Turkey Not Chipmunk

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Coordinates: 39°N 35°E
Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye [ˈtyɾcije]), officially the Republic of

Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti] Republic of Turkey
( listen)), is a transcontinental country located mainly on Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (Turkish)
Anatolia in Western Asia, with a portion on the Balkans in
Southeast Europe. It shares borders with Greece and Bulgaria to
the northwest; the Black Sea to the north; Georgia to the
northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq to the
southeast; Syria and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the
Aegean Sea to the west. Cyprus is located off the south coast.
Flag
Turks form the vast majority of the nation's population and
Kurds are the largest minority.[4] Ankara is Turkey's capital, Anthem:
while Istanbul is its largest city and financial centre. İstiklal Marşı (Turkish)
"The Independence March"

One of the world's earliest permanently settled regions, present- 0:00 MENU
day Turkey was home to important Neolithic sites like Göbekli
Tepe, and was inhabited by ancient civilisations including the
Hattians, Anatolian peoples, Mycenaean Greeks and
others.[11][12][13][14] Following the conquests of Alexander the
Great which started the Hellenistic period, most of the ancient
regions in modern Turkey were culturally Hellenised, which
continued during the Byzantine era.[12][15] The Seljuk Turks
began migrating in the 11th century, and the Sultanate of Rum
ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, when it
disintegrated into small Turkish principalities.[16] Beginning in
the late 13th century, the Ottomans united the principalities and
conquered the Balkans, and the Turkification of Anatolia
increased during the Ottoman period. After Mehmed II
conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, Ottoman
expansion continued under Selim I. During the reign of Capital Ankara
Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire became a global 39°N 35°E
power.[11][17][18] From the late 18th century onwards, the
Largest city Istanbul
empire's power declined with a gradual loss of territories.[19] 41°1′N 28°57′E

Mahmud II started a period of modernisation in the early 19th
century.[20] The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 restricted the Official languages Turkish[1][2]
authority of the Sultan and restored the Ottoman Parliament Spoken languages[3] Predominantly Turkish
after a 30-year suspension, ushering the empire into a multi-
party period.[21][22] The 1913 coup d'état put the country under Other languages List
the control of the Three Pashas, who facilitated the Empire's Kurdish
entry into World War I as part of the Central Powers in 1914. Zaza
During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides Circassian
against its Armenian, Greek and Assyrian subjects.[a][25] After its Laz
defeat in the war, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned.[26] Arabic
Various others
The Turkish War of Independence against the occupying Allied
Powers resulted in the abolition of the Sultanate on 1 November Ethnic groups (2016)[4] 70–75% Turks
1922, the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne (which superseded 19% Kurds
the Treaty of Sèvres) on 24 July 1923 and the proclamation of 7–12% Others
the Republic on 29 October 1923. With the reforms initiated by
the country's first president, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Turkey Demonym(s) Turkish · Turk
became a secular, unitary and parliamentary republic. Turkey Government Unitary presidential
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey 1/55
played a prominent role in the Korean War and joined NATO in constitutional republic
1952. The country endured several military coups in the latter • President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
half of the 20th century. The economy was liberalised in the • Vice President Fuat Oktay
1980s, leading to stronger economic growth and political • Assembly Speaker Mustafa Şentop
stability. The parliamentary republic was replaced with a
Legislature Grand National Assembly
presidential system by referendum in 2017. Since then, the new
Turkish governmental system under president Recep Tayyip Establishment
Erdoğan and his party, the AKP, has often been described as • War of Independence 19 May 1919
Islamist and authoritarian.[27][28] The latter's rule over the • Grand National 23 April 1920
country has also led to numerous currency crises,[29] increasing Assembly of Turkey
inflation and economic decline,[30] as well as a rise in • Treaty of Lausanne 24 July 1923
poverty.[31] • Declaration of Republic 29 October 1923
• Current constitution 9 November 1982[5]
Turkey is a regional power and a newly industrialized Area
country,[32] with a geopolitically strategic location.[33] Its • Total 783,356 km2
economy, which is classified among the emerging and growth- (302,455 sq mi) (36th)
leading economies, is the twentieth-largest in the world by • Water (%) 2.03 (as of 2015)[6]
nominal GDP, and the eleventh-largest by PPP. It is a charter
member of the United Nations, an early member of NATO, the Population
IMF, and the World Bank, and a founding member of the OECD, • 31 December 2020 83,614,362[7] (18th)
estimate
OSCE, BSEC, OIC, and G20. After becoming one of the early
members of the Council of Europe in 1950, Turkey became an
• Density 109[7]/km2 (282.3/sq mi)
(107th)
associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs
Union in 1995, and started accession negotiations with the GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate
European Union in 2005. • Total $3.0 trillion[8] (11th)
• Per capita $35,624[8] (68th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate
Contents • Total $845 billion[8] (20th)
• Per capita $9,864[8] (89th)
Name
Gini (2019) 41.9[9]
History
medium
Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace
Antiquity HDI (2019) 0.820[10]
very high · 54th
Early Christian and Roman period
Byzantine period Currency Turkish lira (₺) (TRY)
Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire Time zone UTC+3 (TRT)
Republic of Turkey
Date format dd.mm.yyyy (CE)
Administrative divisions
Mains electricity 230 V–50 Hz
Politics
Driving side right
Law
Foreign relations Calling code +90
Military ISO 3166 code TR
Human rights
Internet TLD .tr
LGBT rights
Geography
Biodiversity
Climate
Economy
Tourism
Infrastructure
Science and technology
Demographics
Immigration
Languages
Religion
Education
Health
Culture
Visual arts
Literature and theatre
Music and dance
Architecture
Cuisine
Sports
Media and cinema
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Name
The English name of Turkey (from Medieval Latin Turchia/Turquia[34]) means "land of the Turks". Middle English
usage of Turkye is evidenced in an early work by Chaucer called The Book of the Duchess (c. 1369). The phrase land
of Torke is used in the 15th-century Digby Mysteries. Later usages can be found in the Dunbar poems, the 16th
century Manipulus Vocabulorum (Turkie) and Francis Bacon's Sylva Sylvarum (Turky). The modern spelling
Turkey dates back to at least 1719.[35]
The name of Turkey appeared in the Western sources after the crusades.[36] In the 14th-century Arab sources,
turkiyya is usually contrasted with turkmaniyya (Turkomania), probably to be understood as Oghuz in a broad
sense.[37] Ibn Battuta, in the 1330s introduces the region as as barr al-Turkiyya al-ma'ruf bi-bilad al-Rum ("the
Turkish land known as the lands of Rum").[38] The disintegration of the country after World War I revived Turkish
nationalism, and the Türkler için Türkiye ("Turkey for the Turks") sentiment rose up. With the Treaty of
Alexandropol signed by the Government of the Grand National Assembly with Armenia, the name of Türkiye
entered international documents for the first time. In the treaty signed with Afghanistan, the expression Devlet-i
Aliyye-i Türkiyye ("Sublime Turkish State") was used, likened to the Ottoman Empire's name.[36]
The Mamluk Sultanate was also called al-Dawla al-Turkiyya.[39]
In January 2022, the government publicly expressed that they seek to submit a request to the United Nations to
change its official English-language name to the Republic of Türkiye to better reflect its heritage and avoid a
connection with the bird turkey,[40][41] the name for which does have its origin in the name of the country.[42]
History
Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace
The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the
world. Various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic until the Hellenistic
period.[12] Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language
family:[44] and, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have
proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European
languages radiated.[45] The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has
also been inhabited since at least forty thousand years ago, and is known to have
been in the Neolithic era by about 6000 BC.[13]
Göbekli Tepe is the site of the oldest known man-made religious structure, a
temple dating to circa 10,000 BC,[43] while Çatalhöyük is a very large Neolithic
and Chalcolithic settlement in southern Anatolia, which existed from
approximately 7500 BC to 5700 BC. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic Some henges at Göbekli Tepe were
site found to date and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[46] Nevalı Çori was an erected as far back as 9600 BC,
early Neolithic settlement on the middle Euphrates, in Şanlıurfa. Urfa Man predating those of Stonehenge,
statue is dated c. 9000 BC to the period of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, and is England, by over seven
considered as "the oldest naturalistic life-sized sculpture of a human".[47] It is millennia.[43]
considered as contemporaneous with the sites of Göbekli Tepe. The settlement of
Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age.[48]
The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians,
non-Indo-European peoples who inhabited central and eastern Anatolia,
respectively, as early as c. 2300 BC. Indo-European Hittites came to Anatolia and
gradually absorbed the Hattians and Hurrians c. 2000–1700 BC. The first major
empire in the area was founded by the Hittites, from the 18th through the 13th
century BC. The Assyrians conquered and settled parts of southeastern Turkey as
early as 1950 BC until the year 612 BC,[49] although they have remained a
minority in the region, namely in Hakkari, Şırnak and Mardin.[50]
The Sphinx Gate of Hattusa, the
Urartu re-emerged in Assyrian inscriptions in the 9th century BC as a powerful capital of the Hittites
northern rival of Assyria.[51] Following the collapse of the Hittite empire c. 1180
BC, the Phrygians, an Indo-European people, achieved ascendancy in Anatolia
until their kingdom was destroyed by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC.[52] Starting from 714 BC, Urartu shared
the same fate and dissolved in 590 BC,[53] when it was conquered by the Medes. The most powerful of Phrygia's
successor states were Lydia, Caria and Lycia.
Sardis was an ancient city at the location of modern Sart in Western Turkey. The city served as the capital of the
ancient kingdom of Lydia. As one of the seven churches of Asia, it was addressed in the Book of Revelation in the
New Testament,[54] The Lydian Lion coins were made of electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver but
of variable precious metal value. During the reign of King Croesus that the metallurgists of Sardis discovered the
secret of separating gold from silver, thereby producing both metals of a purity never known before.[55]
Antiquity
Starting around 1200 BC, the coast of Anatolia was heavily settled by Aeolian and Ionian Greeks. Numerous
important cities were founded by these colonists, such as Miletus, Ephesus, Smyrna (now İzmir) and Byzantium
(now Istanbul), the latter founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 657 BC.[56] Some of the most prominent pre-
Socratic philosophers lived in the city of Miletus. Thales of Miletus (c. 624 BCE – c. 546 BCE) considered as first
philosopher in the Greek tradition. [57][58] and he is otherwise historically recognized as the first individual known to
have entertained and engaged in scientific philosophy.[59][60] In Miletus, he is followed by two other significant pre-
Socratic philosophers Anaximander (c. 610 BCE – c. 546 BCE) and Anaximenes (c. 585 BCE – c. 525 BCE) (known
collectively, to modern scholars, as the Milesian school).
For several centuries prior to the great Persian invasion of Greece, perhaps the very greatest and wealthiest city of
the Greek world was Miletus and founded more colonies than any other Greek city.[65] particularly in the Black Sea
region. Diogenes the Cynic was one of the founders of Cynic philosophy born in one of the Ionian colonies Sinope on
the Black Sea coast of Anatolia in 412. [66]
Trojan War took place in the ancient city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her
husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been
narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. Whether there is any historical reality
behind the Trojan War remains an open question. Those who believe that the
stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually
date it to the 12th or 11th century BC, often preferring the dates given by
Eratosthenes, 1194–1184 BC, which roughly correspond to archaeological
evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VII,[67] and the Late Bronze Age
collapse.
The first state that was called Armenia by neighbouring peoples was the state of
the Armenian Orontid dynasty, which included parts of what is now eastern
Turkey beginning in the 6th century BC. In Northwest Turkey, the most The Theatre at Halicarnassus
significant tribal group in Thrace was the Odyrisians, founded by Teres I.[68] (modern Bodrum) was built in the 4th
century BC by Mausolus, the Persian
All of modern-day Turkey was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire satrap (governor) of Caria. The
during the 6th century BC.[69] The Greco-Persian Wars started when the Greek Mausoleum at Halicarnassus was one
of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient
city states on the coast of Anatolia rebelled against Persian rule in 499 BC.
World.[61][62]
Artemisia I of Caria was a queen of the ancient Greek city-state of
Halicarnassus and she fought as an ally of Xerxes I, King of Persia against the
independent Greek city states during the second Persian invasion of Greece.
She personally commanded her contribution of five ships at the naval battle of
Artemisium in 480 BC.[70][71][72]
The territory of Turkey later fell to Alexander the Great in 334 BC,[73] which led
to increasing cultural homogeneity and Hellenization in the area.[12] Following
Alexander's death in 323 BC, Anatolia was subsequently divided into a number
of small Hellenistic kingdoms, all of which became part of the Roman Republic
The Library of Celsus in Ephesus was
by the mid-1st century BC.[74] The process of Hellenization that began with
built by the Romans in 114–117.[63]
Alexander's conquest accelerated under Roman rule, and by the early centuries
The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus,
of the Christian Era, the local Anatolian languages and cultures had become built by king Croesus of Lydia in the
extinct, being largely replaced by ancient Greek language and culture.[15][75] 6th century BCE, was one of the
From the 1st century BC up to the 3rd century CE, large parts of modern-day Seven Wonders of the Ancient
Turkey were contested between the Romans and neighbouring Parthians World.[64]
through the frequent Roman-Parthian Wars.
Galatia was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia inhabited by

