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I. Complete this chart.
Diseases and treatments can be categorised by:
Severity (pain)

usual form of
Diseases and ailments: treatment
cause

symptoms and treatments

likelihood of body system
occurrence affected

expected
outcome
pages 36-40
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2. What is a symptom? And a sign? page 37

page 37
Give examples of each.

1. What is the difference between a

chronic and an acute disease?

While an acute disease has severe symptoms, is sudden in onset and

usually lasts a short time, a chronic condition may persist or recur during
a long period of time.
e.g. osteoporosis is a chronic condition which may cause a
broken bone, an acute condition.
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/18126.htm

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page 37 3. Which 2 diseases would you associate with fainting, page 37

dizziness and persistent fatigue? They are anaemia and
leukaemia. as well as anorexia and stress.
4. Is flu a communicable disease? How do you know?
Yes, it is, because a communicable disease means that an
infected person can pass the disease to another through direct
contact (i.e., through coughing, sneezing or blood) or through
indirect contact (that is, shaking hands with
• A symptom is an indication of a disease or disorder noticed by the
patient. It is subjective evidence, sensation or change in bodily someone after you have sneezed or coughed;
function. E.g. ache, fever, cough, nausea, vomiting sharing needles).
• A sign is an indication of a particular disorder that is observed by a 5. Complete the table below about the possible causes of a
physician but is not apparent to the patient. A sign usually confirms patient complaining of these symptoms.
symptoms that the patient describes. E.g. infection, abnormal
breathing, arrhythmia and hyper/hypotension

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page 38
Symptoms Possible cause/s Page 38-39
Headache  Cold / flu  Head injuries
 Sinus infection
Stomach ache  indigestion • Dysentery (type of
 ulcer gastroenteritis that
results in diarrhoea with
blood)
Fever  infection
Cough  ailments of the respiratory
tract
Nausea and vomiting  stomach and intestinal  inner-ear disorders
disorders (flu, food  pregnancy
poisoning, dysentery)
Sweating, itching  allergies  insect bites
and rashes  skin irritations

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III.A III.B
1. its = of the illness/condition 1. An infectious (or communicable) disease is caused by
2. This = of the non-infectious microorganisms, such as a virus, a bacterium, a fungus,
diseases protozoon or any other parasite. They are also called
3. This = to resist micro-organisms pathogens. On the other hand, a non-infectious (or non-
communicable) disease is not caused by a pathogen, but
develops gradually.
III.C
1. benign = not harmful / harmless Examples of infectious diseases are: HIV, flu, colds, hepatitis,
2. malignant = harmful / may be life-threatening smallpox, chicken-pox, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
3. localised = in one place Examples of non-infectious diseases are: allergies,
4. widespread = not limited to one place degenerative diseases, hormonal disorders, mental illness,
5. labelled = named, called, given the name of immunological diseases and occupational disorders.

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III.B III.B
2. It is a microscopic organism, especially 5. It means that this disease or defect has been present since birth.
a bacterium, a virus or a fungus, which normally Congenital malformations include all disorders present at birth whether
causes infections. they were inherited or caused by an environmental factor.

3. (See the answer in no.1 for communicable / infectious diseases.) 6.

4. They are Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, heart
disease, cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, atherosclerosis,
osteoarthritis and diabetes.
(Degenerative diseases are characterised by a deterioration or loss
of the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs. This
can happen due to normal bodily wear, such as neurological loss,
or to lifestyle choices, e.g. lack of exercise, bad eating habits or
bad posture.)
http://blog.gaylordnantais.com/post/2017/11/15/occupational-diseases-that-are-covered-by-workers-compensation

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III.B
6. We could get an occupational disease from the work we
do, e.g. tendonitis from doing the same movements, III.B
7. While an iatrogenic disorder is a condition
cataracts from blowing glass, respiratory diseases from
resulting from treatment, with either an
toxic products or smoke.
unforeseen or inevitable side-effects, an
(An occupational disease is a disease to which workers idiopathic disorder is a condition /disease whose cause is not known
in certain occupations are particularly prone.) or which arises spontaneously from a process inside the body.
We could get an environmental disease by being
8. The human body becomes immune to a particular disease in 2 ways:
exposed to air and water pollution, contaminated food
first, through natural immunity whereby the body’s defence
and chemical agents, e.g. respiratory diseases from air mechanisms (skin, tears, mucous membranes, harmless bacteria,
pollution and toxic products and food poisoning from stomach juices and specialised WBCs) fight the pathogens that enter
water pollution. the body; second, through acquired immunity when a person is
vaccinated against certain pathogens.

