Module7 Political and Leadership Structures PDF

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

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Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
S.Y. 2020-2021 First Trimester Grade Level/Section:

MODULE 7 – UCSP Subject Teacher:
MODULE 7: POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES

TOPICS:
1. Social and Political Organizations (Types of political organizations)
2. Types of Authority and Legitimacy
3. The State and its four elements
4. Government and its forms
I. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
Through discussion and the module, the learners are able to:
1. Analyze social and political structures
2. Differentiate the types of political organizations and authority and legitimacy.
3. Distinguish between a state and a nation.
4. Define state and Identify the 4 elements of states including its forms, manifestations and
qualifications.
5. Define government and identify its forms.
II. DISCUSSION:
A. INTRODUCTION
Can you imagine life without leaders or governments? You may wonder if that scenario is
even possible. In this module, you will learn how other societies organize their political lives that may
be distinct from what you are aware of.
This module is divided into four (4) main parts. The first part discusses the types of political
organizations created by humans. The second part discusses the types of authority and legitimacy
present in human societies that allow for the rise of leaders. The third part discusses the State and it’s
four (4) elements (people, territory, government and sovereignty) which technically pertains on how
a state is defined and differentiated from other related concepts, how is it created or originated and
how it manifests its duties and responsibilities to the citizen. The last part discusses the government
and its forms which pertains on the meaning, functions and duties of the government to the political
community. Ultimately, an activity will follow at the very last part of this module.
B. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS (Types of Political Organizations)

 Political organization – is any entity that is participating in a political process. Elman Service
(1962), a political anthropologist, identified four (4) types of sociopolitical organizations which
are identified based on their economic orientation.
 Types of Political Organizations:
1. Bands – is the least complex form of political organization, as it has neither a rigid form of
governance nor a structured form of leadership. A band typically consists of 20-50 individuals
who are usually related to one another by virtue of kinship. Furthermore, this society is chiefly is
chiefly based on foraging, which is also known as hunting and gathering.
2. Tribes – is a political organization that consist of segmentary lineages. This type of kinship relation
is marked by loyalty per family cluster or segment. Tribes are less mobile than bands, as their
form of economic subsistence requires a degree of settlement. Most tribes are horticulture or
pastoral society.
3. Chiefdoms – the ancient Mayans were known for complex and elaborate political system that
incorporated religion, kinship, and politics. The Mayan political organization is an example of a
chiefdom, as it embodied its characteristics that include a political leader with an advisory
council, a leader who exercises power that is based on legitimacy, and the existence of social
stratification.
4. States and Nations - State level political systems first appeared in societies with large-scale
intensive agriculture. They began as chiefdoms and then evolved into more centralized,
authoritarian kingdoms when their populations grew into tens of thousands of people. While
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chiefdoms are societies in which everyone is ranked relative to the chief, states are socially
stratified into largely distinct classes in terms of wealth, power, and prestige.
Pyramid of Power in Ancient States
C. TYPES OF AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY

 The extent of a leader’s power relies on how much his or her followers accord him or her
with it. This leads to a discussion on the reasons that leads rise and how they maintain power
over individuals.
 According to Max Weber, a 20th century sociologist, every leader has some form of
justifications as to why he or she should be accorded with such power. He organized these
reasons into three categories of legitimacy of authority: legal, traditional and charismatic.
1. Rational-legal Authority – is achieved by a leader through the process of following
established codes and procedures governing the allocation and distribution of power
and resources within society. They are either elected or appointed and they follow what
is written in the constitution (e.g. Duterte  follows and implements the 1987 Constitution).
2. Traditional Authority – is a form of leadership legitimacy that highlights the right of a leader
to rule based on the inheritance of the title.
People under the leadership of a ruler with
traditional authority accept the latter’s exercise
of power as it has been the status quo in the
society since their forefathers. E.g. Rule of
Monarchs.
3. Charismatic Authority – creates a type of leadership that is based on personal attachment

of the subordinates to the ruler whose characteristics, experiences, or even skills are
believed to be extraordinary, or maybe even supernatural. Due to this, most of the ruler’s
followers are devoted to him or her without
regard as to whether the authority of the
ruler is accepted within the legal
framework of the society. E.g. Nelson
Mandela (During the Apartheid in South
Africa 1948-1990’s).
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D. The State and it’s four (4) elements

