BAB 3 EXTRACTION

Questions and Problems

3-1. What is the minimum value of K D which would allow the extraction 0f 99.9% of a
solute from 50 mL of water with five successive 50 mL portions of ether?

Answer :

Diketahui :

% E=99.9 %

V a =50 mL

V o =50 mL

n=5

W o =misalkan berat mula−mula 1 gram

0.1
W a =100 %−99.9 %=0.1 % , ×1 gram=0.001 gram
100

Jawaban :

W a =W o ¿

0.001 gram=1 gram ¿

1
0.2511=
( 1+ D )

0.2511+0.2511 D=1

0.2511 D=1−0.2511

0.2511 D=0.7489

0.7489
D=
0.2511

D=3

3-2. If five extractions with 100 mL portions of ether extract 90 % of a solute from an
aqueous solution, what fraction of the solute will ten similar extractions remove?
Answer :

Diketahui :

% E=90 %

V a =100 mL

V o =90 mL

n=5

W o = 1 gram

W 1=100 %−90 %=10 % ×1 gram=0.1 gram

Jawaban :

W =W o ¿

( )
1
n
Va
( W ) =1
V a+V o D

Va
( V a +V o D ) = 1
n
W

( )
Va
1
−V a
W n
D=
Vo

100
1
−100
0.1 5
untuk 90 % → D=
90

100
−100
0.631
D=
90

158.47−100
D=
90

D=0.64966

% E untuk n=10 kali ekstraksi

( )
n
Va
W =W o
V a +V o D
W =1¿

W =¿

W =¿

W =0.01→ W o =1 gram

% E untuk 10 kali:

( 100 %−X % ) 1 gram=0.01 gram

100
−X %=0.01 gram
100

% X=1−0.01

% X=0.99

X =99 %

3-3. Derive an expression similar to equation 3-10 for the distribution of pyridine between
water and benzene :
+ ¿(¿ water)¿
+¿=C 5 H5 N H ¿
C5 H5 N +H

3-4. In the Craig process, some of the solute remains in the first vessel no matter how many
transfers are made. Assuming that V S =V M and that K D=1, what fraction of the solute
will remain in the first two vessel after ten transfers?

Answer :

Diketahui :

V S =V M dan K D =1

Jawaban :

KDVS 1× 1 1
p= = =
K D V S +V M 1 ×1+1 2

VM 1 1
q= = =
K D V S +V M 1 ×1+1 2

( p+q)n =p n +npn−1 q

( p+q)n =¿
 1 1 1
( p+q)n = +10 .
1024 512 2

n 1 10 1
( p+q) = + .
1024 512 2

n 1 10
( p+q) = +
1024 1024

1 10
( p+q )n= .100 % + .100 %
1024 1024

( p+q )n=0.09 % +0.98 %

( p+q )n=1 %

3-5. A sample containing approximately 1 g of an organic subtance A is dissolved in 100

C et
(a). What is the value of K D= for this system ?
C aq

(b). How many additional extractions with 100 mL portions of ether would be required to
extract 95 % of the substance?

(c). What fraction of A would have been extracted by four 25 mL portions of ether?

Answer :

C et
(a). What is the value of K D= for this system ?
C aq

[ A ] eter
K D= → senyawa yang memiliki Mr yang sama .
[ A ] air
m terhadap eter=0.7 gr am dan mterhadap air=0.3 gram

C eter
K D=
C air

K D=
[massa
Mr
×
1
volume
eter]
[ massa
Mr
×
1
volume ]
air
 massa eter
K D=
massa air

0.7 gram
K D=
0.3 gram

K D=2.33

(b). How many additional extractions with 100 mL portions of ether would be required to
extract 95 % of the substance?

% E=95 %

¿ 100 %−90 %=5 %

W o =1 gram

5
W= ×1 gram
100

1
W= gram
20

W =0.05 gram

W =0.7 gram+ 0.05 gram

W =0.75 gram(additional)

1 1
=
n 2

n=2 kali penambahan

(c). What fraction of A would have been extracted by four 25 mL portions of ether?

Diketahui : n=4 ,V o=25 mL , K D=2.33

Ditanya : % E ?

W =W O ¿
W =1 gram ¿

W =1 gram ¿

W =0.159 gram

100 %−X %=0.159 gram

100 X
− =0.159 gram
100 100

X
=1−0.159 gram
100

X
% =0.841 %
100

% X=84.1 %

C aq
3-6. The distribution coefficient of an organic compound is K D= =0.5 . A 0.55 g sample
C pent
is placed in vessel 0 of a Craig apparatus. Each vessel holds 4 mL of water and 4 mL of
pentane (the lighter solvent which is tranferred). Calculate the fraction of the compound
which is in each vessel after four transfers.

Answer :

Diketahui :

K D=5 , V M =4 , V S=4. dilakukan 4 kalitransfer

KDVS 5×4 5
p= = =
K D V S +V M 5 × 4+ 4 6

VM 4 1
q= = =
K D V S +V M 5 × 4+ 4 6

¿1.5 %
3-7. Three extractions with 50 mL portions of chloroform removed 97 % of a solute from 200
C eter
ml of an aqueous solution. Calculate the distribution coefficient of the solute : K D= .
C air

Answer :

Diketahui : n=3 kali , V o=50 mL ,% E=97 % , V a=200 mL

(
W o =1 gram misal W =100 %−97 % ,W =
3
100
×1 gram, W =0.03 gram )
Harga K D=D jikatidak terjadi asosiasidn disosiasi

W =W o ¿

0.03=1¿
1
1×
3
(0.03) =¿
1
3 1
(0.03) =
1+ 0.25 D

0.31072(1+0.25 D)=1

0. 31072+ 0.07768 D=1

0. 07768 D=1−0.31072

0 .07768 D = 0.689276

0.689276
D=
0.07768

D=8.9

3-8. Two weak bases (organic amines) have basic dissociation constant of K HX =1× 10−4 and
−8
K HY =1× 10 . Both bases have distribution coefficients of approximately 10 between
chloroform and water. Describe a procedure, making use of the difference in K Dfor
separating the two by extraction.

C eter
3-9. two weak acids, HX nd HY, have distribution coefficient K D= of 5 and 50,
C air
respectively and dissociation constants of 1 ×10−4and 1 ×10−4 respectively. Calculate the
 distribution ratios of the two acid at integral values of PH of the aquoes solution from
PH 4 to Ph 11, assuming aqual volumes of the solvent .What is the minimum PH for
which the ratio of D values least 103 ?

Ceter 0
3-10. formaldehyde has a distribution coefficient =0,111 at 25 . How many liters of
C air
water will ebe required to remove in one extraction 95% of the formaldehyde from 1
liters of ether containing 0.5 mol of formaldehyde.

3-11. How much formaldehyde would remain in 50 ml of ether initially containing 5 gr of

3-12. suppose you were given 100 ml 0f an aqueous solution containing 1 mg of LSD. You
wish to extract the LSD into ether . the distribution coefficient is given by

C et
K D= =10
C aq

a. How much LSD be extracted with one 150 ml portion of ether?

3-13. The dissociation constant for propionic acid, HOP,in water is