FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FUNDAMENTAL OF THERMODYNAMICS (MEG 212) PRACTICE QUESTIONS
2018/2019 ACADEMIC SESSION
Instructions: Attempt all the questions in a HIGHER EDUCATION notebook and submit
the day after MEG 212 examination.
1. Define thermodynamics and discuss different approaches to study of thermodynamics.
2. Write short notes on the following
a. Thermodynamic properties (b) state (c) path (d) process (e) closed system (f)
isolated system (g) open system (h) extensive (i) intensive properties.
3. What is meant by quasi-static process? Also discuss its physical significance.
4. Describe thermodynamic equilibrium of a system.
5. State thermodynamic definition of work. Also differentiate between heat and work.
6. What is energy? What are different forms of it?
7. How does the second law of thermodynamics overcome limitations of first law of
thermodynamics?
8. Define the ‘entropy’. Also explain how it is a measure of irreversibility?
9. Why does entropy generally increase? Explain.
10. Define the followings terms:
a. Isobaric process (b) Isothermal process (c) Isochoric process (d) Isentropic
process (e) Isenthalpic process (f) Polytropic process (g) Temperature (h)
Specific volume (i) Standard condition (j) Specific gravity (k) Specific heat (l)
Internal energy (m) Enthalpy (n) Entropy (o) Specific heat at constant volume
(Cv) (p) Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) (q) Critical state (r) Adiabatic
process (s) Reversible process (t) Saturation temperature (u) Saturated liquid
or vapor (v) Subcooled or compressed (w) Superheated vapor
11. State the Kelvin Planck and Clausius statements of 2nd law of thermodynamics.
12. Show the equivalence of two statements of 2nd law of thermodynamics.
13. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Heat reservoir, (b) Heat engine (c) Heat pump (d) refrigerator.
14. Explain the reversible and irreversible processes.
15. An inventor claims to have developed an engine that takes in 1055 mJ at a
temperature of 400K and rejects 42.2 MJ at a temperature of 200 K while delivering
15kWh of mechanical work. Check whether engine is feasible or not. [Engine satisfies
1st law but violates 2nd law]
16. To a closed system 150 kJ of work is supplied. If the initial volume is 0.6 m 3 and
pressure of the system changes as p = 8 – 4V, where p is in bar and V is in m 3,
determine the final volume and pressure of the system [0.354 m3, 6.584 × 105 N/m2 or
Pa]
17. A quantity of gas has a pressure of 350 kN/m2 when its volume is 0.03 m3 and its
temperature is 35oC. If the value of R = 0.29 kJ/kgk, determine the mass of gas
present. If the pressure of this gas is now increased to 1.05 MN/m 2 while the volume
remains constant, what will be the new temperature of the gas.
18. A vessel of volume 0.2 m3 contains nitrogen at 1.013 bar and 15oC. If 0.2 kg of
nitrogen is now pumped into the vessel, calculate the new pressure when the vessel
has returned to its initial temperature. The molar mass of nitrogen is 28 kg/kmol and it
may be assumed to be a perfect gas.
19. The molar mass of carbon IV oxide, CO2 is 44 kg/kmol. In an experiment the value of
γ for CO2 was found to be 1.3. Assuming CO2 is a perfect gas, calculate the gas
constant, and the specific heat capacities at constant pressure and constant volume.
20. A perfect gas has a molar mass of 26 kg/kmol and a value of  = 1.26. Calculate the
heat rejected when unit mass is contained in a rigid vessel at 3 bar and 315 oC, and is
then cooled until the pressure falls to 1.5 bar.
21. A certain perfect gas has specific heat capacities as follows:
Cp = 0.846 kJ/kgK and Cv = 0.657 kJ/kgK. Calculate the gas constant and the molar
mass of the gas. (0.189kJ/kgK; 44kg/kmol)
22. Oxygen, O2, at 200bar is to be stored in a steel vessel at 20oC. The capacity of the
vessel is 0.04m3. Assuming that O2 is a perfect gas, calculate the mass of oxygen that
can be stored in the vessel. The vessel is protected against excessive pressure by a
fusible plug which will melt if the temperature rises too high. At what temperature
must the plug melt to limit the pressure in the vessel to 240 bar? The molar mass of
oxygen is 32kg/kmol. (10.5kg, 78.6oC)
23. When a certain perfect gas is heated at constant pressure from 15oC to 95oC, the heat
required is 1136kJ/kg. When the same gas is heated at constant volume between the
same temperatures, the heat required is 800kJ/kg. Calculate C p, Cv, γ, R and M.
