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    LESSON 1 - Ethical Requirements

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    Dale Francis Dechavez Rutagenes
    This document discusses several key concepts in ethics and moral reasoning: 1) Reason is defined as the human capacity for logical and critical thinking, while reasoning involves using logic and arguments to explain decisions. Ethical reasoning aims to consider how actions impact others' well-being. 2) Moral reasoning involves predicting the consequences of actions and considering if intended beneficial outcomes outweigh unintended harmful ones. 3) Impartiality means making objective, unbiased decisions without discrimination. It is important for establishing values like non-discrimination. 4) Both reason and feelings influence ethics, as emotions motivate moral action but reason guards against bias. Effective moral reasoning uses both in conjunction. 5)

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    LESSON 1 - Ethical Requirements

    Uploaded by

    Dale Francis Dechavez Rutagenes
    639 views5 pages
    This document discusses several key concepts in ethics and moral reasoning: 1) Reason is defined as the human capacity for logical and critical thinking, while reasoning involves using logic and arguments to explain decisions. Ethical reasoning aims to consider how actions impact others' well-being. 2) Moral reasoning involves predicting the consequences of actions and considering if intended beneficial outcomes outweigh unintended harmful ones. 3) Impartiality means making objective, unbiased decisions without discrimination. It is important for establishing values like non-discrimination. 4) Both reason and feelings influence ethics, as emotions motivate moral action but reason guards against bias. Effective moral reasoning uses both in conjunction. 5)

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    LESSON 1_Ethical Requirements

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    This document discusses several key concepts in ethics and moral reasoning: 1) Reason is defined as the human capacity for logical and critical thinking, while reasoning involves using logic and arguments to explain decisions. Ethical reasoning aims to consider how actions impact others' well-being. 2) Moral reasoning involves predicting the consequences of actions and considering if intended beneficial outcomes outweigh unintended harmful ones. 3) Impartiality means making objective, unbiased decisions without discrimination. It is important for establishing values like non-discrimination. 4) Both reason and feelings influence ethics, as emotions motivate moral action but reason guards against bias. Effective moral reasoning uses both in conjunction. 5)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    639 views5 pages

    LESSON 1 - Ethical Requirements

    Uploaded by

    Dale Francis Dechavez Rutagenes
    This document discusses several key concepts in ethics and moral reasoning: 1) Reason is defined as the human capacity for logical and critical thinking, while reasoning involves using logic and arguments to explain decisions. Ethical reasoning aims to consider how actions impact others' well-being. 2) Moral reasoning involves predicting the consequences of actions and considering if intended beneficial outcomes outweigh unintended harmful ones. 3) Impartiality means making objective, unbiased decisions without discrimination. It is important for establishing values like non-discrimination. 4) Both reason and feelings influence ethics, as emotions motivate moral action but reason guards against bias. Effective moral reasoning uses both in conjunction. 5)

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Hum 2 – ETHICS 1 1

    1st Sem. 2021 - 2022

    Lesson 1 – ETHICAL REQUIREMENTS

    What is Reason?
    ▪ Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, establishing and
    verifying facts, applying logic and changing or justifying practices, institutions,
    and beliefs based on new or existing information (Kompridis, 2000). It is closely
    associated with such characteristically human
    activities as philosophy, science, language,
    mathematics and art and is normally considered to
    be a distinguishing ability possessed by humans.
    Reason, or an aspect of it, is sometimes referred
    to as rationality.
    ▪ Reasoning is associated with thinking, cognition
    and intellect. The philosophical field of logic studies ways in which human reason
    formally through argument (Hintikka, 2013). Reason is a declaration made to
    explain or justify action, decision or conviction.
    ▪ The proper role of ethical reasoning is to highlight acts of two kinds: those which
    enhance the well – being of others and those that harm or diminish the well-being
    of others.
    ▪ Reasons have everything to do with ethics: If you have no good reasons for an
    act or belief, then you can’t have thought it through very well and maybe you
    shouldn’t be doing it or believing it at all.

    Predicting Consequences
    ▪ Moral reasoning involves predicting the consequences of an action before we act.
    There are always consequences when we take the action we think is right, and
    when we try to be good persons, and usually these include unintended as well as
    intended outcomes.
    ▪ When the beneficial outcomes of acting on an ethical presumption seem to
    outweigh the adverse outcomes, then predicting consequences confirms our
    presumption. But when we predict that the adverse consequences will outweigh
    the beneficial consequences, even when we are obeying an ethical rule or
    following an inspiring story, then we should consider whether to make an
    Hum 2 – ETHICS 1 2
    1st Sem. 2021 - 2022

    exception to the rule or to look to a different story for guidance.

    Impartiality
    ▪ Impartiality also called even-handedness or fair-mindedness is a principle of
    justice holding that decisions should be based on objective criteria, rather than on
    the basis of bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another
    for improper reasons.
    ▪ Impartiality makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious, beliefs,
    class or political opinions. It endeavors to relieve the suffering of individuals,
    being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases
    of distress.