the Celts. The terms "Galatians" came to be used by the Greeks for the three Celtic peoples of Anatolia: the
Tectosages, the Trocmii, and the Tolistobogii.[76][77] By the 1st century BC the Celts had become so Hellenized that
some Greek writers called them Hellenogalatai (Ἑλληνογαλάται).[78] Galatia was named after the Gauls from
Thrace (cf. Tylis), who settled here and became a small transient foreign tribe in the 3rd century BC, following the
supposed Gallic invasion of the Balkans in 279 BC.
Kingdom of Pontus was a Hellenistic kingdom, centered in the historical region of Pontus and ruled by the
Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin,[79][80][81][82] which may have been directly related to Darius the Great and the
Achaemenid dynasty.[83][82] The kingdom was proclaimed by Mithridates I in 281 BC and lasted until its conquest
by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. The Kingdom of Pontus reached its largest extent under Mithridates VI the Great,
who conquered Colchis, Cappadocia, Bithynia, the Greek colonies of the Tauric Chersonesos. After a long struggle
with Rome in the Mithridatic Wars, Pontus was defeated.
All territories corresponding to modern Turkey eventually fell into Roman Empire’s control.
Early Christian and Roman period
According to the Acts of Apostles,[85] Antioch (now Antakya), a city in southern Turkey, is where followers of Jesus
were first called "Christians" and became very quickly an important center of Christianity.[86][87] Paul the Apostle
traveled to Ephesus and stayed there for almost three years, probably working there as a tentmaker,[88] as he had
done when he stayed in Corinth. He is claimed to have performed numerous
miracles, healing people and casting out demons, and he apparently organized
missionary activity in other regions.[89] Paul left Ephesus after an attack from a
local silversmith resulted in a pro-Artemis riot involving most of the city.[89]
Byzantine period
The Byzantine Empire in 555 under
In 324, Constantine I chose Byzantium to be the new capital of the Roman Justinian the Great, at its greatest
Empire, renaming it New Rome. Under Constantine, Christianity did not extent since the fall of the Western
become the exclusive religion of the state but enjoyed imperial preference since Roman Empire.
he supported it with generous privileges. Following the death of Theodosius I in
395 and the permanent division of the Roman Empire between his two sons,
the city, which would popularly come to be known as Constantinople, became
the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This empire, which would later be
branded by historians as the Byzantine Empire, ruled most of the territory of
present-day Turkey until the Late Middle Ages;[90] although the eastern
regions remained firmly in Sasanian hands until the first half of the 7th century
CE. The frequent Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, a continuation of the centuries-
long Roman-Persian Wars, took place in various parts of present-day Turkey
between the 4th and 7th centuries CE. Several ecumenical councils of the early
Church were held in cities located in present-day Turkey including the First Originally a church, then a mosque,
later a museum, and now a mosque
Council of Nicaea (Iznik) in 325, the First Council of Constantinople (Istanbul)
again, the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul
in 381, the Council of Ephesus in 431, and the Council of Chalcedon (Kadıköy)
was built by the Byzantine emperor
in 451.[91]
Justinian I in 532–537 AD.[84]
Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire
The House of Seljuk originated from the Kınık branch of the Oghuz Turks who resided on the periphery of the
Muslim world, in the Yabgu Khaganate of the Oğuz confederacy, to the north of the Caspian and Aral Seas, in the 9th
century.[92] In the 10th century, the Seljuks started migrating from their ancestral homeland into Persia, which
became the administrative core of the Great Seljuk Empire, after its foundation by Tughril.[93]
In the latter half of the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks began penetrating into
medieval Armenia and the eastern regions of Anatolia. In 1071, the Seljuks
defeated the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, starting the Turkification
process in the area; the Turkish language and Islam were introduced to Armenia
and Anatolia, gradually spreading throughout the region. The slow transition
from a predominantly Christian and Greek-speaking Anatolia to a predominantly
Muslim and Turkish-speaking one was underway. The Mevlevi Order of
dervishes, which was established in Konya during the 13th century by Sufi poet
The Great Seljuk Empire in 1092,
Celaleddin Rumi, played a significant role in the Islamization of the diverse
upon the death of Malik Shah I[94]
people of Anatolia who had previously been Hellenized.[95][96] Thus, alongside
the Turkification of the territory, the culturally Persianized Seljuks set the basis
for a Turko-Persian principal culture in Anatolia,[97] which their eventual
successors, the Ottomans, would take over.[98][99]
In 1243, the Seljuk armies were defeated by the Mongols at the
Battle of Köse Dağ, causing the Seljuk Empire's power to slowly disintegrate. In its wake, one of the Turkish
principalities governed by Osman I would evolve over the next 200 years into the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans
completed their conquest of the Byzantine Empire by capturing its capital, Constantinople, in 1453: their
commander thenceforth being known as Mehmed the Conqueror.
In 1514, Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) successfully expanded the empire's southern and eastern borders by defeating
Shah Ismail I of the Safavid dynasty in the Battle of Chaldiran. In 1517, Selim I expanded Ottoman rule into Algeria
and Egypt, and created a naval presence in the Red Sea. Subsequently, a contest started between the Ottoman and
Portuguese empires to become the dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean, with a number of naval battles in the
Red Sea, the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese presence in the Indian Ocean was perceived as a
threat to the Ottoman monopoly over the ancient trade routes between East Asia
and Western Europe. Despite the increasingly prominent European presence, the
Ottoman Empire's trade with the east continued to flourish until the second half of
the 18th century.[102]
The Ottoman Empire's power and prestige peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries,
particularly during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, who personally instituted
major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law.
The empire was often at odds with the Holy Roman Empire in its steady advance
towards Central Europe through the Balkans and the southern part of the Polish–
Lithuanian Commonwealth.[103]
Topkapı and Dolmabahçe The Ottoman Navy contended with

palaces were the primary several Holy Leagues, such as those
residences of the Ottoman in 1538, 1571, 1684 and 1717
Sultans in Istanbul between (composed primarily of Habsburg
1465 to 1856[100] and 1856 to Spain, the Republic of Genoa, the
1922,[101] respectively. Republic of Venice, the Knights of
St. John, the Papal States, the
Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the
Duchy of Savoy), for the control of the Mediterranean Sea.
In the east, the Ottomans were often at war with Safavid Persia over
conflicts stemming from territorial disputes or religious differences
between the 16th and 18th centuries.[104] The Ottoman wars with
Persia continued as the Zand, Afsharid, and Qajar dynasties
succeeded the Safavids in Iran, until the first half of the 19th
century.
The Second Ottoman Siege of Vienna in 1683 (the
Even further east, there was an extension of the Habsburg-Ottoman First Siege was in 1529) initiated the Great Turkish
conflict, in that the Ottomans also had to send soldiers to their War (1683–1699) between the Ottomans and a
farthest and easternmost vassal and territory, the Aceh Holy League of European states.
Sultanate[105][106] in Southeast Asia, to defend it from European
colonizers as well as the Latino invaders who had crossed from Latin
America and had Christianized the formerly Muslim-dominated Philippines.[107]
From the 16th to the early 20th centuries, the Ottoman Empire also fought twelve wars with the Russian Tsardom
and Empire. These were initially about Ottoman territorial expansion and consolidation in southeastern and eastern
Europe; but starting from the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), they became more about the survival of the Ottoman
Empire, which had begun to lose its strategic territories on the northern Black Sea coast to the advancing Russians.
From the second half of the 18th century onwards, the Ottoman Empire began to decline. The Tanzimat reforms,
initiated by Mahmud II just before his death in 1839, aimed to modernise the Ottoman state in line with the progress
that had been made in Western Europe. The efforts of Midhat Pasha during the late Tanzimat era led the Ottoman
constitutional movement of 1876, which introduced the First Constitutional Era, but these efforts proved to be
inadequate in most fields, and failed to stop the dissolution of the empire.[108]
As the empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth; especially after the Ottoman economic crisis and
default in 1875[109] which led to uprisings in the Balkan provinces that culminated in the Russo-Turkish War (1877–
1878); many Balkan Muslims migrated to the Empire's heartland in Anatolia,[110][111] along with the Circassians
fleeing the Russian conquest of the Caucasus. Russia massacred up to 1.5 million Muslim Circassians during the
Circassian genocide, the survivors seek refugee in Ottoman Empire. The decline of the Ottoman Empire led to a rise
in nationalist sentiment among its various subject peoples, leading to increased ethnic tensions which occasionally
burst into violence, such as the Hamidian massacres of Armenians.[112]
The loss of Rumelia (Ottoman territories in Europe) with the First Balkan War (1912–1913) was followed by the
arrival of millions of Muslim refugees (muhacir) to Istanbul and Anatolia.[113] Historically, the Rumelia Eyalet and
Anatolia Eyalet had formed the administrative core of the Ottoman Empire, with their governors titled Beylerbeyi
participating in the Sultan's Divan, so the loss of all Balkan provinces
beyond the Midye-Enez border line according to the London
Conference of 1912–13 and the Treaty of London (1913) was a major
shock for the Ottoman society and led to the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état.
In the Second Balkan War (1913) the Ottomans managed to recover
their former capital Edirne (Adrianople) and its surrounding areas in
East Thrace, which was formalised with the Treaty of Constantinople
(1913). The 1913 coup d'état effectively put the country under the
control of the Three Pashas, making sultans Mehmed V and Mehmed
VI largely symbolic figureheads with no real political power.
The Ottoman Empire entered Leaders of the Central Powers (left to righ
World War I on the side of the Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany;
Central Powers and was ultimately Kaiser and King Franz Joseph of Austria-
defeated. The Ottomans Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire
successfully defended the
Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria
Dardanelles strait during the
Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916) and The caption reads:"United Powers Lead to
achieved initial victories against
Armenian civilians being deported British forces in the first two years
during the Armenian genocide of the Mesopotamian campaign, such as the Siege of Kut (1915–1916); but the
Arab Revolt (1916–1918) turned the tide against the Ottomans in the Middle
East. In the Caucasus campaign, however, the Russian forces had the upper hand
from the beginning, especially after the Battle of Sarikamish (1914–1915). Russian forces advanced into northeastern
Anatolia and controlled the major cities there until retreating from World War I with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
following the Russian Revolution (1917). During the war, the empire's Armenian subjects were deported to Syria as
part of the Armenian genocide. As a result, an estimated 600,000[114] to more than 1 million,[114] or up to 1.5
million[115][116][117] Armenians were killed. The Turkish government has refused to acknowledge the events as
genocide and states that Armenians were only "relocated" from the eastern war zone.[118] Genocidal campaigns were
also committed against the empire's other minority groups such as the Assyrians and Greeks.[119][120][121] Following
the Armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918, the victorious Allied Powers sought to partition the Ottoman state
through the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres.[122]
Republic of Turkey
The occupation of Istanbul (1918) and İzmir (1919) by the Allies in the aftermath
of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish National Movement.
Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha, a military commander who had
distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of
Independence (1919–1923) was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the
Treaty of Sèvres (1920).[123]
By 18 September 1922 the Greek, Armenian and French armies had been
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, founder andexpelled,[124] and the Turkish Provisional Government in Ankara, which had
first President of the Turkish declared itself the legitimate government of the country on 23 April 1920, started
Republic, with the Liberal to formalise the legal transition from the old Ottoman into the new Republican
Republican Party leader Fethi Okyar
political system. On 1 November 1922, the Turkish Parliament in Ankara
(right) and Okyar's daughter in
formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of monarchical Ottoman
Yalova, 13 August 1930.
rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923, which superseded the Treaty of
Sèvres,[122][123] led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the
newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman
Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital.[125] The
Lausanne Convention stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1 million Greeks left
Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey.[126]
Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently
introduced many reforms. The reforms aimed to transform the old religion-based
and multi-communal Ottoman constitutional monarchy into a Turkish nation
state that would be governed as a parliamentary republic under a secular
constitution.[128] With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament
bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father
Turk).[123]
The Montreux Convention (1936) restored Turkey's control over the Turkish
Straits, including the right to militarise the coastlines of the Dardanelles and
Eighteen female deputies joined the
Bosporus straits and the Sea of Marmara, and to block maritime traffic in
Turkish Parliament with the 1935
wartime.[129] general elections. Turkish women
gained the right to vote and to hold
Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, some Kurdish
elected office as a mark of the far-
and Zaza tribes, which were feudal (manorial) communities led by chieftains reaching social changes initiated by
(agha) during the Ottoman period, became discontent about certain aspects of
Atatürk.[127]
Atatürk's reforms aiming to modernise the country, such as secularism (the
Sheikh Said rebellion, 1925)[130] and land reform (the Dersim rebellion, 1937–
1938),[131] and staged armed revolts that were put down with military operations.
İsmet İnönü became Turkey's second President following Atatürk's death on 10 November 1938. On 29 June 1939,
the Republic of Hatay voted in favour of joining Turkey with a referendum. Turkey remained neutral during most of
World War II, but entered the closing stages of the war on the side of the Allies on 23 February 1945. On 26 June
1945, Turkey became a charter member of the United Nations.[132] In the following year, the single-party period in
Turkey came to an end, with the first multiparty elections in 1946. In 1950 Turkey became a member of the Council
of Europe.
The Democratic Party established by Celâl Bayar won the 1950, 1954 and 1957
general elections and stayed in power for a decade, with Adnan Menderes as the
Prime Minister and Bayar as the President. After fighting as part of the United
Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming a
bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Turkey subsequently
became a founding member of the OECD in 1961, and an associate member of
the EEC in 1963.[133]
The country's tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy was interrupted by

military coups d'état in 1960 and 1980, as well as by military memorandums in
Roosevelt, İnönü and Churchill at 1971 and 1997.[134][135] Between 1960 and the end of the 20th century, the
the Second Cairo Conference, prominent leaders in Turkish politics who achieved multiple election victories
1943. were Süleyman Demirel, Bülent Ecevit and Turgut Özal.
Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on

