FUNDAMENTALS OF MARTIAL ARTS

Midterm Period
Chapter III: Introduction to K arate
Module 3 Lesson 1: History of K arate

Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to;

A. Know the history of karate;

B. Give and summarize the importance faces of history of karate;
C. Understand and identify the basic karate techniques;
D. Apply the basic karate techniques in real life;

Concept/Discussion:
Definition of karate
Is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the
indigenous Ryukyuan martial arts (called te, "hand"; tii in Okinawan) under the
influence of Chinese Kung Fu, particularly Fujian White Crane. Karate is now
predominantly a striking art using punching, kicking, knee strikes, elbow strikes and
open-hand techniques such as knife-hands, spear-hands and palm-heel strikes.
Historically, and in some modern styles, grappling, throws, joint locks, restraints and
vital-point strikes are also taught. A karate practitioner is called a karate
The Ryukyu Kingdom was annexed by Japan in 1879. Karate was brought to
Japanese archipelago in the early 20th century during a time of migration as
Ryukyuans, especially from Okinawa, looked for work in Japan. It was systematically
taught in Japan after the Taishō era. In 1922, the Japanese Ministry of Education
invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karate demonstration. In 1924 Keio
University established the first university karate club in mainland Japan and by 1932,
major Japanese universities had karate clubs. In this era of escalating Japanese
militarism, the name was changed from ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand" to("empty
hand")both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese to indicate that the Japanese
wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style. After World War II, Okinawa
became an important United States military site and karate became popular among
servicemen stationed there.
The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase the
popularity of martial arts around the world, and in English the word karate began to
be used in a generic way to refer to all striking-based Asian martial arts. Karate
schools began appearing across the world, catering to those with casual interest as
well as those seeking a deeper study of the art.
Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dojo, opined that "the majority of
followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate only for its fighting techniques
... Movies and television ... depict karate as a mysterious way of fighting capable of
causing death or injury with a single blow ... the mass media present a pseudo art far
from the real thing." Shoshin Nagaminesaid, "Karate may be considered as the
conflict within oneself or as a life-long marathon which can be won only through self-
discipline, hard training and one's own creative efforts.
History of karate The Beginnings of Karate History on Okinawa
The history of Okinawan Karate can be traced back to the late 17th century
when a ban on weapons was imposed by the samurai rulers of Japan.The exact
evolution of karate history is lost due to the lack of information being written down
which is unsurprising when taking into account the strict rules against subjects of the
island learning martial arts.
This meant that all training by early masters such as Kanga Tode Sakugawa
(pictured) and Sokon 'Bushi' Matsumura, had to be done in secret and as weapons
could not be carried on the island, self-defence tended to revolve around empty
handed techniques.

