THE GUIDELINES

NURSING ENGLISH
BOOK 1

GOOD

ENGLISH

GOOD

NURSE

LB-MEDICA ENGLISH
 Preface
Graduates of professional nursing academy or faculty are expected to apply an extensive body of
scientific and cultural knowledge to help solve client problems. Many clients who enter the
health care system, especially those entering hospitals, have serious illnesses that demand a
wide array of increasingly complex nursing care and services. Ensuring a nurse’s competence to
meet this responsibility has never been more important.
To enter the practice of professional nursing, a nurse is required to pass the National
Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN). The sole purpose of the
examination, often referred to as the “State Boards,” is to assure the public of a nurse’s
competence to practice entry-level nursing safely and effectively. Most nurses recognize that
passing the NCLEX-RN is crucial to their careers. They know they must be fully prepared, both
educationally and psychologically. To achieve this level of preparation requires a well-planned
study of nursing basics and a keen understanding of test-taking strategies, with particular
awareness of what to expect in test questions on NCLEX-RN.
This edition includes many improvements and new material to keep it abreast of the ever-
evolving NCLEX test plan. We are confident you will continue to use the book as a reference
even after the NCLEX-RN is only a memory. Good luck on study, and congratulation on
choosing nursing as a career.

MEJ TEAM
NURSING Division
Printed in Jakarta 2020
Contents
Topic Page
Preface …………... …………………………………………………………………. 1
Contents and Schedule of Meeting ……………………………………………….. 2
Unit 1: Introduction ………………………………………………………………… 3
Unit 2: The Tenses ………………………………………………………………….. 5
Unit 3: The Vital Signs ...........……………………………………………………… 16
Unit 4: The Cardiovascular System.................……………………………………... 20
Unit 5: The Respiratory System ................................................................................. 25
Unit 6: The Digestive System .................................................................................... 32
Appendix 1 ………………………………………………………………………... 37
Appendix 2 ................................................................................................................ 38
References …………………………………………………………………………. 42

The Schedule of Meeting

1. Introduction
2. The Tenses
3. The Tenses
4. Vital Signs
5. Practice The Vital Signs
6. The Cardiovascular System
7. Practice to mention the blood Cir.
8. Mid Semester Test
9. Speech 1
10. The Respiratoty System
11. Speech 2
12. Speech 3
13. The Digestive System
14. Speech 4
15. Speech 5
16. Final Semester Test
 Unit 1: Introduction
A. Conversation
Dialogue Model 1
Nurse : How do you do? I am Shanty
Student Nurse : How do you do, too. Mrs. Shanty. I am
Miranda and my nickname is Randa.
Nurse : I am a nurse in Darmais Hospital and you?
Student Nurse : I am a student nurse in Nusantara Nursing Academy.
Nurse : What year are you?
Student Nurse : I am a new student. So, I am the first year of
Nursing Academy. Actually, I am the first
Semester now.
Nurse : By the way, where do you live?
Student Nurse : I stay at dormitory but my permanent address
is on Jalan Cendrawasih No. 19, South Jakarta
Nurse : Well, may I have your telephone number?
Student Nurse : All right. My phone number is 7755444
Nurse : Oh! That’s easy phone number
Student Nurse : I am sorry, Madam. I have a class now.
Nurse : O.K. Thank you
Student Nurse : You are welcome. See you later.

Dialogue Model 2
Harun : Hello, Joe, it has not seen you long time, how are you?
Joe : Hi…… Harun, it has not seen you long time, too. I am fine.
Harun, Thank you, and how about you?
Harun : Oh….. I’m very well, thank you. By the way Joe, this is my
Friend, Dr. Jossie,
And Dr. Jossie, this is Joe, a General Practitioner.
Joe : Hello, Dr. Jossie, how do you do?
Jossie : Hello, Dr. Joe. How do you do?
Joe : How do you do, too. It’s glad to see you.
Jossie : It’s glad to see you, too.
Harun : Well Joe. We have to go to hospital. See you later, Joe.
Joe : Ok……..see you later, bye.

Dialogue Model 3
Mala : Hello……How do you do, My name is Mala
: May I know your name, please?
Ika : Of course. My name is Ika Lestari. You can call me Ika
Mala : Well. Ms. Ika, what do you do?
Ika : I’m a nurse
Mala : So am I. Where do you work?
Ika : I work in Honoris Hospital. So, how about you?
Mala : Oh, I’m in Hermina Hospital. And which wards do you
Work?
Ika : I am at Emergency Room.
Mala : I also work in Emergency Room.
Ika : Oh. We have the same job. Thank you, see you next time.
Mala : See you next time.
 B. Reading
Passage 1
Good morning. I would like to introduce myself. My complete name is Ida Ayu Nasution. My nickname is
Ayu and I’m a doctor. Then people in hospital call me “dr. Ayu”. My sure name is Nasution. I live in
Jakarta. I was born on November 20th, 1971 in Medan. In 1997, I graduated from the faculty of Medicine of
Indonesia University. I have been working in “Harapan Kita “ hospital. Every morning, I always go to that
hospital but I am never late. Sometimes, I ask, “Am I diligent”? That’s my introduction, thank you for
attention and good-bye.

Passage 2
Well, every body, let me introduce myself. I am Ela Maelasari. Everybody often calls me Ela and I am 19
years old. I am the first semester in Ngudi Waluyo Nursing Academy. My family and I live on Jalan
Cendana No.27 Central Jakarta but I stay at the dormitory. I am very happy because I can study the
English in Nursing. I like it so much because I want to go abroad as a professional nurse. Thank you, every
body.

C. Practice
Please, introduce yourself in front of the class!

D. WRITING

Write a description about your favorite person

Nurse Dewi is my favorite nurse, she cares all patients in the ward very carefully. She is a very good nurse. She
always speaks calmly and explains about the progress of patient diseases clearly, she is beautiful and smart. Every
morning, she always smiles and say hello to all patients in the ward. But sometime she is angry with patient when the
patient does not follow the instruction. She always controls all of patient’s condition. At 10 o’clock in the morning,
she often takes vital signs of patients. And sometime she gives us medicines to take. When she has night shift, she
always controls all patients in the ward in the middle of night. If there is something with her patient, she usually calls
and reports to doctor in charge at emergency room. Nurse Dewi lives in hospital dormitory. So she doesn’t need a
transportation to go to her dormitory. All patients in the ward like nurse Dewi very much.

E. Practice

Write a description about your favorite friend, person, or lecturer!

 Unit 2: Tenses

How to Understand 2. Components of the Sentence

How to understand the tenses by using 4 X 4 INDONESIA :S P O K

method? ____________________________________

1. METHOD: ENGLISH :S V C M
A. Pr B. Ps C. Pr F D. Ps F
S : Subject
1. ................ Tense V : Verb
2. ................ Continuous C : Complement
3. ................ Perfect M : Modifier
4. ................ Perfect continuous
3. Sentence
So, by multiply items above with below will
be; Based on VERB, sentence is devided into 2:
 Non Verbal, which the verb is not verb
A. Present tense  Verbal, in which the verb is verb, and is
Present Continuous devided into 2 sentences:
Present perfect a. Verbal active
Present perfect continuous b. Verbal passive

B. Past tense 4. Verb

Past continuous
Past perfect There are 2 verbs; regular and irregular verb
Past perfect continuous (see at appendix), both of them have 4
forms:
C. Present future tense
Present future continuous 1. V1 – Present
Present future perfect 2. V2 – Past
Present future perfect continuous 3. V3 – Past Participle
4. V4 – Present Participle
D. Past future tense
Past future continuous KINDS OF SENTENCES:
Past future perfect 1. S+V
Past future perfect continuous 2. S+V+C
3. S+V+C+M
4. M+S+V
5. M+S+V+C
6. S+V + conj.+ S+V
7. S+V + C+ conj. + M
8. etc.
A. PRESENT B. PAST
1. VERB TO BE 1. VERB TO BE
a. Present Tense: S + is/am/are + M a. Past Tense: S + was/were + M
Example: She is at home everyday Example: She was at home yesterday
b. Present Continuous: S + is/am/are + being + M b. Past Continuous: S + was/were + being + M
Example: She is being at home now Example: She was being at home
c. Present Perfect: S + has/have + been + M c. Past Perfect: S + had been + M
Example: She has been at home already Example: She had been at home
d. Present Perfect Continuous: S + has/have + been + M d. Past Perfect Continuous: S + had been + M
Example: She has been at home since twelve o’clock Example: She had been at home

2. VERBAL ACTIVE 2. VERBAL ACTIVE

a. Present Tense: S + V1/V1+s/es a. Past Tense: S + V2
Example: He works everyday Example: I worked yesterday
b. Present Continuous: S + is/am/are + V-ing b. Past Continuous: S + was/were + V-ing
Example: He is working Example: I was working yesterday
c. Present Perfect: S + has/have + V3 c. Past Perfect: S + had + V3
Example: He has worked for three hours Example: I had worked
d. Present Perfect Continuous: S + has/have been + Ving d. Past Perfect Continuous: S + had been + V-ing
Example: He has been working since four o’clock Example: I had been working