15 July 1974 staged by the EOKA B paramilitary organisation, which overthrew President Makarios and installed the
pro-Enosis (union with Greece) Nikos Sampson as dictator, Turkey invaded Cyprus on 20 July 1974 by unilaterally
exercising Article IV in the Treaty of Guarantee (1960), but without restoring the status quo ante at the end of the
military operation.[136] In 1983 the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognised only by Turkey, was
established.[137] The Annan Plan for reunifying the island was supported by the majority of Turkish Cypriots, but
rejected by the majority of Greek Cypriots, in separate referendums in 2004. However, negotiations for solving the
Cyprus dispute are still ongoing between Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot political leaders.[138]
The conflict between Turkey and the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) (designated a terrorist organisation by Turkey,
the United States,[139] and the European Union[140]) has been active since 1984, primarily in the southeast of the
country. More than 40,000 people have died as a result of the conflict.[141][142][143] In 1999 PKK's founder Abdullah
Öcalan was arrested and sentenced for terrorism[139][140] and treason charges.[144][145] In the past, various Kurdish
groups have unsuccessfully sought separation from Turkey to create an independent Kurdish state, while others have
more recently pursued provincial autonomy and greater political and cultural rights for Kurds in Turkey. In the 21st
century some reforms have taken place to improve the cultural rights of ethnic minorities in Turkey, such as the
establishment of TRT Kurdî, TRT Arabi and TRT Avaz by the TRT.
Since the liberalisation of the Turkish economy in the 1980s, the country has
enjoyed stronger economic growth and greater political stability.[146] Turkey
applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, joined the EU Customs Union in
1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in
2005.[147][148] In a non-binding vote on 13 March 2019, the European Parliament
called on the EU governments to suspend EU accession talks with Turkey, citing
violations of human rights and the rule of law; but the negotiations, effectively on
hold since 2018, remain active as of 2020.[149]
In 2013, widespread protests erupted in many Turkish provinces, sparked by a

Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of
plan to demolish Gezi Park but soon growing into general anti-government Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Ankara, is
dissent.[150] On 15 July 2016, an unsuccessful coup attempt tried to oust the visited by large crowds every year
government.[151] As a reaction to the failed coup d'état, the government carried during national holidays, such as
out mass purges.[152][153] Republic Day on 29 October.
Between 9 October and 25 November 2019, Turkey conducted a military

offensive into north-eastern Syria.[154][155][156]
Administrative divisions
Turkey has a unitary structure in terms of administration and this aspect is one of the most important factors
shaping the Turkish public administration. When three powers (executive, legislative and judiciary) are taken into
account as the main functions of the state, local administrations have little power. Turkey does not have a federal
system, and the provinces are subordinate to the central government in Ankara. Local administrations were
established to provide services in place and the government is represented by the province governors (vali) and town
governors (kaymakam). Other senior public officials are also appointed by the central government instead of the
mayors (belediye başkanı) or elected by constituents.[157] Turkish municipalities have local legislative bodies
(belediye meclisi) for decision-making on municipal issues.
Within this unitary framework, Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (il or vilayet) for administrative purposes.
Each province is divided into districts (ilçe), for a total of 973 districts.[158] Turkey is also subdivided into 7 regions
(bölge) and 21 subregions for geographic, demographic and economic purposes; this does not refer to an
administrative division.
Kırklareli Bartın Sinop

Edirne Istanbul Zonguldak Kastamonu
Tekirdağ Artvin
Samsun Rize Ardahan
Kocaeli Düzce Karabük Trabzon
Yalova Sakarya Amasya Ordu Giresun
Çankırı Kars
Bolu Çorum Gümüşhane
Çanakkale Bursa Bilecik Tokat Bayburt
Ankara Iğdır
Erzurum
Balıkesir Kırıkkale Ağrı
Eskişehir Yozgat Sivas Erzincan
Kütahya
Kırşehir Tunceli Bingöl Muş
Manisa
Uşak Afyonkarahisar Nevşehir Elâzığ
İzmir Van
Kayseri Malatya Batman Bitlis
Aksaray
Konya K. Maraş Diyarbakır Siirt
Aydın Denizli Isparta Niğde Adıyaman
Burdur Şırnak Hakkâri
Osmaniye Mardin
Muğla Karaman
Antalya Adana Gaziantep Şanlıurfa
Mersin Kilis
Hatay
Politics
Between 1923 and 2018, Turkey was a parliamentary representative democracy. A
presidential system was adopted by referendum in 2017; the new system came into effect
with the presidential election in 2018 and gives the President complete control of the
executive, including the power to issue decrees, appoint his own cabinet, draw up the
budget, dissolve parliament by calling early elections, and make appointments to the
bureaucracy and the courts.[159] The office of prime minister has been abolished and its
powers (together with those of the Cabinet) have been transferred to the president, who is
both head of state and head of government, and is elected for a five-year term by popular
vote.[159] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is the first directly-elected president.[160] Turkey's
constitution governs the legal framework of the country. It sets out the main principles of
government and establishes Turkey as a unitary centralised state.
Legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament, called the Grand National Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Assembly of Turkey. The judiciary is nominally independent from the executive and the President
legislature, but the constitutional changes that came into effect with the referendums in
2007, 2010 and 2017 gave larger powers to the President and the ruling party for
appointing or dismissing judges and prosecutors.[161] The Constitutional Court is charged with ruling on the
conformity of laws and decrees with the constitution. The Council of State is the tribunal of last resort for
administrative cases, and the High Court of Appeals for all others.[162]
Universal suffrage for both sexes has been applied throughout Turkey
since 1933 and before most countries, and every Turkish citizen who has
turned 18 years of age has the right to vote. There are 600 members of
parliament who are elected for a four-year term by a party-list
proportional representation system from 85 electoral districts. Although
forming a new political party is a constitutional right, the Interior
Ministry may block it standing in elections.[163][164][165]
The
Constitutional Court can strip the public financing of political parties
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey that it deems anti-secular or separatist, or ban their existence
debate chamber in Ankara altogether.[166][167] The electoral threshold is ten percent of the
votes.[168]
Supporters of Atatürk's reforms are called Kemalists, as distinguished from Islamists, representing the two diverging
views regarding the role of religion in legislation, education and public life.[169] The Kemalist view supports a form of
democracy with a secular constitution and Westernised culture, while maintaining the necessity of state intervention
in the economy, education and other public services (left-wing politics).[169] Since its foundation as a republic in
1923, Turkey has developed a strong tradition of secularism.[170] However, since the 1980s, issues such as income
inequality and class distinction have given rise to Islamism, a movement that supports a larger role for religion in
government policies, and in theory supports obligation to authority, communal solidarity and social justice (right-
wing politics); though what that entails in practice is often contested.[169] Turkey under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and
the AKP has been described as becoming increasingly authoritarian.[27][28]
Law
Turkey's judicial system has been wholly integrated with the system of
continental Europe. For instance, the Turkish Civil Code has been modified by
incorporating elements mainly of the Swiss Civil Code and Code of
Obligations, and the German Commercial Code. The Administrative Code
bears similarities with its French counterpart, and the Penal Code with its
Italian counterpart.[171]
Turkey has adopted the principle of the separation of powers. In line with this
principle, judicial power is exercised by independent courts on behalf of the Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace is a
Turkish nation. The independence and organisation of the courts, the security courthouse in the Şişli district of
of the tenure of judges and public prosecutors, the profession of judges and Istanbul.
prosecutors, the supervision of judges and public prosecutors, the military courts and their organisation, and the
powers and duties of the high courts are regulated by the Turkish Constitution.[172]
According to Article 142 of the Turkish Constitution, the organisation, duties and jurisdiction of the courts, their
functions and the trial procedures are regulated by law. In line with the aforementioned article of the Turkish
Constitution and related laws, the court system in Turkey can be classified under three main categories; which are
the Judicial Courts, Administrative Courts, and Military Courts. Each category includes first instance courts and
high courts. In addition, the Court of Jurisdictional Disputes rules on cases that cannot be classified readily as falling
within the purview of one court system.[172]
Law enforcement in Turkey is carried out by several agencies under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal
Affairs. These agencies are the General Directorate of Security, the Gendarmerie General Command and the Coast
Guard Command. Furthermore, there are other law enforcement agencies with specific (National Intelligence
Organization, General Directorate of Customs Protection, etc.) or local (Village guards, Municipal Police, etc.)
assignments that are under the jurisdiction of the president or different ministries.
In the years of government by the AKP and Erdoğan, particularly since 2013, the independence and integrity of the
Turkish judiciary has increasingly been said to be in doubt by institutions, parliamentarians and journalists both
within and outside of Turkey; due to political interference in the promotion of judges and prosecutors, and in their
pursuit of public duty.[173][174][175][176] The Turkey 2015 report of the European Commission stated that "the
independence of the judiciary and respect of the principle of separation of powers have been undermined and judges
and prosecutors have been under strong political pressure."[173]
Foreign relations
Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945),[177] the OECD

(1961),[178] the OIC (1969),[179] the OSCE (1973),[180] the ECO (1985),[181] the
BSEC (1992),[182] the D-8 (1997)[183] and the G20 (1999).[184] Turkey was a
member of the United Nations Security Council in 1951–1952, 1954–1955, 1961
and 2009–2010.[185] In 2012 Turkey became a dialogue partner of the SCO, and
in 2013 became a member of the ACD.[186][187]
In line with its traditional Western orientation, relations with Europe have
always been a central part of Turkish foreign policy. Turkey became one of the
early members of the Council of Europe in 1950, applied for associate After becoming one of the early
membership of the EEC (predecessor of the European Union) in 1959 and members of the Council of Europe
became an associate member in 1963. After decades of political negotiations, in 1950, Turkey became an
Turkey applied for full membership of the EEC in 1987, became an associate associate member of the EEC in
member of the Western European Union in 1992, joined the EU Customs Union 1963, joined the EU Customs Union
in 1995 and has been in formal accession negotiations with the EU since in 1995 and started full membership
2005.[147][148] Turkey's support for Northern Cyprus in the Cyprus dispute negotiations with the European
complicates Turkey's relations with the EU and remains a major stumbling block Union in 2005.[147][148]
to the country's EU accession bid.[188]
The other defining aspect of Turkey's foreign policy was the country's long-standing strategic alliance with the
United States.[189][190] The Truman Doctrine in 1947 enunciated American intentions to guarantee the security of
Turkey and Greece during the Cold War, and resulted in large-scale U.S. military and economic support. In 1948
both countries were included in the Marshall Plan and the OEEC for rebuilding European economies.[191] The
common threat posed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War led to Turkey's membership of NATO in 1952,
ensuring close bilateral relations with the US. Subsequently, Turkey benefited from the United States' political,
economic and diplomatic support, including in key issues such as the country's bid to join the European Union.[192]
In the post–Cold War environment, Turkey's geostrategic importance shifted towards its proximity to the Middle
East, the Caucasus and the Balkans.[193]
The independence of the Turkic states of the Soviet Union in 1991, with which Turkey shares a common cultural and
linguistic heritage, allowed Turkey to extend its economic and political relations deep into Central Asia,[195] thus
enabling the completion of a multi-billion-dollar oil and natural gas pipeline from Baku in Azerbaijan to the port of
Ceyhan in Turkey. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline forms part of Turkey's
foreign policy strategy to become an energy conduit from the Caspian Sea basin
to Europe. However, in 1993, Turkey sealed its land border with Armenia in a
gesture of support to Azerbaijan (a Turkic state in the Caucasus region) during
the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, and it remains closed.[196] Armenia in its turn
put trade sanctions on Turkey after the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War. From 31
December 2020, imports from Turkey have been banned due to Turkey's support
The Turkish Armed Forces for Azerbaijan in the conflict.[197]
collectively rank as the second-
largest standing military force in Under the AKP government, Turkey's influence has grown in the formerly
NATO, after the US Armed Forces. Ottoman territories of the Middle East and the Balkans, based on the "strategic
Turkey joined the alliance in depth" doctrine (a terminology that was coined by Ahmet Davutoğlu for defining
1952.[194] Turkey's increased engagement in regional foreign policy issues), also called
Neo-Ottomanism.[198][199] Following the Arab Spring in December 2010, the
choices made by the AKP government for supporting certain political opposition
groups in the affected countries have led to tensions with some Arab states, such as Turkey's neighbour Syria since
the start of the Syrian civil war, and Egypt after the ousting of President Mohamed Morsi.[200][201]
As of 2021, Turkey does not have an ambassador in either Syria or Egypt.[202]