Karate History and its Development into a World Martial Art

At the turn of the 20th century, Anko Itosu gained permission to end the
shroud of secrecy for those who wanted to learn martial arts and began teaching Te
in Okinawan schools. This led to further expansion by one of Itosu’s students, Sensei
Gichin Funakoshi, who introduced the art to Japan in 1922.
Funakoshi made many modifications to the art to make it more accessible to the
Japanese including changing the name and karate as we know it today was born.
Towards the end of his life, Funakoshi was instrumental in forming the Japanese
Karate Association (JKA) which set about making karate a world martial art by
sending out its best instructors to teach it all over the globe.
Today, karate is practiced by millions of people right across the world and although
the lines are often blurred between karate history facts and exagerations or legends,
the contribution made by the old Okinawan masters and those that followed them
should not be forgotten.
Karate began as a common fighting system known as te (Okinawan: ti) among
the Pechin class of the Ryukyuans. After trade relationships were established with
the Ming dynasty of China in 1372 by King Satto of Chuzan, some forms of Chinese
martial arts were introduced to the Ryukyu Islands by the visitors from China,
particularly Fujian Province. A large group of Chinese families moved to Okinawa
around 1392 for the purpose of cultural exchange, where they established the
community of Kumemura and shared their knowledge of a wide variety of Chinese
arts and sciences, including the Chinese martial arts. The political centralization of
Okinawa by King Sho Hashi in 1429 and the policy of banning weapons by King Sho
Shin in 1477, later enforced in Okinawa after the invasion by the Shimazu clan in
1609, are also factors that furthered the development of unarmed combat techniques
in Okinawa
There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own
methods. One surviving example is the motobu Ryu School passed down from the
Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara. Early styles of karate are often generalized as
Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named after the three cities from which they
emerged. Each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles
that distinguished their local version of te from the others.
Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to China regularly to
study various political and practical disciplines. The incorporation of emptyhanded
Chinese Kung Fu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly because of these
exchanges and partly because of growing legal restrictions on the use of
weaponry. Traditional karate kata bear a strong resemblance to the forms found in
Fujian martial arts such as Fujian White Crane, Tai Zu Quan (or Grand Ancestors
Fist), Five
Ancestors, and Gangrou-quan (Hard Soft Fist; pronounced "Gojuken" in
Japanese). Many Okinawan weapons such as the sai, tonfa, and nunchaku may
have originated in and around Southeast Asia.
Sakukawa Kanga (1782–1838) had studied pugilism and staff (bo) fighting in
China (according to one legend, under the guidance of Kosokun, originator of
kusanku kata). In 1806 he started teaching a fighting art in the city of Shuri that he
called "Tudi Sakukawa," which meant "Sakukawa of China Hand." This was the first
known recorded
reference to the art of "Tudi,” Around the 1820s Sakukawa's most significant student
Matsumura Sokon (1809–1899) taught a synthesis of te (Shuri-te and Tomari-te) and
Shaolin (Chinese) styles. Matsumura's style would later become the shorin ryu style.
Matsumura taught his art to Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) among others. Itosu
adapted two forms he had learned from Matsumura. These are kusanku and chiang
nan.He created the ping'an forms ("heian" or "pinan" in Japanese) which are
simplified kata for beginning students. In 1901 Itosu helped to get karate introduced
into Okinawa's public schools. These forms were taught to children at the elementary
school level. Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms he created are common
across nearly all styles of karate. His students became some of the most well-known
karate masters, including Gichin Funakoshi, Kenwa Mabuni, and Motobu Chōki. Itosu
is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfather of Modern Karate.
In 1881 Higaonna Kanro returned from China after years of instruction with
Ryu Ryu Koand founded what would become Naha-te. One of his students was the
founder of Gojū-ryū, Chōjun Miyagi. Chōjun Miyagi taught such well-known karateka
as Seko Higa (who also trained with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi, Miyazato Ei'ichi, and
Seikichi Toguchi, and for a very brief time near the end of his life, An'ichi Miyagi (a
teacher claimed by Morio Higaonna).
In addition to the three early te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan influence is
that of Kanbun Uechi (1877–1948). At the age of 20 he went to Fuzhou in Fujian
Province, China, to escape Japanese military conscription. While there he studied
under Shushiwa. He was a leading figure of Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken style at that
time. He later developed his own style of uchi ryu karate based on the Sanchin,
Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in China.
Karate Pilipinas Sports Federation, Inc. (Karate Philippines)
Is the local governing body for the sport of Karate in the Philippines. KP was
formed in early 2018, and subsequently recognized by the World Karate Federation
as a temporary member in July 2018, potentially replacing the embattled NSA for
Karate, the Philippine Karate do Federation–N.S.A., Inc. (PKF-NSA), which was
withdrawn in April 2018 from WKF due to alleged malversation of training allowance
of athletes competed in the 2017 Southeast Asian Games. KP is also recognized by
the Asian Karate do Federation.
Organization
Karate is divided into style organizations
These organizations sometimes cooperate in non-style specific sport karate
organizations or federations. Examples of sport organizations include AAKF/ITKF,
AOK, TKL, AKA, WKF, NWUKO, WUKF and WKC Organizations hold competitions
(tournaments) from local to international level. Tournaments are designed to match
members of opposing schools or styles against one another in kata, sparring and
weapons demonstration. They are often separated by age, rank and sex with
potentially different rules or standards based on these factors. The tournament may
be exclusively for members of a particular style (closed) or one in which any martial
artist from any style may participate within the rules of the tournament (open).
The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate organization
and is recognized by the International
Olympic Committee (IOC) as being responsible for karate competition in the Olympic
GamesThe WKF has developed common rules governing all styles. The national
WKF organizations coordinate with their respective National Olympic Committees.
WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms
(kata).Competitors may enter either as individuals or as part of a team. Evaluation for
kata and kobudo is performed by a panel of judges, whereas sparring is judged by a
head referee, usually with assistant referees at the side of the sparring area. Sparring
matches are typically divided by weight, age, gender, and experience.
WKF only allows membership through one national organization/federation
per country to which clubs may join. The World Union of Karate-do Federations
(WUKF) offers different styles and federations a world body they may join, without
having to compromise their style or size. The WUKF accepts more than one
federation or association per country.
Sport organizations use different competition rule systems. Light contact rules
are used by the WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC. Full contact karate rules used by
Kyokushinkai, Seidokaikan and other organizations. Bogu kumite (full contact with
protective shielding of targets) rules are used in the World Koshiki Karate-Do
Federation organization.]Shinkaratedo Federation use boxing gloves Within the
United States, rules may be under the jurisdiction of state sports authorities, such as
the boxing commission.
In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee approved karate as an
Olympic sport beginning at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
Karate, although not widely used in mixed martial arts, has been effective for
some MMA practitioners. Various styles of karate are practiced in MMA: Lyoto
Machida and John Makdessi practice Shotokan, Bas Rutten and Georges St-Pierre
train in Kyokushin and Michelle Waterson holds a black belt in American Free Style
Karate.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF MARTIAL ARTS