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page 39

Blood warriors ( with a

grudge) = antibodies
http://theawkwardyeti.com/
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Active Immunity Passive Immunity

1. What are the differences between acquired and natural immunity?
The protective The immunity in Natural and acquired immunity are both very different things and
immunity in which which a person used to achieve the same goals.
the individual’s receives antibodies
own immune or lymphocytes that • Natural Immunity is the innate immunity we have as virtue of birth,
system is stimulated have been produced passed on from the mother.
to produce by another • Acquired Immunity is immunity which we
antibodies and individual’s immune get from external sources like vaccination.
Arise naturally when
lymphocytes. system.
a foetus receives 2. What is a booster shot? When is it given?
Arise naturally when
antibodies from the A booster dose is an additional administration of a vaccine to make
an individual is
mother across the it fully effective or maintain the patient’s immunity.
exposed to an
placenta or when a
antigen or pathogen Some vaccines need to be given in a series because a single shot is
breast-feeding infant Conferred
(clinical infection). Conferred not sufficient. With others, the body gradually loses immunity over
ingests antibodies in artificially by
the mother’s milk. artificially by time if it is not exposed to the antigen, and a booster is required
administration
means of essentially as a sort of reminder to the immune system.
of preformed
vaccines.
antibodies. Some booster doses are given after a few weeks, while others may
https://microbenotes.com/differences-between-active-immunity-and-passive-immunity/ be given months or years after the initial vaccination.
(http://www.wisegeekhealth.com/what-is-a-booster-dose.htm)
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3. What is a vaccine? How vaccines work

Vaccinations protect you from specific diseases that can cause serious Your body can make antibodies in two ways: by getting the disease or
illness, disability or even death. They boost the body's own defense / by getting the vaccine. Getting the vaccine is a much safer way to
immune system. make antibodies without having to suffer the disease itself and the
Vaccines create immunity that protects you from an infection without risk of becoming disabled or even dying.
causing the suffering of the disease itself. Vaccines are also called Antibodies stay with you for a long time. They remember how to fight
• immunizations, • jabs, • shots. off the microorganism. If the real germ that causes this disease (not
How vaccines work the vaccine) enters your body in the future, your defense system
knows how to fight it off.
Most vaccines
contain a little of Often, your defense system will remember how to fight a germ for the
a disease micro- rest of your life. Sometimes, your defense system needs a booster
organism (germ) shot to remind it how to fight off this germ.
that is weak or
dead. Some https://www.immunology.org/public-information/vaccine-resources/vaccines/guide
vaccines do not -childhood-vaccinations/how-do-vaccines-work
contain any. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/im/vs-sv/vs-faq01-eng.php

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Herd immunity
Prefixes and sufixes
Review

After each word part below, write its meaning. Then write a word
which contains that word part.

Prefix Meaning Example

1. ab- away from abnormal,
"The idea of herd immunity is that after enough people have been
infected or vaccinated the virus will start to subside on its own because 2. anti- against antisepsis, antibiotics
there's just not enough susceptible people left to infect," says Lauren 3. bio- life biology, biochemistry
Ancel Meyers, a University of Texas professor who directs its COVID-19
4. contra- against, opposite contraindication
Modeling Consortium. Herd immunity is not a magic moment after which
the virus simply vanishes. But it does mark the point at which cases
gradually diminish.
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Prefix Meaning Example

5. information used to make a diagnosis:
5. dys- difficult, abnormal, impaired, poor dyspepsia (poor
digestion), dystrophy symptoms medical history treatment prescription
6. –iatric of or relating to (such) a type of Psychiatric 6. a symptom:
healing or medical treatment anaemia fever cough cure immunity
7. path- disease pathogenic, pathology B. Underline the correct word or phrase to complete each sentence.
8. syn- union, fusion Synapse 1. The expression treatment of choice means
a) the patient’s choice. b) the doctor’s choice.
A. Cross out the word/s that don’t belong in the groups below. 2. A tentative diagnosis is made
a) after all relevant medical facts are known.
1. a drug: b) before all the relevant facts are known.
penicillin parasite aspirin digitalis dysentery 3. If you have had German measles, then you won’t get the disease
2. a disease: because you have a) an acquired immunity to it. b) a natural immunity …
nausea anaemia cancer virus strep throat 4. The word potent means a) ineffective. b) very strong.
3. a medical treatment: 5. Gargling with salt water and sucking on lozenges can
nausea medication surgery syndrome drug a) cure the common cold.
4. pathogens: b) relieve discomfort caused by some of the symptoms
bacteria viruses narcotics parasites fungi
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Underline the correct word or phrase to complete

each sentence.
1. Mrs Smith’s notes say NBM, so we can’t give her any food.
Nil by mouth
2. The tests showed NAD, so Jack may go home.
Nothing abnormal detected
3. Damage to the kidneys has caused ARF.
Acute Renal Failure
4. Mr Walsh’s breathing is bad. He might have a PE.
Pulmonary Embolism
5. Smoking is a risk factor for CHD.
FOR NURSING Coronary Heart Disease
6. The LV is enlarged and the heart is not pumping correctly.
Left ventricle
7. HR is now back to 70.
Heartrate
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