Diplomatic relations with Israel were also severed after the Gaza flotilla raid in
2010, but were normalised following a deal in June 2016.[203] These political
rifts have left Turkey with few allies in the East Mediterranean, where rich
natural gas fields have recently been discovered;[204][205] in sharp contrast with
the original goals that were set by the former Foreign Minister (later Prime
Minister) Ahmet Davutoğlu in his "zero problems with neighbours"[206][207]
foreign policy doctrine.[208] In 2015, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Qatar formed a The 2015 G20 Summit held in
"strategic alliance" against Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.[209] However, Antalya, Turkey, a founding member
following the rapprochement with Russia in 2016, Turkey revised its stance of the OECD (1961) and G20
regarding the solution of the conflict in Syria.[210][211][212] In January 2018, the (1999).
Turkish military and the Turkish-backed forces, including the Free Syrian Army
and Ahrar al-Sham,[213] began an intervention in Syria aimed at ousting U.S.-
backed YPG from the enclave of Afrin.[214][215] In 2020, Turkey openly intervened in Libya at the request of the
GNA.[216] There is a dispute over Turkey's maritime boundaries with Greece and Cyprus and drilling rights in the
eastern Mediterranean.[217][218] Turkey recognises and supports the Tripoli-based Government of National Accord
(GNA) in Libya, which has been torn by a civil war since 2014.
Military
The Turkish Armed Forces consist of the General Staff, the Land Forces, the
Naval Forces and the Air Force. The Chief of the General Staff is appointed by the
President. President is responsible to the Parliament for matters of national
security and the adequate preparation of the armed forces to defend the country.
However, the authority to declare war and to deploy the Turkish Armed Forces to
foreign countries or to allow foreign armed forces to be stationed in Turkey rests
solely with the Parliament.[219]
TAI Anka is a family of unmanned
The Gendarmerie General Command and the Coast Guard Command are law
aerial vehicles (UAV) developed by
enforcement agencies with military organization (ranks, structure, etc.) and
Turkish Aerospace Industries.
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Interior. In wartime, the president
can order certain units of the Gendarmerie General Command and the Coast
Guard Command to operate under the Land Forces Command and Naval Forces Commands respectively. The
remaining parts of the Gendarmerie and the Coast Guard continue to carry out their law enforcement missions
under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Interior.
Every fit male Turkish citizen otherwise not barred is required to serve in the
military for a period ranging from three weeks to a year, dependent on education
and job location.[220] Turkey does not recognise conscientious objection and
does not offer a civilian alternative to military service.[221]
Turkey has the second-largest standing military force in NATO, after the US
Armed Forces, with an estimated strength of 495,000 deployable forces, TCG Anadolu (L-400) is an
according to a 2011 NATO estimate.[222] Turkey is one of five NATO member amphibious assault ship-aircraft
states which are part of the nuclear sharing policy of the alliance, together with carrier developed for the Turkish
Belgium, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands.[223] A total of 90 B61 nuclear Navy
bombs are hosted at the Incirlik Air Base, 40 of which are allocated for use by the
Turkish Air Force in case of a nuclear conflict, but their use requires the approval
of NATO.[224]
Turkey has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since the Korean War,
including peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Yugoslavia and the Horn of Africa. Turkey supported the coalition
forces in the First Gulf War. Turkish Armed Forces contribute military personnel to the International Security
Assistance Force, Kosovo Force, Eurocorps and EU Battlegroups.[225][226] Turkey maintains a force of 36,000 troops
in Northern Cyprus since 1974.[227] In recent years, Turkey has assisted Peshmerga forces in northern Iraq and the
Somali Armed Forces with security and training.[228][229] Turkish Armed Forces have overseas military bases in
Albania,[230] Iraq,[231] Qatar,[232] and Somalia.[233]
Human rights
The human rights record of Turkey has been the subject of much controversy and
international condemnation. Between 1959 and 2011 the European Court of
Human Rights made more than 2400 judgements against Turkey for human
rights violations on issues such as Kurdish rights, women's rights, LGBT rights,
and media freedom.[235][236] Turkey's human rights record continues to be a
significant obstacle to the country's membership of the EU.[237]
In the latter half of the 1970s, Turkey suffered from political violence between
Women in Turkey protesting for their
far-left and far-right militant groups, which culminated in the military coup of
rights. On 20 March 2021, with a
1980.[238] The Kurdistan Workers' Party - a.k.a. PKK - (designated a terrorist presidential decree, Turkey
organisation by Turkey, the United States,[139] the European Union[140] and withdrew from the Istanbul
NATO[239]) was founded in 1978 by a group of Kurdish militants led by Abdullah Convention, which was ratified by
Öcalan, seeking the foundation of an independent Kurdish state based on the Turkish parliament in 2011.[234]
Marxist-Leninist ideology.[240] The initial reason given by the PKK for this was
the oppression of Kurds in Turkey.[241][242] A full-scale insurgency began in
1984, when the PKK announced a Kurdish uprising. Following the arrest and imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan in
1999,[144][145] the PKK modified its demands into equal rights for ethnic Kurds and provincial autonomy within
Turkey.[243][244][245][246] Since the conflict began, more than 40,000 people have died, most of whom were Turkish
Kurds.[247] The European Court of Human Rights and other international human rights organisations have
condemned Turkey for human rights abuses.[235][236] Many judgments are related to cases such as civilian deaths in
aerial bombardments,[248] torturing,[249] forced displacements,[250] destroyed villages,[251][252][253] arbitrary
arrests,[254] murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists, activists and politicians.[255]
On 20 May 2016, the Turkish parliament stripped almost a quarter of its members of immunity from prosecution,
including 101 deputies from the pro-Kurdish HDP and the main opposition CHP party.[256] In reaction to the failed
coup attempt on 15 July 2016, over 160,000 judges, teachers, police and civil servants have been suspended or
dismissed, 77,000 have been formally arrested,[257][258] and 130 media organisations, including 16 television
broadcasters and 45 newspapers,[259] have been closed by the government of Turkey.[260] 160 journalists have been
imprisoned.[261]
According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, the AKP government has
waged one of the world's biggest crackdowns on media freedom.[262][263] Many
journalists have been arrested using charges of "terrorism" and "anti-state
activities" such as the Ergenekon and Balyoz cases, while thousands have been
investigated on charges such as "denigrating Turkishness" or "insulting Islam" in
an effort to sow self-censorship.[262] In 2017, the CPJ identified 81 jailed
journalists in Turkey (including the editorial staff of Cumhuriyet, Turkey's oldest
newspaper still in circulation), all directly held for their published work (the Turkish journalists protesting the
country ranked first in the world in that year, with more journalists in prison imprisonment of their colleagues on
than in Iran, Eritrea or China);[263] while in 2015 Freemuse identified nine Human Rights Day in 2016.
musicians imprisoned for their work (ranking third after Russia and China).[264]
In 2015 Turkey's media was rated as not free by Freedom House.[265] In its
resolution "The functioning of democratic institutions in Turkey" on 22 June 2016, the Parliamentary Assembly of
the Council of Europe warned that "recent developments in Turkey pertaining to freedom of the media and of
expression, erosion of the rule of law and the human rights violations in relation to anti-terrorism security
operations in south-east Turkey have (...) raised serious questions about the functioning of its democratic
institutions."[266]
Renowned Turkish journalists who were murdered for their opinions include Abdi İpekçi (1929–1979, editor-in-
chief of Milliyet); Çetin Emeç (1935–1990, chief columnist and coordinator of Hürriyet); Uğur Mumcu (1942–1993,
columnist and investigative journalist of Cumhuriyet); and Hrant Dink (1954–2007, founder and editor-in-chief of
Agos).
During the October 2019 offensive into Syria, Turkish forces have been accused of war crimes, such as targeting
civilians with white phosphorus and various other human rights violations.[267][268] Turkey has officially rejected the
claims, with the Minister of Defense Hulusi Akar stating that chemical weapons don't exist in the inventory of the
Turkish Armed Forces.[269]
Amnesty International stated that it had gathered evidence of war crimes and other violations committed by Turkish
and Turkey-backed Syrian forces who are said to "have displayed a shameful disregard for civilian life, carrying out
serious violations and war crimes, including summary killings and unlawful attacks that have killed and injured
civilians".[270]
LGBT rights
Homosexual activity is legal in Turkey.[271] However, LGBT people in Turkey face discrimination, harassment and
even violence from their relatives, neighbors, etc.[272] The Turkish authorities have carried out many discriminatory
practices, such as the closure of LGBTI+ associations, raids on the homes of gay individuals, and censuring of
websites and magazines.[273][274][275] Despite these, LGBT acceptance in Turkey is growing. In a survey conducted
by Kadir Has University in Istanbul in 2016, 33% of respondents said that LGBT people should have equal rights,
which increased to 45% in 2020. Another survey by Kadir Has University in 2018 found that the proportion of
people who would not want a homosexual neighbour decreased from 55% in 2018 to 47% in 2019.[276][277] A poll by
Ipsos in 2015 found that 27% of the Turkish public was in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage and 19% supported
civil unions instead.[278]
Istanbul Pride is held for the first time in 2003. Turkey became the first Muslim-majority country to held a gay pride
march. It was also the first gay pride in the Middle East and the Balkans. [279]
Geography
Turkey is a transcontinental country bridging Southeastern Europe and Western Asia. Asian Turkey, which includes
97 percent of the country's territory, is separated from European Turkey by the Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and
the Dardanelles. European Turkey comprises only 3 percent of the country's territory.[280] Turkey covers an area of
783,562 square kilometres (302,535 square miles),[281] of which 755,688 square kilometres (291,773 square miles) is
in Asia and 23,764 square kilometres (9,175 square miles) is in
Europe.[282] The country is encircled by seas on three sides: the
Aegean Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north and the
Mediterranean Sea to the south. Turkey also contains the Sea of
Marmara in the northwest.[283]
Turkey is divided into seven geographical regions: Marmara, Aegean,

Black Sea, Central Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, Southeastern Anatolia
and the Mediterranean. The uneven north Anatolian terrain running
Topographic map of Turkey along the Black Sea resembles a long, narrow belt. This region
comprises approximately one-sixth of Turkey's total land area. As a
general trend, the inland Anatolian plateau becomes increasingly
rugged as it progresses eastward.[283]
Pamukkale terraces are made of travertine, a sedimentary rock deposited by
mineral water from the hot springs. The area is famous for a carbonate mineral left by the flowing of thermal spring
water.[284][285] It is located in Turkey's Inner Aegean region, in the River Menderes valley, which has a temperate
climate for most of the year. It was added as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988 with Hierapolis.
East Thrace; the European portion of Turkey, is located at the easternmost edge
the Balkans. It forms the border between Turkey and its neighbours Greece and
Bulgaria. The Asian part of the country mostly consists of the peninsula of
Anatolia, which consists of a high central plateau with narrow coastal plains,
between the Köroğlu and Pontic mountain ranges to the north and the Taurus
Mountains to the south.
The Eastern Anatolia Region mostly corresponds to the western part of the Pamukkale
Armenian Highlands (the plateau situated between the Anatolian Plateau in the
west and the Lesser Caucasus in the north)[286] and contains Mount Ararat,
Turkey's highest point at 5,137 metres (16,854 feet),[287] and Lake Van, the
largest lake in the country.[288] Eastern Turkey has a mountainous landscape
and is home to the sources of rivers such as the Euphrates, Tigris and Aras. The
Southeastern Anatolia Region includes the northern plains of Upper
Mesopotamia.
Far from the coast the climate of Turkey tends to be continental but elsewhere Cappadocia
temperate, and is becoming hotter, and drier in parts. There are many species of
plants and animals.
Biodiversity
Turkey's extraordinary ecosystem and habitat diversity has produced

considerable species diversity.[289] Anatolia is the homeland of many plants that
have been cultivated for food since the advent of agriculture, and the wild
ancestors of many plants that now provide staples for humankind still grow in
Turkey. The diversity of Turkey's fauna is even greater than that of its flora. The
number of animal species in the whole of Europe is around 60,000, while in
Turkey there are over 80,000 (over 100,000 counting the subspecies).[290]
The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which