Introduction to Karate
Module 3 Lesson 2: Basic of K arate

Concept/Discussion:
Karate
Is often depicted as a brutal martial art form. However, its violent reputation
shouldn’t put you off getting involved in it. Karate may be a contact sport, but it
requires great skill and agility. Competition karate is center on balance, grace and
self-discipline, rather than straightforward punching and kicking. Here’s some
important moves you’ll want to know about.

Basic Karate Techniques

Karate consists of a series of techniques to practice and learn. Check out
some of the basics.

Other Terminology of Japanese karate

Japanese Command

1. itchi 18. Juu kyu 35. San juu go

2. NI 19. Juu go 36. San juu ruko
3. San 20. Ni juu 37. San juu shichi
4. Yon 21. Ni juu itchi 38. San juu hatchi
5. Go 22. Ni juu ni 39. San juu kyu
6. Roku 23. Ni juu san 40. San juu juu
7. Shichi 24. Ni juu yon 41. Yon juu itchi
8. Hatchi 25. Ni juu go 42. Yon juu ni
9. Kyu 26. Ni juu roko 43. Yon juu san
10. Juu 27. Ni juu shichi 44. Yon juu yon
11. Juu itchi 28. Ni juu hatch 45. Yon juu go
12. Juu ni 29. Ni juu kyu 46. Yon juu ruko
13. Juu yon 30. Ni juu juu 47. Yon juu shichi
14. Juu go 31.San juu itchi 48. Yon juu hatchi
15. Juu roku 32. San juu ni 49. Yon juu kyu
16. Juu shichi 33. San juu san 50. Go juu
17. Juu hatchi 34. San juu yon
 COMMON TERMS
Translation: Japanese to English
1. WADO- Way of peace
2. RYU - Style
3. KOKUSAI- International
4. RENMEI- Federation
5. KARA - Empty
6. TE- Hands
7. DO- Way
8. DOJO - Training Hall
9. KARATE DO- Way of empty hands
10. KARATE GI- Karate uniform
11. OBI - Belt
12. KIME- Focus
13. JUTSU- Technique
14. SHIHAN - Chief instructor
15. SENSIE- Karate instructor
16. SEMPAI- Senior student
17. KYUDAI - Junior student
18. KYU - Student grade
19. DAN- Black belt grade
20. BUSHIDO - Way of warrior
21.KUMITE- Sparring
22. KATA- Form
KARATE COMMANDS AND RESPONSES