    Consequences of the Fundamental Principle of Impartiality


    The consequences of the principle of impartiality are as follows:
    1. It establishes one of its key values: non – discrimination which is one of the most
    important elements of all aspects of the protection of the human being: human
    rights law, humanitarian law, refugee law.
    2. Impartial action can give the image of an organization that can be trusted by
    people
    3. Impartiality in its true sense requires that subjective distinctions be set aside

    Reasons and Feelings


    ▪ Ethics is concerned with making sense of intuitions about what is right and good.
    Biologists verify that “Emotions is never truly divorced from decision making,
    even when it is channeled aside by an effort of will”( Blakeslee, et.al, 2007).
    Physicists now confirm that seeing the world with complete objectivity is not
    possible, as our observations affect what we perceive (Werner, 2002).
    ▪ Moral philosopher Mary Midgley (1983) writes “Sensitivity requires rationality to
    complete it, and vice versa. There is no siding onto which emotions can be
    shunted so as not to impinge on thought.”
    ▪ We rely on our reason to guard against feelings that may reflect a bias, or a
    sense of inadequacy, or a desire simply to win an argument, and also to refine
    and explain a felt conviction that passes the test of critical reflection and
    Hum 2 – ETHICS 1 3
    1st Sem. 2021 - 2022

    discussion.
    ▪ We rely on feelings to move us to act morally and to ensure that our reasoning is
    not only logical but also humane.

    Ethics vs Feelings
    Most of our feelings in today’s world are unethical, politically incorrect or even
    outright harmful. It takes a great deal of effort to retrospect and self-analyze our
    feelings to judge whether they are ethical or not.

    Groupism
    a. Natural feeling: I am part of a group. I am supposed to help this group become
    better. I am also supposed to compete with other groups.
    b. Reasoning: Being part of a herd made it easier for us ancestors to survive in the
    wild. There were so many survival benefits that belonging to a group brought.
    Naturally, our ancestors started developing good feelings about belonging to a
    group.
    c. Ethical viewpoint: Help the group. Help other groups too. There is no
    compelling reason to compete in today’s times of peace.

    Negative feelings to content on Social Network


    a. Natural feeling: I hate what’s being posted on Facebook. They are just stupid
    selfies, people gloating their achievements or just distracting, unproductive
    content.
    b. Reasoning: Many of us have been taught to compete with others since our
    childhood. We tend to compare ourselves with others
    c. Ethical viewpoint: We don’t have to compete with our friends. We can applaud
    their life achievements without comparing our lives with theirs. We don’t have to
    look down upon those who seek attention. Comedians, actors and other
    entertainers are attention-seeking. But we don’t look down upon them.

    Steps in Moral Reasoning Model


    Hum 2 – ETHICS 1 4
    1st Sem. 2021 - 2022

    No matter how knowledgeable one is about his/her profession, if the knowledge is


    not backed by ethical reasoning, long-term success in the career is likely to be
    severely compromised.
    Step 1: Identify the problem.
    Step 2: Identify the potential issues involved.
    Step 3: Review relevant ethical guidelines.
    Step 4: Know relevant laws and regulations.
    Step 5: Obtain Consultation.
    Step 6: Consider possible and probable courses of action.
    Step 7: List the consequences of the probable courses of action.
    Step 8: Decide on what appears to be the best course of action.

    It is extremely important that you keep your immediate supervisor and all involved
    parties informed during this process. After you have made your decision, take some
    time to reflect on the process and to review what you have learned with trusted
    supervisor or colleague.

    The Difference between Reason and Will


    ▪ Will is that faculty of the mind which selects, at the moment of decision, the
    strongest desire from among the various desires present. Will does not refer to
    any particular desire, but rather to the mechanism for choosing from among one’s
    desires. Within philosophy the will is important as one of the distinct parts of the
    mind – along with reason and understanding. It is considered central to the field
    of ethics because of its role in enabling deliberate action.
    ▪ According to Schopenhauer, will is the innermost essence, the core, of every
    particular thing and also of the whole. It appears in every blindly acting force of
    nature and also in the deliberate conduct of man.
    ▪ Schopenhauer said that the will is primary and uses knowledge in order to find
    an object that will satisfy its craving. His philosophy holds that all nature,
    including man, is the expression of an insatiable will to life. It is through the will
    that mankind finds all their suffering. Desire for more is what causes this
    suffering.
    Hum 2 – ETHICS 1 5
    1st Sem. 2021 - 2022

    References:
    Agdalpen, Renato T. and Francisco Joether. (2019). Ethics Ako at ang
    Kagandahang Asal Bilang Isang Filipino. Mindshapers Co.Inc. Manila
    Buenaflor, Lionel E. (2018). Unraveling the Absolute Moral Principle: Ethics for
    Filipino Students. Book Atbp. Publishing Corp. Mandaluyong City
    Leano Jr., Roman D. and Gubia-on, Arthur B. (2018). Ethics for College Students.
    Mindshapers Co.Inc. Manila

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