Sumela Monastery in the Pontic
Mountains, which form an ecoregion
covers most of the Pontic Mountains in northern Turkey, while the Caucasus
with diverse temperate rainforest
mixed forests extend across the eastern end of the range. The region is home to
types, flora and fauna in northern
Eurasian wildlife such as the Eurasian sparrowhawk, golden eagle, eastern
Anatolia. imperial eagle, lesser spotted eagle, Caucasian black grouse, red-fronted serin,
and wallcreeper.[291] The narrow coastal strip between the Pontic Mountains and
the Black Sea is home to the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests, which contain
some of the world's few temperate rainforests.[292] The Turkish pine (Pinus brutia) is mostly found in Turkey and
other east Mediterranean countries; the other commonly found species of the genus Pinus (pine) in Turkey include
the nigra, sylvestris, pinea and halepensis. The Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) and numerous other species of the
genus Quercus (oak) exist in Turkey. The most commonly found species of the genus Platanus (plane) is the
orientalis. Several wild species of tulip are native to Anatolia, and the flower was first introduced to Western Europe
with species taken from the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.[293][294]
There are 40 national parks, 189 nature parks, 31 nature preserve areas, 80 wildlife
protection areas and 109 nature monuments in Turkey such as Gallipoli Peninsula
Historical National Park, Mount Nemrut National Park, Ancient Troy National
Park, Ölüdeniz Nature Park and Polonezköy Nature Park.[295] In the 21st century,
threats to biodiversity include desertification due to climate change in Turkey.[296]
The Anatolian leopard is still found in very small numbers in the northeastern and
southeastern regions of Turkey.[297][298] The Eurasian lynx and the European
wildcat are other felid species which are currently found in the forests of Turkey.
The Caspian tiger, now extinct, lived in the easternmost regions of Turkey until the
latter half of the 20th century.[297][299]
A white Turkish Angora cat with
Renowned domestic animals from Ankara, the capital of Turkey, include the Angora odd eyes (heterochromia), which
cat, Angora rabbit and Angora goat; and from Van Province the Van cat. The is common among the Angoras.
national dog breeds are the Kangal (Anatolian Shepherd), Malaklı and Akbaş.[300]
Climate
The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean

Seas have a temperate Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers
and mild to cool, wet winters.[301]
The coastal areas bordering the Black Sea have a temperate oceanic
climate with warm, wet summers and cool to cold, wet winters.[301]
The Turkish Black Sea coast receives the most precipitation and is the
Köppen climate classification of Turkey only region of Turkey that receives high precipitation throughout the
year.[301] The eastern part of the Black Sea coast averages 2,200
millimetres (87 in) annually which is the highest precipitation in the
country.[301]
The coastal areas bordering the Sea of Marmara, which connects the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea, have a
transitional climate between a temperate Mediterranean climate and a temperate oceanic climate with warm to hot,
moderately dry summers and cool to cold, wet winters.[301] Snow falls on the coastal areas of the Sea of Marmara
and the Black Sea almost every winter, but usually melts in no more than a few days.[301] However, snow is rare in
the coastal areas of the Aegean Sea and very rare in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea.[301]
Mountains close to the coast prevent Mediterranean influences from extending inland, giving the central Anatolian
plateau of the interior of Turkey a continental climate with sharply contrasting seasons.[301]
Winters on the Anatolian plateau are especially severe. Temperatures of −30 °C to −40 °C (−22 °F to −40 °F) do
occur in northeastern Anatolia, and snow may lie on the ground for at least 120 days of the year, and during the
entire year on the summits of the highest mountains. In central Anatolia the temperatures can drop below −20 °C (
-4 °F) with the mountains being even colder.
Economy
Turkey is a newly industrialized country, with an upper-middle income economy, which is the twentieth-largest in
the world by nominal GDP, and the eleventh-largest by PPP. Turkey is one of the Emerging 7 countries. According to
World Bank estimates, Turkey's GDP per capita by PPP is $32,278 in 2021,[8] and approximately 11.7% of Turks are
at risk of poverty or social exclusion as of 2019.[302] Unemployment in Turkey was 13.6% in 2019,[303] and the
middle class population in Turkey rose from 18% to 41% of the population between 1993 and 2010 according to the
World Bank.[304] As of September 2021, the foreign currency reserves of the Turkish Central Bank were $74.9 billion
(an 8.1% increase compared to the previous month), its gold reserves were $38.5 billion (a 5.1% decrease compared
to the previous month), while its official reserve assets stood at $121.3
billion.[305] As of October 2021, the foreign currency deposits of the citizens and
residents in Turkish banks stood at $234 billion, equivalent to around half of all
deposits.[306][307] The EU–Turkey Customs Union in 1995 led to an extensive
liberalisation of tariff rates, and forms one of the most important pillars of
Turkey's foreign trade policy.[308]
The automotive industry in Turkey is sizeable, and produced over 1.3 million
motor vehicles in 2015, ranking as the 14th largest producer in the world.[309]
Skyscrapers in the Levent quarter of
Turkish automotive companies like TEMSA, Otokar and BMC are among the
the Beşiktaş district on the
world's largest van, bus and truck manufacturers. Turkish shipyards are highly
European side of Istanbul, the
regarded both for the production of chemical and oil tankers up to 10,000 dwt
largest city and financial centre in
and also for their mega yachts.[310] Turkish brands like Beko and Vestel are
Turkey.
among the largest producers of consumer electronics and home appliances in
Europe, and invest a substantial amount of funds for research and development
in new technologies related to these fields.[311][312][313]
Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction,

home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical
products, food, mining, iron and steel, and machine industry.
However, agriculture still accounted for a quarter of employment.[314]
In 2004, it was estimated that 46 percent of total disposable income
was received by the top 20 percent of income earners, while the lowest
20 percent received only 6 percent.[315]
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Turkey reached 22.05 billion USD

in 2007 and 19.26 billion USD in 2015, but has declined in recent
years.[316] In the economic crisis of 2016 it emerged that the huge
A proportional representation of Turkey's
debts incurred for investment during the AKP government since 2002 exports, 2019
had mostly been consumed in construction, rather than invested in
sustainable economic growth.[317] In 2020, according to Carbon
Tracker, money was being wasted constructing more coal-fired power stations in Turkey.[318] Fatih Birol the head of
the International Energy Agency said that fossil fuel subsidies should be redirected, for example to the health
system.[319] Fossil fuel subsidies were around 0.2% of GDP for the first two decades of the 21st century,[320][321] and
are higher than clean energy subsidies.[322] The external costs of fossil fuel consumption in 2018 has been estimated
as 1.5% of GDP.[323] In 2020 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development offered to support a just
transition away from coal.[324]
Turkey sees a growth in video gaming industry during the recent years. Many game developing companies founded
and gained investment from venture capitalists. [325] TaleWorlds Entertainment, Peak Games, Bigger Games and
Dream Games are the current leaders in this sector. [326] [327]
Tourism
Tourism in Turkey has increased almost every year in the 21st

century,[328] and is an important part of the economy. The Turkish
Ministry of Culture and Tourism currently promotes Turkish
tourism under the project Turkey Home. Turkey is one of the
world's top ten destination countries, with the highest percentage of
foreign visitors arriving from Europe; specially Germany and Russia
in recent years.[328] In 2019, Turkey ranked sixth in the world in
terms of the number of international tourist arrivals, with 51.2 Marmaris in the Turkish Riviera
million foreign tourists visiting the country. [329] Turkey has 19
UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and 84 World Heritage Sites in
tentative list. Turkey is home to 519 Blue Flag beaches, which makes it in the third place in the world.[330]
Istanbul is the tenth most visited city in the world with 13,433,000 annual visitors as of 2018 and with the annual
growth rate of 25.2%.[331] Istanbul expects 1 million tourists from cruise companies after the renovation of its cruise
port, also known as Galataport in Karaköy district.[332]
Antalya is the second most visited city in Turkey, with over 9 million tourists in 2021. [333]
Infrastructure
In 2013 there were 98 airports in Turkey,[336] including 22 international

airports.[337] İstanbul Airport is planned to be the largest airport in the world,
with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers a year.[338][339] As well as Turkish
Airlines, flag carrier of Turkey since 1933, several other airlines operate in the
country.
As of 2014, the country has a roadway network of over 65,000 kilometres

(40,400 miles).[340] Motorways are controlled-access highways that are officially Turkish Airlines, the flag carrier of
named Otoyol. The network spans 3,523 kilometres (2,189 mi) as of 2020. The Turkey, is the largest carrier in the
network is expected to expand to 4,773 kilometres (2,966 mi) by 2023 and to world by number of countries served
9,312 kilometres (5,786 mi) by 2035. [341] as of 2019.[334][335]
Turkish State Railways operates both conventional and high speed trains on
12,532 kilometres rail length. The government-owned national railway company started building high-speed rail
lines in 2003. The Ankara-Konya line became operational in 2011, while the Ankara-Istanbul line entered service in
2014.[342] Konya-Karaman line started its operations in 2022 and 406 km (252 mi) long Ankara-Sivas line is to open
in 2022.
Opened in 2013, the Marmaray tunnel under the Bosphorus connects the railway and metro lines of Istanbul's
European and Asian sides; while the nearby Eurasia Tunnel (2016) provides an undersea road connection for motor
vehicles.[343]
Metro Istanbul is the largest metro network in the country with 495 million annual ridership.[344] There are 8 metro
lines under service and 5 more under construction.[345]
The Bosphorus Bridge (1973), Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (1988) and Yavuz
Sultan Selim Bridge (2016) are the three suspension bridges connecting the
European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait. The Osman Gazi Bridge
(2016) connects the northern and southern shores of the Gulf of İzmit. The
Çanakkale 1915 Bridge on the Dardanelles strait, connecting Europe and Asia,
will become the longest suspension bridge in the world upon completion.[347]
Many natural gas pipelines span the country's territory.[348] The Baku-Tbilisi-
Ceyhan pipeline, the second longest oil pipeline in the world, was inaugurated in A TCDD HT80000 high-speed train
2005.[349] The Blue Stream, a major trans-Black Sea gas pipeline, delivers of the Turkish State Railways[346]
natural gas from Russia to Turkey. The undersea pipeline, Turkish Stream, with
an annual capacity around 63 billion cubic metres (2,200 billion cubic feet),
allows Turkey to resell Russian gas to the rest of Europe.[350]
As of 2018 Turkey consumes 1700 terawatt hours
(TW/h) of primary energy per year, a little over 20 megawatt hours (MW/h) per person, mostly from imported fossil
fuels.[351] Although the energy policy of Turkey includes reducing fossil-fuel imports, coal in Turkey is the largest
single reason why greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey amount to 1% of the global total. Renewable energy in Turkey
is being increased and Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant is being built on the Mediterranean coast: but despite national
electricity generation overcapacity fossil fuels are still subsidized.[352] Turkey has the fifth-highest direct utilisation
and capacity of geothermal power in the world.[353]
Science and technology
TÜBİTAK is the leading agency for developing science, technology and innovation policies in Turkey.[354] TÜBA is
an autonomous scholarly society acting to promote scientific activities in Turkey.[355] TAEK is the official nuclear
energy institution of Turkey. Its objectives include academic research in nuclear energy, and the development and
implementation of peaceful nuclear tools.[356] Currently, 4 × 3200 MWth Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant is under
construction in Mersin with the supervision of TAEK. The cost of the project is $20 billion and the plant is expcted to
be operational in May 2023. [357] and is expected to meet around 10% of the country's electricity demand when
completed.
Turkish government companies for research and development in military