3. VERBAL PASSIVE 3. VERBAL PASSIVE

a. Present Tense: S + is/am/are + V3 a. Past Tense: S + was/were + V3
Example: Ballito is bitten by Julia Example: Ballito was bitten by Julia
b. Present Continuous: S + is/am/are + being + V3 b. Past Continuous: S + was/were + being + V3
Example: Ballito is being bitten by Julia Example: Ballito was being bitten by Julia
c. Present Perfect: S + has/have + been + V3 c. Past Perfect: S + had been + V3
Example: Ballito has been bitten by Julia Example: Ballito had been bitten by Julia
d. Present Pf Continuous: S + has/have + been being + V3 d. Past Perfect Continuous: S + had been being + V3
Example: Ballito has been being bitten by Julia Example: Ballito had been being bitten by Julia

SUBJECT PRESENT PAST PRESENT PAST

FUTURE FUTURE
Plural I am shall/will should/
We would
They are have do were
You
Its had did will would
Singular He
She is has does was
It
C. PRESENT FUTURE D. PAST FUTURE
1. NON VERBAL 1. NON VERBAL
a. Present Future Tense: S + shall/will + be + M a. Past Future Tense: S + should/would + be + M
Example: She will be at home tomorrow Example: She would be at home tomorrow
b. Pr Future Continuous: S + shall/will + be + being + M b. Past F Continuous: S + should/would + be being + M
i.g: She will be being at home at this time next week i.g: She would be being at home at this time next week
c. Present Future Perfect: S + shall/will + have been + M c. Past F Perfect: S + should/would + have been + M
Example: She will have been at home Example: She would have been at home
d. Pr F Pf Continuous: S + shall/will + have been + M d. Ps F Pf Continuous: S + should/would have been + M
Example: She will have been at home Example: She would have been at home

2. VERBAL ACTIVE 2. VERBAL ACTIVE

a. Present Future Tense: S + shall/will + V1 a. Past Future Tense: S + should/would + V1
Example: I will clean my room Example: I would clean my room
b. Present Future Continuous: S + shall/will be + V-ing b. Past Future Continuous: S + should/would be + V-ing
Example: I will be cleaning my room Example: I would be cleaning my room
c. Present Future Perfect: S + shall/will + have + V3 c. Past Future Perfect: S + should/would + have + V3
Example: I will have cleaned my room Example: I would have cleaned my room
d. Pr F Pf Continuous: S + shall/will have been + V-ing d. Ps F Pf Cont.: S + should/would + have been + V-ing
Example: I will have been cleaning my room Example: I would have been cleaning my room

3. VERBAL PASSIVE 3. VERBAL PASSIVE

a. Present Future Tense: S + shall/will be + V3 a. Past Future Tense: S + should/would be + V3
Example: Ballito will be bitten by Julia Example: Ballito would be bitten by Julia
b. Pr Future Continuous: S + shall/will be + being + V3 b. Past F Continuous: S + should/would be + being + V3
Example: Ballito will be being bitten by Julia Example: Ballito would be being bitten by Julia
c. Present Future Perfect: S + shall/will + have been + c. Past F Perfect: S + should/would + have been + V3
V3 Example: Ballito would have been bitten by Julia
Example: Ballito will have been bitten by Julia d. Ps F Pf Con: S + should/would + have been being +
d. Pr F Pf Cont: S + shall/will + have been being + V3 V3
Example: Ballito will have been being bitten by Julia Example: Ballito would have been being bitten by Julia

CAN

Present: CAN
Example: I can swim very well
Past: COULD
Example: I could swim very well
Future: SHALL BE ABLE TO
Example: I shall not be able to swim tomorrow

MAY
MUST
Present: MAY
Present: MUST Example: I may go to the cinema.
Example: I must go now Past: WAS/WERE ALLOWED TO
Past: HAD TO Example: Last week we were not allowed to play
Example: Yesterday I had to do much work. football.
Future: SHALL HAVE TO Future: SHALL BE ALLOWED TO
Example: Next week I shall have to go to Bandung. Example: Next Saturday they will not be allowed to
swim.
 PRESENT USING EXAMPLE ADVERB
Present Tense It is used to indicate a Harun always swims in always, usually,
regular time or habitual the evening. generally, often,
action sometimes, seldom,
never, as a rule,
frequently, nowadays,
here, there, habitually,
every, (occasionally,
once in a while, on and
off, now and then)

Present It is used to indicate I am reading a magazine when, now, right now,

Continuous present time (now). now at present, at this
moment, to day, look!,
listen, still, soon, this
(morning, afternoon,
evening, weekend,
holiday), next (week,
month, year),
tomorrow, tonight.
Present Perfect It is used to indicate: a. Wahab has traveled already, just, yet (-), as
around the world. (We yet, so far, up to the
a. An action that don’t know when.) present time, lately,
happened at an ever
indefinite time in the b. Wahab has seen this (?), never, once, twice,
past. movie three times. many times, several
times, this week, this
b. An action that month, this year.
happened more than
c. Wahab has lived in the
once in the past. same house for twenty
years. (He still lives
c. An action that began there.)
in the past and still or
occurring in the present. Wahab has lived in the
same house since 1965.
(He still lives there.)
Present Perfect It is used to indicate Wahab has been living in for, since, long, how
Continuous that the same house for long, the whole day, all
an action that began in twenty years. = Wahab the morning.
the past and still has lived in the same
occurring in the present. house for twenty years.
(not yet completed)
 PAST USING EXAMPLE ADVERB
Past Tense It is used for a completed Basit bought a new Yesterday, the day
action that happened at one bicycle yesterday before, ago, the other
specific time in the past. day, last …, in 1971,
The italicized words are so, lately, when I was
important because they
show that simple past is not
same as past continuous or
present perfect.

Pasr It is used to indicate: a. Martha was watching … while …, … as …,

Continuous television when Merry …when …, all day
a. An action which was came home. yesterday, the whole
occurring in the past and day yesterday, at 5
was interrupted by another b. Martha was watching o’clock
action. television while John was
reading a book. yesterday.
b. Two actions occurring at c. Martha was watching
the same time in the past. television at seven
o’clock last night.
c. An action which was
occurring at some specific
time in the past.
Past Perfect It is used to indicate a state Abu had lived in New by the end of, before,
which continued for a time York for ten years before after, as soon as, until.
in the past, but stopped he moved to California.
before now. This is similar
to rule for present perfect,
but in this case, there is no
connection with the
present.

Past Perfect For Past Perfect, we can Abu had been living in When
Continuous also use the Past Perfect New York for ten years
Continuous. So, it is used a before he moved to
state which continued for a California.
time in the past, but
stopped before now.
 PRESENT USING EXAMPLE ADVERB
FUTURE
Present Future It is used to indicate:
Tense
a. An action will be done in a. He will post the letter.
the future.

b. To make an agreement in b. I shall come at your

the future. house tomorrow.

c. To show the conditional. c. Ani will come if I

invite her.
d. To request someone to d. Will you help me to
do something. get the book
Present Future It is used to indicate that an I shall be working at nine at this time tomorrow,
Continuous action will be taking place. o’clock tomorrow at 10 o’clock
morning. tomorrow, at the same
time tomorrow.
Present Future It is used to indicate that an I shall have read seven of by the end of, before,
Perfect action in the past and Muhammad Profet by next, by now, after,
immediately finish in the stories by the end of this as soon as, until.
future. year.

Present Future It is used same as Future By Eid Mubarok I shall by the end of …..
Perfect Perfect but the action is have been working in this
Continuous possibility to be continued office for ten years.
in the future.

PAST FUTURE USING EXAMPLE ADVERB

Past Future It is used to indicate: a. I should go to Malang the Past Future if Simple Past
Tense next day.
a. An action that will be done
in the past. b. He would come if you
asked him.
b. An action that will be met if
the conditional is real in the
past.
Past Future It is used to indicate an action I should be having an at 10 o’clock yesterday,
Continuous that will be doing in the past. examination at this time the on December last year.
following day.
Past Future It is used to indicate a He would have graduated if Past Future Perfect if
Perfect conditional if that it he had studied hard. Past Perfect
impossible occurs because of
unreal conditional, but as
image only if real condition in
the past, so the result will
……
Past Future It is used same as Present By last Eid Mubarak I By the end of this month
Perfect Future Perfect Continuous but should have been working
Continuous in the past in that office for ten years.
 QUESTION ANALYSIS

PASSAGE 1 : SUBJECTS DAN VERBS

Secara umum, kalimat dalam Bahasa Inggris seharusnya mempunyai Satu Subjek dan Satu Kata Kerja.
Pertanyaan yang sering muncul dalam soal-soal yaitu dihilangkannya subjek atau kata kerja atau
kedua-duanya. Kadang-kadang kalimat dalam soal suka menambahkan subjek atau kata kerja yang
tidak perlu.

- Dalam kalimat Bahasa Inggris sedikitnya mempunyai 1 SUBJEK dan 1 KATA KERJA
- Mencari Subjek dan Kata Kerja dalam kalimat

Contoh:
_________was ringing continuously for hours
(A). Loudly (C). The phone
(B). In the morning (D). The bells

Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari SUBJEK dan K. KERJA
Teridentifikasi terdapat 1 Kata Kerja dan bersifat tunggal yaitu was. Maka diperlukan subjek untuk
melengkapi pertanyaan tersebut.
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
(A) bukan merupakan subjek
(B) bukan merupakan subjek
(C) merupakan subjek bersifat tunggal
(D) merupakan subjek bersifat jamak (banyak / lebih dari satu)
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa The Phone merupakan jawaban yang
benar karena k.kerja dalam soal bersifat tunggal, maka subjek harus bersifat tunggal pula.

