Repair Against Rain Water Leakages in Building: 18Cs27 - Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Structures

REPAIR AGAINST RAIN WATER
LEAKAGES IN BUILDING
18CS27 - MAINTENANCE AND REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES
PRESENTED BY
MERRISHA JOHN (20MK05)
M.E., INFRASTRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
CONTENTS
▪ INTRODUCTION
▪ CAUSES OF LEAKAGE IN BUILDINGS
▪ TYPES OF RAINWATER LEAKAGES
▪ MATERIALS USED FOR DAMPPROOFING AND WATER PROOFING
▪ HOW TO PREVENT LEAKS IN CONCRTE WALLS
▪ HOW TO GRP A PARAPET WALL USING CURE IT GRP
INTRODUCTION
▪ One of the basic requirement in building is the structure should
remain dry as far as possible.
▪ When repairing for a rainwater leakage, the most important
consideration to find the exact source of the leakage and then treat
it efficiently using the right materials.
▪ Most of the building materials have pores in the structure as for
example concrete expand on absorbing moisture from atmosphere.
CAUSES OF LEAKAGE IN BUILDINGS
❖ From below (subsoil water),
• Through Soil and Masonry by Capillary action.
❖ From above
• Rain water and/or Water pressure exerted on structural members
and their inability to withstand the same.
❖ From inside the building
• Improper water supply, sewerage and drainage installations.
• Internal water sources such as leaking pipes/ improper fittings, joints
incl joints which have opened.
COMMON REASONS FOR LEAKAGES IN
BUILDING
▪ The main reasons for leakages are
• Quality of concrete.
• Waterproofing treatment.
▪ Most of leakages problem can be eliminated if the quality of the concrete
of roof slab is ensured.
▪ A well vibrated and cured roof slab is itself water proof.
▪ While laying the roof slab proper attention should be given.
▪ Any RCC roof slab exposed to sun gives rise to numerous hairline crack,
these cracks are the main source for leakages.
STRUCTURAL CAUSES
▪ Cracks on the top and bottom surface of slab.
▪ Cracks at column supports.
▪ Expansion Joints in the Building.
▪ Spalling of concrete due to corrosion in the
slab leading to cracks.
▪ Leakage Due to Cold Joints.
▪ Poor construction
NON-STRUCTURAL CAUSES
▪ Poor Workmanship
Slope not Proper – defective gradient of terrace, defective waterproofing and
extreme weather conditions
▪ Sub Standard Work Practices
Holes in Masonry Made for Scaffolding, breakage of Walls for Installation of Air
Conditioners and mechanical installations like cooling towers, AC units etc., on the
terrace.
▪ Poor Quality of Materials
Poor quality of bricks and plaster, use of porous finishes and brickwork on exterior
walls, tiles on terrace and trapped water problems
▪ Poor Detailing
▪ Poor Plumbing
▪ Poor maintenance
TO AVOID LEAKAGE
▪ The source of leakage
should be carefully
identified and rectified.
▪ The material that is used
for repair is suitable for
the repair.
TYPES OF RAINWATER LEAKAGES
▪ Flat roof terrace
▪ Shells and Roof slopes
▪ Junctions of walls and sunshades
▪ Cracks on external walls
▪ Junctions of outer walls with roof slab and other
▪ External electric points
▪ Expansion joints of slabs or beams
LEAKAGE IN FLAT ROOF TERRACE
▪ Drainage of flat roof should be planned in the constructions
stage itself
LEAKAGE IN SHELLS AND SLOPED ROOFS
▪ If the concrete is dense, rainwater drains well during rains
▪ If the concrete is porous, water can seep through the slab
during heavy rains and it tends to leak.
▪ Occur where it is difficult to compact the concrete
▪ At construction stage itself slopes should be checked for leakage
and grouted
▪ In addition a waterproof coating in the form of bituminous coat
or special coating which works on crystalline technique or
elastomeric paint coat with or without fibre reinforcement
LEAKAGE IN SHELLS AND SLOPED ROOFS
▪ At construction stage itself if the roof is very porous grouting
with cement under low pressure can reduce the problem
▪ Full water proofing of sloped and curved areas where full
compaction of roof not possible
▪ A well drained roof gives rise to no leakages.
ROOF SLOPES
▪ Leakages have got direct
relation to the intensity of
rainfall and type of roof
adopted.
▪ A RCC roof slab laid to a
slope of 1 in 40 is good
enough to drain the entire
rain water.
▪ For heavy rainfall, steeper
slope (1 in 20) is adopted.
LEAKAGE THROUGH JUNCTIONS OF
WALLS AND SUNSHADES
CHECK PROVISION OF GOLA AND SLOPE OF SUNSHADE
▪ At construction stage itself proper slope for quick drainage of
sunshade has been given
▪ A fillet or gola by plaster should be provided at the wall junctions
so that the water drain away and not become stagnant at the
junction between wall and the sunshade.
▪ A throating should be provided at the bottom end of sunshades
PARAPETS
▪ The parapets should be eliminated
wherever possible so that rain
water falls freely.
▪ For multi-storeyed building,
parapet must be provided.
▪ The junction between the parapet
and roof slab is the source of
leakage and hence it should be
made water proof.
LEAKAGE THROUGH JUNCTIONS OF
WALLS AND SUNSHADES
CHECK FOR CRACKS IN CONTINOUS SUNSHADES
▪ Continuous long sunshades without joints or gaps tend to crack
at intervals.
▪ Fill these cracks with elastomeric compounds that can
accommodate movement of joints
▪ Maintained clean especially during rainy season
LEAKAGES FROM CRACKS ON
EXTERNAL WALLS
▪ When the brick joints are