(14.2kJ/kgK; 10.12kJ/kgK; 1.405; 4.12kJ/kgK; 2.028kg/kmol)
24. In an air compressor the pressures at inlet and outlet are 1 bar and 5 bars respectively.
The temperature of the air at inlet is 15 oC and the volume at the beginning of
compression is three times that at the end of compression. Calculate the temperature
of the air at outlet and the increase of internal energy per kg of air. (207oC; 138kJ/kg)
25. A quantity of a certain perfect gas is compressed from an initial state of 0.085m 3, 1
bar to a final state of 0.034m3 and 3.9 bar. The specific heat at constant volume is
0.724 kJ/kgK, and the specific heat at constant pressure is 1.020 kJ/kgK. The
observed temperature rise is 146 K. Calculate the specific gas constant, R, the mass of
gas present and the increase of internal energy of the gas. (0.296 kJ/kgK; 0.11kg;
11.63 kJ)
26. A cylinder contains 1 kg of a certain fluid at an initial pressure of 20 bar. The fluid is
allowed to expand reversibly behind a piston according to a law pV2 = constant until
the volume is doubled. The fluid is then cooled reversibly at constant pressure until
the piston regains its original position; heat is then supplied reversibly with the piston
firmly locked in position until the pressure rises to the original value of 20 bar.
Calculate the net work done by the fluid, for an initial volume of 0.05 m3 [25000 Nm]
27. The power developed by a turbine in a certain steam plant is 1000 kW. The heat
supplied to the steam in the boiler is 2800 kJ/kg, the heat rejected by the system to
cooling water in the condenser is 2100 kJ/kg and the feed pump work required to
pump the condensate back into the boiler is 5 kW. Calculate the steam flow round the
cycle in kg/s. [1.42kg/s].
28. A certain fluid at 10bar is contained in a cylinder behind a piston, the initial volume
being 0.05m3. Calculate the work done by the fluid when it expands reversibly;
(a) At constant pressure to a final volume of 0.2m3
(b) According to a linear law to a final volume of 0.2m3 and a final pressure of 2bar.
(c) According to a law PV = C to a final volume of 0.1m3.
(d) According to a law PV1.333 = C to a final volume of 0.06m3
 A B
(e) According to a law P= − to a final volume of 0.1m3 and a final pressures of
V
2
V
1bar, where A and B are constant.
29. 0.09m3 of a fluid at 0.7 bar compressed reversibly to a pressure of 3.5 bar according to
a law PV n=C . The fluid is then heated reversibly at a constant volume until the
pressure is 4 bar, the specific volume is then 0.5m3/kg. A reversible expansion
according to a law PV 2=C restore the fluid to its initial state. Calculate the mass of
fluid present, the value of n in the first process and the net workdone on or by the
fluid in the cycle. Sketch the cycle on the P – V diagram.
30. 0.67kg of gas at 1.4MN/m2 and 280oC is expanded to four times the original volume
according to the law PV1.3 = C.
Determine
(a) The original and final volume of the gas
(b) The final pressure of the gas
(c) The final temperature of the gas
31. A gas expands according to the law PV 1.3 = C from a pressure of IMN/m 2 and a
volume 0.003m3 to a pressure of 0.1MN/m2. How much heat was rejected or received
by the gas during this process? Determine also the polytropic specific heat capacity.