PASSAGE 2: OBJECT OF PREPOSITION

- Object of Preposition yaitu suatu kata yang mengikuti kata benda atau kata sifat
- JIKA SUATU KATA/KALIMAT MERUPAKAN OBJECT OF PREPOSITION, MAKA
KATA/KALIMAT TERSEBUT BUKAN MERUPAKAN SUBJEK

DAFTAR KATA DEPAN

(PREPOSITION)
About before for An under
across behind from outside unlike
after beside in over until
against betwen inside past Up
along beyond into since upon
among by like through versus
around despite near throughout with
as down of to within
at during off toward without

Contoh
To Mike _______ was a big surprise
(A). really (C). funny
(B). the party (D). when

Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. DON’T FORGET....FIND SUBJECT AND VERB.
Diidentifikasi hanya terdapat kata kerja dalam kalimat tersebut yaitu was. Mike bukan suatu subjek
karena sebelum kata
Mike terdapat OBJECT OF PREPOSITION “to”.
2. Menganalisa jawaban
(A) bukan subjek
(B) merupakan subjek
(C) bukan subjek
(D) merupakan kata penghubung
Jawaban yang benar yaitu (B) the party lebih tepat karena merupakan suatu subjek.

Latihan:
1. Mark Twain .............. they years after the Civil War the “Gilded Age.”
(A) Called
(B) Calling
(C) He called
(D) His calls
2. Early ............ toes instead of hooves on their feet.
(A) Horses
(B) Had horses
(C) Horses had
(D) Horses having
3. ........ grow close to the ground in the short arctic summer.
(A) Above tundra plants
(B) Tundra plants
(C) Tundra plants are found
(D) For tundra plants
4. In 1867, ....... Alaska from the Russians for $7.2 million.
(A) Purchased the United States
(B) To purchase the United States
(C) The United States’ purchase of
(D) The United States purchased
5. Between 1725 and 1750, New England witnessed an increase in the specialization of ........
(A) Occupations
(B) Occupies
(C) They occupied
(D) It occupied them
6. The large carotid artery ........ to the main parts of the brain.
(A) carrying blood
(B) Blood is carried
(C) carries blood
(D) Blood carries
7. ....... Radio as the first practical system of wireless telegraphy
(A) Marconi’s development
(B) the development by Marconi
(C) Developing Marconi
(D) Marconi Developed
8. In 1975, the first successful space probe to ........ beginning to send information back to Earth.
(A) Venus
(B) Venus the
(C) Venus was
(D) Venus it was
9. The two biggest resort ....... Arkansas are Hot springs and Eureka springs.
(A) in
(B) Town in
(C) Town are
(D) Town are in
10. NASA’s Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center ............ control center for the Mercury, Gemini, and
Apollo space flights.
(A) it was at the
(B) it was the
(C) was the
(D) the

Answer
Soal nomor 1
Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari Subjek dan K. Kerja
Teridentifikasi terdapat 1 subjek MARK TWAIN dan tidak ada K. Kerja. Maka diperlukan K.
Kerja untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut.
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
(A) Merupakan K. kerja dalam bentuk simple past tense
(B) Merupakan K. kerja +ing, membutuhkan to be untuk menjadi K. kerja utama
(C) Merupakan kalimat (terdapat subjek dan K kerja)
(D) bukan merupakan K. kerja
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan jawaban (A) CALLED merupakan jawaban
yang benar yang bisa melengkapi kalimat.

Soal nomor 2
Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari Subjek dan K. Kerja
Teridentifikasi tidak terdapat Subjek dan K. Kerja. Hanya terdapat keterangan waktu EARLY dan
objek yaitu TOES. Diperlukan Subjek dan K. Kerja untuk melangkapi kalimat tersebut
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
(A) Merupakan Subjek
(B) Merupakan K. kerja dalam bentuk past perfect tense
(C) Merupakan Subjek (HORSE) + verb (HAD)
(D) Merupakan K. benda + K. kerja (-ing) membutuhkan to beuntuk menjadi K. kerja utama
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan jawaban (C) HORSES HAD merupakan
jawaban yang benar yang bisa melengkapi kalimat.

Soal nomor 3
Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari Subjek dan K. Kerja
Teridentifikasi terdapat K. Kerja (GROW). Diperlukan Subjek untuk melangkapi kalimat tersebut
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
(A) Merupakan object of preposisi (above) sehingga bukan merupakan subjek
(B) Merupakan subjek
 (C) Merupakan kalimat karena terdapat subjek dan K. Kerja
(D) Merupakan object of preposisi (for) sehingga bukan merupakan subjek
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan jawaban (B) TUNDRA PLANTS merupakan
Jawaban yang benar yang bisa melengkapi kalimat.

Soal nomor 4
Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari Subjek dan K. Kerja
Teridentifikasi tidak terdapat Subjek dan K. Kerja. Hanya terdapat keterangan waktu IN 1867 dan
objek yaitu ALASKA. Diperlukan Subjek dan K. Kerja untuk melangkapi kalimat tersebut
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
(A) Merupakan prase dengan past participial
(B) Merupakan prase dengan infinitive
(C) Merupakan prase
(D) Merupakan Subjek (The United States) dan K. Kerja (purchased)
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan jawaban (D) The United States purchased
merupakan jawaban yang benar yang bisa melengkapi kalimat.

Soal nomor 5
Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari Subjek dan K. Kerja
Teridentifikasi kalimat tesebut terdapat subjek dan K. Kerja. Diperlukan objek untuk preposisi
OF yang merupakan K. benda untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
(A) Merupakan K. benda
(B) Merupakan K. kerja (untuk orang ketiga tunggal)
(C) Merupakan kalimat
(D) Merupakan kalimat
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan jawaban (A) OCCUPATIONS merupakan
jawaban yang benar yang bisa melengkapi kalimat.

Soal nomor 6
Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari Subjek dan K. Kerja
Teridentifikasi kalimat tesebut terdapat subjek dalam bentuk tunggal (THE LARGE CAROTID
ARTERY). Diperlukan K. Kerja untuk melengkapi kalimat tesebut.
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
(A) Merupakan K. kerja (-ing) sehingga membutuhkan to beuntuk menjadi K. kerja utama + objek
(BLOOD)
(B) Merupakan kalimat
(C) Merupakan K. kerja untuk orang ketiga tunggal + objek (BLOOD)
(D) Merupakan kalimat
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan jawaban (C) CARRIES BLOOD merupakan
jawaban yang benar yang bisa melengkapi kalimat

Soal nomor 7
Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari Subjek dan K. Kerja
Teridentifikasi tidak terdapat Subjek dan K. Kerja. Hanya terdapat keterangan objek yaitu
RADIO. Diperlukan Subjek dan K. Kerja untuk melangkapi kalimat tersebut
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
 (A) tidak terdapat K. kerja
(B) tidak terdapat K. kerja
(C) Merupakan K. kerja (-ing). membutuhkan to be untuk menjadi K. kerja utama + K. benda
(D) Merupakan subjek dan K. Kerja
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan jawaban (D) MARCONI DEVELOPED
merupakan jawaban yang benar yang bisa melengkapi kalimat

Soal nomor 8
Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari Subjek, K. Kerja dan objek preposisi
Teridentifikasi terdapat kata depan (TO) sertakata kerja(BEGINNING). Dibutuhkan kata benda
sebagai objek dari preposisi (TO) serta dibutuhkan pula to be untuk melengkapi kata kerja
(beginning) agar menjadi kalimat continuous.
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
(A) Merupakan K. Benda
(B) Merupakan Kata benda + artikel
(C) Merupakan Kata benda + to be (was)
(D) Merupakan kata benda + kalimat
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan jawaban (C) VENUS WAS merupakan
jawaban yang benar yang bisa melengkapi kalimat. Venus merupakan objek dari preposisi (TO)
sedangkan was melengkapi kalimat continuous untuk K. Kerja Beginning.

Soal nomor 9
Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari subjek dan K. Kerja
Teridentifikasi terdapat K. kerja (ARE) sedangkan subjek kalimat belum lengkap. ARE merupakan
kata kerja jamak, sedangkan RESORT dan ARKANSAS dalam bentuk tunggal. Sehingga
dibutuhkan kata benda dalam bentuk jamak sebagai subjek untuk K. kerja jamak tersebut
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
(A) Merupakan preposisi
(B) Merupakan K. Benda jamak + preposisi
(C) Merupakan K. benda jamak + K. Kerja
(D) Merupakan K. benda jamak + K. Kerja + preposisi
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan jawaban (B) TOWNS IN merupakan jawaban
yang benar yang bisa melengkapi kalimat. IN digunakan sebagai preoposition untuk kata benda
ARKANSAS. Jawaban C dan D salah karena didalamnya terdapat K Kerja sedangkan dalam kalimat
tersebut sudah terdapat K. Kerja.