technologies include Turkish Aerospace Industries, ASELSAN, HAVELSAN,
ROKETSAN, MKE, among others. Turkish Satellite Assembly, Integration and
Test Center (UMET) is a spacecraft production and testing facility owned by the
Ministry of National Defence and operated by the Turkish Aerospace Industries
(TAI).
The Turkish Space Launch System (UFS) is a project to develop the satellite
launch capability of Turkey. It consists of the construction of a spaceport, the Göktürk-1, Göktürk-2 and Göktürk-3
development of satellite launch vehicles as well as the establishment of remote are the Earth observation satellites
earth stations.[358][359][360] of the Turkish Ministry of National
Defense, while state-owned Türksat
Türksat is the sole communications satellite operator in Turkey and has launched
operates the Türksat series of
the Türksat series of satellites into orbit. Göktürk-1, Göktürk-2 and Göktürk-3
communications satellites.
are Turkey's Earth observation satellites for reconnaissance, operated by the
Turkish Ministry of National Defense. BILSAT-1 and RASAT are the scientific
Earth observation satellites operated by the TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute.
In 2015, Aziz Sancar, a Turkish professor at the University of North Carolina, won the Nobel Chemistry Prize for his
work on how cells repair damaged DNA.[361] Other Turkish scientists include physician Hulusi Behçet who
discovered Behçet's disease and mathematician Cahit Arf who defined the Arf invariant. Turkey was ranked 41th in
the Global Innovation Index in 2021, and has increased its ranking considerably since 2011, where it was ranked
65th.[362]
Demographics
According to the Address-Based Population Recording System of Turkey, the
country's population was 74.7 million people in 2011,[365] nearly three-quarters
of whom lived in towns and cities. According to the 2011 estimate, the population
is increasing by 1.35 percent each year. Turkey has an average population density
of 97 people per km². People within the 15–64 age group constitute 67.4 percent
Total fertility rate in Turkey by of the total population; the 0–14 age group corresponds to 25.3 percent; while
province (2020)[363] senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 7.3 percent.[366]
3–4
2–3 Article 66 of the Turkish Constitution defines a "Turk" as "anyone who is bound
1.5-2 to the Turkish state through the bond of citizenship"; therefore, the legal use of
1-1.5 the term "Turkish" as a citizen of Turkey is different from the ethnic
definition.[367] However approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country's citizens
are ethnic Turks.[368][4] It is estimated that there are at least 47 ethnic groups
represented in Turkey.[369] Reliable data on the ethnic mix of the population is
not available, because Turkish census figures do not include statistics on
ethnicity.[370]
Kurds are the largest non-Turkish ethnicity at anywhere from 12–25 per cent of
the population.[371][372] The exact figure remains a subject of dispute; according
CIA map of areas with a Kurdish to Servet Mutlu, "more often than not, these estimates reflect pro-Kurdish or
majority[364] pro-Turkish sympathies and attitudes rather than scientific facts or
erudition".[369] Mutlu's 1990 study estimated Kurds made up around 12 per cent
of the population, while Mehrdad Izady placed the figure around 25 per cent.[373]
The Kurds make up a majority in the provinces of Ağrı, Batman, Bingöl, Bitlis, Diyarbakır, Hakkari, Iğdır, Mardin,
Muş, Siirt, Şırnak, Tunceli and Van; a near majority in Şanlıurfa Province (47%); and a large minority in Kars
Province (20%).[374] In addition, due to internal migration, Kurdish diaspora communities exist in all of the major
cities in central and western Turkey. In Istanbul, there are an estimated three million Kurds, making it the city with
the largest Kurdish population in the world.[375] Non-Kurdish minorities are believed to make up an estimated 7–12
percent of the population.[4]
The three "Non-Muslim" minority groups recognised in the Treaty of Lausanne were Armenians, Greeks and Jews.
Other ethnic groups include Albanians, Arabs, Assyrians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Georgians, Laz, Pomaks, and
Roma.[4][376][377][378][379] Turkey is also home to a Muslim community of Megleno-Romanians.[380]
Before the start of the Syrian civil war in 2011, the estimated number of Arabs in Turkey varied from 1 million to
more than 2 million.[381] As of April 2020, there are 3.6 million Syrian refugees in Turkey, who are mostly Arabs but
also include Syrian Kurds, Syrian Turkmen, and other ethnic groups of Syria. The vast majority of these are living in
Turkey with temporary residence permits. The Turkish government has granted Turkish citizenship to refugees who
have joined the Syrian National Army.[382][383][384]
Largest cities or towns in Turkey

TÜİK's address-based calculation from December 2017.
Rank Name Province Pop. Rank Name Province Pop.
1 Istanbul Istanbul 14,744,519 11 Mersin Mersin 1,005,455
2 Ankara Ankara 4,871,884 12 Urfa Şanlıurfa 921,978

3 İzmir İzmir 2,938,546 13 Eskişehir Eskişehir 752,630
4 Bursa Bursa 2,074,799 14 Denizli Denizli 638,989

Istanbul
5 Adana Adana 1,753,337 15 Kahramanmaraş Kahramanmaraş 632,487 İzmir
6 Gaziantep Gaziantep 1,663,273 16 Samsun Samsun 625,410

7 Antalya Antalya 1,311,471 17 Malatya Malatya 618,831
8 Konya Konya 1,130,222 18 İzmit Kocaeli 570,077

9 Kayseri Kayseri 1,123,611 19 Adapazarı Sakarya 492,027 Bursa
Ankara 10 Diyarbakır Diyarbakır 1,047,286 20 Erzurum Erzurum 422,389
Immigration
Millions of Kurds fled across the mountains to Turkey and Kurdish areas of Iran during the Gulf War in 1991.
Immigration to Turkey is the process by which people migrate to Turkey to reside in the country. Turkey's migrant
crisis created after an estimated 2.5 percent of the population are international migrants.[385] Turkey hosts the
largest number of refugees in the world, including 3.6 million Syrian refugees, as of April 2020.[382] As part of
Turkey's migrant crisis, according to UNHCR, in 2018 Turkey was hosting 63.4% of all the refugees in the world, that
is 3,564,919 registered refugees from Africa and the Middle East in total.[386]
Languages
The official language is Turkish, which is the most widely spoken Turkic language in the world.[387][388] It is spoken
by 85.54 percent of the population as a first language.[389] 11.97 percent of the population speaks the Kurmanji
dialect of Kurdish as their mother tongue.[389] Arabic and Zaza are the mother tongues of 2.39 percent of the
population, and several other languages are the mother tongues of smaller parts of the population.[389] Endangered
languages in Turkey include Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Cappadocian Greek, Gagauz, Hértevin, Homshetsma, Kabard-
Cherkes, Ladino (Judesmo), Laz, Mlahso, Pontic Greek, Romani, Suret, Turoyo, Ubykh, and Western Armenian.[390]
Megleno-Romanian is also spoken.[380]
Religion
Turkey is a secular state with no official state religion; the Turkish Constitution
provides for freedom of religion and conscience.[391][392] A 2016 survey by Ipsos,
interviewing 17,180 adults across 22 countries, found that Islam was the
dominant religion in Turkey, adhered to by 82% of the total population;
religiously unaffiliated people comprised 13% of the population, while 2% were
Christians.[393] According to a religiosity poll conducted in Turkey in 2019 by
Sancaklar Mosque is a OPTİMAR, 89.5% of the population identifies as Muslims, 4.5% believed in God
contemporary mosque in Istanbul but did not belong to any organized religion, 2.7% were agnostics, 1.7% were
atheists, and 1.7% did not answer.[394][395] Another poll conducted by Gezici
Araştırma in 2020 interviewed 1,062 people in 12 provinces and found that
28.5% of the Generation Z in Turkey identify as irreligious.[396][397] The CIA World Factbook reports that Islam is
the religion of 99.8% of the population, with Sunni Muslims as the largest sect, while 0.2% are Christians and
Jews.[398] However, there are no official governmental statistics specifying the religious beliefs of the Turkish
people, nor is religious data recorded in the country's census.[399] Academics suggest the Alevi population may be
from 15 to 20 million, while the Alevi-Bektaşi Federation states that there are around 25 million.[400][401] According
to Aksiyon magazine, the number of Twelver Shias (excluding Alevis) is three million (4.2%).[402]
Christianity has a long history in present-day Turkey, which is the birthplace of

numerous Christian apostles and saints. Antioch (Antakya) is regarded by
tradition as the spot where the Gospels were written, and where the followers of
Jesus were called Christians for the first time. The percentage of Christians in
Turkey fell from 17.5% (three million followers) in a population of 16 million to
2.5% percent in the early 20th century.[404] mainly as a result of the Armenian
genocide, the population exchange between Greece and Turkey,[405] and the
emigration of Christians that began in the late 19th century and gained pace in
the first quarter of the 20th century.[406] Today, there are more than 120,000–
320,000 people of various Christian denominations,[407] representing less than
0.2% of Turkey's population,[408] including an estimated 80,000 Oriental
Orthodox, 35,000 Roman Catholics,[409] 18,000 Antiochian Greeks,[410] 5,000 The Church of St. Anthony of Padua
on İstiklal Avenue, in the Beyoğlu
Greek Orthodox, smaller numbers of Protestants,[411] and 512 Mormons.[412]
district of Istanbul. There are 234
Currently, there are 236 churches open for worship in Turkey.[413]
active churches in the city.[403]
Modern-day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population;[414] with

around 26,000 Jews, the vast majority of whom are Sephardi.[415] Turkey has the
biggest Jewish community among the Muslim-majority countries.[416][417]
In a mid-2010s poll, 2.9% of Turkish respondents identified as atheists.[418] The Association of Atheism, the first
official atheist organisation in the Balkans and the Middle East, was founded in 2014.[419][420] Some religious and
secular officials have claimed that atheism and deism are growing among Turkish people.[421][422][423][424]
Education
The Ministry of National Education is responsible for pre-tertiary education.[426]

This is compulsory and lasts twelve years: four years each of primary school,
middle school and high school.[427] All 12 years compulsory education is free of
charge in public schools.[428]
Basic education in Turkey is said to lag behind other OECD countries, with
Istanbul University was founded in significant differences between high and low performers.[429] Access to high-
1453 as a Darülfünûn. On 1 August quality school heavily depends on the performance in the secondary school
1933 it was reorganised and entrance exams, to the point that some students begin taking private tutoring
became the Republic's first classes when they are ten years old.[429]
university.[425]
As of 2017, there are 190 universities in Turkey.[430] Except for the Open
Education Faculties (AÖF) at Anadolu, Istanbul and Atatürk University; entrance
is regulated by the national Student Selection and Placement System (ÖSYS) examination, after which high school
graduates are assigned to universities according to their performance.[431] According to the 2012–2013 Times
Higher Education World University Rankings, the top university in Turkey is Middle East Technical University,
followed by Bilkent University and Koç University, Istanbul Technical University and Boğaziçi University.[432] All
state and private universities are under the control of the Higher Education Board (YÖK), whose head is appointed
by the President of Turkey; and since 2016 the President directly appoints all rectors of all state and private
universities.[433]
Turkey is a member of Socrates programme, Erasmus Programme and Erasmus+ Programmes. These student
exchange programmes are organised by the European Union. [434] Also also it is a member of Erasmus Student
Network which is a Europe-wide student organisation which [435] has more than 15.000 volunteers across the
Europe.
Turkey is becoming a hub for foreign students in recent years. The number of foreign students in Turkey was
795.962 in 2016.[436] The government has announced a vision to draw around 500,000 foreign students at its
universities by offering attractive scholarships.[437] Türkiye Scholarships is international scholarship program
funded by Government of Turkey. In 2021, in response to Türkiye Scholarships, that was advertised in January 2021,
Turkish Government received 165,000 applications from 178 countries of the World.[438][439][440]
Health
The Ministry of Health has run a universal public healthcare system since
2003.[441] Known as Universal Health Insurance (Genel Sağlık Sigortası), it is
funded by a tax surcharge on employers, currently at 5%.[441] Public-sector
funding covers approximately 75.2% of health expenditures.[441] Despite the
universal health care, total expenditure on health as a share of GDP in 2018 was
the lowest among OECD countries at 6.3% of GDP, compared to the OECD
average of 9.3%.[441] The lower health care expenditure is due to lower median
age in Turkey which is 32.4, compared to Italy which is 47.3.[442] Aging Acıbadem Hospital in Altunizade
population is the prime reason for higher healthcare expenditure in the neighborhood of Üsküdar, İstanbul
developed world.[443]
Average life expectancy is 78.6 years (75.9 for males and 81.3 for females), compared with the EU average of 81
years.[441] Turkey has one of the highest rates of obesity in the world, with nearly one third (29.5%) of its adult
population having a body mass index (BMI) value that is 30 or above.[444] Air pollution in Turkey is a major cause of
early death.[445]
There are many private hospitals in the country. Turkey benefits from medical tourism in the recent years. Health
tourism earns above $1 billion to Turkey in 2019. Some 60% of the income is obtained from plastic surgery and a
total of 662,087 patients received service in the country last year within the scope of health tourism.[446]
Culture
Turkey has a very diverse culture that is a blend of various elements of the Turkic, Anatolian, Ottoman (which was
itself a continuation of both Greco-Roman and Islamic cultures) and Western culture and traditions, which started
with the Westernisation of the Ottoman Empire and still continues today.[447][448] This mix originally began as a
result of the encounter of Turks and their culture with those of the peoples who were in their path during their
migration from Central Asia to the West.[447][449] Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a "modern" Western
state, while maintaining traditional religious and historical values.[447]
Visual arts
Ottoman miniature is linked to the Persian miniature tradition, as well as strong Chinese artistic influences. The
words tasvir or nakış were used to define the art of miniature painting in Ottoman Turkish. The studios the artists
worked in were called nakkaşhane.[450] The miniatures were usually not signed, perhaps because of the rejection of
individualism, but also because the works were not created entirely by one person; the head painter designed the
composition of the scene, and his apprentices drew the contours (which were
called tahrir) with black or colored ink and then painted the miniature without
creating an illusion of depth. The head painter, and much more often the scribe
of the text, were indeed named and depicted in some of the manuscripts. The
understanding of perspective was different from that of the nearby European
Renaissance painting tradition, and the scene depicted often included different
time periods and spaces in one picture. They followed closely the context of the
book they were included in, more illustrations than standalone works of art.[451]
Matrakçı Nasuh (1480 - 1564) is one of the most prominent artists of this era.
Turkish painting, in the Western sense, developed actively starting from the mid
19th century. The first painting lessons were scheduled at what is now the
Istanbul Technical University (then the Imperial Military Engineering School)
in 1793, mostly for technical purposes.[452] In the late 19th century, human figure
in the Western sense was being established in Turkish painting, especially with
Osman Hamdi Bey (1842–1910). Impressionism, among the contemporary Ortaköy Mosque is a good example
trends, appeared later on with Halil Pasha (c.1857–1939). Other important of the westernisation of Islamic-
Turkish painters in the 19th century were Ferik İbrahim Paşa (1815–1891), Ottoman architecture. Many
Osman Nuri Paşa (c.1839–1906), Şeker Ahmet Paşa (1841–1907), and Hoca Ali Baroque architecture elements can
Riza (1864–1939). be seen in it.
The young Turkish artists sent

to Europe in 1926 came back
inspired by contemporary
trends such as Fauvism, Cubism
and Expressionism, still very
influential in Europe. The later
"Group D" of artists led by
Abidin Dino, Cemal Tollu,
Fikret Mualla, Fahrünnisa Zeid,
Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, Adnan
Çoker and Burhan Doğançay
introduced some trends that
had lasted in the West for more
16th century map of Matrakçı Nasuh (left) and Two Musician Girls of Osman Hamdi Bey (right). than three decades.
Other important movements in