1. DISTINCTION BETWEEN A STATE AND A NATION
State (Synonymous to COUNTRY) Nation
- It is a community of persons (1. - is a population having a common language
people) more or less numerous, and literature, a common tradition and
permanently occupying a definite history, common customs, and a common
portion of (2) territory, independent of consciousness of rights and wrongs,
external control, and possessing an inhabiting a territory of a geographic unity.
organized (3) government to which A society of men is said to constitute a
the great body of inhabitants render nation when they feel conscious of their
habitual obedience (4. sovereignty). common racial or cultural or sentimental
Note: It simply means that the absence of solidarity among themselves. In sum, a
any of these elements will not make a nation exists where its component atoms
state a state. believe it to be a nation.
- A political concept; membership in a - An ethnic/cultural concept; membership in
state is called citizenship. a nation is called Nationality
- Note: You may change your citizenship but
not your Nationality (See Article 4 of the
Philippine Constitution).
Cannot be controlled by other countries May or may not be controlled by external
(external) since it has legitimate authority control (foreign countries). In our Philippine
to control himself. E.g. Bullying of China in history especially during the Spanish and
the West Philippine sea depicts a violation American occupation, the Philippines is still
and endangers the sovereignty of the considered as a “Nation” vying the facts that it
Philippines as a sovereign state and to has only composed of people and territory but
decide on what to do on its own resources without legitimate government and
provided in our national patrimony. sovereignty.
May consists of different races One race or origin
 “A single state may consist of one or more nations or people
e.g. 1 State = Philippines; Nations = Ilocano, Bisaya, Muslim, Igorot, etc.
 and conversely, a single nation may be made up of several states.”
E.g. 1 Nation = Arab nations; States = Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, etc.
 What is a nation-state? "It is one where the great majority are conscious of a common identity
and share the same culture". The nation state is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up
with political ones. (e.g. South Korea, Iceland, Japan, and Portugal)
2. ORIGIN OF THE STATE

a. Divine Right Theory – holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to
govern the people
b. Necessity or force theory – maintains that states must have been created through force
c. Paternalistic theory – attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family
d. Social Contract theory – asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and
voluntary compact among people to form a government of their own.
 Social Contract Theory proponents
1. Thomas Hobbes 2. John Locke 3. Jean-Jacques
Rousseau
Thought People must People are born with natural The only good gov’t
create gov’t in rights, but give up some is one formed out of
exchange for law freedom to protect these rights free will by people, to
and order protect the people
Government Absolute Self-gov’t Indirect Democracy Self-gov’t Direct
Favored Monarchy Democracy
Quotes “In a state of “All mankind… being all equal “Man is born free,
nature, life is and independent, no one and everywhere he is
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solitary poor, nasty ought to harm another in his life, in chains.”

brutish and short” health, liberty or possessions.”
 DOCTRINE OF PARENS PATRIAE - means father of the country. This doctrine has been defined as
the inherent power and authority of the state to provide protection to the persons and property
of the persons non-sui juris. Non-sui juris persons are those who lack the legal capacity to act on
his own behalf like the child or the insane persons.
3. THE INHERENT POWERS OF THE STATE

• A state is a very powerful entity. Even from the earliest history, the state commands supreme
authority to enforce its will upon the people. These powers are inherent in nature and the
foundation of its existence. No state can exist without these powers, because it through
these powers that state derive its authority.
a) Eminent Domain – the power of the state or of those to whom the power is delegated to
take or expropriate private property for public use upon payment of just compensation.
*Conditions for or limitations of the exercise of eminent domain:
i. Existence of public use
ii. Payment of just compensation
iii. Observance of due process of law in the taking
b) Police Power – the power of the state to enact laws or regulations in relation to persons
and property
*Basis of police power:
i. The welfare of the people is the supreme law (salus populi est suprema lex)
ii. So, use your own so as not to injure another’s property (sic utere tuo ut alienum non
laedas)
iii. Illustrations of police power (Public health, Public morals, Public safety, and General
welfare and convenience)
c) Power of taxation –the power of the state to impose charge or burden upon persons or
property or property rights for the use and support of the government.
4. THE FOUR ELEMENTS OF STATE

