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    Morphology-1623 11 2021

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    Magdalena Smykowska
    This document discusses word structure and morphology. It defines key terms like morphemes, free morphemes and bound morphemes. It also describes several morphological processes including: 1. Affixation - adding prefixes, infixes or suffixes to words. 2. Derivation - using affixes to create new words with different meanings or categories. 3. Compounding - combining two roots or bases to form a new word. The head of the compound determines the category. It provides examples and differences between derivation, inflection, and other word formation processes.

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    Morphology-1623 11 2021

    Uploaded by

    Magdalena Smykowska
    38 views5 pages
    This document discusses word structure and morphology. It defines key terms like morphemes, free morphemes and bound morphemes. It also describes several morphological processes including: 1. Affixation - adding prefixes, infixes or suffixes to words. 2. Derivation - using affixes to create new words with different meanings or categories. 3. Compounding - combining two roots or bases to form a new word. The head of the compound determines the category. It provides examples and differences between derivation, inflection, and other word formation processes.

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    Morphology-1623.11.2021.

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    This document discusses word structure and morphology. It defines key terms like morphemes, free morphemes and bound morphemes. It also describes several morphological processes including: 1. Affixation - adding prefixes, infixes or suffixes to words. 2. Derivation - using affixes to create new words with different meanings or categories. 3. Compounding - combining two roots or bases to form a new word. The head of the compound determines the category. It provides examples and differences between derivation, inflection, and other word formation processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views5 pages

    Morphology-1623 11 2021

    Uploaded by

    Magdalena Smykowska
    This document discusses word structure and morphology. It defines key terms like morphemes, free morphemes and bound morphemes. It also describes several morphological processes including: 1. Affixation - adding prefixes, infixes or suffixes to words. 2. Derivation - using affixes to create new words with different meanings or categories. 3. Compounding - combining two roots or bases to form a new word. The head of the compound determines the category. It provides examples and differences between derivation, inflection, and other word formation processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Morphology 16/23.11.

    2021
    The Analysys of Word Structure

    Morphology chapter.pdf 10 MB

    WORD - the smallest miningful unit of language that can occur on their own - a free
    form, consists of morphemes (bricks kinda) - simple words (only one morpheme),
    more than one morpheme - complex word
    Free morphemes - words
    Bound morphemes - must be attached to sth else (e.g. un-, -s etc)
    Allomorphs - a contextual variant of a certain morpheme
    1. AFFIX
    prefixes-
    -infixes-
    -suffixes
    hunt   |  er  | s
    root    |        |                (once a root, always a root)
    base   |        |
          base      |
    2. DERIVATION
    uses an affix to build a word with a meaning and/or category different in the
    beginning

    un + adjective
    adjective + ness
    [[un[happy]Adj]Adj ness]N

    3.COMPOUNDING
    the category of a compound is determined by the last word of the compound
    (the head of the compound)
    december 7th - midsemester test

    Compounding
    compounds two roots/basis
    the most to the right is the head of the compound
    the head determines the categoty of the entire word
    Endocentric - predictable meaning
    Exocentric - their meaning is unpreductable

    Derivation (Formation)
    processes by which words are created in languages

    Inflection
    a way of changing grammatical context of a word
    does not change the meaning nor the category of a word

    Differences between derivation and inflection


    change of meaning and/or category - derivation
    order - if there is derivation AND inflection, derivation always happens first
    productivity - inflection happens more often in English

    Types of inflection
    nominal inflection - nouns
    number
    noun class
    case
    verbal inflection - verbs
    person and number agreement
    tense
    aspect - -ing
    (passive) voice - -ed
    adjectivle inflection
    -er and -est

    Morphological processes
    1. affixation - a process of adding pre, in or suffixes
    2. cliticization - a process of attaching clitics - John's, I'm, isn't, They've

    Internal change - nonmorphemic part a letter, for example, changes inside of the
    world
    sing -> sang                          
    tooth -> teeth
    mouse -> mice
    drive -> drove

    Supletion - grammaticaly related, morphologicaly - completely not


    one - first
    be - was/were

    Conversion - (zero derivation, with or without stress shift)


    nothing changes in the word bu the category changes (most often verb-noun)

    Clipping (shortening of a polysyllabic word)


    sci-fi (clipping compund, same as FedEx)
    burger
    bye
    Sue

    Blending (words created from non-morphemic parts of two already existing items)
    motel
    modem
    brunch

    Backformation (deaffixation, a new word is created by removing affix(es) from


    existing words)
    editor -> edit
    donation -> donate

    Acronyms
    NATO
    NASA
    SCUBA
    Initialisms
    UK
    BBC
    CD

    Onomatopoeia (words imitating sounds)


    woof - woof

    Coinages (neologisms)
    kodak
    watt
    cleanex
    xerox

    Affixation (inflection but with -ed endings)


    try/tried

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