1.KIRITSU- Stand of attention

2.SEIZA - Kneeling bowing or ceremonial bow
3.SENSIE NI REI - Bow to instructor
4.OTAGAI NI REI- Bow to all
5.NE REI- karate bow
\6.OSS- Sound of respect
7.HAI- Understand, yes and greetings
8.HIDARE HANMIE GAMAE- left fighting stance
9.HIDARE MIGI GAMAE - Right fighting stance
10.WAY - Technique
11.JIYU KUMITE - Free sparring
12.YOI- Ready
13.HAJIME - Begin or start
14.MAWATE- Change foot
15.KYUKEI- Take a rest
16.KIAI - Shout of spirit
17.SHIGARI- Dismiss
18.GAMAE- Posture
19.SHISEI - Karate attitude
20.BANKAI - Application of kata
21.SEIRUTZU - form in the line
22.REIGI - Good manners
23.KUNREN - Discipline
24.JISEI - Self-control
25.KETSUI - Determination
26.KYUSHO ATEMI WAZA - Vital point Striking
27.HIKAWAKE ENCHUSEN - No point
28.YAME- Stop
29.CHUKUKO - 1st warning
30.KIKUKO - 2nd warning
31.HANSUKO - 3rd warning
32.HANCHUKUSOY - 4th warning, kiin or disqualified
33.AKA - Red
34.AOW- Blue
35.ASHI - Ankle
36.KIHON - Basic techniques
37.TAI SABAK - Body movement
38.KOKYU HO - Breathing exercise
39.ASHI - Foot
40.SAYONARA - Goodbye
41.ATAMA - Head
42.KAKATO - Heel
43.WATASHI - Me
44.EMBUSEN OR ENBUSEN - Kata starting point
45.SHUTO- Knife hand
46.TATAMI - Mat (Practice/training mat)
47.MOKUSOMI- Meditate
48.MO ICHI DO - One more time
49.LIE- No
50.MUSHIN - No mind (state of “No mind”)
51.DOZO - Please
52.KARATE KA - Practitioner of karate
53.HIKITE- Pulling hand (bringing hand back to ready position)
54.SEMPAI OR SENPAI - Senior student
 55.KIAI - Shout or yell
56.YOKO - Side
57.KEAGE - Snap
58.BARAI - Sweep
59.WAZA - Technique
60.DOMO ARIGATO - Thank you (formal)
61.DOMO - Thank you (informal) – Domo (sounds like Doe-moe)
62.NODO - Throat
63.NAGE- Throw
64.KEKOME - Thrust
65.MAWATE - Turn around
66.TAIJUTSU- Unarmed combat
67.ANATA – you

MODULE 3 LESSON 3

Dojo Kun
In the bushido tradition dojo Kun is a set of guidelines for karate ka to follow.
These guidelines apply both in the dojo (training hall) and in everyday life.
Conditioning
Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as hojo undo. This
utilizes simple equipment made of wood and stone. The makiwara is a striking post.
The nigiri game is a large jar used for developing grip strength. These
supplementary exercises are designed to increase strength, stamina, speed, and
muscle coordination.Sport Karate emphasizes aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise,
power, agility, flexibility, and stress management. All practices vary depending upon
the school and the teacher.

Training
Proprioception is what allows someone to learn to walk in complete darkness
without losing balance. During the learning of any new skill, sport, or art, it is usually
necessary to become familiar with some proprioceptive tasks specific to that activity.

Speed
The martial arts speed training and how to improve the speed of your kicks,
punches, footwork, etc. Skilled martial artists can throw numerous attacks in the
same time that a novice can launch a single attack. The tips and sports techniques
listed below show how martial artists can work on improving their kicking and
punching speed. You should also visit our sections focused on improving your
reaction speed, punching power and kicking power.
 Basic condition, including flexibility, strength and agility training, is a
prerequisite for speed training. The completion of basic conditioning is signaled by a
level of fitness that allows the athlete to begin the more intensive exercises that
develop explosive power. Once the target muscles start to develop, begin working on
skill refinement. Each skill should be examined to eliminate unnecessary movements
and increase biomechanical efficiency.