Soal nomor 10
Langkah-langkah menjawab:
1. Mencari subjek dan K. Kerja
Teridentifikasi terdapat subjek (NASA’S LYNDON B JOHNSON SPACE CENTER) tetapi tidak
terdapat kata kerja. Maka dibutuhkan K. Kerja untuk melengkapi kalimat tersebut.
2. Menganalisa Jawaban
(A) Merupakan kalimat
(B) Merupakan kalimat
(C) Merupakan K. Kerja + artikel
(D) Merupakan artikel
Dari analisa jawaban tersebut, maka dapat disimpulkan jawaban (C) WAS THE merupakan jawaban
yang benar yang bisa melengkapi kalimat. Jawaban A dan B tidak tepat karena didalamnya terdapat
subjek (IT) sedangkan dalam kalimat tersebut sudah terdapat subjek.
NAMA : ....................................

A. PRESENT B. PAST

1. NON VERBAL 1. NON VERBAL

a. Present Tense a. Past Tense
Formula: ………………………… Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
b. Present Continuous b. Past Continuous
Formula: ………………………… Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: ………………………….
c. Present Perfect c. Past Perfect
Formula: ………………………… Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
d. Present Perfect Continuous d. Past Perfect Continuous
Formula: ………………………… Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………

2. VERBAL ACTIVE 2. VERBAL ACTIVE

a. Present Tense a. Past Tense
Formula: ………………………… Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
b. Present Continuous b. Past Continuous
Formula: ………………………… Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: ………………………….
c. Present Perfect c. Past Perfect
Formula: ………………………… Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
d. Present Perfect Continuous d. Past Perfect Continuous
Formula: ………………………… Formula: …………………………
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………

3. VERBAL PASSIVE 3. VERBAL PASSIVE

a. Present Tense a. Past Tense
Formula: ………………………… Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
b. Present Continuous b. Past Continuous
Formula: ………………………… Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: ………………………….
c. Present Perfect c. Past Perfect
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
d. Present Perfect Continuous d. Past Perfect Continuous
Formula: ………………………… Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
C. PRESENT FUTURE D. PAST FUTURE

1. NON VERBAL 1. NON VERBAL

a. Present FutureTense a. Past Future Tense
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
b. Present Future Continuous b. Past Future Continuous
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: …………………………. Example: ………………………….
c. Present Future Perfect c. Past Future Perfect
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
d. Present Future Perfect Continuous d. Past Future Perfect Continuous
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………

2. VERBAL ACTIVE 2. VERBAL ACTIVE

a. Present Future Tense a. Past Future Tense
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
b. Present Future Continuous b. Past Future Continuous
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: …………………………. Example: ………………………….
c. Present Future Perfect c. Past Future Perfect
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
d. Present Future Perfect Continuous d. Past Future Perfect Continuous
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………

3. VERBAL PASSIVE 3. VERBAL PASSIVE

a. Present Future Tense a. Past Future Tense
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
b. Present Future Continuous b. Past Future Continuous
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: …………………………. Example: ………………………….
c. Present Future Perfect c. Past Future Perfect
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
d. Present Future Perfect Continuous d. Past Future Perfect Continuous
Formula: …………………………. Formula: ………………………….
Example: ………………………… Example: …………………………
 Unit 3. Vital Signs

A. CONVERSATION
Dialogue Model 1
Doctor : Nurse Diana, would you like to take the child’s vital Signs?
Nurse Diana : Of course, doctor. Wait a minute, please. I’ll take the data
involving the temperature = 39º Centigrade, the respiratory rate
= 22 breaths/min, the pulse = 95 beats/min and the
blood pressure = 100/70 mmHg (millimeter of mercury).
Doctor : Thank you and how old is he?
Nurse Diana : According to health status card, he is 4 years old. So, what
nursing action should I do, doctor?
Doctor : Firstly, please give compress to decrease his high body
temperature. Don’t forget to monitor intake and output in this
afternoon. Please, report me the child’s condition.
Nurse Diana : Thank you, doctor I’ll go to the patients’ room.
Doctor : You are welcome.

Dialogue Model 2
Nurse Diana : Good afternoon doctor, I want to report the patient’s
condition who came this morning.
Doctor : O.K. Tell me now.
Nurse Diana : An hour ago, I took his vital signs including: T = 38.5º C,
BP = 100/70 mmHg, RR = 22 breaths/min, and P = 90 bpm.
He looked so pale and his skin was dry. Not only
he looked pale but also he looked blue in his skin.
He passed water normally but he often passed stool.
For ten hours, he had bowel movement 6 times.
Doctor : What about the character of feces?
Nurse Diana : The feces is liquid without blood
Doctor : What is total of fluid lost?
Nurse Diana : About 1500 ml and total intake today is 1000 ml.
What should I do doctor?
Doctor : Apply infusion the ringer lactate with 15 drops a minute.
Nurse Diana : All right, doctor. Thank you.
Doctor : You are welcome

B. READING
1.) Temperature is measured in degrees Fahrenheit in the U.S. In indonesia in degrees centigrade.
Elevated temperature, or fever, is a good indicator that your patient has some kind of infection. This is
a very helpful finding and will quickly point you in the direction of your diagnosis. Low temperature,
or hypothermia, means temperature below 97 degrees. This is usually due to exposure to the cold.
Severe hypothermia, below 92 degrees, can be life threatening.

2.) Pulse. The pulse rate tells you how fast your patient’s heart is pumping, measured in beats per
minute. Normal resting pulse can vary from 60 to 90 in an adult and up to 140 in a baby. The younger
your patient, the faster the pulse. The pulse may change in moments as your patient’s condition
changes.
 A fast heartbeat, tachycardia, means some kind of stress on your patient. This may be simply
due to fear, anxiety, or pain. Physical exertion will elevate the pulse. But a rapid pulse is usually a very
important finding and should not be ignored. It can also be caused by fever and infection, low blood
pressure, internal or external bleeding, dehydration, low blood sugar, low oxygen level associated with
breathing problems, heart problems and many more. In a healthy person, especially a child, the pulse
will rise before the blood pressure drops as the heart tries to compensate for low blood volume,
whatever the reason.
Slow heartbeat, or bradycardia, is found in trained athletes, and can be caused by some
medications as well. A pulse slower than 60 beats per minute is considered abnormal. It may be a very
serious sign that your patient’s heart is not working well and is about to stop. This may be due to
damage to the heart itself, as with a heart attack, or to very low oxygen levels, toxicity from an
overdose, or hypothermia. A severe head injury will cause bradycardia as well. This is a very grave
finding and requires immediate attention.

3.) Blood Pressure. Blood Pressure is the measurement of the actual pressure of the blood within the
arteries. It is measured in millimeters of mercury. It is expressed in two numbers, the first, or systolic,
being the highest pressure that the blood reaches in the instant immediately after the heart pumps, and
the second, or diastolic, being the lowest pressure that occurs just before the next heartbeat. Your
patient’s blood pressure is very important. Normal may vary from 80/50 in a young child to 130/80 in
an adult. It changes from moment to moment.
High blood pressure may be caused by fear, anxiety or pain. It can also be caused by toxins,
primarily stimulants such as cocaine or various kinds of “speed”. High blood pressure can also indicate
a severe head injury, particularly in an unconscious patient, or it may be a sign of chronic
hypertension, a disease in which the patient’s blood pressure remains high for months or years,
putting the patient at risk for heart disease, strokes and kidney disease.
Low blood pressure may be found in trained athletes, but is also a sign of bleeding, dehydration,
shock or toxicity from certain drugs or medications. Sepsis a state of severe infection in which
bacteria are circulating in the blood will cause low blood pressure as well. Low blood pressure is
similar to bradycardia in that it is usually a danger signal that should be attended to immediately.

4.) Respiratory Rate. Respiratory Rate measures how fast the patient is breathing, in breaths per
minute. Normal ranges from 30 breaths per minute in a baby to 8 in a normal resting adult.
Rapid breathing, tachypnea, may also be caused by fear, anxiety, pain and fever, but it is more
importantly sign of a low oxygen level in the blood due to respiratory problems such as asthma,
pneumonia or emphysema. Heart problems can cause rapid breathing as well, such as congestive heart
failure in which the heart cannot adequately pump the blood and it begins to back up in the lungs.
Slow breathing, bradypnea, is never normal and usually signifies a decreased level of
consciousness in which the brain is no longer telling the lungs to breathe properly. This may be due to
an overdose with some kind of narcotic or tranquilizer, a severe stroke, or a serious head injury.

C. COMMON QUESTION IN VITAL SIGNS

1. What are vital signs?

Vital signs are measurements of the body's basic functions. The four main vital signs routinely
monitored by medical professionals and health care providers include the following: Body
temperature. Pulse rate. Respiratory rate and Blood pressure.

2. What are the importance of vital signs?

Vital signs are an important component of patient care. They determine which treatment protocols to
follow, provide critical information needed to make life-saving decisions, and confirm feedback on
treatments performed.

3. What are some factors that affect vital signs?

Several factors can cause changes in one or more of the vital signs: age, gender, heredity, race,
lifestyle, environment, medications, pain, and other factors such as exercise and metabolism, anxiety
and stress, postural In the elderly, the efficiency of thermoregulation is reduced by the physiological
changes of aging

4. When Should vital signs be taken?

If abnormal, every 30 minutes until evaluated by a physician. If initial vital signs are normal,
subsequent vital signs should be taken every four hours for the first 24 hours after admission. After the
first 24 hours if vital signs are stable and within normal limits, every six hours thereafter
(Bunkenborg).

