. Purpose of Traffic Controls

Regulatory:

Traffic control signs regulate traffic in order to avoid chaos, collisions, etc.

Warning:

Some warning signs warn you of what lies ahead, such as curve signs. Most
warning signs are yellow and diamond-shaped.

Information:

Signs which are blue in color and whose shape is rectangular provide useful
information for drivers, such as location of gas stations. hotels, and
restaurants.

Guide:

These signs give you information that would appear on a map, such as the
number of miles to your exit.
2. Meaning of Traffic Control Signals
Traffic lights:

A red signal light means stop. Unless it specifically prohibited, a right turn
can be made against a red light after you stop and yield to pedestrians and
vehicles in your path. A flashing red signal light means the same as a stop
sign, stop. After stopping, proceed when safe, observing the right of way
rules. 

A yellow signal warns you that a red signal is about to appear. You should
stop if you can do so safely. If you can't stop, look out for vehicles that may
enter the intersection when the light changes. 

A green light means go, but first you must let any vehicles, bicycles, or
pedestrians remaining in the intersection when your signal changes to green,
get through before you proceed. A driver of a vehicle shall not enter an
intersection or marked crosswalk unless there is sufficient space on the other
side of the intersection or marked crosswalk to accommodate the vehicle
driven without obstructing the through passage of vehicles from either side.
Do not enter the intersection if you cannot get completely across before the
light turns red. If you block the intersection, you can be cited. 

If the lights are blacked out, treat the intersection as a four-way stop.

Arrows:

A red arrow means stop until the green signal or green arrow appears. A turn
may not be made against a red arrow. A yellow arrow means the protected
turning time period is ending. Be prepared to obey the next signal which
could be the green or red light or the red arrow. A green arrow means go, but
first you must yield to any vehicle, bicycle, or pedestrian still in the
intersection. The arrow pointing right or left allows you to make such turn.

       
Flashing signals:

A flashing red signal light means stop. After stopping, proceed when safe,
observing the right of way rules. A flashing yellow signal light warns you to be
careful. Slow down and be especially alert.
   
Lane signals:
Some streets have signals that state which type of vehicles may drive on
such lane, such as for big trucks and slow moving vehicles.

3. Intersection Safety
Scan for traffic controls and prohibitive signs:

You must always scan an intersection for traffic controls and prohibitive signs
before you get to the intersection, so that you know what rules or regulations
to follow.
Scan for potential hazards:

Since intersections are relatively dangerous locations, you must scan for any
potential hazards, such as a car crash so that you may proceed accordingly
Entering controlled intersections on yellow light:

You should not drive into the intersection if you have a yellow light because a
red light will follow. However, if you are not able to stop, do so cautiously by
scanning for vehicles in the intersection
Controlled intersections:
This is where an intersection has devices to regulate traffic, such as signal
lights, flashing signal lights, circular arrows, signs prohibiting right turns when
signal is red and signs informing you that lanes are designated for certain
vehicles.

B. PAVEMENT AND CURB MARKINGS-

PURPOSE AND MEANING
1. Yellow Center Line Marking
Broken line: 

Broken lines mean that you can cross the line. For example, you can pass
another vehicle on a two-way road if the center yellow line is broken.
 Solid line next to the broken line: 

Only the vehicles that are next to the broken line may cross to the other lane.
Vehicles next to the solid line may not pass to the next lane. Such vehicles
can only cross the solid line to enter or exit a driveway or private road a
permitted u-turn may be made there.

Double solid lines on two-lane roadways: 

Vehicles may not pass on this part of the road.

Two sets of solid double yellow lines not less than two feet apart constitutes
a dividing section, the same as a traffic island or barrier. Whenever these
roadway markings are in place, it is illegal to drive any vehicle over, upon, or
across the dividing section. Left turns and permitted u-turns may be made
there. 

2. White Line Markings

Broken:

The lanes are going in the same direction and changing lanes is permitted.
Solid: 

Traffic is going in the same direction, but changing lanes is not permitted.
Lines with arrows:
 These lines inform drivers what may be done on that particular lane, such as
left turn, right turn, U-turn, or an arrow pointing ahead meaning that a vehicle
may drive ahead.

3. Curb Markings
Purpose:

Used to designate curb as restricted parking or prohibited parking areas.

Color:

White- you may stop only long enough to pick up or drop off passengers or
mail; 

Green - you may park for a limited time, which is usually shown on a sign
next to the green zone, or painted on the curb;
Yellow - you may stop only long enough to load or unload things or people,
no longer than the local laws allows;

Red - no stopping, standing, or parking; 

Blue: indicates parking for the disabled only. You must have a placard or
your license plate must be so marked. Parking in a marked disabled space
violates the California Vehicle code and the first offense is subject to a
minimum fine of $250.
Placement: 

Curbs are painted designating what they may be used for.