a. Take γ=1.4 ; C p=0.718 kJ /kgK
32. A gas at a pressure of 1.4MN/m2 and temperature of 360oC is expanded adiabatically
to a pressure of 100kN/m2. The gas is then heated at constant volume until it again
attains 360oC when its pressure is found to be 220kN/m2 and finally it is compressed
isothermally until the original pressure of 1.4MN/m 2 is attained. Sketch the P - V
diagram for these processes and if the gas has a mass of 0.23kg; Determine
(a) The value of the adiabatic index,
(b) The changes in internal energy during the adiabatic expansion
(c) Take C p=0.718 kJ /kgK
(d) 0.1m3 of gas is compressed from a pressure of 120kN/m 2 and temperature 25oC to
a pressure of 1.2MN/m2 according to the law PV1.2 = constant. Determine
(e) The work transferred during the compression
(f) The change in internal energy
(g) The heat transferred during the compression
Take C v =0.72 kJ /kgK ; R=0.285 kJ /kgK (-28.2kJ; 14.2 kJ; -14.0kJ)
33. An air receiver has a capacity of 0.85m3 and contains air at a temperature of 15oC and
a pressure of 275kN/m2. An additional mass of 1.7kg is pumped into the receiver. It is
then left until the temperature becomes 15oC once again. Determine
a. The new pressure of the air in the receive
b. The specific enthalpy of the air at 15oC if it is assumed that the specific
enthalpy of the air is zero at 0oC.Take C p=1.005 kJ /kgK ; C v =0.7715 kJ /kgK
(442kN/m2; 15.075kJ/kg)
34. Oxygen (molar mass 32kg/Kmol) is compressed reversibly and polytropically in a
cylinder from 1.05 bar, 15oC to 4.2 bar in such a way that one-third of the work input
is rejected as heat to the cylinder walls. Calculate the final temperature of the oxygen.
Assume oxygen to be a perfect gas and take C v =0.649 kJ /kgK (113oC)
 35. A gas having a volume of 0.05 m3 and pressure of 6.9 bar expands reversibly in a
cylinder behind a piston according to law pv1.2 = constant until the volume is 0.08 m3.
Calculate the work done by the gas. Also sketch the process on a p-v diagram.
[Ans.15300 Nm]
36. A mass of 0.05kg of carbon iv oxide (molar mass 44 kg/kmol), occupying a volume
of 0.03m3 at 1.025 bar, is compressed reversibly until the pressure is 6.15 bar.
Calculate the final temperature, the work done on the CO2, and the heat supplied.
(a) The process is according to a law PV1.4 = C.
(b) When the process is isothermal
(c)When the process takes place in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder.
Assume carbon iv oxide to be a perfect gas and take γ = 1.3. (270 oC; 5.135kJ; 1.712 kJ;
52.5oC; 5.51kJ; -5.51kJ; 219oC; 5.25 kJ; 0 kJ)
37. A mass of gas has a pressure, volume and temperature of 100kN/m 2, 056m3 and 20oC
respectively. It is compressed to a volume of 0.15m3 according to the law PV1.36 = C.
the gas is then cooled at constant pressure until the volume becomes 0.1m3. Determine
a. The final pressure, final temperature and the work transfer for the
compression.
b. The final temperature and the work transfer for the constant pressure process.

Take C p=1.006 kJ /kgK ; R=0.287 kJ /kgK (600kN/m2; 197.6Oc; -94.4kJ; 40.7oC; -105.1kJ)

38. During steady-state operation, a gearbox receives 60 kW through the input shaft and
delivers power through the output shaft as shown in the figure 1. For the gearbox as
the system, the rate of energy transfer by convection is

39. where h 5 0.171 kW/m2 ? K is the heat transfer coefficient, A 5 1.0 m 2 is the outer
surface area of the gearbox, Tb = 300 K (278C) is the temperature at the outer surface,
and Tf = 293 K (208C) is the temperature of the surrounding air away from the
immediate vicinity of the gearbox. For the gearbox, evaluate the heat transfer rate and
the power delivered through the output shaft, each in kW [158.8 kW]

Fig. 1

40. A cylinder contains 0.07 kg of fluid having a pressure of 1bar, a volume of 0.06m 3
and a specific internal energy of 200 kJ/kg. After polytropic compressions, the
pressure and volume of the fluid are 9bar and 0.0111 m3 respectively and the specific
internal energy is 370 kJ/kg. Determine, i) The amount of work energy required for
 the compression, (b) the quantity of the direction of the heat energy flowing during
the compression. [-13.2kJ; −1.3𝑘𝐽].
41. 1 kg of air is compressed isothermally and reversibly from 1 bar and 30oC to 5 bar.
Calculate the work-done on the air and the heat flow to or from the air. R =
0.287kJ/kgK (140.028kJ, - 140.28kJ).
42. A steam turbine receives a steam flow of 1.35 kg/s and the power output is 500 kW.
The heat loss from the casing is negligible. Calculate. The change of specific enthalpy
across the turbine when the velocities at entrance and exit and the difference in
elevation are negligible. The change in specific enthalpy across the turbine when the
velocity at entrance is 60 m/s, the velocity at exit is 360 m/s, and the inlet pipe is 3 m
above the exhaust pipe. (370kJ/kg: 433kJ/kg).