5. What is the purpose of checking vital signs?

Vital signs include the measurement of: temperature, respiratory rate, pulse, blood pressure and, where
appropriate, blood oxygen saturation. These numbers provide critical information (hence the name
"vital") about a patient's state of health)

6. Why do we need to know how do you evaluate vital signs of the patient?
Taking vital signs on every patient visit can be vital to the health of your patient. Vital signs include
body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate and respiration rate. Vital signs give you a baseline when
a patient is healthy to compare to the patient's condition when they aren't healthy.

7. How does pain affect vital signs?

The four major vital signs are temperature, pulse, respiration and blood pressure. These vital signs can
be affected by pain in several ways. For example, a normal response to pain is an increase in heart rate,
breathing rate and blood pressure. One way to control pain is through medication.

1. Temperature

1. How does the hypothalamus detect body temperature?

The hypothalamus also has temperature receptor cells which detect changes in the temperature of the
blood flowing through the brain. If the temperature is above or below 37°C, the hypothalamus sends
electrical nerve impulses to effectors , which are mainly found in the skin.

2. What is a dangerous high body temperature?

Fevers with infections don't cause brain damage. Only temperatures above 108° F (42° C) can cause
brain damage. It's very rare for the body temperature to climb this high. It only happens if the
air temperature is very high.

3. What hormone controls body temp?

The thyroid hormone, an endocrine gland just above the collarbone, produces hormones to
regulate functions such as heartbeat and metabolism. The gland also controls your body temperature.
When the body makes too much thyroid hormone, bodytemperature rises.
4. Can a fever kill you?
Mild or moderate states of fever (up to 105 °F [40.55 °C]) cause weakness or exhaustion but are not in
themselves a serious threat to health. More serious fevers, in which body temperatures rise to 108 °F
(42.22 °C) or more, can result in convulsions and death.

2. Heart Rate

1. What is considered a dangerously high heart rate?

Tachycardia refers to a fast resting heart rate, usually over 100 beats per minute. Tachycardia can
be dangerous, depending on its underlying cause and on how hard the heart has to work.

2. What causes rapid heartbeat at rest?

Tachycardia occurs when an abnormality in the heart produces rapid electrical signals that quicken
the heart rate, which is normally about 60 to 100 beats a minute at rest. In some cases, tachycardia
may cause no symptoms or complications.

3. Does anxiety cause increased heart rate?

A normal heart rate is 60 to 100 beats per minute. If you are experiencing fear,anxiety or stress,
your heart rate will increase. People who can feel their heartbeat, or flutter, may be experiencing
palpitations. This may be due to stress, anxiety, medications, or it may be a sign of a
serious heart condition

4. Why is my heart beating so fast all of a sudden?

Tachycardia occurs when your heart suddenly starts beating very fast. If it happens as a result of
exercise, excitement, or fever, it's usually not a cause for concern and doesn't need treatment.
Tachycardia is most common in children and young people, and is more common in women than men.

5. Does sugar make your heart race?

While this is going on, the body interprets this significant rise in sugar and energy as
the result of stress, and releases cortisol and epinephrine. These hormones cause the heart rate to
increase, which will in turn cause blood pressure to rise, and may induce sweating.

6. Can low blood sugar cause increased heart rate?

Insufficient blood sugar levels can cause a rapid heartbeat and heart palpitations. It happens when you
experience low blood sugar so often that it changes your body's response to it. Normally, low blood
sugar causes your body to release stress hormones, such as epinephrine.

3. Blood Pressure

1. What time of day is blood pressure highest?

Blood pressure is normally lower at night while you're sleeping. Your blood pressure starts to rise a
few hours before you wake up. Your blood pressure continues to rise during the day, usually peaking
in the middle of the afternoon. Then in the late afternoon and evening, your blood pressure begins
dropping again.

2. Is blood pressure a good indicator of health?

A. Blood pressure is important because the higher your blood pressure is, the higher your risk
of health problems in the future. If your blood pressure is high, it is putting extra strain on your arteries
and on your heart. This may also cause a heart attack or stroke.

3. In which position sitting lying down or standing is the blood pressure normally the highest?
It is widely accepted that diastolic pressures while sitting are higher than when a patient is supine by as
much as 5 mmHg. When the arm is at the level of the heart, systolic pressure can be 8 mmHg higher,
such as when a patient is in the supine position rather than sitting.

4. Which arm is more accurate for taking blood pressure?

Roll up the sleeve on your left arm or remove any tight-sleeved clothing, if needed. (It's best to take
blood pressure from the left arm, if possible.) Rest in a chair next to a table for five to 10 minutes.
(Your left arm should rest comfortably at heart level.)

5. Why is my blood pressure higher in my right arm than my left?

People who repeatedly have a difference of 10 to 15 mm Hg for systolic pressure are more likely to
have vascular disease. A large difference in blood pressure measurement between your arms may be a
sign of a health problem, such as: Blocked arteries in your arms (peripheral artery disease)

4. Respiratory Rate

1. What is a normal respiration rate?

Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken per minute. The normal respiratory rate for adults is 12
to 16 breaths per minute.

2. How many breaths per minute is dangerous?

In adults, the cut-off is usually considered a rate over 20 breaths per minute, with a rate of over
24 breaths per minute indicating a very serious condition (when it is related to a physical condition
rather than a psychological condition such as a panic attack).

3. What happens if respiratory rate is too high?

Excessive breathing creates a low level of carbon dioxide in your blood. This causes many of the
symptoms of hyperventilation. You may hyperventilate from an emotional cause such as during a
panic attack. When you're overbreathing, you might not be aware you're breathing fast and deep.

4. What causes an increase in respiratory rate?

Anxiety can be a cause of high respiration. Common causes of high respiration include:
Respiratory diseases: Various lung diseases, such as asthma, pneumonia, and COPD, diabetic
ketoacidosis, heart failure and anxiety.

5. Why does respiratory rate increase with fever?

Fever causes an increase in the heart rate, breathing rate and blood circulation to the skin. This is how
the body tries to reduce the heat caused by fever. The symptoms of fever can include: Feeling and/or
looking unwell.

6. What is the relationship between temperature and respiration rate?

When temperature increases, rate of respiration increases as well because the heat speeds up the
reactions which means kinetic energy is higher. This means reactions speed up and rate of
cellular respiration increases. When temperature decreases, in order to conserve energy, cellular
processes slow down.

7. How do you measure respiratory rate?

The respiration rate is the number of breaths a person takes per minute. The rate is
usually measured when a person is at rest and simply involves counting the number of breaths for one
minute by counting how many times the chest rises.

8. What is the relationship between heart rate and breathing rate?

Your heart rate is actually tied in to your breathing rate in a phenomenon called "respiratory sinus
arrythmia (RSA)". When you normally breathe in (inhalation), your heart rate increases slightly and
then decreases again when you breathe out (exhalation).

9. How does tachypnea occur?

Tachypnea can be caused by two primary physiological processes: An imbalance between the
respiratory gasses in the body: A low oxygen level in the blood (hypoxemia) or an increased level of
carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia) can cause tachypnea.

10. What does cause tachypnea?

Causes. Tachypnea can be caused by a number of conditions. Chronic conditions like asthma, lung
disease, anxiety, or obesity can lead to tachypnea. It may also be caused by acute conditions like
pulmonary embolism (blood clots in lungs), choking, heart failure, shock, or heatstroke.

11. Why does infection cause tachypnea?

Tachypnea is a medical term that refers to fast, shallow breathing. A lack of oxygen or too much
carbon dioxide in the body is a common cause. Children may gettachypnea when a viral
respiratory infection causes fever or wheezing. Bronchitis and asthma can also cause tachypnea in
children.

.
 Unit 4: The Cardiovascular System
A. ANATOMY

Figure 2. The Cardiovascular System

Source: Bickley, 2008
B. CONVERSATION
Lecturer : Good morning student and how are you?
Student : Good morning sir. We are fine.
Lecturer : Well, we come to new topic today. And I’d like to talk about heart and its system. It
often called cardiovascular system. Is there any student here knows about heart?
Tony : Yes sir. I am Tony. Heart is one part of the inside human anatomy. It is vital organ
in our body.
Lecturer : Okay, you have talked about anatomy. Do you know the anatomy of heart?
Tony : Heart consist of three layers; Pericardium, Myocardium, and endocardium.
The pericardium is the outer layer, while the myocardium is the middle layer, and
endocardium is the inner layer.
Dony : What about chamber sir?
Lecturer : All right. The heart is divided into two chambers, left and right. Each chamber
consist of atrium and ventricle. There are two atriums, right and left and two
ventricles. OK. Now Jane what do you know about valves?
Jane : So far as I know, valves are strong membranous openings that provide one way of
blood flow. Atrioventricular valves prevent back low of blood from ventricles to
atrium during systole. The valve that is located in the right side is called tricuspid
and the left side named mitral. Other vales
are called semilunar valves. Their function is to prevent back flow from aorta and
pulmonary valves. Their function is to prevent back flow from aorta and pulmonary
arteries into the ventricle during diastole.
Lecturer : Very good explanation. Thank you. Anyway, I hope you discuss arteries, veins,
pulse and their functions. OK. Make a group consisting of four or five students.
You can start now, please
C. READING

Only the size of a fist, the heart is an extraordinary muscular organ that beats continuously at a rate of
42 million times a year. The four chambers of the heart are the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium
left ventricle. The right atrium and the right ventricle receive deoxygenated blood from the body. From
here blood is pumped into the lungs to be oxygenated. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium and left
ventricle where it is pumped out to the body. Vascularization of cardiac tissues is by way of coronary
arteries and cardiac veins on the heart’s surface.