C. ADDITIONAL PAVEMENT MARKINGS-

 COLOR AND PURPOSE
Edge of pavement: 

You must park your vehicle within 18 inches of the curb. Do not park at the
ends of a corner or pavement as you may block the view of traffic stopped at
an intersection.
Obstructions:

You must not park in areas that may obstruct traffic, even if it is okay to do
so. Never park in areas where parking is prohibited.
Limit lines: 

You must always stop behind limit lines to ensure the safety of pedestrians,
such as the thick white lines painted across the street at an intersection.
Crosswalks: 

Crosswalks are marked by solid white or yellow lines. You must stop your
vehicle behind them as the space beyond the lines are designated for
pedestrians.
Railroad crossings: 

Black and white signs with an X warn you that you are approaching railroad
tracks. Never stop on a railroad track. Flashing red lights at a railroad
crossing means stop. Stop at least 15 feet from the tracks when a person or
signal warns that a train is coming, you see a train coming, or you hear the
horn or bell of a train close by. Do not go around or under any closed railroad
gate.
School warnings: 

You will see a yellow pentagon sign with a child with the words "school xing"
when approaching a school. The road will also be painted with the words
"school xing." Flashing red lights means that you must stop for the
pedestrians to cross. The speed limit is 25 mph when children are present.

D. INTERSECTIONS OR CROSSINGS THAT

REQUIRE SPECIAL STOPS
1. Railroad Crossings
a. Controls:
 

1.
Flashers: Red lights flash to warn drivers that a train is approaching. All
vehicles must stop until the red flashing lights stop and when it is safe to
continue. 

Crossing gate: A crossing gate will pull down to block traffic when a train is
approaching and when the train is passing through the railroad crossing. All
drivers must wait until the gate pulls back up and until it is safe to continue.
Doing otherwise would be risking one's life. 

Stop sign: These require drivers to stop behind the limit line, listen, and look
in both directions to ensure that a train is not approaching before crossing. 

b. Rail crossing safety (including rail transit): Drivers must stop at least 15 feet
from the rail crossing if an electronic, mechanical, or flagman warns that a train is
approaching or crossing; or if the driver sees or hears that a train is approaching.
Drivers must never stop on railroad tracks. Before crossing, you must ensure that
there is enough space for your vehicle on the other side of the tracks. You must
drive slowly when driving behind buses, large trucks and vehicles transporting
hazardous materials as these vehicles must stop before crossing.

2. School Buses
At school crossings and when lights are flashing:

When you come to a school bus stopped on either side of the road with
flashing red lights, you must stop. Schoolchildren will be crossing the road to
or from the school bus. Your vehicle must remain stopped as long as the red
lights are flashing. Failure to stop and remain stopped is a violation of
Section 22454. You may be fined up to $1000 and your driving privilege
could be suspended for a period of one year. You do not need to stop if the
bus is stopped on the other side of a divided or multi-lane highway. 

School busses displaying flashing red lights. The driver of any

vehicle meeting or overtaking from either direction, a school bus that is
stopped for the purpose of loading or unloading school children and displays
flashing red lights, shall bring his or her vehicle to a stop immediately before
passing the school bus and shall not proceed past the bus until the flashing
 red lights cease operation. The driver of a vehicle upon a divided highway or
multiple-lane highway need not stop upon meeting or passing a school bus
that is upon the other roadway. Section 22454 V.C.

E. UNDERSTANDING PICTORIAL
MESSAGES AS INSTANT COMMUNICATION
(color and meaning)

1. Regulatory - Red, Black, or White

Stop, yield, or a prohibition: Stop signs are red on white; yield signs and do
not enter signs are red and white; No turn signs are red and black on white.
2. Guide - Green:
Movement permitted or directional guidance: These signs inform you of what
is ahead on a highway, such as the location of an airport, and the distance to
designated landmarks.

3. Warning - Yellow
General warning:These signs warn you to slow down or watch for hazards
ahead. For example: another road crosses yours ahead; there's a traffic
signal ahead; there's another lane or traffic merging with your lane ahead;
there is a pedestrian crosswalk ahead and the pedestrian has the right of
way; the right lane ends ahead; you may turn left when the light is green.

4. Construction-Orange
Warning and guidance, information for construction and maintenance zone
operation: Drivers are warned of construction and maintenance zones by the
use of orange signs, equipment, flags, jackets and cones. You must slow
down when you see such signs in the roadways or highways. Slow for the
cone zone.

5. Service - Blue
Motorists services: These signs inform drivers which services are available in
the vicinity.

6. Recreational - Brown
Public recreation and cultural interest guidance: These signs inform you
where such facilities such as public parks and public skiing areas are
located.

7. Shapes
 Octagon-Stop: Drivers must stop and use the right of way rules before
continuing.
Triangle-Yield: Drivers must prepare to stop for other vehicles before
continuing.
Round-Railroad Crossings: These signs warn that a railroad crossing is
ahead.
Vertical Rectangle-Regulatory: These signs give the rules of the road.
Pentagon-School: Drivers must drive at 25 mph when seeing these signs.
Pennant - No Passing: Drivers must not pass another vehicle when near
this sign.
Diamond- Warning: Drivers must slow down as these signs warn of
hazardous situations ahead.
Horizontal Rectangle - Information and Guide: These signs inform drivers of
public recreational and cultural interests, services, and facilities.

F. TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

1. Official Traffic Control Signals (CVC 21450)
Whenever traffic is controlled by official traffic control signals showing different
colored lights, or colored lighted arrows, successively, one at a time, or in
combination, only the colors green, yellow, and red shall be used, except for
pedestrian control signals, and those lights shall indicate and apply to drivers of
vehicles and to pedestrians.

2. Circular Green or Green Arrow (CVC 21451)

A driver facing a circular green signal shall proceed straight through or turn right or
left or make a U-turn unless a sign prohibits a U-turn. Any driver, including one
turning, shall yield the right of way to other traffic and to pedestrians lawfully within
the intersection or an adjacent crosswalk. A driver of a vehicle shall not enter an
intersection or marked crosswalk unless there is sufficient space on the other side
of the intersection or marked crosswalk to accommodate the vehicle driven without
obstructing the through passage of vehicles from either side. Do not enter the
intersection if you cannot get completely across before the light turns red. If you
block the intersection, you can be cited.

Gridlock law, intersection or crosswalk. (Section 22526(a) V.C.)

A driver of a vehicle shall not enter an intersection or marked crosswalk unless

there is sufficient space on the other side of the intersection or marked crosswalk to
accommodate the vehicle driven without obstructing the through passage of
vehicles from either side.

3. Circular Yellow or Yellow Arrow (CVC 21452)

a. A driver facing a steady circular yellow or yellow arrow signal is, by that signal,
warned that the related green movement is ending or that a red indication will be
shown immediately thereafter.

b. A pedestrian facing a steady circular yellow or a yellow arrow signal, unless

otherwise directed by a pedestrian control signal is, by that signal, warned that there
is insufficient time to cross the roadway and shall not enter the roadway.

4. Circular Red or Red Arrow (CVC 21453)

a. A driver facing a steady circular red signal alone shall stop at a marked limit line,
but if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection or, if
none, then before entering the intersection, and shall remain stopped until an
indication to proceed is shown, except as provided in subdivision (b).

b. Except when a sign is in place prohibiting a turn, a driver, after stopping as

required by subdivision (a), facing a steady circular red signal, may turn right, or left
from a one-way street onto a one-way street. A driver making such a turn shall yield
the right of way to pedestrians lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk and to traffic
lawfully using the intersection.

c. A driver facing a steady red arrow signal shall not enter the intersection to make
the movement indicated by the arrow and, unless entering the intersection to make
a movement permitted by another signal, shall stop at a clearly marked limit line, but
if none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or if
none, then before entering the intersection, and shall remain stopped until an
indication permitting movement is shown.

5. Lane Use Control Signals (CVC 21454)

When lane use control signals are placed over individual lanes, those signals shall
indicate and apply to drivers of vehicles as follows: 

(a) Green indication: a driver may travel in any lane over which a green signal is
show; 

(b) steady yellow indication: a driver is thereby warned that a lane control change is
being made;

(c) steady red indication: a driver shall not enter or travel in any lane over which a
red signal is shown; 

(d) flashing yellow indication: a driver may use the lane only for the purpose of
making a left turn to or from the highway.

6. Signal at Other Places(CVC 21455)

When an official traffic control signal is erected and maintained at a place other than
an intersection, the provisions of this article shall be applicable except those
provisions which by their nature can have no application. Any stop required shall be
made at a sign or crosswalk or limit line indicating where the stop shall be made,
but in the absence of any such sign or making the stop shall be make at the signal.

7. Flashing Signals (CVC 21457)

Whenever an illuminated flashing red or yellow light is used in a traffic signal or with
a traffic sign, it shall require obedience by drivers as follows:

a. Flashing red (stop signal): drivers shall stop at a clearly marked limit line, but if
none, before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the intersection, or if none,
then at the point nearest the intersecting roadway before entering it, and the driver
may proceed subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a stop sign.

b. Flashing yellow (caution signal): Drivers may proceed through the intersection or
past the signal only with caution.

8. Curb Markings (CVC 21458)

a. Whenever local authorities enact local parking regulations and indicate them by
the use of paint upon curbs, the following colors shall be used, and the colors
indicate as follows:

1. Red indicates no stopping, standing, or parking, whether the vehicle is

attended or unattended, except that a bus may stop in a red zone marked or
posted as a bus loading zone.
2. Yellow indicates stopping only for the purpose of loading or unloading
 passengers or freight for the time as may be specified by local ordinance.
3. White indicates stopping for either of: (a) loading/unloading of passengers for
the time as may be specified by local ordinance or (b) depositing mail in an
adjacent mailbox.
4. Green indicates time limit parking specified by local ordinance.
5. Blue indicates parking limited exclusively to the vehicles of disabled persons
and disabled veterans.

b. Regulations adopted pursuant to subdivision (a) shall be effective on days and

during hours or times as prescribed by local ordinances. Chapter keyword - DUI.

9. Distinctive Roadway Markings (CVC 21459)

a. The Department of Transportation in respect to state highways and a local
authority with respect to highways under its jurisdiction, is authorized to place and
maintain upon highways distinctive roadway markings as described and with the
effect set forth in section 21460.

b. The distinctive roadway markings shall be employed to designate any portion of a

highway where the volume of traffic or the vertical or other curvature of the roadway
renders it hazardous to drive on the left side of the marking or to indicate no driving
to the left as provided in section 21460, and shall not be employed for any other
purpose.

c. Any pavement marking other than as described in this section placed by the
Department of Transportation or any local authority shall not be effective to indicate
no driving over or to the left of the marking.