43. A turbine operating under steady flow conditions receives steam at the following
state: pressure 13.8 bar, specific volume 0.143 m3/kg, specific internal energy 2590
kJ/kg, velocity 30 m/s. The state of the steam leaving the turbine is as follows:
pressure 0.35 bar, specific volume 4.37 m3/kg, specific internal energy 2360 kJ/kg,
velocity 90 m/s. Heat is rejected to the surroundings at the rate of 0.25 kW and the
rate of steam flow through the turbine is 0.38 kg/s. Calculate the power developed by
the turbine (102.7 kW).
44. A nozzle is a device for increasing the velocity of a steadily flowing fluid. At the inlet
to a certain nozzle, the specific enthalpy of the fluid is 3025 kJ/kg and the velocity is
60 m/s. At the exit from the nozzle the specific enthalpy is 2790 kJ/kg. The nozzle is
horizontal and there is negligible heat loss from it. Calculate
(a) The velocity of the fluid at exit
(b) The rate of flow of fluid when the inlet area is 0.1m 3 and the specific volume is
0.19 m3/kg
(c) The exit area of the nozzle when the specific volume is 0.5 m 3/kg. (688 m/s; 31.6
kg/s; 0.0229m2)
45. Air enters a centrifugal compressor at 1.05 bar and 15 oC and leaves at 2 bar and
970oC. The mass flow rate is 50 kg/min. What power is actually required to drive the
compressor and what would be the power required for the same pressure ratio if the
compressor has been frictionless? What is the rate of increase of enthalpy due to
friction? Take Cp=1.005 kJ/kg and γ = 1.4 (68.675 kW; 48.781 kW; 19.894 kW)
46. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4 kg/s through an air compressor, entering 6 m/s
with a pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m3 /kg and leaving at 4.5m/s
with a pressure of 6.9 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m3 /kg . The internal energy of
the air leaving is 88KJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a
jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 59kJ/s.
Calculate the power required to drive the compressor and the inlet and outlet pipe
cross-sectional areas. [104.4kW, 0.057 m2, 0.014 m2]
47. Show that the work done by an ideal gas is mRT1, if gas is heated from initial
temperature T1 to twice of initial temperature at constant volume and subsequently
cooled isobarically to initial state.
48. In a compressor the air enters at 27°C and 1 atm and leaves at 227°C and 1 MPa.
Determine the work done per unit mass of air assuming velocities at entry and exit to
be negligible. Also determine the additional work required, if velocities are 10 m/s
and 50 m/s at inlet and exit respectively. [200.9 kJ/kg, 202.1 kJ/kg]
49. 1000 kg of steam at a pressure of 16 bar and 0.9 dry is generated by a boiler per hour.
The steam passes through a superheater via boiler stop valve where its temperature is
raised to 380o C . If the temperature of feed water is 30o C , determine ; i) The total heat
supplied to feed water per hour to produce wet steam, ii) the total heat absorbed per
 hour in the superheater. Take specific heat for superheated steam as 2.2 kJ/kgK. [
2475. 1 x 10 3 KJ , 586.24 MJ
50. The gas leaving the turbine of a gas turbine jet engine flows steadily into the engine
jet pipe at a temperature of 910 o C ,a pressure of 2 bar and a velocity of 300 m/s
relative to the pipe. Gas leaves the pipe at temperature of 820 o C and a pressure of 1.1
bar. Heat transfer from the gas is negligible. Using the following data, evaluate the
relative velocity of gas leaving the jet pipe. For the gas at t = 820 o C ; h = 800kJ/kg
and at 910 o C , 915kJ/kg. [565.7 m/s]
51. A boiler is supplied with feedwater at 75o C and produces steam at Phase Change
Terminology 2 MN / m2 and 275o C . If 70% of the heat is given to the steam from a
coal fired of calorific value 30MJ/kg;
a. Calculate the coal consumed in producing 10,000kg of steam per hour.