Turkish painting were the "Yeniler Grubu" (The Newcomers Group) of the late 1930s; the "On'lar Grubu" (Group of
Ten) of the 1940s; the "Yeni Dal Grubu" (New Branch Group) of the 1950s; and the "Siyah Kalem Grubu" (Black Pen
Group) of the 1960s.[453]
Internationally acclaimed Turkish sculptors in the 20th century include Ali Hadi Bara, Zühtü Müridoğlu, İlhan
Koman, Kuzgun Acar and Ali Teoman Germaner.
Carpet (halı) and tapestry (kilim) weaving is a traditional Turkish art form with roots in pre-Islamic times. During
its long history, the art and craft of weaving carpets and tapestries in Turkey has integrated numerous cultural
traditions. Apart from the Turkic design patterns that are prevalent, traces of Persian and Byzantine patterns can
also be detected. There are also similarities with the patterns used in Armenian, Caucasian and Kurdish carpet
designs. The arrival of Islam in Central Asia and the development of Islamic art also influenced Turkic patterns in
the medieval period. The history of the designs, motifs and ornaments used in Turkish carpets and tapestries thus
reflects the political and ethnic history of the Turks and the cultural diversity of Anatolia. However, scientific
attempts were unsuccessful, as yet, to attribute a particular design to a specific ethnic, regional, or even nomadic
versus village tradition.[454]
The earliest examples of Turkish paper marbling, called ebru in Turkish, are said to be a copy of the Hâlnâme by the
poet Arifî. The text of this manuscript was rendered in a delicate cut paper découpage calligraphy by Mehmed bin
Gazanfer and completed in 1540, and features many marbled and decorative paper borders. One early master by the
pseudonym of Şebek is mentioned posthumously in the earliest Ottoman text on the art known as the Tertib-i
Risâle-i Ebrî, which is dated based on internal evidence to after 1615. The
instructions for several ebru techniques in the text are accredited to this master.
Another famous 18th-century master by the name of Hatip Mehmed Efendi (died
1773) is accredited with developing motifs and perhaps early floral designs,
although evidence from India appears to contradict some of these reports.
Despite this, marbled motifs are commonly referred to as hatip designs in Turkey
today.[456]
Ottoman miniature which can be

Literature and theatre
linked to the Persian miniature
tradition,[455] as well as strong
Turkish literature is a mix of cultural influences.
Chinese artistic influences.
Interaction between the Ottoman Empire and the
Islamic world along with Europe contributed to a
blend of Turkic, Islamic and European traditions in modern-day Turkish music and
literary arts.[459] Turkish literature was heavily influenced by Persian and Arabic
literature during most of the Ottoman era.
The Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century introduced previously unknown Western
genres, primarily the novel and the short story. Many of the writers in the Tanzimat
period wrote in several genres simultaneously: for instance, the poet Nâmık Kemal also
Namık Kemal's works had a wrote the important 1876 novel İntibâh (Awakening), while the journalist Şinasi has
profound influence on written, in 1860, the first modern Turkish play, the one-act comedy "Şair Evlenmesi"
Atatürk and other Turkish (The Poet's Marriage). Most of the roots of modern Turkish literature were formed
statesmen who established between the years 1896 and 1923. Broadly, there were three primary literary movements
the Turkish during this period: the Edebiyat-ı Cedîde (New Literature) movement; the Fecr-i Âtî
Republic.[457][458] (Dawn of the Future) movement; and the Millî Edebiyat (National Literature)
movement.
The first radical step of innovation in 20th century Turkish poetry was taken by
Nâzım Hikmet, who introduced the free verse style. Another revolution in
Turkish poetry came about in 1941 with the Garip movement led by Orhan Veli,
Oktay Rıfat and Melih Cevdet. The mix of cultural influences in Turkey is
dramatised, for example, in the form of the "new symbols of the clash and
interlacing of cultures" enacted in the novels of Orhan Pamuk, recipient of the
2006 Nobel Prize in Literature.[460]
Nobel-laureate Turkish novelist
The origin of Turkish theatre dates back to ancient pagan rituals and oral Orhan Pamuk and his Turkish
legends. The dances, music and songs performed during the rituals of the Angora cat at his personal writing
inhabitants of Anatolia millennia ago are the elements from which the first shows space
originated. In time, the ancient rituals, myths, legends and stories evolved into
theatrical shows. Starting from the 11th-century, the traditions of the Seljuk
Turks blended with those of the indigenous peoples of Anatolia and the interaction between diverse cultures paved
the way for new plays.
After the Tanzimat (Reformation) period in the 19th century, characters in

Turkish theatre were modernised and plays were performed on European-style
stages, with actors wearing European costumes. Following the restoration of
constitutional monarchy with the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, theatrical
activities increased and social problems began to be reflected at the theatre as
well as in historical plays. A theatrical conservatoire, Darülbedayi-i Osmani
(which became the nucleus of the Istanbul City Theatres) was established in 1914.
During the years of chaos and war, the Darülbedayi-i Osmani continued its
activities and attracted the younger generation. Numerous Turkish playwrights
emerged in this era; some of them wrote on romantic subjects, while others were Süreyya Opera House in Istanbul
interested in social problems, and still others dealt with nationalistic themes. The
first Turkish musicals were also written in this period. In time, Turkish women
began to appear on stage, which was an important development in the late Ottoman society. Until then, female roles
had only been played by actresses who were members of Turkey's ethnic minorities. Today there are numerous
private theatres in the country, together with those which are subsidised by the government, such as the Turkish
State Theatres.[461]
Music and dance
Music of Turkey includes mainly Turkic elements as well as partial influences

ranging from Central Asian folk music, Arabic music, Greek music, Ottoman
music, Persian music and Balkan music, as well as references to more modern
European and American popular music. The roots of traditional music in Turkey
span across centuries to a time when the Seljuk Turks migrated to Anatolia and
Persia in the 11th century and contains elements of both Turkic and pre-Turkic
influences. Much of its modern popular music can trace its roots to the
emergence in the early 1930s drive for Westernization.[463]
With the assimilation of immigrants from various regions the diversity of musical
genres and musical instrumentation also expanded. Turkey has also seen
documented folk music and recorded popular music produced in the ethnic
styles of Greek, Armenian, Albanian, Polish and Jewish communities, among
Referred to as Süperstar by the others.[464]
Turkish media, Ajda Pekkan is a
prominent figure of Turkish pop Many Turkish cities and towns have vibrant local music scenes which, in turn,
music, with a career spanning support a number of regional musical styles. Despite this however, western
decades and a repertoire of diverse
music styles like pop music and kanto lost popularity to arabesque in the late
musical styles.[462] 1970s and 1980s. It became popular again by the beginning of the 1990s, as a
result of an opening economy and society. With the support of Sezen Aksu, the
resurging popularity of pop music gave rise to several international Turkish pop
stars such as Ajda Pekkan, Tarkan and Sertab Erener. The late 1990s also saw an emergence of underground music
producing alternative Turkish rock, electronica, hip-hop, rap and dance music in opposition to the mainstream
corporate pop and arabesque genres, which many believe have become too commercial.[465] Internationally
acclaimed Turkish jazz and blues musicians and composers include Ahmet Ertegun (founder and president of
Atlantic Records), Nükhet Ruacan and Kerem Görsev.
The Turkish Five is a name used by some authors to identify the five pioneers of
Western classical music in Turkey, namely Ahmed Adnan Saygun, Ulvi Cemal
Erkin, Cemal Reşit Rey, Hasan Ferit Alnar and Necil Kazım Akses.[466]
Internationally acclaimed Turkish musicians of Western classical music include
pianists İdil Biret, Verda Erman, Gülsin Onay, the Pekinel sisters (Güher and
Süher Pekinel), Ayşegül Sarıca and Fazıl Say; violinists Ayla Erduran and Suna
Kan; opera singers Semiha Berksoy, Leyla Gencer and Güneş Gürle; and
conductors Emre Aracı, Gürer Aykal, Erol Erdinç, Rengim Gökmen and Hikmet Barış Manço was a Turkish rock
Şimşek. musician and one of the founders of
the Anatolian rock genre.
Turkish folk dance is diverse. Hora is performed in East Thrace; Zeybek in the
Aegean Region, Southern Marmara and East-Central Anatolia Region; Teke in
the Western Mediterranean Region; Kaşık Oyunları and Karşılama in West-Central Anatolia, Western Black Sea
Region, Southern Marmara Region and Eastern Mediterranean Region; Horon in the Central and Eastern Black Sea
Region; Halay in Eastern Anatolia and the Central Anatolia Region; and Bar and Lezginka in the Northeastern
Anatolia Region.[467]
Architecture
The Byzantine era is usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great moved the Roman capital to
Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. Its architecture
dramatically influenced the later medieval architecture throughout Europe and the Near East, and became the
primary progenitor of the Renaissance and Ottoman architectural traditions that followed its collapse. When the
Roman Empire went Christian (as well as Eastwards) with its new capital at
Constantinople, its architecture became more sensuous and more ambitious. This
new style would come to be known as Byzantine with increasingly exotic domes and
ever-richer mosaics, traveled west to Ravenna and Venice and as far north as
Moscow.
The architecture of the Seljuk Turks combined the elements and characteristics of
the Turkic architecture of Central Asia with those of Persian, Arab, Armenian and
Byzantine architecture. The transition from Seljuk architecture to Ottoman
Blue Mosque (1616) in Istanbul
architecture is most visible in Bursa, which was the capital of the Ottoman State
between 1335 and 1413. Following the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
(Istanbul) in 1453, Ottoman architecture was significantly influenced by Byzantine
architecture. Topkapı Palace in Istanbul is one of the most famous examples of
classical Ottoman architecture and was the primary residence of the Ottoman
Sultans for approximately 400 years.[468] Mimar Sinan (c.1489–1588) was the
most important architect of the classical period in Ottoman architecture. He was
the chief architect of at least 374 buildings that were constructed in various
provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.[469] Sedefkar Mehmed Agha Çırağan Palace (1867) in
also known as the architect of the Blue Mosque was an Albanian origin Devshirme. Istanbul
He became a pupil of architect Mimar Sinan, becoming his first assistant in charge
of the office in the absence of Sinan. His work heavily influenced by his teacher
Mimar Sinan
Since the 18th century, Turkish architecture has been increasingly influenced by
European styles, and this can be particularly seen in the Tanzimat era buildings of
Istanbul like the Dolmabahçe, Çırağan, Taksim Military Barracks (demolished), Grand Post Office (1909) in
Feriye, Beylerbeyi, Küçüksu, Ihlamur and Yıldız palaces, which were all designed by Istanbul
members of the Balyan family of Ottoman Armenian court architects.[470] The
Ottoman era waterfront houses (yalı) on the Bosphorus also reflect the fusion
between classical Ottoman and European architectural styles during the aforementioned period. Italian architect,
Raimondo D'Aronco served as the chief palace architect to the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamid II in Istanbul for 16
years. D'Aronco designed and built a large number of buildings of various types in Istanbul. The stylistic features of
his works can be classified in three groups: Revivalism, reinterpretation of the Ottoman forms, Art Nouveau and
Vienna Secession. Art Nouveau was first introduced to Istanbul by D'Aronco, and his designs reveal that he drew
freely on Byzantine and Ottoman decorations. He also mixed Western and Oriental styles in his work.
The First National Architectural Movement in the early 20th century sought to create a new architecture, which was
based on motifs from Seljuk and Ottoman architecture. The leading architects of this movement were Vedat Tek
(1873–1942), Mimar Kemaleddin Bey (1870–1927), Arif Hikmet Koyunoğlu (1888–1982) and Giulio Mongeri (1873–
1953).[471] Buildings from this era are the Grand Post Office in Istanbul (1905–1909), Tayyare Apartments (1919–
1922),[472] Istanbul 4th Vakıf Han (1911–1926),[473] State Art and Sculpture Museum (1927–1930),[474]
Ethnography Museum of Ankara (1925–1928),[475] the first Ziraat Bank headquarters in Ankara (1925–1929),[476]
the first Türkiye İş Bankası headquarters in Ankara (1926–1929),[477] Bebek Mosque,[478] and Kamer Hatun
Mosque.[479][480]
Some of the notable contemporary architects of Turkey are Behruz Çinici, Emre Arolat, Murat Tabanlıoğlu, Melkan
Tabanlıoğlu, Melike Altınışık and Mehmet Kütükçüoğlu
Cuisine
Turkish cuisine is largely the heritage of Ottoman cuisine. In the early years of the Republic, a few studies were
published about regional Anatolian dishes but cuisine did not feature heavily in Turkish folkloric studies until the
1980s, when the fledgling tourism industry encouraged the Turkish state to sponsor two food symposia. The papers
submitted at the symposia presented the history of Turkish cuisine on a "historical continuum" that dated back to
Turkic origins in Central Asia and continued through the Seljuk and Ottoman periods.[483]
Many of the papers presented at these first two symposia were unreferenced. Prior to
the symposia, the study of Turkish culinary culture was first popularised by the
publication of Süheyl Ünver's Fifty Dishes in Turkish History in 1948. This book was
based on recipes found in an 18th century Ottoman manuscript. His second book was
about palace cuisine during the reign of Mehmet II. Following the publication of Ünver's
book subsequent studies were published, including a 1978 study by a historian named
Bahaettin Ögel about the Central Asian origins of Turkish cuisine.[483]
Turkish coffee with Turkish
Ottoman cuisine contains elements of Turkish, Byzantine, Balkan, Armenian, Kurdish, delight. Turkish coffee is a
Arab and Persian cuisines.[484] The country's position between Europe, Asia, and the UNESCO-listed intangible
cultural heritage of
Mediterranean Sea helped the Turks in gaining complete control of the major trade
routes, and an ideal landscape and climate allowed plants and animals to flourish. Turks.[481][482]
Turkish cuisine was well established by the mid-1400s, the beginning of the Ottoman
Empire's six hundred-year reign. Yogurt salads, fish in olive oil, sherbet and stuffed and
wrapped vegetables became Turkish staples. The empire, eventually spanning from Austria and Ukraine to Arabia
and North Africa, used its land and water routes to import exotic ingredients from all over the world. By the end of
the 16th century, the Ottoman court housed over 1,400 live-in cooks and passed laws regulating the freshness of
food. Since the fall of the empire in World War I (1914–1918) and the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923,
foreign food such as French hollandaise sauce and Western fast food have made their way into the modern Turkish
diet.[485]
Sports
The most popular sport in Turkey is association football.[486] Galatasaray won