10. Double Lines

a. When double parallel solid lines are in place, no person driving a vehicle shall
drive to the left thereof, except as permitted in this section.

b. When the double parallel lines, one of which is broken, are in place, no person
driving a vehicle shall driver to the left thereof, except as follows: (1) that the driver
on the side of the roadway in which the broken line is in place may cross over the
double lines or drive to the left thereof when overtaking or passing other vehicles;
(2) As provided in section 21460.5.

c. Either of the markings as specified in subdivision (a) or (b) does not prohibit a
driver from crossing the marking when (1) turning to the left at any intersection or
into or out of a driveway or private road, (2) making a U-turn under the rules
governing that turn, and either of the markings shall be disregarded when
authorized signs have been erected designating off center traffic lanes as permitted
under section 21657. (d) Raised pavement markers may be used to simulate
painted lines described in this section when the markers are placed in accordance
with standards established by the Department of Transportation.

11. Two-Way Left Turn Lanes (CVC 21460.5)

a. The Department of Transportation and local authorities in their respective
jurisdictions may designate a two-way left-turn lane on a highway. A two-way left-
turn lane is a lane near the center of the highway set aside for use by vehicles
making left turns in both directions from or into the highway.

b. Two-way left turn lanes shall be designate by distinctive roadway markings

consisting of parallel double yellow lines, interior line dashed and exterior line solid,
on each side of the lane. The Department of Transportation may prescribe
standards and specifications governing length, width, and positioning of the
distinctive pavement markings. All pavement markings designating a two-way left-
turn lane shall conform to the Department of Transportation's standards and
specifications.

c. A vehicle shall not be driven in a designated two-way left-turn lane except when
preparing for or making a left turn from or into a highway or when preparing for or
making a U-turn when otherwise permitted by law, and shall not be driven in that
lane for more than 200 feet while preparing for and making the turn or while
preparing to merge into the adjacent lanes of travel. A left turn or U-turn shall not be
made from any other lane where a two-way left-turn lane has been designated.

d. This section shall not prohibit driving across a two-way left-turn lane.

e. Raised pavement markers may be used to simulate painted lines described in

this section when such markers are placed in accordance with standards
established by the Department of Transportation.

12. Obedience of Driver to Official Traffic Control Devices

(CVC 21461)
a. It shall be unlawful for any driver of a vehicle to fail to obey any sign or signal
erected or maintained to indicate and carry out the provisions of this code or any
local traffic ordinance or resolution adopted pursuant to a local traffic ordinance, or
to fail to obey any device erected or maintained pursuant to section 21352.

b. The provisions of subdivision (a) shall not apply to acts constituting violations
under Chapter 9 of this division or to acts constituting violations of any local traffic
ordinance adopted pursuant to Chapter 9.

13. Obedience to Traffic Control Signals (CVC 21462)

 The driver of any vehicle, the person in charge of any animal, any pedestrian,
and the motorman of any streetcar shall obey the instructions of any official
traffic signal applicable to him and placed as provided by law, unless
otherwise directed by a police or traffic officer or when it is necessary for the
purpose of avoiding a collision or in case of other emergency, subject to the
exemptions granted by section 21055.

G. SPECIAL STOPS REQUIRED

1. Stop Required (CVC 22450)
a. The driver of any vehicle approaching a stop sign at the entrance to, or
within, an intersection, or railroad grade crossing shall stop at a limit line, if
marked, otherwise before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the
intersection. If there is no limit line or crosswalk, the driver shall stop at the
entrance to the intersecting roadway or railroad grade crossing.

b. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a local authority may adopt

rules and regulations by ordinance or resolution providing for the placement
of a stop sign at any location on a highway under its jurisdiction where the
stop sign at any location on a highway under its jurisdiction where the stop
sign at any location on a highway under its jurisdiction where the stop sign
would enhance traffic safety.

2. Stop for Train Signals (CVC 22451)

a. The driver of any vehicle approaching a railroad or rail transit grade

crossing shall stop not less than 15 feet from the nearest rail and shall not
proceed until he or she can do so safely, whenever the following conditions
exist: (1) A clearly visible electric or mechanical signal device or a flagman
gives warning of the approach or passage of a train or car. (2) An
approaching train or car is plainly visible or is emitting an audible signal and,
by reason of its speed or nearness, is an immediate hazard.

b. No driver shall proceed through, around, or under any railroad or rail

transit crossing gate while the gate is closed.

c. Whenever a railroad or rail transit crossing is equipped with an automated rail

crossing enforcement system, a notice of a violation of this section is subject to the
procedures provided in section 40518.