[26504.75MJ/h]
b. Find a suitable diameter for the steam delivery pipe from the boiler assuming a
steam speed of 15m/s. [0.167m]
52. If the pressure behind a piston remains constant at 690 kN/m 2 while the volume
increases from 0.003 m2 to 0.024 m2 and heat amounting to 6KJ is radiated from the
cylinder walls, determine the change in internal energy of the content. [- 20.49kJ]
53. An oil engine has a volume of 60 litres and a compression ratio of 14.2 to 1. At the
beginning of the compression stroke, the pressure and temperature are 1 bar and 80 0𝐶
respectively. At the end of the compression, the pressure is 30 bar.. The charge is now
heated at constant pressure until the volume is doubled. Find; i) The index of
compression, ii) The temperature at the end of compression. iii) The heat transfer, iv)
The heat received in constant pressure operation. Assume: C v =0.712 kJ /kgK and
R = 0.293 kJ//kg K. [1.282; 746.3K; -7.4kJ; 43.5kJ
54. The bore of a gas engine is 350 mm. The stroke = 405mm, clearance volume =
6.2dm3. When the piston is at inner dead centre, the gas pressure is 1.92MN/m 2 and
the temperature 1100oC. The gas then expands according to the law PV 1.35=C as the
piston moves to outer dead centre.
55. Turbojet engine flies with velocity of 270 m/s at the altitude where ambient
temperature is –15°C. Gas temperature at nozzle exit is 873 K and fuel air ratio is
0.019. Corresponding enthalpy values for air and gas at inlet and exit are 260 kJ/kg
and 912 kJ/kg respectively. Combustion efficiency is 95% and calorific value of fuel
is 44.5 MJ/kg. For the heat losses from engine amounting to 21 kJ/kg of air determine
the velocity of gas jet at exit. [613.27 m/s]
56. Find the work done during expansion, the average force on the piston during the
stroke and the heat flow which occurs during the expansion stating its direction. (take:
Cv = 710 J/kgoC and R = 290 J/kgoC).
57. A heat engine receives heat at the rate of 1500 kJ/min and gives an output of 8.2 kW.
Determine: (i) The thermal efficiency (ii) The rate of heat rejection. [32.8%; 16.8kJ/s]
58. A rigid vessel of volume 1m3 contains steam at 20 bar and 400oC. The vessel is
cooled until the steam is just dry saturated. Calculate the mass of the steam in the
vessel, the final pressure of the steam and the change of entropy of the steam, and the
heat removed during the process.
59. Determine the power required by a compressor designed to compress atmospheric air
(at 1 bar, 20°C) to 10 bar pressure. Air enters compressor through inlet area of 90cm2
with velocity of 50 m/s and leaves with velocity of 120 m/s from exit area of 5 cm2.
Consider heat losses to environment to be 10% of power input to compressor. [50.4
kW]
60. A certain perfect gas is compressed reversely from 1 bar, 17 oC to a pressure of 5 bar
in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder, the final temperature being 77oC. The
work-done on the gas during the compression is 45kJ/kg. Calculate  , Cv, R and the
molar mass of the gas.
61. Air passes through a gas turbine system at the rate of 4.5 kg/s. it enters the turbine
system with a velocity of 90 m/s and a specific volume of 0.88 m 3/kg. It leaves the
turbine system with a specific volume of 1.45 m 3/kg. The exit area of the turbine
system is 0.038 m2. In its passage through the turbine system, the specific enthalpy of
the air is reduced by 200kJ/kg and there is a heat transfer loss of 40kJ/kg.
62. Find the specific volume, enthalpy and internal energy of wet steam at 18 bar, dryness
fraction 0.9. [Ans. 0.0994 m3/kg ; 2605.8 kJ/kg ; 2426.5 kJ/kg]
63. Find the dryness fraction, specific volume and internal energy of steam at 7 bar and
enthalpy 2600 kJ/kg. [Ans. 0.921 ; 0.2515 m3/kg, 2420 kJ/kg]
64. Steam at 110 bar has a specific volume of 0.0196 m 3/kg, find the temperature, the
enthalpy and the internal energy. [Ans. 350°C ; 2889 kJ/kg ; 2673.4 kJ/kg]
65. Calculate the internal energy of 0.3 m3 of steam at 4 bar and 0.95 dryness. If this
steam is superheated at constant pressure through 30°C, determine the heat added and
change in internal energy. [Ans. 2451 kJ/kg ; 119 kJ ; 107.5 kJ/kg]
66. A parallel flow heat exchanger has hot water flowing at 95°C for heating cold water at
15°C to 45°C. Hot water flows at the rate of 800 gm/sec and the temperature of this
hot water stream should not be less than 50°C at exit. Estimate the second law
efficiency and rate of exergy destruction considering dead state temperature of 25°C.