There are two blood circulation in the heart

1. The Pulmonary Circulation
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body. From here blood is pumped into the right
ventricle via the tricuspid valve that continuous into the lungs to be oxygenated through the pulmonary
semilunar valve and the right and left pulmonary artery. In the lungs gas exchange take place, then the
oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium via the right and left pulmonary veins.

2. The Systemic Circulation

Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium and is pumped to the left ventricle via bicuspid
valve and then the blood is pumped out to the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve. The aorta has
many arterial branches that feed all areas of the body. Deoxygenated blood from the capillaries travels
into progressively larger vessels, called veins. The blood is eventually drain into the superior and
inferior vena cava and enters the right atrium and ventricle. Deoxygenated blood is then pumped
through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where the blood will be re-oxygenated and the cycle
repeated.

D. Match the structure in the first column to its description in the second column

Structure Description
1. Myocardium …………………... a. Valve between right atrium and right
2. Endocardium …………………... ventricle
3. Pericardial space ………………. b. Pacemaker of heart at rate of 60-100
4. Right atrium …………………… beats/min
5. Left atrium …………………….. c. Pumps blood to the systemic circulation
6. Sinoatrial node ………………… d. Paces heart at 40-60 beats/min
7. Right ventricle ………………… e. Space between parietal and visceral layer
8. Left ventricle ………………….. f. Muscle layer of heart
9. Tricuspid valve ………………... g. Smooth inner layer of heart
10. Jugular ………………………… h. Pumps blood to pulmonary circulation
11. Aortic valve …………………… i. Major vein of head
12. Mitral valve …………………… j. Major artery that provides blood supply to
13. Carotid artery …………………. head
14. Pulmonic valve ………………... k. Valve between right ventricle and pulmonary
15. Atrioventricular node ………….. artery
l. Valve between left ventricle and aorta
m. Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary
veins
n. Valve between left atrium and left ventricle
o. Receives blood from superior and inferior
vena cava

Answer
FGEOM BHCAI LNJKD
 E. Match the heart sound in the first column to its description in the second column

Heart Sounds Description

1. S1 ………………………………. a. S1, S2, S3, S4
2. S2 ……………………………… b. High – pitched systolic sound occurring
3. S3 ………………………………. when aortic or pulmonic valves open;
4. S4 ……………………………… associated with mitral valve prolapse
5. Ejection click ………………….. c. High-pitched sound occurring when mitral
6. Opening snap …………………. and tricuspid valves close
7. Split S1 ………………………… d. Sound created by turbulent flow
8. Split S2 ………………………… e. Each component of S1 is heard
9. Murmur ……………………….. f. Each component of S2 is heard
10. Quadruple rhythm …………….. g. High-pitched sound occurring when aortic and
pulmonic valve close
h. Low-pitched early diastolic sound that is sign
of “distressed” heart; heard with congestive
heart failure
i. Low-pitched late diastolic sound that is sign of
“stressed” heart; often heard with HTN.
j. High–pitched diastolic sound occurring
when mitral or tricuspid valves open

Answer
CGHIB JEFDA

F. COMMON QUESTION IN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

1. What is cardiovascular systems?

The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the blood-vascular, or simply the circulatory, system. It consists of
the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries.

2. What are the 3 main functions of the heart?

The human heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body via the circulatory system, supplying oxygen
and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes.2

3. What are the 4 main functions of blood?

It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many
different functions, including: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues. forming blood clots to
prevent excess blood loss

4. Why the cardiovascular system is important?

Importance of the Cardiovascular System. The two main roles of thecardiovascular system include the transportation
of oxygen, blood cells, water and nutrients around the body to cells and transporting and removing waste.
Thecardiovascular system also protects the body from infection and distributes heat accordingly.

5. What are the 5 Major blood vessels?

There are five main types of blood vessels: arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. Arteries
carry blood away from the heart to other organs. They can vary in size. The largest arteries have special elastic
fibres in their walls.

6. What is the smallest blood vessel?

Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels. Metarterioles, a vessel that links arterioles and capillaries. Venules, a blood
vessel that allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins.

7. What are the four functions of the circulatory system?

- Transportation of nutrients, gases and waste products.
- Protection from infection and blood loss.
- Maintenance of constant body temperature (thermoregulation)
- Maintaining fluid balance within the body.

8. What are the 4 main functions of blood?

- Transports gases, nutrients, waste, cells and hormones throughout the body.
- Transports O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, heat and wastes.
- Regulates pH, temperature, water content of cells.
- Protects against blood loss through clotting.

9. What are the 3 main functions of blood?

Blood has three main functions: transport, protection and regulation. Blood transports the following substances:
Gases, namely oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the lungs and rest of the body. Nutrients from the
digestive tract and storage sites to the rest of the body.

10. What are the 7 types of blood cells?

They begin their life as stem cells, and they mature into three main types of cells— RBCs, WBCs, and platelets. In
turn, there are three types of WBC—lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes—and three main types of
granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils).

11. What are the 3 types of blood?

There are three types of living cells in blood: red blood cells (or erythrocytes), whiteblood cells (or leukocytes) and
platelets (or thrombocytes).

12. What is the largest blood vessel?

The largest blood vessel is called the aorta. It is an artery which contains muscular walls capable of pumping blood
containing oxygen away from the heart and directs its flow toward various tissues.

13. What is difference between WBC and RBC?

The main difference between red blood cells and white blood cells is in their respective functions. While red blood
cells are responsible for transport of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), white blood cells provide
defense mechanisms for fighting foreign microorganisms entering the human organis

14. What are the 3 types of circulation?

- Systemic (greater) circulation:
- Pulmonary (lesser) circulation:
- Portal circulation:

15. What is the smallest blood vessel?

Capillaries, the smallest blood vessels. Metarterioles, a vessel that links arteriolesand capillaries. Venules, a blood
vessel that allows deoxygenated blood to return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins.

16. Which is bigger RBC or WBC?

White Blood Cell (Leukocyte) White blood cells are made in the bone marrow and protect the body against
infection. White blood cells are bigger than red blood cells and normally are fewer in number. When a person has a
bacterial infection, the number of white cells can increase dramatically.
 Unit 5: The Respiratory System
A. ANATOMY

Figure 2: The Respiratory System

Source: Bickley 2008

B. READING
The respiratory system can be divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts. The upper respiratory tract
consists of the nasal and oral cavities, paranasal sinuses, the pharynx, and larynx. Tissues of the nasal and oral
cavities, and paranasal sinuses warm and moisten incoming air. The pharynx or throat, is a muscular tube where
the nasal and oral cavities open posteriorly. The epiglottis remains open during breathing, allowing air from the
pharynx into the larynx. Air passing through the larynx enters the lower respiratory tract via the trachea. The
trachea bifurcates, or splits, into the right and left bronchi. The bronchi enter the lung and continue to bifurcate
into smaller segments. The smallest, terminal structures of the respiratory system are the alveolar sacs. The
alveoli are tiny air sacs that allow for the re-oxygenation of the blood.

C. COMMON QUESTION IN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. What is the process of respiratory system?
Respiration is the set of events that results in the exchange of oxygen from the environment and carbon dioxide from
the body's cells. The process of taking air into the lungs is inspiration, or inhalation, and the process of breathing it
out is expiration, or exhalation.
2. What is the pathway air takes during inhalation?
Breathing In (Inhalation)
The intercostal muscles between your ribs also help enlarge the chest cavity. They contract to pull your rib cage both
upward and outward when you inhale. As your lungs expand, air is sucked in through your nose or mouth. The air
travels down your windpipe and into your lungs

3. What is the mechanism of respiration?

This is movement of air into and out of the lungs. Breathing supplies oxygen to the alveoli, and eliminates carbon
dioxide. The main muscles involved in breathing are the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm.

4. What are the 5 diseases of the respiratory system?

The Top 8 Respiratory Illnesses and Diseases
- Asthma.
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Chronic Bronchitis.
- Emphysema.
- Lung Cancer.
- Cystic Fibrosis/Bronchiectasis.
- Pneumonia.
- Pleural Effusion.

6. What is main function of respiratory system?

The human respiratory system is a series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.
The primary organs of the respiratory system are lungs, which carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe.

7. What are the 4 types of respiration?

Three types of respiration include internal, external, and cellular respiration. External respiration is the breathing
process. Internal respiration involves gas exchange between the blood and body cells. Cellular respiration involves
the conversion of food to energy.

8. How is the process of breathing?

When you breathe in, or inhale, your diaphragm contracts (tightens) and moves downward. This increases the space
in your chest cavity, into which your lungs expand. The intercostal muscles between your ribs also help enlarge the
chest cavity. They contract to pull your rib cage both upward and outward when you inhale.

9. What are the four processes of respiration?

They are:
- BREATHING or ventilation.
- EXTERNAL RESPIRATION, which is the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between
inhaled air and the blood.
- INTERNAL RESPIRATION, which is the exchange of gases between the blood and tissue fluids.
- CELLULAR RESPIRATION.