the UEFA Cup and UEFA Super Cup in 2000.[487] The Turkish national football
team won the bronze medal at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the 2003 FIFA
Confederations Cup and UEFA Euro 2008.[488]
Other mainstream sports such as basketball and volleyball are also popular. The
men's national basketball team won the silver medal at the 2010 FIBA World
Championship and at EuroBasket 2001, which were both hosted by Turkey; and
Turkey won the silver medal at the
is one of the most successful at the Mediterranean Games. Turkish basketball
2010 FIBA World Championship.
club Fenerbahçe reached the final of the EuroLeague in three consecutive
seasons (2016, 2017 and 2018), becoming the European champions in 2017 and
runners-up in 2016 and 2018. Another Turkish basketball club, Anadolu Efes S.K. won the 2020–21 EuroLeague and
the 1995–96 FIBA Korać Cup, were the runners-up of the 2018–19 EuroLeague and the 1992–93 FIBA Saporta Cup,
and finished third at the 1999–2000 EuroLeague and the 2000–01 SuproLeague.[489][490] Beşiktaş won the 2011–12
FIBA EuroChallenge,[491] and Galatasaray won the 2015–16 Eurocup. The Final of the 2013–14 EuroLeague Women
basketball championship was played between two Turkish teams, Galatasaray and Fenerbahçe, and won by
Galatasaray.[492] The women's national basketball team won the silver medal at the EuroBasket Women 2011 and
the bronze medal at the EuroBasket Women 2013. Like the men's team, the women's basketball team is one of the
most successful at the Mediterranean Games.
The women's national volleyball team won the gold medal at the 2015 European Games, the silver medal at the 2003
European Championship, the bronze medal at the 2011 European Championship, and the bronze medal at the 2012
FIVB World Grand Prix. They also won multiple medals over multiple decades at the Mediterranean Games.[497]
Women's volleyball clubs, namely Fenerbahçe, Eczacıbaşı and Vakıfbank, have won numerous European
championship titles and medals. Fenerbahçe won the 2010 FIVB Women's Club World Championship and the 2012
CEV Women's Champions League. Representing Europe as the winner of the 2012–13 CEV Women's Champions
League, Vakıfbank also became the world champion by winning the 2013 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World
Championship. Recently Vakıfbank has won the FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship in 2017 and
2018,[493][494][495] and the 2017–18 CEV Women's Champions League for the fourth time in their history.[496]
The traditional national sport of Turkey has been yağlı güreş (oil wrestling) since Ottoman times.[498] Edirne
Province has hosted the annual Kırkpınar oil wrestling tournament since 1361, making it the oldest continuously
held sporting competition in the world.[499][500] In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Ottoman Turkish oil wrestling
champions such as Koca Yusuf, Nurullah Hasan and Kızılcıklı Mahmut acquired international fame in Europe and
North America by winning world heavyweight wrestling championship titles.
International wrestling styles governed by FILA such as freestyle wrestling and
Greco-Roman wrestling are also popular, with many European, World and
Olympic championship titles won by Turkish wrestlers both individually and as a
national team.[501]
Media and cinema

VakıfBank S.K. has won the FIVB
Hundreds of television channels, thousands of local and national radio stations,
Volleyball Women's Club World
Championship in 2017 and
several dozen newspapers, a productive and profitable national cinema and a
rapid growth of broadband Internet use constitute a vibrant media industry in
2018,[493][494][495] and the 2017–18
CEV Women's Champions League
Turkey.[503] The majority of the TV audiences are shared among public
for the fourth time in their broadcaster TRT and the network-style channels such as Kanal D, Show TV, ATV
history.[496] and Star TV. The broadcast media have a very high penetration as satellite dishes
and cable systems are widely available.[504] The Radio and Television Supreme
Council (RTÜK) is the government body overseeing the broadcast
media.[504][505] By circulation, the most popular newspapers are Posta,
Hürriyet, Sözcü, Sabah and Habertürk.[506]
TRT World is the international news
platform of the Turkish Radio andTurkish television dramas are increasingly becoming popular beyond Turkey's
Television Corporation.[502] borders and are among the country's most vital exports, both in terms of profit
and public relations.[507] After sweeping the Middle East's television market over
the past decade, Turkish shows have aired in more than a dozen South and
Central American countries in 2016.[508] Turkey is today the world's second largest exporter of television series.[509]
Yeşilçam is the sobriquet that refers to the Turkish film art and industry. The
first movie exhibited in the Ottoman Empire was the Lumiere Brothers' 1895
film, L'Arrivée d'un train en gare de La Ciotat, which was shown in Istanbul in
1896. The first Turkish-made film was a documentary entitled Ayastefanos'taki
Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı (Demolition of the Russian Monument at San Stefano),
directed by Fuat Uzkınay and completed in 1914. The first narrative film, Sedat
Simavi's The Spy, was released in 1917. Turkey's first sound film was shown in
1931. Turkish directors like Metin Erksan, Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Yılmaz Güney, Zeki
Demirkubuz and Ferzan Özpetek won numerous international awards such as The closing ceremony of the annual
the Palme d'Or and Golden Bear.[510][511] International Antalya Golden
Orange Film Festival takes place at
Despite legal provisions, media freedom in Turkey has steadily deteriorated from the Aspendos amphitheatre.
2010 onwards, with a precipitous decline following the failed coup attempt on 15
July 2016.[512] As of December 2016, at least 81 journalists were imprisoned in
Turkey and more than 100 news outlets were closed.[263] Freedom House lists Turkey's media as not free.[265] The
media crackdowns also extend to Internet censorship with Wikipedia getting blocked between 29 April 2017 and 15
January 2020.[513][514]
See also
Index of Turkey-related articles
Outline of Turkey
Notes
a. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has said "Our attitude on the Armenian issue has been clear from the
beginning. We will never accept the accusations of genocide".[23] Scholars give several reasons for Turkey's
position including the preservation of national identity, the demand for reparations and territorial concerns.[24]
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Further reading
Mango, Andrew (2004). The Turks Today (https://archive.org/details/turkstoday00andr). Overlook. ISBN 978-1-
58567-615-6.
Pope, Hugh; Pope, Nicole (2004). Turkey Unveiled. Overlook. ISBN 978-1-58567-581-4.
Reed, Fred A. (1999). Anatolia Junction: a Journey into Hidden Turkey. Burnaby, BC: Talonbooks [sic]. 320 p., ill.
with b&w photos. ISBN 0-88922-426-9
Revolinski, Kevin (2006). The Yogurt Man Cometh: Tales of an American Teacher in Turkey. Çitlembik.
ISBN 978-9944-424-01-1.
Roxburgh, David J. (ed.) (2005). Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600. Royal Academy of Arts.
ISBN 1-903973-56-2.
External links
General
turkey.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20150522160612/http://turkey.com/) – Topical multilingual website about

Turkey.
Turkey (https://web.archive.org/web/20120609183758/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/turkey.htm)
from UCB Libraries GovPubs
Data on Turkey (https://data.oecd.org/turkey.htm) from OECD
Turkey (https://curlie.org/Regional/Middle_East/Turkey) at Curlie
Geographic data related to Turkey (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/174737) at OpenStreetMap
Tourism
Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey

Go Türkiye – Turkey's Official Tourism Portal (https://goturkiye.com/)
Official website of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism (http://www.kultur.gov.tr/)
Government
Official website of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey (https://tccb.gov.tr/en/)

Official website of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (http://global.tbmm.gov.tr/index.php/EN/yd/)
Economy
Official website of Ministry of the Ministry of Economy (http://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkey&oldid=1070115110"
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Turkey Not Chipmunk

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2/5/22, 6:23 PM Turkey - Wikipedia

Coordinates: 39°N 35°E

Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye [ˈtyɾcije]), officially the Republic of

"The Independence March"

empire's power declined with a gradual loss of territories.[19] 41°1′N 28°57′E

The Mamluk Sultanate was also called al-Dawla al-Turkiyya.[39]

Prehistory of Anatolia and Eastern Thrace

Galatia was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia inhabited by

Early Christian and Roman period

Seljuks and the Ottoman Empire

Topkapı and Dolmabahçe The Ottoman Navy contended with

The country's tumultuous transition to multiparty democracy was interrupted by

Following a decade of Cypriot intercommunal violence and the coup in Cyprus on

In 2013, widespread protests erupted in many Turkish provinces, sparked by a

Between 9 October and 25 November 2019, Turkey conducted a military

Kırklareli Bartın Sinop

Turkey is a founding member of the United Nations (1945),[177] the OECD

As of 2021, Turkey does not have an ambassador in either Syria or Egypt.[202]

Turkey is divided into seven geographical regions: Marmara, Aegean,

Turkey's extraordinary ecosystem and habitat diversity has produced

The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which

The coastal areas of Turkey bordering the Aegean and Mediterranean

Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction,

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Turkey reached 22.05 billion USD

Tourism in Turkey has increased almost every year in the 21st

In 2013 there were 98 airports in Turkey,[336] including 22 international

As of 2014, the country has a roadway network of over 65,000 kilometres

Science and technology

Turkish government companies for research and development in military

Largest cities or towns in Turkey

4 Bursa Bursa 2,074,799 14 Denizli Denizli 638,989

6 Gaziantep Gaziantep 1,663,273 16 Samsun Samsun 625,410

8 Konya Konya 1,130,222 18 İzmit Kocaeli 570,077

Christianity has a long history in present-day Turkey, which is the birthplace of

Modern-day Turkey continues to have a small Jewish population;[414] with

The Ministry of National Education is responsible for pre-tertiary education.[426]

The young Turkish artists sent

Other important movements in

Ottoman miniature which can be

After the Tanzimat (Reformation) period in the 19th century, characters in

Music and dance

Music of Turkey includes mainly Turkic elements as well as partial influences

The most popular sport in Turkey is association football.[486] Galatasaray won

Media and cinema

1. "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasası" (https://archive.today/20200701095929/https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/t

42. "How the Turkey Got Its Name" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/where-did-your-thanksgiving-tu

65. Colony and Mother City in Ancient Greece By A. J. Graham page 98

88. Acts 20:34

132. "Growth in United Nations membership (1945–2005)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160117212320/http://www.

231. "What is Turkey doing in Iraq?" (http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/what-is-turkey-doing-in-iraq.aspx?pageID=449

274. "Onur Yürüyüşü'nde 20 gözaltı" (https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2019/06/22/izmirde-onur-yuruyusune-i

336. "CIA World Factbook: Turkey" (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/). Retrieved

418. Ekin Karaca (3 March 2016). "Being an Atheist in Turkey" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160701073123/http://w

440. "Scholarships" (https://turkeyscholarship.com/). Turkey Scholarship. Retrieved 7 January 2019.

461. "Traditional Theatre" (http://www.turkishculture.org/performing-arts/theatre-36.htm). turkishculture.org. Retrieved

506. "Gazete Tirajları 02.05.2016 – 08.05.2016" (https://web.archive.org/web/20151219145010/http://www.gazetecile

turkey.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20150522160612/http://turkey.com/) – Topical multilingual website about

Wikimedia Atlas of Turkey

Official website of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey (https://tccb.gov.tr/en/)

Official website of Ministry of the Ministry of Economy (http://www.ekonomi.gov.tr/)