3. Railroad Crossing (CVC 22452)

a. The provisions of subdivisions (b) and (c) shall apply to the operation of the
following vehicles: any bus carrying passengers; any motor truck transporting
employees in addition to those riding in the cab; any school bus and any school
pupil activity bus transporting school pupils, except as otherwise provided in
paragraph (4) of subdivision (c); any vehicle carrying explosive substances as a
cargo or part of a cargo; any tank vehicle as defined in section 34003 whether
loaded or empty; any vehicle transporting more than 120 gallons or flammable
liquids or liquefied petroleum gas in containers having a capacity of more than 20
gallons as a cargo or major portion of a cargo.

b. Before traversing a railroad grade crossing, the driver of any vehicle described in
subdivision (a) shall stop such vehicle not less than 15 nor more than 50 feet from
the nearest rail of the track and while so stopped shall listen, and look in both
directions along the track, for any approaching train and for signals indicating the
approach of a train, and shall not proceed until he or she can do so safely, upon
proceeding, the gears shall not be shifted manually while crossing the tracks.

c. No stop need be made at any crossing as follows: (1) Of railroad tracks running
along and upon the roadway within a business or residence district; (2) Where a
traffic officer or an official traffic control signal directs traffic to proceed; (3) where an
exempt sign was authorized by the public utilities commission prior to Jan. 1, 1978.

Whenever an official railroad crossing stop exempt sign in compliance with section
21400 has been placed by the Department of Transportation or a local authority
pursuant to a section 22452.5 this paragraph shall not apply with respect to any
school bus or to any school pupil activity bus.

4. School Bus (CVC 22454)

a. The driver of any vehicle, upon meeting or overtaking, from either direction, any
school bus equipped with signs as required in this code, that is stopped for the
purpose of loading or unloading any school children and displays a flashing red light
and stop signal arm, as defined in paragraph (4) of subdivision (b) of section 25257,
if equipped with a stop signal arm, visible from front or rear, shall bring the vehicle
to a stop immediately before passing the school bus and shall not proceed past the
school bus until the flashing red light signal and stop signal arm, if equipped with a
stop signal arm, cease operation.

b. The driver of a vehicle upon a highway with separate roadways need not stop
upon meeting or passing a school bus which is upon the other roadway. The driver
of a vehicle need not stop upon meeting or passing a school bus when the school
bus is stopped at an intersection where traffic is controlled by a traffic control signal,
or when the school bus is stopped at a place where traffic is controlled by a traffic
officer or official traffic control signal.

c. If a vehicle was observed overtaking a school bus in violation of subdivision (a),

and the driver of the school bus witnessed the violation, the driver may, within 24
 hours, report the violation and furnish the vehicle license plate number and
description and the time and place of the violation to the local law enforcement
agency having jurisdiction of the offense. That law enforcement agency shall issue
a letter of warning prepared in accordance with paragraph (2) with respect to the
alleged violation to the registered owner of the vehicle. The issuance of a warning
letter under the paragraph shall not be entered on the driving record of the person
to whom it is issued, but does not preclude the imposition of any other applicable
penalty. The attorney general shall prepare and furnish to every law enforcement
agency in the state a form letter for purposes of paragraph (1), and the law
enforcement agency may issue those letters in exact form prepared by the attorney
general. The attorney general may charge a fee to any law enforcement agency that
requests a copy of the form letter to recover the costs of preparing and providing
that copy.

d. This section also applies to a roadway upon private property.

Topic : Licensing control measures

    
A. LICENSING CONTROL MEASURES.

Privilege vs. Right

 
Driving on California highways is not a right, but a privilege. Individuals must
apply for a driver's license and satisfactorily pass a driving test, a written exam,
take an eye test, take a picture, give a thumb print, and be at least 18 years of
age. An individual may be refused a driver's license for such things as having a
 
history of alcohol or drug abuse, having lied on the application, not having
complied with a judgment or order for family support system etc. In addition, the
privilege of driving may be suspended or revoked if drivers break certain rules
and regulations while driving.  
  
Examination and Driving Test: Classifications
 
12804.9.  (a) (1) The examination shall include all of the following: 

 (A) A test of the applicant’s knowledge and understanding of the provisions of

this code governing the operation of vehicles upon the highways.

 (B) A test of the applicant’s ability to read and understand simple English used
in highway traffic and directional signs.  

(C) A test of the applicant’s understanding of traffic signs and signals, including
the bikeway signs, markers, and traffic control devices established by the
Department of Transportation.  

(D) An actual demonstration of the applicant’s ability to exercise ordinary and

reasonable control in operating a motor vehicle by driving it under the
supervision of an examining officer. The applicant shall submit to an
examination appropriate to the type of motor vehicle or combination of vehicles
he or she desires a license to drive, except that the department may waive the
driving test part of the examination for any applicant who submits a license  
issued by another state, territory, or possession of the United States, the District
of Columbia, or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico if the department verifies
through any acknowledged national driver record data source that there are no
stops, holds, or other impediments to its issuance. The examining officer may
request to see evidence of financial responsibility for the vehicle prior to
supervising the demonstration of the applicant’s ability to operate the vehicle.
The examining officer may refuse to examine an applicant who is unable to
provide proof of financial responsibility for the vehicle, unless proof of financial
responsibility is not required by this code. 