loosely filled, numerous
hairline cracks appears on
plastered surface.
▪ Water enters through these
hairline cracks and loosely
filled bricks joints.
LEAKAGES FROM CRACKS ON
EXTERNAL WALLS
▪ All the cracks formed should be deepened to 5 mm and filled with
proper sealant
▪ It is also good to paint external walls with special waterproof
external paint which can keep the walls water proof
▪ Approved water proofing compounds as per manufactures
instruction should be added to make the plastered surface water
proof.
▪ Silicon paints on external walls prevents wetting of walls
LEAKAGES AT JUNCTIONS OF OUTER WALLS
WITH ROOF SLABS AND OTHER FLOOR SLAB
▪ Important places to check for leakage and the bearings or the
junctions between external wall and roof slab and other floor
slabs.
▪ There is a possibility of crack due to difference in expansion of
concrete and masonry.
▪ We should provide a drip course a projection shaped groove called
drip by extending the slab beyond the wall or by constructing a
separate drip coarse in framed buildings in the form of a band at
that junction.
IF LEAKAGES OCCURS AT EXISTING BUILDINGS
▪ The joint has to be sealed with a waterproof sealant or by the
application of elastomeric paint with glass fibre.
▪ A polyester fabric reinforcement drip course can also be build to
avoid this leakage.
▪ These can be bonded to the old surface with a bond coat.
LEAKAGE FROM EXTERNAL ELECTRIC POINTS
▪ The conduits laid for the wiring of external light fixtures can also
act as a source of leakage of rainwater if they are not sealed
properly
▪ If the pipes that carry electric wires are connected together,
leakage of water can happen in many unexpected places of the
building
▪ This can cause internal leaking also
LEAKAGE FROM EXPANSION JOINTS OF
SLABS OR BEAMS
▪ Expansion or other joints provided by the designer should be
properly filled with approved joint fillers.
▪ They should be properly installed to allow expansion and
contraction of the structure without leakage.
DRAINAGE OUTLETS
▪ The number and size of
outlets should be
adequate to drain the rain
water without stagnation.
▪ The minimum size of
outlet pipe should not
less than 75mm diameter.
▪ Rain water may discharge
freely on the ground
through a shoe provided
at the bottom and sloped
towards peripheral open
drain.
STAGNATION OF WATER
▪ Stagnation at the outlets is either due to
wrong slopes of roof or due to choking
of rain water pipes.
▪ Terrace area should be sloped towards
the outlets so that water flow freely.
▪ Rain water outlet pipes should be
provided with gratings at mouth and
they should be regularly cleaned along
with cleaning of roof so they are not
choked with debris.
▪ Rain water pipes should be secured to
the walls/columns by means of clamps.
MATERIAL USED FOR WATERPROOFING
▪ Integral waterproofing compounds.
▪ Waterproof coating on concrete with special coatings which with capillary
action forms compounds inside the capillaries in concrete.
▪ Waterproof coatings such as hot blown asphalt.
▪ Membranes with blown asphalt as in tar felt.
▪ Elastomeric coatings with elastomeric paints.
▪ Elastomeric coatings with reinforced fibre of polyester or glass fibre fabrics
for crack bridging.
▪ Epoxy compounds (such as araldite).
COMMONLY USED MATERIAL FOR DAMP
PROOFING
▪ Hot bitumen
It is a flexible material placed on bending of concrete or mortar and it should be applied
with a minimum thickness of 3mm
▪ Metal Sheets
The sheets of lead, copper and Aluminium can be used as a membrane for damp
proofing.
▪ Mastic Asphalt
It is a semi rigid material which forms an excellent impervious layer for damp proofing.
▪ Bituminous Felts
It is easy to lay and available in rolls of normal wall width.
▪ Combination of sheet and felts
It can also be known as lead core and it is found to be economical, durable and
efficient.

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REPAIR AGAINST RAIN WATER

▪ When the brick joints are

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