67. Steam at a pressure of 0.85 MN/m2 and having a dryness of 0.97 is expanded
adiabatically to a pressure of 0.17 MN/m2 according to the law PV 1.13=C .
Determine:
i. The final dryness fraction of the steam
ii. The change of internal energy of the steam during the expansion
68. Steam initially at a pressure of 15 bar and 250 oC is expanded reversibly and
adiabatically to a dryness fraction of 0.95. Determine the final temperature and the
work-done.
69. Steam turbine expands steam reversibly and adiabatically from 4 MPa, 300°C to 50°C
at turbine exit. Determine the work output per kg of steam. [891.27 kJ/kg]
70. A pressure cooker contains 1.5 kg of steam at 5 bar and 0.9 dryness when the gas was
switched off. Determine the quantity of heat rejected by the pressure cooker when the
pressure in the cooker falls to 1 bar. [Ans. – 2355 kJ]
71. Determine the maximum work per kg of steam entering the turbine and the
irreversibility in a steam turbine receiving steam at 2.5 MPa, 350°C and rejecting
steam at 20 kPa, 0.92 dry. During the expansion the one-quarter of initial steam is
bled at 30 kPa, 200°C. Consider the heat loss during expansion as 10kJ/s and
atmospheric temperature as 30°C.
 [ Wmax = 833.06 kJ/kg; I = 252.19 kJ/s]
72. Steam flows through a turbine at a rate of 3 kg/s. and with a temperature of 350 oC.
The pressure at exhaust from the turbine is 60 kN/m 2 and the dryness fraction is 0.92.
Neglecting any change in kinetic energy of the steam and any heat transfer loss,
determine:
i. The theoretical power output from the turbine
ii. The steam exit area at the turbine exhaust if the steam velocity at exit is 32 m/s.
(1875kW; 0.235 m2)
73. 0.05 kg of steam at 15 bar is contained in a rigid vessel of volume 0.0076 m 3. What is
the temperature of the steam? If the vessel is cooled, at what temperature will the
steam be just dry saturated? Cooling is continued until the pressure in the vessel is 11
bar; calculate the final dryness fraction of the steam and the heat rejected between the
initial and final states (250oC; 191.4oC 0.857; 18.5kJ).
74. Heat is added to air at 600 kPa, 110°C to raise its temperature to 650°C isochorically.
This 0.4 kg air is subsequently expanded polytropically up to initial temperature
following index of 1.32 and finally compressed isothermally up to original volume.
Determine the change in entropy in each process and pressure at the end of each
process. Also show processes on p-V and T-s diagram, Assume Cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K,
R=0.287 kJ/kg.K
[0.2526 kJ/K, 0.0628 kJ/K, 0.3155 kJ/K 1445 kPa, 38.45 kPa]
75. A quantity of dry saturated steam occupies 0.3951m3 at 1.5 MN/m2. Determine the
final condition of the steam if it is compressed until the volume is halved.
(a) If the compression is carried out in an isothermal manner.
(b) If the compression follows the law PV = C (0.5; 0.989)
76. A quantity of steam at a pressure of 2.1 MN/m 2 and 0.9 dry occupies a volume of
0.427 m3. It is expanded according to the law PV 1.25=C to a pressure of 0.7 MN/m2.
Determine
(a) The mass of steam present
(b) The work transfer
(c) The change of internal energy
(d) The heat exchange between the steam and surroundings stating direction of flow.
(5kg; 140.8kJ/kg; -321.2kJ/kg; -902kJ)
77. A quantity of steam at a pressure of 3 MN/m 2 has a dryness fraction of 0.72. The
steam occupies a volume of 0.4m3. Heat is transferred into the steam while the
pressure remains constant at 3 MN/m2 until the steam becomes dry saturated. The
steam is then cooled at constant volume until the pressure becomes 1.8 MN/m 2.
Determine
(a) The heat transferred during the constant pressure process.
(b) The percentage of the heat transfer which appears as work transfer.