a) People - are the inhabitants of the state. It is the entire body of those citizens of the state who
are vested with political power for political purposes. There is no specific number of people
required in order that a state be considered as one.
• However, it is important that the number must be numerous enough to be self-sufficient
and to defend themselves and small enough to be administered. To date, the smallest
state in terms of population is Vatican City with 826 citizens, who are mostly clerics and
some Swiss guards. On the other hand, China is the largest state with 1.3 billion population.
Philippine population as of 2016: 102,250,133 (12th in the world)
b) Territory - is a fixed area or surface of the earth where the inhabitants of a state live and where
they maintain a government of their own.
• There are three components of territory: a) the land mass otherwise known as the terrestrial
domain, b) the internal and external waters, which make up the maritime and fluvial
domain; and c) the air space above the land and waters, which is called the aerial
domain.
• For the sake of practicality, a territory must neither be too big as to be difficult to administer
and defend nor too small as to be unable to provide for the needs of the population. The
smallest state is Vatican City. It spreads across 0.17 square miles or .43 square kilometer. It
would actually fit in Rizal Park in Manila. The biggest state is Russia with its total land area of
6,592.735 square miles.
• A state may increase or decrease its territory by the acquisition of further territory through
either (a) discovery and occupation; or (b) conquest; or (c) accretion; or (d) prescription;
or (e) cession through gift, exchange, or purchase. It may decrease through its loss. The
increase or decrease does not affect the personality of the state. What is important is there
still exists a portion of its territory as an abode for its people.
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o For your information. The scope of the Philippine territory is found in Article I of the 1987
Philippine Constitution.
c) Government - It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated,
expressed and carried out.
Question: Can a state exist without government? “A state cannot exist without a government
(since you cannot call it as a state if one element is missing), but it is possible to have a
government without a state (situate the separatist movements or the rebels who wants to
create their own government separate from the established Philippine government).”
d) Sovereignty – is referred to as the supreme, absolute and uncontrollable power by which any
state is governed. It has two manifestations:
1. INTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY - The power of the state to command, and enforce obedience to its
will from the people, within its territorial jurisdiction;
2. EXTERNAL SOVEREIGNTY - The power of the state to carry out its activity without interference
from other states. External sovereignty is often referred to as independence.
E. GOVERNMENT AND ITS FORMS

1. Difference between Government and Governance
GOVERNMENT GOVERNANCE
It is a group of people who rule or run the administration of It is the exercise of power/ authority
a country. In other words, it may be said that a by political leader for the well-being
government is the body of representatives that governs at their country’s citizens or subject.
and controls the state at a given time. Government is the - Refers to the manner of steering/
medium through which the power of the state is governing and or directing and
employed. controlling a group of people/ the
 Comes from the Greek word “kybernan” which means state.
“to control/to steer”.
2. Functions of Government
 Constituent functions - are those which constitute the very bonds of society and are
compulsory in nature. Examples are keeping of order and providing for the protection of
persons and property; the fixing of the legal relations between man and wife, etc.
 Ministrant functions - are those that are undertaken only by way of advancing the general
interests of society and are merely optional. Examples are public works, public education,
public charity, health and safety regulations and regulations of trade and industry.
3. The Constitution - is the fundamental organic law of a State which contains the principles on which
the government is founded and regulates the division and exercise of sovereign powers.
 A body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the powers of sovereignty are habitually
exercised.
 “that written instrument by which the powers of government are established, limited, defined
and distributed.”
 Constitution: Its Nature and Functions

- Serves as the supreme or fundamental law (Constitution of Sovereignty)
- Establishment of the basic framework of government (Constitution of Government)
- Protection of the people from government abuses (Constitution of Liberty)
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 Constitution distinguished from statute

a) A constitution is a law give \n directly by the people while a statute is enacted by the
people’s representative (E.g. Phil. Congress)
b) A constitution is the fundamental law of the state on which all other laws or statute are
based
c) A constitution cannot be modified or taken away by the law-making body while a statute
may abolish by the same body
BASIC PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING OUR CONSTITUTION

a. Recognition of the Almighty God f. Government through suffrage
b. Sovereignty of the people g. Separation of powers
c. Supremacy of civilian authority over the military h. Independence of the judiciary
d. Separation of Church and State i. Rule of the majority
e. Guarantee of human rights j. Government of laws and not of men
 Amendment or Revision of the Philippine Constitution

- The process to change the constitution begins with a proposal from a legislative body like our
Philippine Congress or directly by the people to amend or revise it. Thus, there are three (3)
methods with which a proposal can be made for change, contained in the 1987 Philippine
Constitution:
(1) By a Constitutional Convention (ConCon) called for the purpose;
(2) By Congress, as a Constituent Assembly (ConAss), upon a vote of three-fourths of all its
members, voting separately;
(3) By the people directly, through initiative upon petition of the required number of voters.
4. Three Branches of Government (Phil. government)