 (E) A test of the hearing and eyesight of the applicant, and of other matters that
may be necessary to determine the applicant’s mental and physical fitness to
operate a motor vehicle upon the highways, and whether any grounds exist for
refusal of a license under this code. (2) The examination for a class A or class B
driver’s license under subdivision (b) shall also include a report of a medical
examination of the applicant given not more than two years prior to the date of
the application by a health care professional. 
 
 
Class A includes the following:
(A) A combination of vehicles, if a vehicle being towed has a gross vehicle
weight rating of more than 10,000 pounds. 
(B) A vehicle towing more than one vehicle.

(C) A trailer bus. 

(D) The operation of all vehicles under class B and class C.

(2) Class B includes the following:

(A) A single vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of more than 26,000
pounds.

(B) A single vehicle with three or more axles, except any three-axle vehicle
weighing less than 6,000 pounds.

(C) A bus except a trailer bus.

 
(D) A farm labor vehicle.

(E) A single vehicle with three or more axles or a gross vehicle weight rating of
more than 26,000 pounds towing another vehicle with a gross vehicle weight
rating of 10,000 pounds or less.

(F) A house car over 40 feet in length, excluding safety devices and safety
bumpers.

(G) The operation of all vehicles covered under class C.

With a valid Class C license

You may drive:

 any 2-axle vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) of 26,000
lbs. or less.
 any 3-axle vehicle weighing 6,000 lbs. or less gross.
 any housecar, 40 feet or less.
 a vanpool vehicle, designed to carry more than 10 but no more than 15
persons including the driver. The driver must have a valid medical
certification on file with DMV and carry a valid medical card. The driver
must also have a signed certification stating he/she has not been
convicted of reckless driving, drunk driving, or hit and- run in the last five
years. (VC Section 12804.9 ).

  A farmer or employee of a farmer may drive:

 any combination of vehicles with a GVWR of 26,000 lbs. or less if used

 exclusively in agricultural operations and it is not for hire or
compensation.

You may tow:

 a single vehicle with a GVWR of 10,000 lbs. or less including a tow dolly,
if used.

With a vehicle weighing at least 4,000 lbs., you may tow:

 a trailer coach or 5th-wheel travel trailer under 10,000 lbs. GVWR when
towing is not for compensation.
 a 5th-wheel travel trailer exceeding 10,000 lbs. but under 15,000 lbs.
GVWR, when towing is not for compensation and with endorsement.

   
   
 NOTE:  

 Class C licensees may not tow more than one vehicle.

 No passenger vehicle, regardless of weight, may tow more than one
vehicle.
 No motor vehicle under 4,000 lbs. unladen weight may tow any vehicle
weighing 6,000 lbs. or more gross.  (VC Section 21715)
 Class C does not include a two-wheel motorcycle or a two-wheel motor-
driven cycle.

Class M1. 

A two-wheel motorcycle or a motor-driven cycle. Authority to operate a vehicle

included in a class M1 license may be granted by endorsement on a class A, B,
or C license upon completion of an appropriate examination.

 Class M2 includes the following:

A motorized bicycle or moped, or a bicycle with an attached motor, except a

motorized bicycle.

1. License Refusal

The DMV will take the strongest action possible against anyone who alters or
otherwise attempts to falsify a driver's license. DMV may also refuse to issue a
drivers license if you: have a history of alcohol or drug abuse, have used the
license illegally, have lied on your application, do not understand traffic laws or
signs, do not have the skill to drive, have a health problem that makes your
driving unsafe, have a failure to appear (FTA) or failure to pay (FTP) for a traffic
citation on your driving record; have not complied with a judgment or order for
family support payments, use a crib sheet for any examination for a license,
impersonate or allow someone else to impersonate an applicant to fraudulently
qualify for a license, refuse to give a thumb print, refuse to sign the certification
on the application, submit a fraudulent birth date/legal presence document or
social security document.

2. Violation of License Restriction 

The department may place special conditions or restrictions on your license, the
most common being wearing glasses or contact lenses. The department may
suspend or revoke your driver's license if you violate a condition or restriction.

 
B. NEGLIGENT OPERATOR TREATMENT
SYSTEM (NOTS)
3. Effects of Convictions/Collisions
A judge may suspend the license of anyone convicted of breaking speed laws or
reckless driving for up to 30 days on the first conviction, up to 60 days on a
second conviction, and up to six months on a third or subsequent conviction.
Suspension of a driver license by a court may also result from conviction of one
of the following: driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs, hit and run,
engaging in lewd conduct and prostitution within 1000 feet of a residence in a
vehicle, failure to stop as required at a railway grade crossing, felony or
misdemeanor offense of recklessly fleeing a law enforcement officer.

Regardless of point count, many serious offenses in which a vehicle is used are
punishable by heavy penalties such as fines and/or imprisonment. Examples are
felony drunk driving, felony grand theft, manslaughter, and driving under the
influence of narcotics or other dangerous drugs. The department usually
suspends or revokes the offender's driver's license.

4. Point Count Determination

The DMV keeps a public record of all of an individual's traffic convictions and
collisions. Each occurrence remains on your record for 36 months or longer,
depending on the type of conviction. 
You may be considered a negligent operator when your driving record shows
any one of the following“point count” totals, regardless of your license class:   
•  4 points in 12 months 
 • 8 points in 36 months
  
 • 6 points in 24 months

Some examples of one point violations: 

•  A traffic conviction.
• An at-fault accident.