9. How do the cardiovascular and respiratory system work together?

The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to circulate blood and oxygen throughout the body. Air
moves in and out of the lungs through the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. Blood moves in and out of the lungs
through thepulmonary arteries and veins that connect to the heart.

10. How the skeletal and respiratory system work together?

The skeletal system is like a metal shield covering the body. This system helps therespiratory system by protecting
the lungs. The circulatory system is very useful. This system transports the food nutrients, and oxygen to the body
cells.
D. Match the structure in the first column to its specific function in the second column.

Structure Function
1. Nasal cavity …………………………. a. Prevents food from entering trachea
2. Pleura ………………………………... b. Primary muscle for breathing
3. Alveoli ………………………………. c. Warms and filters air
4. Diaphragm …………………………... d. Contains vocal cords
5. Epiglottis ……………………………. e. Protective lining of lung
6. Larynx ……………………………….. f. Functional unit of lung

Answer
CEF BAD

E. Match the breath sound in the first column to the description in the second column.

Breath Sound Description

1. Vesicular……………………………... a. Abnormal voice sound ”ee” to “aa”

2. Crackles ……………………………... b. High-pitched musical sound heard
3. Bronchial ……………………………. during acute asthmatic attack
4. Rhonchi ……………………………… c. Normal breath sound heard over
5. Bronchovesicular …………………… manubrium with equal respiratory
6. Wheezes …………………………….. phases
7. Egophony …………………………… d. “Popping” sound heard
8. Stridor ………………………………. predominately during inspiration;
9. Whispered pectoriloquy ……………. sign of congestive heart failure
10. Bronchophony ……………………… e. High-pitched inspiratory sound; sign
of upper airway
f. Abnormal voice sound, clearer
transmission of spoken voice sound
g. “Rattle” sound primarily heard on
expiration in upper airway resulting
from secretions
h. Abnormal voice sound, clearer
transmission of whispered voice
sound
i. Normal breath sound, with
inspiration less than expiration; heard
over trachea
j. Normal breath sound with inspiration
greater than expiration; heard in most
lung fields

Answer
JDIGC BAEHF
 UNIT 6: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
A. ANATOMY

Figure 8. The Digestive System

Source: The National Institute of Health, 2014

B. Reading
The Digestive System
The digestive system is specialized for the breakdown of food and absorption of its nutrients into the blood. The
digestive system can be divided into upper and lower portions. The upper digestive structures are the oral cavity,
teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, and the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands. These structures are
involved in taking food into the oral cavity, chewing and mixing food with saliva, then moving the food to the
stomach. The lower digestive tract includes the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, liver, and
gallbladder. The stomach uses acids and enzymes to break down food. Digested food, now called chyme, empties
into the duodenum. Nutrients are further digested by bile and pancreatic juices then absorbed into the blood.
Absorbed nutrients travel via the portal system to the liver where they are processed. Indigestible substances pass
into the colon where fluids are removed. The remaining materials, called feces, accumulate in the rectum and are
later expelled through the anus.

The Liver
The liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are accessory digestive organs. Each has a special part in the breakdown of
food. The liver is the largest internal organ of the body. It lies on the upper right side of the abdomen, just below
the diaphragm. The liver processes food for the body, cleans the blood of toxins, helps regulate sugar levels in the
blood, and produce bile. The gallbladder is located underneath the liver on the right side of the body. Bile from the
liver is stored here. The pancreas is located behind the stomach. It secretes pancreatic juice and insulin. As
digested food from the stomach enters the duodenum, the gallbladder secretes bile through the common bile duct
and the pancreas secretes pancreatic juices through the pancreatic duct. These two ducts join in the head of the
pancreas. The mixture of bile and pancreatic juices empties into the duodenum to further aid digestion .

C. COMMON QUESTION IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1. What do the digestive system interact with other Systems?

The digestive system works very closely with the circulatory system to get the absorbed nutrients distributed
through your body. While the digestive system collects and removes undigested solids, the excretory system filters
compounds from the blood stream and collects them in urine.

2. Why is my digestive system so bad?

The most common problems associated with the digestive tract are diarrhea, constipation, irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and heartburn. These can be caused by many things, such as
an unhealthy lifestyle, poor nutrition, a food sensitivity or even an infection.

3. How can I clean my stomach instantly?

Saltwater flush. Before eating in the morning, mix 2 teaspoons salt with lukewarm water. Sea salt or Himalayan
salt is recommended. Drink water quickly on an empty stomach, and in a few minutes, you'll probably feel an urge
to go to the bathroom.

4. What are the 4 stages of the digestive system?

In this lesson, we'll explore the four stages of food processing in your body: ingestion, digestion, absorption, and
elimination.

5. What are the 4 main functions of the digestive system?

To achieve the goal of providing energy and nutrients to the body, six major functions take place in the digestive
system:
- Ingestion
- Secretion.
- Mixing and movement.
- Digestion.
- Absorption.
- Excretion.

6. How do the respiratory and digestive systems interact?

The respiratory system brings oxygen into the lungs when you breathe. The digestive system breaks food down
into nutrients such as glucose. The circulatory system also transports carbon dioxide waste from the cells to the
lungs of the respiratory system.

7. How does the digestive system interact with the nervous system?
Receptors in muscles provide the brain with information about body position and movement. The brain controls
the contraction of skeletal muscle. The nervous system regulates the speed at which food moves through
the digestive tract.

8. How does the integumentary system and the digestive system work together?
By helping to synthesize and absorb vitamin D, the integumentary system works with the digestive system to
encourage the uptake of calcium from our diet. Theintegumentary system also works closely with the
circulatory system and the surface capillaries through your body.

9. How do the digestive and endocrine systems work together?

The digestive system works very closely with the circulatory system to get the absorbed nutrients distributed
through your body. The circulatory system also carries chemical signals from your endocrine system that control
the speed of digestion

10. How does the urinary system work with the digestive system to maintain homeostasis?
After nutrients are absorbed during digestion, the excretory system removes solid waste products, or feces, through
the rectum. The excretory system also works with the respiratory and circulatory systems and removes carbon
dioxide (CO2) from the body. The excretory system also maintains fluid homeostasis.

11. What is the role of the esophagus in the digestive system?

The esophagus is a long, thin, and muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach. It forms an
important piece of the gastrointestinal tract andfunctions as the conduit for food and liquids that have been
swallowed into the pharynx to reach the stomach.

12. What are the accessory organs of the digestive system and their functions?
Accessory digestive organ: An organ that helps with digestion but is not part of the digestive tract. The accessory
digestive organs are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.

13. What are the symptoms of a bad digestive system?

Here are seven of the most common signs:
- Upset stomach. Stomach disturbances like gas, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and heartburn can all be
signs of an unhealthy gut.
- A high-sugar diet.
- Unintentional weight changes.
- Sleep disturbances or constant fatigue.
- Skin irritation.
- Autoimmune conditions.
- Food intolerances.

14. Which three organs that participate in digestion are most likely known as accessory organs?
The salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are not part of the digestive tract, but they have a role
in digestive activities and are considered accessory organs.

15. What are the 3 main purposes of the gastrointestinal tract?

Three Main Functions a.Digestion – breakdown of foods within stomach and intestines for use by body's cells
b.Absorption – passage of digested food from digestive tractinto blood c.Elimination – body's expulsion of
undigested food or body wastes.

16. How is food digested step by step?

The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts here as soon as you take the first bite of a
meal. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the
process of breaking it down into a form your body can absorb and use
D. Match the structure in the first column to its description in the second column

Structure Description
1. Esophagus ………………………… a. Primary site for digestion
2. Pancreas …………………………... b. Muscular tube that connects
3. Small Intestine ……………………. mouth to stomach
4. Gallbladder ……………………….. c. Stores bile
5. Appendix …………………………. d. Secretes insulin, glucagons, and
6. Ileocecal valve ……………………. digestive enzymes
7. Liver ………………………………. e. Connects small and large
8. Large intestines …………………… intestines
9. Stomach …………………………… f. Common site of infection
10. Salivary glands ……………………. g. Reabsorbs water
h. Produce saliva and amylase
i. Churns food and secretes
intrinsic factor and
hypodrochloric acid
j. Primary function is metabolism
and detoxification

Answer
BDACF EJGIH

Figure 9: Regions of Abdominal Area 1 Figure 10: Regions of Abdominal Area 2

Source: The National Institute of Health, 2014 Source: The National Institute of Health, 2014
E. Match the place the following structures in the first column to correct quadrants in the
second column

Structure Quadrant
1. Liver ……………………………… a. Left upper quadrant and left
2. Gallbladder ……………………….. lower quadrant
3. Pancreas ………………………..… b. Right upper quadrant
4. Stomach …………………………... c. Right upper quadrant, right
5. Spleen …………………………….. lower quadrant, and left upper
6. Cecum …………………………….. quadrant
7. Appendix …………………………. d. Left lower quadrant
8. Sigmoid colon ……………………. e. Right lower quadrant
9. Transverse colon …………………. f. Left upper quadrant
10. Ascending colon ………………….. g. Right upper quadrant and left
11. Descending colon ………………… upper quadrant