 The Philippines is a republic with a presidential form of government wherein power is equally
divided among its three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.
 Embracing the concept of separation of powers, the constitution provides for a president, who
is simultaneously head of government and chief of state, a separately elected vice president,
a bicameral legislature, and an independent judiciary.
 THE PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS - Under the principle of co-equal and coordinate
powers among the three (3) branches, the officers entrusted with each of these powers are
not permitted to encroach upon the powers confided to the others. If one department goes
beyond the limits set by the Constitution, its acts are null and void. The adoption of this
principle was motivated by the belief that arbitrary rule would result if the same person or
body were to exercise all the powers of the government.
 PRINCIPLE OF CHECKS AND BALANCES - Each department is given certain powers with which
to check the others.
a. Executive Branch b. Legislative Branch c. Judicial Branch
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 FUNCTION: Charged with  From the Latin lex, legis  FUNCTION: is the system
the execution and meaning law of courts that interprets and
administration of a  FUNCTION: The legislative applies the law in the name
country’s laws. In general, branch broadly deals with the of the state. The judiciary also
the executive branch sets making, deliberation over, provides a mechanism for
the direction of national enactment, amendment and the resolution of disputes
policy repealing of laws under the doctrine of
 COMPOSITION: President,  COMPOSITION: The bicameral the separation of powers
Vice President and Cabinet Congress of the Philippines  COMPOSITION: The Supreme
members consists of the Senate (upper Court consists of a chief
 The president cannot chamber) and House of justice and 14 associate
abolish Congress, and Representatives (lower justices.
Congress can override a chamber).  The Philippines has an
presidential veto with a  The House is limited by the independent judiciary, with
two-thirds majority vote. constitution to no more than the Supreme Court as the
 Moreover, the president 250 members. House highest court.
needs Congressional members are limited to no  The Supreme Court also is
support in order to more than three consecutive empowered to review the
implement policies and terms. constitutionality of
programs. The Supreme  By means of a two-thirds presidential decrees.
Court rules on the majority vote, Congress can  Lower-level courts include a
constitutionality of override presidential vetoes national Court of Appeals
presidential decrees. and declare a state of war. divided into 17 divisions, local
 SELECTION PROCESS: The (Article VII, section 18 of the and regional trial courts, and
president is elected to a Phil. Constitution) an informal local system to
single six-year term by  SELECTION PROCESS: settle certain disputes outside
direct universal suffrage; Members of the 24-seat the formal court system.
the vice president may be Senate are elected at large  In 1985 a separate court
elected to a maximum of to six-year terms and are system founded on Islamic
two consecutive six-year limited to no more than two law (sharia) was established in
terms. The vice president consecutive terms. the southern Philippines with
may be appointed to the jurisdiction over family and
cabinet without legislative contractual relations among
confirmation. Muslims. A special court—the
Sandiganbayan or anti-graft
court—focuses exclusively on
investigating charges of
judicial corruption.
 SELECTION PROCESS: Justices
are appointed by the
president on the
recommendation of the
Judicial and Bar Council and
serve until 70 years of age.
5. Forms of Government
A. ARISTOTLE'S FORMS OF GOVERNMENT (According to # of rulers)
 Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and student of Plato, classified government into three. They
are:
Number of Rulers IDEAL (+) SELF (-) ITEREST
i. ONE 1. MONARCHY 2. TYRANNY
ii. FEW 3. ARISTOCRACY 4. OLIGARCHY
iii. MANY 5. DEMOCRACY 6. MOBOCRACY
i. Government based on rule by one
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1. Monarchy - is a form of government in which only a single ruler governs. The monarch rules for
the benefit of the people.
a. Absolute Monarchy – In this type of monarchial government, the monarch exercises
absolute powers. He wields executive. Legislative, J, powers. With absolute and
tremendous power, he rules an iron hand. He holds the throne by hereditary right., and
most especially, according to King James I of England, 1603 – 1625 divine right “that kings
are not only lieutenants on earth, but they are looked at by God as divine
b. Limited Monarchy – distribution of power, Ruler rules in accordance with a constitution
- In limited monarchy, the monarch is willing to part with some of his powers and delegates
them to some government agencies. For example, the legislative power is exercised by
the legislative body, the judicial power by the court, and the executive the power by the
king himself. He rules in accordance with law, especially the constitution. E.g. Japan
2. Tyranny - He rules for his own benefits and ego, accumulates wealth and satisfies his lust for
power. Such a ruler is not legitimate and the people has the right and the duty to remove him
in power.
 Dictatorship is a form of government ruled by a person who comes from military or civilian
class. During the period of stress or emergency in the past, the people were sometimes