(c) The heat transferred during the constant volume process. (4058kJ; 6.68%; -
5526.7kJ)
78. Air expands reversibly in a piston-cylinder arrangement isothermally at temperature
of 260°C while its volume becomes twice of original. Subsequently heat is rejected
isobarically till volume is similar to original. Considering mass of air as 1 kg and
process to be reversible determine net heat interaction and total change in entropy.
Also show processes on T-s diagram. [– 161.8 kJ/kg, – 0.497 kJ/kg.K]
79. Ethane gas at 690 kPa, 260°C is expanded isentropically up to pressure of 105 kPa,
380K. Considering initial volume of ethane as 0.06 m3 determine the work done if it
behaves like perfect gas. Also determine the change in entropy and heat transfer if the
same ethane at 105 kPa, 380K is compressed up to 690 kPa following p.V. 1.4 =
constant. [0.8608 kJ/K, 43.57 kJ]
80. Determine the net change in entropy and net flow of heat from or to the air which is
initially at 105 kPa, 15°C. This 0.02 m3 air is heated isochorically till pressure
becomes 420 kPa and then cooled isobarically back up to original temperature. [–
0.011kJ/K, – 6.3 kJ]
81. Air initially at 103 kPa, 15°C is heated through reversible isobaric process till it
attains temperature of 300°C and is subsequently cooled following reversible
isochoric process up to 15°C temperature. Determine the net heat interaction and net
entropy change. [101.9 kJ, 0.246 kJ/K]
82. Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 80 MW. If the rate of
heat rejection to a nearby river is 50 MW, determine the net power output and the
thermal efficiency for this engine.
83. The food compartment of a refrigerator is maintained at 4 oC by removing heat from it
at a rate of 360 kJ/min. If the required power input to the refrigerator is 2 kW,
determine;
(a) The coefficient of performance of the refrigerator.
(b) The rate of heat rejection to the room that houses the refrigerator
84. 0.3 kg of air at a pressure of 350 kN/m2 and a temperature of 35OC receives heat
energy at constant volume until its pressure becomes 700 kN/m2. It then receives heat
energy at constant pressures until its volumes become 0.2289 m3. Determine the
change of entropy during each process.
85. Calculate the entropy change when 0.05 kg of carbon dioxide is compressed from 1
bar, 15°C to 830 kPa pressure and 0.004m3 volume. Take Cp = 0.88 kJ/kg.K. This
final state may be attained following isobaric and isothermal process. [0.0113 kJ/K]
86. Two insulated tanks containing 1 kg air at 200 kPa, 50°C and 0.5 kg air at 100 kPa,
80°C are connected through pipe with valve. Valve is opened to allow mixing till the
equilibrium. Calculate the amount of entropy produced.
87. Calculate change in entropy of air during the process in which a heat engine rejects
1500 kJ of heat to atmosphere at 27ºC during its operation. [5 kJ/K]
88. Determine the final temperature and total entropy change during a process in which
metal piece of 5 kg at 200ºC falls into an insulated tank containing 125 kg of water at
20ºC. Specific heat of metal = 0.9 kJ/kg.K, Specific heat of water = 4.184 kJ/kg.K.
[21.53ºC, 0.592 kJ/K]
89. Show that for air undergoing isentropic expansion process;
 90. Determine the change in entropy in each of the processes of a thermodynamic cycle
having following processes;
a. Constant pressure cooling from 1 to 2, P1 = 0.5 MPa, V1 = 0.01 m3
b. Isothermal heating from 2 to 3, P3 = 0.1 MPa, T3 = 25ºC, V3 = 0.01 m3
c. Constant volume heating from 3 to 1.
Take Cp = 1 kJ/kg . K for perfect gas as fluid.
[–0.0188 kJ/kg .K, 0.00654 kJ/kg .K, 0.0134 kJ/kg .K]
91. Three tanks of equal volume of 4m3 each are connected to each other through tubes of
negligible volume and valves in between. Tank A contains air at 6 bar, 90°C, tank B has
air at 3 bar, 200oC and tank C contains nitrogen at 12 bar, 50oC. Considering adiabatic
mixing determine (i) the entropy change when valve between tank A and B is opened
until equilibrium, (ii) the entropy change when valves between tank C; tank A and tank B
are opened until equilibrium. Consider RAir = 0.287 kJ/kg.K, gAir =1.4, RNitrogen = 0.297
kJ/kg. K and gNitrogen = 1.4. [1.679 kJ/K]
92. A quantity of gas has an initial pressure, volume and temperature of 140 kN/m 2, 0.14 m3
and 25oC respectively. It is compressed to a pressure of 1.4 MN/m 2 according to the law
PV 1.25=C
Determine
(a) The change of entropy
(b) The approximate change of entropy obtained by dividing the heat transfer by the gas
by the mean absolute temperature during the compression.