Answer
BBGFFE EDCBA
Appendix 1

1. TOPICS FOR SPEECH 32. The Spinal Cord

33. Traditional and modern medicine
1. Airway-Breathing-Circulation 34. Vaccination
2. Birth Control (Contraceptive 35. Vital signs
Device) 36. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
3. Blood Formation
4. Body Fluid
5. Bone Formation Learning Objectives
6. Cell Structure and Function
7. Exercise for Pregnant Woman In this unit you will learn how to;
8. Feeding Patient 1. Presentation one topic in front of
9. Glands the class individually for 10 – 15
10. Hematocrit (Ht) minutes without the text
11. Hemoglobine (Hb) 2. Give question in polite sentence
12. Hormone 3. Give comment and suggestion to
13. How to be better a nurse presenter (observation)
14. Infection Control 4. All of the audiences make a
15. Medication Administration summary of each of the speech
16. Nutrition subject and tells the lecturer
17. Oxygen
18. Personal hygiene Example: Commonly used sentences at
19. Physical Examination the beginning.
20. Pregnancy
21. Range of motion (ROM) Good Morning Ladies and Gentlemen,
22. Red Blood Cells (RBCs) My name is Alaida Yahya for the next
23. The Brain 15 minutes. I shall be talking to you
24. The Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) about Blood Circulation. If you have
25. The Ear any question while I am speaking please
26. The Eye save for the end of the presentation.
27. The Family Planning
28. The Fetus
29. The growth and Development of
the child
30. The Menstrual Cycle
31. The National Effect Disaster
Appendix 2

NOUN
Noun has 2 forms:
1. Concrete Noun
Example: Man, gold, table, iron, name of person, etc.
2. Abstract Noun (can be imaged)
Example: Wisdom, happiness, wealth, life, friendship, faith, etc.

Abstract Noun can be formed from verb, adjective, and others.

1. Abstract Nouns derived from Verbs:

a. By ending – ment
Advertise advertisement mengiklankan iklan
Agree agreement menyetujui persetujuan
Argue argument berdebat perdebatan
Arrange arrangement menyusun penyusunan
Develop development berkembang perkembangan
Entertain entertainment menjamu perjamuan
Measure measurement mengukur ukuran

b. By ending –ion, –tion.

Act action berbuat perbuatan
Adopt adoption mengangkat pengangkatan
Associate association mengumpulkan perkumpulan
Collect collection mengumpulkan kumpulan
Confuse confusion membingungkan kebingungan
Connect connection menghubungkan hubungan
Evaluate evaluation mengevaluate pengevaluasian
Inform information menginformasikan informasi

c. By ending –ation, -cation, -ition

Admire admiration mengagumi kekaguman
Apply application melamar lamaran
Authorize authorization memberi kuasa pemberian kuasa
Classify classification menggolongkan penggolongan
Compete competition bersaing persaingan
Compose composition mengarang karangan
Expect expectation mengharap pengharapan
Inform information menginformasikan penginformasian
Observe observation mengobservasi pengobservasian
Qualify qualification memenuhi sarat pemenuhan sarat
Repeat repetition mengulangi pengulangan
Resign resignation minta berhenti permintaan
berhenti

d. By ending –ance, -ence

38
 Abound abundance berlimpah-limpah kelimpahan
Accept acceptance menerima penerimaan
Admit admittance mengakui pengakuan
Appear appearance menampakan diri penampakan diri
Attend attendance menghadiri hadirin
Confide confidence mempercayakan kepercayaan
Differ difference membedakan perbedaan
Enter entrance memasuki jalan masuk
Hinder hindrance menghalangi halangan
Insist insistence menuntut tuntutan
Obey obedience mematuhi kepatuhan

e. By ending –t
Complain complaint mengeluh keluhan
Contain content berisi isi
Deceive deceit menipu penipuan
Descend decent turun asal-usul
Fly flight terbang penerbangan

f. By ending –y
Deliver delivery menghantarkan hantaran
Discover discovery menemukan penemuan
Injure injury melukai luka
Recover recovery menyembuhkan kesembuhan

2. Abstract noun has same form with verb

Help help menolong pertolongan
Hope hope mengharapkan pengharapan
Mind mind memikirkan pikiran
Play play bermain permainan

3. Abstract Noun derived from adjectives by ending -ness

Conscious consciousness sadar kesadaran
Dizzy dizziness pusing kepusingan
Good goodness baik kebaikan
Happy happiness bahagia kebahagiaan
Kind kindness baik hati kebaikan hati
Polite politeness sopan kesopanan
Sad sadness sedih kesedihan
Soft softness lunak kelunakan
Weak weakness lemah kelemahan

4. Abstract noun derived from common nouns

Agent agency agen keagenan
Champion championship juara kejuaraan
Child childhood anak masa anak-anak
Friend friendship sehabat persahabatan
Hero heroism pahlawan kepahlawanan

5. Abstract noun derived from other adjectives

Beautiful beauty cantik kecantikan

39
 Convenient convenience senang menyenangkan
Deep depth dalam dalamnya
Distant distance jarak/jauh kejauhan
Durable durability dpt tahan lama kemampuan thn lama
Fluent fluency lancar kelancaran
Frequent frequency kerap kekerapan
Healthy health sehat kesehatan
Hot heat panas panasnya
Important importance penting pentingnya
Intentional intention disengaja pamrih, maksud
Juicy juice penuh sari buah getah/sari buah
Long length panjang panjangnya
Opposite opposition lawan perlawanan
Poor poverty miskin kemiskinan
Possible possibility mungkin kemungkinan
Redundant redundancy berlebih2an kelebihan/kelimpahan
True truth benar kebenaran
Unit unity satuan persatuan, kesatuan
Wise wisdom bijaksana kebijaksanaan
Young youth muda muda-mudi

6. All verb are added –ing can be gerund

Broadcast broadcasting menyiarkan siaran
Read reading membaca bacaan
Speak speaking bercakap percakapan
Write writing menulis tulisan

7. Verb derived from Nouns

a. By ending –en
Fright frighten ketakutan menakuti
Haste hasten ketergesaan mempercepat
Length lengthen panjangnya memperpanjang
Strength strengthen kekuatan memperkuat
Threat threaten ancaman mengancam

b. By ending –ze or –ize

Apology apologize permintaan maaf memintakan maaf
Colony colonize jajahan menjajah
Critic criticize kritikan mengkritik
Memory memorize kenangan mengenangkan
Special specialize khusus mengkhususkan
Sympathy sympathize simpati bersimpati
Temporary, temporize sementara menunggu kesempatan bai
Temporal

c. By ending –fy, -ify, -efy

Beauty beautify kecantikan membuat cantik
Class classify golongan menggolongkan
Liquid liquefy cairan mencairkan
Solid solidify keras menjadi keras
Terror terrify kengerian mengerikan

40
d. Convert the letter –f- to –ve-
Belief believe kepercayaan mempercayai
Relief relieve keringanan meringankan
Half halve setengahnya membagi dua
Proof prove bukti membuktikan

e. Change the intonation

‘insult in’sult penghinaan menghina
‘permit per’mit ijin mengijinkan
‘present pre’sent hadir menampilkan
‘produce pro’duce hasil menghasilkan
‘progess pro’ress kemajuan memajukan
‘record re’cord catatan mencatat
‘refuse re’fuse penolakan menolak
‘suspect sus’pect kecurigaan mencurigai

f. Special changes
Bath bathe mandi mandi
Blood bleed darah berdarah
Breath breathe napas bernapas
Choice choose pilihan memilih
Food feed makanan memberi makan
Response respond tanggapan, jawaban menanggapi, menjawab
Sale sell penjualan menjual
Shot shoot penembakkan menembak
Storage store penyimpanan menyimpan
Unity unite persatuan mempersatukan
Death die kematian mati
Birth bear kelahiran lahir

41
References
1. William J. Schnciderman, Assistant Director, Medic IV Emergency Medical Services Project,
Massachusetts Hospital Association, Burlington, Mass.2010.
2. Patricia M. Dillon, Rn, MSN, DNSc. Nursing Health Assessment, Philadelphia, US, 2008.
3. Janice Rider Ellis, RN, PhD., Elizabeth Ann Nowlis, RN, EdD., Patricia M. Bentz, RN, MSN.
Modules for Basic Nursing Skills, 6th Edition, Lippincott Philadelphia New York.
4. Mc. Graw Hill, The Merck Manual of Medical Information, Home Edition, Macromedia, 2011.
5. Adam, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Washington, DC, 2010
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Marianne W. Rodgers, RN, EdD, PNP. American Nursing Review for NCLEX- RN, Third
Edition, 2004.
7. T. J. Fitikides, B.A., F.I.L., Common Mistake in English, Fifth Edition, Binarupa Aksara, Jakarta
2010.
8. Willard D. Sheeler, Welcome to English, Book 4, Oxford University Press, United States of
America, 2009.
9. Erhans Anggawirya, TJ. Soesiadhy, M.A. English Grammar, Penerbit Indah, Jakarta, 1982.
10. Ardiansyah, Let’s Speak English Nurse, EGC, Jakarta, 2004.
11. Michael A Pyle, M.A., Mary Ellen Munoz, Ph. D. CLIFFS. TOEFL Preparation Guide, Fourth
Edition, Singapore, 2009.

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