Some examples of two point violations:

• Driving under the influence of alcohol/drugs

•  Reckless driving or hit-and-run driving
• Driving while suspended or revoked 

If you get too many " points", you will lose your driver license. A violation
received in a commercial vehicle carries one and one-half times the point count
normally assessed.

SB 719- Evading a Peace Officer  

This bill enhances the penalty for evading a peace officer from imprisonment in
the county jail for not more than six months to not more than one year. In
addition, it also enhances the penalty for anybody who causes bodily injury
while evading a peace officer to a minimum of; 3, 5 or 7 years in the state prison
and 4, 6 or 10 years should they cause a death.

Commercial Drivers- Effective January 1, 2007 

 
CVC 15300 States that a driver of a commercial vehicle may not operate a
commercial motor vehicle for one year for the first conviction of specified
offences, including DUI, hit and run or vehicular manslaughter, while driving any
vehicle, not just a commercial vehicle. CVC 15302 provides for permanent
disqualification of a commercial driver for two or more convictions of specified
offenses, while driving any vehicle.

Commercial Drivers Conviction Reporting- Effective January 1, 2007

CVC 15215 Requires the DMV to report each conviction occurring within
California of a person holding a commercial driver's license from another state to
the licensing authority of the home state of the licensee.

5. Actions
Drivers lose their driving privilege if they accumulate too many points.  All
motorists are entitled to a hearing if requested before the effective date of the
suspension or revocation date.   

(a) Probation (CVC 14250)  

Whenever by any provision of any code the department has discretionary

authority to suspend or revoke the privilege of a person to operate a motor  
vehicle, the department may in lieu of suspension or revocation place the
person on probation, the terms of which may include a suspension as a
condition of probation, issuing a probationary license with such reasonable
terms and conditions as shall be deemed by the department to be appropriate.
 (b) Suspension (CVC 13102)  

When used in reference to a driver's license "suspension" means that the

person's privilege to drive a motor vehicle upon a highway is temporarily
withdrawn.  The department may before terminating any suspension based
upon a physical or mental condition of the licensee, require such examination of
the licensee as deemed appropriate in relation to evidence of any condition
 
which may effect the ability of the licensee to safely operate a motor vehicle.

Assembly Bill 3049- Requires the provisions of the Vehicle Code Section 1808.3
or 42005 to be considered before the court could dismiss a complaint due to
completing a traffic violator school course (Operative September 20, 2005) (re:
CVC 42005- excerpt taken from the legislative analysis)
(12) Under existing law, a person may have a complaint relating to the safe
operation of a vehicle dismissed with a copy of that dismissal forwarded to the
department after a person attends a licensed traffic violator school, licensed
driving school, or other court-approved program of driving instruction. Existing
law prohibits a court from ordering a person to attend traffic violator school in
lieu of adjudicating an offense if the person was issued a notice to appear for a
serious traffic violation, as defined, that occurred in a commercial motor vehicle,  
as defined. This bill would recast and revise these provisions to provide that, in
lieu of adjudicating a traffic offense committed by a person who holds a
noncommercial class C, class M1, or class M2 driver's license, and with the
consent of the defendant, a court may order that person to attend a licensed
traffic violator school, a licensed driving school, or any other court-approved
program of driving instruction.
The bill would prohibit a court from ordering or permitting a person who holds a  
class A, class B, or commercial class C driver's license to complete a licensed
traffic violator school, a licensed driving school, or any other court-approved
program of driving instruction in lieu of adjudicating any traffic offense committed
by the holder of a class A, class B, or commercial class C driver's license. This
bill would also prohibit a court from ordering or permitting any person,
regardless of the driver's license class, to complete a licensed traffic violator
school, a licensed driving school, or any other court-approved program of driving
instruction in lieu of adjudicating an offense that would be considered a serious
traffic violation under statutes governing a commercial motor vehicle.
 
(c) Revocation (CVC 13101)
 
When used  in reference to a driver's license, "revocation" means that the
person's privilege to drive a motor vehicle is terminated and a new driver's
license may be obtained after the period of revocation.
   
Assault and Battery on Highway Workers -SB 1509 
Adds Penal Code Sections 241.5 & 243.65 

241.5. (a) When an assault is committed against a highway worker engaged in

the performance of his or her duties and the person committing the offense
knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a highway worker engaged
in the performance of his or her duties, the offense shall be punishable by a fine
not to exceed two thousand dollars ($2,000) or by imprisonment in a county jail
up toone year or by both that fine and imprisonment.

(b) As used in this section, "highway worker" means an employee or contractor

of the Department of Transportation who does one or more of the following:

   (1) Performs maintenance, repair, or construction of state highway in

frastructures and associated rights-of-way in highway work  zones.

   (2) Operates equipment on state highway infrastructures and associated

rights-of-way in highway work zones.

   (3) Performs any related maintenance work, as required, on state highway in

frastructures in highway work zones.

243.65. (a) When a battery is committed against the person of a highway worker

engaged in the performance of his or her duties and the person committing the
offense knows or reasonably should know that the victim is a highway worker
engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the offense shall be punished
by a fine not exceeding two thousand dollars ($2,000), or by imprisonment in a
county jail not exceeding one year, or by both that fine and imprisonment.

(b) As used in this section, "highway worker" means an employee or contractor

of the Department of Transportation who does one or more of the following:

(1) Performs maintenance, repair, or construction of state highway in

frastructures and associated rights-of-way in highway work  zones.

(2) Operates equipment on state highway infrastructures and associated rights-

of-way in highway work zones.
 (3) Performs any related maintenance work, as required, on state highway
infrastructures in highway work zones.
This new law provides an increased penalty for assault and battery crimes
committed against highway workers engaged in the performance of his other.

                                                                      New Laws for 2010

Amends Penal Code Sections 241.5 & 243.65

SUMMARY: Expands the definition of a highway worker to include employees of  

a city, county, or city and county who perform specified activities related to local
streets and roads. Additionally, this law includes in the definition of a highway
worker, employees of a contractor while working under contract with the
Department of Transportation, contractors and employees of contractors while
working under contract with a city, county, or city and county, and volunteers.
Vehicle Code Section 21809

(a) A person driving a vehicle on a freeway approaching a stationary authorized

emergency vehicle that is displaying emergency lights, or a stationary tow truck
that is displaying flashing amber warning lights, or a stationary marked
Department of Transportation vehicle that is displaying flashing amber warning
lights, shall approach with due caution and, before passing in a lane immediately
adjacent to the authorized emergency vehicle, or tow truck, or Department of
Transportation vehicle, absent other direction by a peace officer, proceed to do
one of the following;
 
(1) Make a lane change into an available lane not immediately adjacent to the
authorized emergency vehicle, or tow truck, or Department of Transportation
vehicle, with due regard for safety and traffic conditions, if practicable and not
prohibited by law.

(2) If the maneuver described in paragraph (1) would be unsafe or impracticable,

slow to a reasonable and prudent speed that is safe for existing weather, road,
and vehicular or pedestrian traffic conditions.
 
Vehicle Code Section 27602  

SUMMARY: Allows a person to drive a motor vehicle with a television receiver,

  video monitor, television or video screen, or any other similar means of visually  
displaying a television broadcast or video signal, if the equipment is designed,
operated, and configured in a manner that prevents the driver of the motor
vehicle from viewing the television broadcast or video signal while operating the
vehicle in a safe and reasonable manner.
   
Vehicle Code Section 23700  
 SUMMARY: Establishes a four-county pilot program in the Counties of Alameda,
Los Angeles, Sacramento, and Tulare to assess the effectiveness of Ignition
interlock device (IID) installation in reducing driving under the influence violations
in those counties. This law requires first-time and repeat driving under- the-
influence (DUI) offenders to install an IID for a term ranging from 5 months to 36
months for various DUI violations and for a term ranging from 12 months to 48
months for various DUI violations involving an injury. This law requires the DMV
to study the effectiveness of IID’s to reduce the recidivism rate of DUI offenders
and report their findings to the Legislature.OPERATIVE: July 1, 2010
     

Fee Changes : Effective July 28, 2010. 

Makes technical corrections to Vehicle Code provisions subjecting various DMV

fees to annual Consumer Price Index adjustments to eliminate a disparity in the
fees for renewal of commercial driver licenses renewed by mail as opposed to in
person renewals. Adds the fees for special firefighter equipment driver licenses
to those subject to CPI adjustments.  

 This bill also: 

  Increases the fee for an original Class C or Class M driver license to

$31*; 
 Increases the fee for renewal of a Class C or Class M driver license to
$31*;
   Increases the fee for a duplicate driver license or name change  
application to $25*;   
 Increases the fee for an original or renewed firefighter equipment driver
license to $39;   
 Increases the fee for a California Identification Card to $26; 
  Increases the fee for a duplicate firefighter equipment driver license to
$29;  
  Increases the fee for an original Class A or B commercial driver license to
$66;  * Includes $1 CPI adjustment.
 Increases the fee for the renewal of a commercial driver license to $39;
 Increases the fee for an original Class C commercial driver license to $39;
and,
 Increases the fee for a duplicate commercial driver license to $29. 
Operative July 28, 2009.

   
Vehicle Code Section 21204   

SUMMARY: Provides an exemption to the prohibition of allowing a person from

operating a bicycle on a highway that does not have a seat, if the bicycle is
 specifically designed by the manufacturer to be ridden without a seat. 

Applicable vehicle code sections follow;

21204. (a) A person operating a bicycle upon a highway shall not ride other than
upon or astride a permanent and regular seat attached thereto., unless the
bicycle was designed by the manufacturer to be ridden without a seat. (B) An
operator shall not allow a person riding as a passenger, and a person shall not
   
ride as a passenger, on a bicycle upon a highway other than upon or astride a
separate seat attached thereto. If the passenger is four years of age or younger,
or weighs 40 pounds or less, the seat shall have adequate provision for retaining
the passenger in place and for protecting the passenger from the moving parts of
the bicycle.