vested tremendous emergency powers in a military commander, to be withdrawn after
the emergency vanished. But the ambitious dictator with many pretensions would insist
that the emergency still existed.
ii. Government based on rule by few
3. Aristocracy – It Is defined from the Greek etymology, aristo which means best and kratia or
kratus, rule. In essence, therefore, aristocracy is a government by the “best” members of the
community.
 This implies that the aristocrats are presumably men of the highest intelligence and
integrity. They belong to the elite classes. Their social status, wealth and political power are
inherited. These qualities correspond to that of Plato’s philosophy – viewed the ideal state
as governed wise and devoted rulers.
4. Oligarchy - The wealthy few in the government or the oligarchs, believe that the most
important requisites to the claim of power are wealth, good social position and education.
They use the government to economic empires for themselves and for their families.
iii. Government based on rule by many.
5. Democracy – “power of the people”, political power is exercised by a majority of the people,
“A government of the people, by the people and for the people”
Democracy is derived from the Greek word demos, which means people’ and kratia or kratos,
which means rule.
• 2 TYPES:
a. Direct Democracy – One in which the will of the state is formulated or expressed directly
and immediately through the people in a mass meeting or primary assembly. (e.g.
Ancient Athens.
b. Indirect Democracy – one in which the will of the State is formulated and expressed
through the agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the
people to act as their representatives. (e.g. Philippines today)
6. Mobocracy – “In transition Government”
• Mob – disorganized kind of crowd that causes instability. Over the years, the Aristotle's polity
became synonymous with representative government or democracy and his perverse
form of polity was renamed as mob rule or anarchy.
B. AS TO CENTRALIZATION OF POWERS
i. Unitary Government – the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the central or
national government (e.g. Philippines)
ii. Federal Government – the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs, one
for national affairs and the other for local affairs (e.g. USA)
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C. AS TO DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS
Category i. Parliamentary ii. Presidential
Head of State/ Prime MInister President
Government
Legislature Parliament Congress
Term of Office Indefinite, depending on confidence of Fixed Term
MPs
Power There is the fusion of power between the Powers of government are
Distribution executive and legislative distributed to the executive,
legislative and judicial branches
of the government.
Selection Members of the legislative are elected by The chief Executive/President.,
process the people who is also the head of the head
The chief executive/prime minister is of the state, as well as the
elected by the members of the legislature, members of the legislature are
from the majority party. elected by the people.
Removal The chief exec. stays in power as long as he The chief exec. Can be removed
Process enjoys the support of the majority in the from office even before the
legist. He can be removed at any time expiration of his term only through
when the members of the law-making body impeachment.
cast their vote of no confidence in him.  Impeachment has been
 Vote of no confidence - a vote in which defined as a method of
Member of Parliaments (MPs) from all national inquest into the
parties decide whether they want the conduct of public men.
government to continue. It has the power
to trigger a general election and could
see a new prime minister appointed.
Dissolution The chief exec. can dissolve the legislature.  The chief exec cannot dissolve
the legislature at any point in
time
Example Japan USA, Philippines
D. AS TO LEGITIMACY
i. De jure - (government of law) is an organized government of a state which has the general
support of the people.
ii. De facto - (government of fact) is a government which actually exercises power or control but
without legal title.
GOV’T SUPPORT PEOPLE SUPPORT
i. DE JURE  
ii. DE  X
FACTO
III. REFERENCES:
 Aguilar, M., et al. (2016) Society, Culture and Politics. Quezon City: The Phoenix Publishing
House Inc.
 Alejandria-Gonzalez, M. (2019) Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Module. Second
Edition. Makati City: DIWA LEARNING SYSTEMS INC.
 Carlos.et al., Politics and Governance, Manila: REX Book Store. 2010
 De Leon, H. Philippine Constitution. REX Book Store. 2014
 Melegrito et. al., Philippine Politics and Governance, Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House,
Inc. 2016
IV. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES:

 Pyramid of Power in Ancient States: https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/political/pol_3.htm
Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Name:

 Political Philosophy: https://biggsrbr.weebly.com/english-ii-honors-blog/political-philosophy-

and-v-for-vendetta
 The State: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtcicQY49AQ
 The three branches of government: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6ppWf6U_4s
 Forms of government: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfz1J7yGOnQ

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Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

S.Y. 2020-2021 First Trimester Grade Level/Section: