FTTX PON Components

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Optical Distribution Networks (FTTH)

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FTTx-PON
Components

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FTTx Network - Application Scenario Networking
FTTO
VIP
PBX
Router

Switch ONU ONT


PLMN
FTTM
GE

OLT SDH PSTN


E1
BTS E1/STM-1

ETH ONU
GE/10GE PSN Internet
Node B/eNode B GE

FTTH FTTB Curb PLMN


ONT MxU
FTTC
PC
STB

Subscribers
Phone TV

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FTTB / FTTC
network structure

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FTTx Network Elements

Active Elements Passive Elements

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Each PON requires at least the following :

❑An optical line terminal (OLT) at the CO in P2MP and P2P PONs
❑Video equipment (transmitter) at the CO and an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), which is used to
amplify the analog RF video overload signal before transmission through the WDM coupler.
❑An Optical Network Terminal (ONT) or Optical Network Unit(ONU) connected to the UNI located at each
subscriber’s premises in P2MP and P2P PONs.
❑A feeder fiber from the CO to a splitter in P2MP PONs
▪ Fiber is part of a multi-fiber cable
▪ Fiber pair for P2P PONs
❑One splitter per feeder fiber
▪ PONs can use multiple splitters in a cascade or tree design topology .
❑Distribution fibers and drop cables between the splitter branches and the (ONTs)
▪ One distribution fiber/drop cable per ONT
▪ The same feeder fiber (pair) in P2P PONs

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Added points:
❑ The OLT at the CO is interfaced with the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and the Public Data Network
(PDN).
❑ Video signals enter the system from the cable television (CATV) head-end or from a DBS satellite feed.
❑ The video sources can be converted to optical format by an optical video transmitter.
❑ Then amplified by EDFA and coupled through a wide wavelength- division multiplexing (WWDM) coupler to the
optical signal from the OLT.
❑ Alternatively, the video signals can be interfaced with the OLT in digital form for IPTV10 or in analog form for overlay.
❑ Voice and data signals are transmitted downstream on 1490 nm and Video signal on 1550 nm along the same
optical fiber.
❑ Voice and data can be transmitted upstream from the ONT on 1310 nm.

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Active Equipment – Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
Located at the CO:

Large-capacity
OLT
OLT is the core component of the FTTx solution and has the
following functions (as per some version specs*)

• provides UNI interfaces such as ADSL2+, VDSL2, SHDSL, POTS, FE, P2P,
ISDN, and Combo, and provides dual GPON/EPON/GE auto-sensing NNI
interfaces.

• Provides various types upstream interfaces, service interfaces, and Medium-capacity


maintenance interfaces to adapt to different networking environments. OLT

https://blog.router-switch.com/2019/08/huawei-ftth-pol-
Small-capacity
solution-products-portfolio-olt-onu-odn-and-ont/ OLT

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OLT Examples

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Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
OLT Examples

OLT description
• No of ports ?
• No of interfaces ?
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Active Equipment – Optical Network Unit (ONU)
▪ Any device that terminates the optical network is also referred to as an optical network termination (ONT).
▪ In the IEEE world, the subscriber equipment is always referred to as the ONU.
▪ Single family unit (SFU): each family has its private ONT
▪ Multi Dwelling Unit (MDU) : Serve number of residential units, BW is shared among subscribers (can be considered as small
network)
▪ Depending on the application, the ONU can provide analogue phone
connections (POTS), Ethernet connections, RF connections for video
overlay and, in the case of FTTB, a number ofVDSL2 or Ethernet
connections, Wi-Fi 2.4/5 GHz and G.hn (G.9960).
▪ MDU (Multi dwelling ONUs) can be an intermediate solution for the full
end to end fibre architecture, for buildings with existing copper networks.
▪ In a multi-dwelling unit (MDU), the connections between end-users and
the building switch can comprise of either copper or fibre, however, fibre
is the only alternative that will guarantee to support future bandwidth
requirements.
▪ As VDSL2 links can now achieve 100-Mbps full-duplex (Annex 30a), this
provides the opportunity to access more customers without actually
having to take the fibre inside their homes.

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Active Equipment – Optical Network Terminal (ONT)
Located at the Home (FTTH): Bridging terminal

ONT has the following functions (as per some version specs*) GE

❑ For Internet services:


• The ONT functions as a PPPoE client to obtain a public IP address through PPPoE
dialup.
• In addition, the ONT functions as a DHCP server to allocate private IP addresses to POTS
PCs connected to the network through L3 LAN ports and Wi-Fi.
• Using NAT, private network PCs can share a public IP address to access the Internet. GE
Bridging + voice terminal
❑ For IPTV service: RF
• The ONT functions as a DHCP client to obtain a public IP address through DHCP.
• In addition, the ONT functions as a DHCP server to allocate private IP addresses to
STBs connected to the network through L3 LAN ports.
GE
• Using NAT, STBs on the private network can share a public IP address to order POTS
programs.
RF
❑ For VoIP service: Wi-F
• The ONT functions as a DHCP client to obtain an IP address through DHCP. Home gateway terminal
• Multiple POTS ports share one public IP address. USB FE

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Active Equipment – Multi Dwelling Unit (MDU)
Located at the Corridor (FTTB):

MDU can be used in FTTC/FTTB, mini DSLAM, or mini MSAN


construction scenarios FTTx solution and has the following functions
(as per some version specs*)
Downstream xDSL+POTS MDU

• It can be installed in corridors or cabinets in indoor and outdoor


application scenarios.

• It can provides UNI interfaces (Downstream Ports) Broadband service


such as ADSL2+, VDSL2, SHDSL, Narrowband service such as POTS &
ISDN, and Ethernet such as FE & GE.

• It can provides One or more User RF interfaces. Downstream LAN+POTS MDU

• Provides NNI interfaces (Upstream Ports) 10 GPON/GPON/EPON/GE.

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ONT/ONU Subscriber Terminal Optics with Video

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OLT and ONT characteristics

DFB: Distributed feedback single longitudinal mode (SLM) laser, cooled, directly modulated
DFB laser required for 1000BASE PX20 EPON
FP: Fabry-Perot multilongitudinal mode (MLM) laser, uncooled, directly modulated (for BPON, GPON and 1000BASE
PX10 EPON upstream transmission at 1310 nm)

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FTTH Network Elements

FDH: FIBER DISTRIPUTION HUB

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Optical Passive Elements - ODN
The main passive components in a PON are the following:

• 1 x 2 WWDM coupler(s) (two couplers if analog video is used in P2MP)


• 1 x N splitter (in P2MP)
• Fiber-optic cables (feeder, distribution and drop)
• Connectors and cable assemblies
• Fiber management systems/enclosures
• Fiber distribution hub/splitter enclosure
• Fiber distribution drop/drop enclosure

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Located at the CO

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ODF (Optical distribution frame)
ODF is a passive component, and it is very important
component for organizing the fiber optic cable connections.

Located CO, in street, in basement,…

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OSP - Optical Fiber Cables
❑There are three types of cables: feeder, distribution and drop.
Feeder cable F1 ≈ 20 Km and 60 Km for extend reach
Distribution Cable F2 < 1 Km
Drop Cable < 500m
❑Three basic cable-installation methods for OSP are available:
The direct burial method.
A duct installation.
Aerial installations.

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Cable types

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Feeder Cable

• Feeder cable: runs from access node such as OLT to the primary fiber concentration point (FCP) and
may cover a distance of up to several kilometers before termination, it may cover max. distance of
19-20 Km before terminating in First Concentration Point FCP.
• Designers can extend distance reach to 60 Km for newer GPON types using optical amplifiers.
• A typical deployment method is to use underground networks with suitably sized ducts or an aerial
cable arrangement with a pole structure

• The number of fibers in the cable will depend on the design


(P2MP or P2P).
• Feeder cabling mostly uses a single mode G.652 ZWP (Zero
Water Peak) fiber, its count must be greater than the
number of GPON interfaces

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Distribution cabling
Runs between the FDH and the Fiber Access Terminal FAT and does not usually exceed distances of 1km.
Cables will have medium-sized fiber counts targeted to serve a specific number of buildings or a defined area.
Total fiber counts will generally be between 48 and 216.
Cables may be ducted, directly buried or grouped within a common micro duct bundle.
For larger MDUs, the distribution cabling may form the last drop to the building and converts to internal cabling
to complete the fiber link.
Mostly uses a single mode G.657 fiber.

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Drop cabling
▪ It is the final external link to the subscriber and runs from the last FAT to the subscriber with
a distance of less than half a kilometer

▪ It can be terminated on the outside structure of the house, or pass through the wall and
terminate inside the house

▪ Several deploying methods can be chosen, it may be deployed within small ducts, micro-
ducts or by direct burial to achieve a single dig and install solution.
▪ ITU fiber Standard G. 567 is preferable
▪ Air blown cables method is very suitable for future upgrade

Internal Cabling: Its existence depend on the design

Indoor Singlemode GJYXCH FTTH Flat Drop Cable With G657A2 Optical Fiber
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OSP – FDH (Fiber Distribution HUB)

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Optical Splitters (OSP)
Fiber optic splitter is a key optical device in passive optical network (PON) systems, also known as a passive optical
splitter, they require no external energy source other than the incident light beam which splits the optical signal power
evenly into all the output ports.
In order for the subscribers to share the available total bandwidth, a bidirectional 1xN splitter is used in a P2MP PON.

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Optical Splitters (OSP)
• A 1 × N and 2 x N splitter are available.
• Splitters are the biggest source of power loss in the network and it is used to split the input (downstream) power
into several parts at a certain ratio.
• This loss, known as splitter loss or splitting ratio, is usually expressed in dB and depends mainly on its number of
output ports, as shown in Table

Planar PLC

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Optical Splitters (OSP)
• Splitters are critical devices in PONs. Its quality has a relevant influence in the
PON performance and optical reach.
• Splitters constructed with PLC technology are preferable for their insertion
loss and loss uniformity figures and for their wider operation wavelengths.
• Optical splitters are provided pre-connectorized with an LC/APC connector at
both ends.
• In FTTH architecture, optical splitters may be placed in different locations:
• Central Office, besides the OLT (housed in the ODF rack).
• Fiber Distribution Terminal (FDT).
• Fiber Access Terminals (FAT). Only in exceptional cases.
• Optical Splice Box (OSB) housed in Multi Dwelling Units (MDU) buildings.

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Splitter technical requirements

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The optical splitter used in PON-based point-to-multipoint networks can be
placed at different locations in the network:

Centralized splitting architecture:


The centralized approach uses single-stage splitters in a central hub in a star or chain topology.
This provides optimal flexibility in management of subscriber connections and utility of connected equipment—and the
advantage of having an easily accessed testing point.
However, it requires a “fiber rich” network from the splitter location to the premises.

Centralized splitting architecture has been


used extensively to reach subscribers in initial
FTTH deployments.
This approach typically uses multiple 1x32
splitters located in a fiber distribution hub
(FDH), which may be located anywhere in the
network.

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Distributed split (cascaded) architecture:

A cascaded architecture utilizes multiple splitters in series to achieve the overall desired split ratio. For example: a 1x4
splitter residing in an outside plant enclosure is directly connected to an OLT port in the central office. Each of the four
fibers leaving this Stage 1 splitter is routed to an access terminal that houses a 1x8, Stage 2 splitter.

In this scenario, a total of 32 fibers (4x8) would reach 32 homes.


It is possible to have more than two splitting stages in a cascaded system, and the overall split ratio may vary (1x16 =
4x4; 1x32 = 4x8 or 8x4) or 1x64 = 4x4x4 for 3 levels splitting.

This approach reduces the amount of fiber in


the distribution area by moving part of the
splitting process to the access point where the
subscriber drops are connected.

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Activity

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Inside plant (ISP) equipment includes the following:

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Inside Plant (ISP) Network Design

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ISP Network Architecture
There are mainly two types of FTTH architecture custom-tailored for each building. These architectures are
illustrated in the next Figure.

Direct Home-Run or Direct Fiber Multicore Riser Field-Connectorized

➢There are mainly two types of FTTH ➢A separate riser system is being
introduced to connect the customer from
architecture custom-tailored for each FDH.
building. ➢A Floor Distribution Box (FDB) is installed
in Floor Telephone Room (FTR) to link the
customer drops to main FDH through
riser cables.
➢The FDB is either installed in every floor,
every two floors or every three floors.
➢FDB location may vary depending on the
number of flats in each floor.

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Summery

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Thank You

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