Execution Speed
Is the type of speed that most martial arts training focuses on. Executing
techniques like kicks and punches with speed takes up a large part of the
intermediate and advanced stages of training.
Power
is often rigidly associated with the twisting of the hips, but simply
twisting at the
waist, using your core muscles, can be an effective method of generating
force Karate is not a single, homogeneous practice, but rather is made up of a wide
variety of styles, all of which are eclectic blends of native Okinawan arts, Japanese
arts, Chinese arts, Indochinese arts, and more. While the human body only functions
in so many ways, there are actually quite a number of approaches to doing most
things, including generating power, so it should be no surprise that karate is not an
art with one singular, standardized approach to doing so. Indeed, even across the
wider martial arts spectrum, there are many ways of achieving power. There is bound
to be a good deal of crossover, of course, and underlying principles that can be
universally applied, but it can still be beneficial to explore the wider array of methods
available to you, as one may fit your body or approach better than another. Most
karateka are familiar with koshi no hineru/kaiten (twisting/rotating of the hips) to
generate power, of course, and the simplest approach to this is fairly commonly
taught. Stepping in various directions is also a built-in power generation method that
can be found in kata, although not always explored as such. Sinking and rising are
less commonly seen in modern karate, as the desire for a level plane of movement
has become a popular aesthetic in kata, but can be very effective at adding force to a
technique. Twisting the body without the use of the hips is a method of generating
power that many karateka feel is simply not correct, and yet it can be found in old
Uchina-Di (Okinawa-Te), as well as some other martial systems around the world.

Timing
Timing can apply to the order in which we move our own body parts to
perform a certain movement or set of movements.
Reflexes
The sense of proprioception is ubiquitous across mobile animals and is
essential for the motor coordination of the body. Proprioceptors can form reflex
circuits with motor neurons to provide rapid feedback about body and limb position.

Key karate techniques

Karate training demands great concentration and poise to progress beyond
the very basic karate techniques. Though certain films may glorify its combative
nature, competition karate is less about inflicting pain on opponents and more about
focusing on outwitting them through a combination of fluid movements.
Here are some of the key techniques that you can expect to learn as you
progress through your karate training. Although some moves may appear slightly
roughand-ready, it’s important you keep in mind that competition karate is played out
in safe and (hopefully!) pain-free conditions.
1. Stance
2. Punching
3. Blocking
4. Striking
5. kicking
 FUNDAMENTALS OF MARTIAL ARTS

Midterm Period
Introduction to Karate
Module 3 Lesson 4: Stance (dachi)

Concept/Discussion:

Stance (dachi)
Karate has many different stances, each used to for different types of power
and movement.in Japanese the general term is tachi changing to dachi wen used as
a suffix. Some stances focus more on mobility than stability and vice versa. These
are the most common stances in karate:
 Types of Stance
1. Musubi dachi – Feet together
2. Kiba dachi– Horse riding stance or straddle stance
3. Zenkutzu dachi– forward stance
4. Neko ashi dachi –Cat stance
5. Kokutso dachi –Back stance
6. Kake ashi dachi–Hook foot stance
7. Shiko dachi– Sumo stance
8. Sanchin dachi–Straddle forward stance
9. Hanmie gamae– Left stance
10. Migi gamai- right stance

Musubi Dachi Kiba Dachi Zenkutzu Dachi Neko ashi Dachi Kokutsu Dachi
kake ashi Dachi Shiko Dachi Sanchin Dachi Hanmie Gamae Migi Gamai
Nahami Zuki Nagashi Zuki Sonoba Zuki Choku Zuki Ni Ren Zuki

MODULE 3 LESSON 6

In martial arts, blocking is the act of stopping or deflecting an

opponent’s attack
for the purpose of preventing injurious contact with the body. A
block usually consists of
placing a limb across the line of the attack.
Types of Blocks
1.Chudan uke - Upper block
2.Soto uke - Outside block
3.Uchi uke- Inside block
4.Gedan barai - Downward block
5.Hiza uke - knee block
6.Morote uke - Two hand block from inside
7.Shuto uke - Knife block
8.Koken uke - Arc fist
9.Heiken - Flat fist
10.Nukite- Spear hand