Take C p=1.041 kJ /kgK C v =0.743 kJ /kgK (-0.0457 kJ/K; -0.0449 kJ/K)

93. Steam initially at 5 bar, 0.6 dry is isochorically heated till its pressure becomes 10 bar.
This 15 kg steam is expanded up to 3 bar following pv1.3 = constant. Subsequently steam
is cooled at constant pressure till its dryness fraction becomes half of that existed after
second process. Determine the heat, work and entropy change in three processes. [I
process: 13.38 MJ, 0, 30,285 kJ/K. II process: – 1.25MJ, 2.73 MJ, – 2.99kJ/K, III process:
– 15.22 MJ, – 1.28 MJ, 37.4 kJ/K]
90. Steam at 15 bar is throttled to 1 bar and a temperature of 150 oC. Calculate the initial
dryness fraction and the change of specific entropy. (0.992; 1.202kJ/kgK).
94. A rigid cylinder containing 0.006 m3 of nitrogen (molar mass 28 kg/kmol) at 1.04 bar,
15 C is heated reversibly until the temperature is 90oC. Calculate the change of entropy
o

and the heat supplied.  = 1.4 for nitrogen and assume that nitrogen is a perfect gas.
(0.00125 kJ/K; 0.407kJ).
95. Steam at 2 MN/m2 and 250oC is expanded isentropically to 0.36 MN/m2 and it is
further expanded hyperbolically to 0.06 MN/m2. Determine
(i) The final condition of the steam
(ii) The change in specific entropy during the hyperbolic process. (steam superheated
at 100oC, 0.679 kJ/kgK).
96. 1 kg of air has a volume of 56 litres and a temperature of 190 oC. The air then receives
heat at constant pressure until its temperature becomes 500oC. From this state the air
rejects heat at constant volume until its pressure is reduced to 700 kN/m 2. Determine the
0.743 kJ
change of entropy during each process. Take C p=1.041 kJ /kgK C v = (0.516K
kgK
kJ/kgK; -0.88 kJ/kgK)
97. A refrigerator has COP one half as great as that of a Carnot refrigerator operating
between reservoirs at temperatures of 200 K and 400 K, and absorbs 633 KJ from low
temperature reservoir. How much heat is rejected to the high temperature reservoir?
[1899 kJ]
98. Derive a relationship between COP of a Carnot refrigerator and the efficiency of same
refrigerator when operated as an engine. Is a Carnot engine having very high
efficiency suited as refrigerator?
99. A domestic refrigerator is intended to freeze water at 0ºC while water is available at
20ºC. COP of refrigerator is 2.5 and power input to run it is 0.4 kW. Determine
capacity of refrigerator if it takes 14 minutes to freeze. Take specific heat of water as
4.2 kJ/kg. ºC. [10 kg]
100. A house is to be maintained at 21ºC from inside during winter season and at
26ºC during summer. Heat leakage through the walls, windows and roof is about 3 ×
103 kJ/hr per degree temperature difference between the interior of house and
environment temperature. A reversible heat pump is proposed for realizing the desired
heating/cooling. What minimum power shall be required to run the heat pump in
reversed cycle if outside temperature during summer is 36ºC? Also find the lowest
environment temperature during winter for which the inside of house can be
maintained at 21ºC. [0.279 kW, 11ºC]
101. A heat pump is run between reservoirs with temperatures of 7°C and 77°C.
Heat pump is run by a reversible heat engine which takes heat from reservoir at
1097°C and rejects heat to reservoir at 77°C. Determine the heat supplied by reservoir
at 1097°C if the total heat supplied to reservoir at 77°C is 100 kW. [25.14 kW]
102. A refrigerator is used to maintain temperature of 243K when ambient
temperature is 303K. A heat engine working between high temperature reservoir of
200°C and ambient temperature is used to run this refrigerator. Considering all
processes to be reversible, determine the ratio of heat transferred from high
temperature reservoir to heat transferred from refrigerated space. [0.69]