STiCM

Select / Special Topics in Classical Mechanics

P. C. Deshmukh

Department of Physics School of Basic Sciences

Indian Institute of Technology Madras Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Chennai 600036 Mandi 175001

[email protected] [email protected]

STiCM Lecture 31

Unit 10 : Classical Electrodynamics

PCD_STiCM 1
 Unit 10

Classical Electrodynamics

Charles Carl Freidrich Andre Marie Michael

Coulomb Gauss Ampere Faraday
1736-1806 1777-1855 1775-1836 1791-1867
PCD_STiCM 2
 Electrodynamics & STR
The special theory of relativity is intimately linked to the
general field of electrodynamics. Both of these topics belong
to ‘Classical Mechanics’.

James Clerk Maxwell

1831-1879 Albert Einstein
PCD_STiCM 1879 - 1955 3
 Foundations of classical electrodynamics

r1  r2 1 r1  r2
q1 F12  q1q2
q2 4 0 r1  r2
3

F21
Coulomb also
r2
r1 advanced the view
Experimental recognition of that negative
the inverse square law: charges exist, that
Priestly (1767) they did not merely
Robinson (1769) represent absence
of a positive
Cavendish (1771)
charge.
Coulomb (1785) PCD_STiCM 4
 Linear Superposition
1 r1  r2
F12  q1q2
4 0 r1  r2
3

q r  ri
Fon q 
4 0
q i
i
r  ri
3

q  (r )  r  r   d r  3

Fon q 
4 0  r1  r 
3

PCD_STiCM 5
Since force on a particle is proportional to its
charge q, it is fruitful to define the proportionality
as the electric field E :
F (r ) q r  r 
E (r )  
q 4 0 r  r  3

1 r  ri
E (r ) 
4 0
q i
i
r  ri
3

1  (r )  r  r   d r  3

E (r ) 
4 0  r1  r 
3
PCD_STiCM 6
What is the confidence level in our contention that the
force goes as inverse-square of the distance between
the charges?

Inverse force requires: V ( r ) ~ 1 ,

r
1
so that the force would vary as: r 2
.

r

e
Why can’t the potential be: V (r ) ~ (Yukawa) ?
r

PCD_STiCM 7
The force/interaction can originate from an exchange of
particles – like ping-pong balls thrown back and forth
between the charges, thus binding them.

: some fundamental
r
length 
h
1 h c
V (r ) ~  e
r c V (r ) ~
or h
r
dimension of rc
r c 
 e h
e
V (r ) ~ ?  L  MLT 
1
V (r ) ~
r 1
L r
MLT
 : mass of the 'ping-pong' messenger carrier
 photon mass PCD_STiCM 8
 r c

h
1 e
V (r ) ~ ; or V (r ) ~ ?
r r
Note that  0  Coulomb.
1
Inverse force requires: V (r ) ~ ,
r
so that the force would vary as: 1 .
r2
Thus, the question of the interaction potential being
Coulomb or Yukawa is bound to the value of 
, the
photon mass.

The question thus translates to what is our confidence

level in knowing the mass of the photon?
PCD_STiCM 9
“Because classical Maxwellian electromagnetism has been
one of the cornerstones of physics during the past century,
experimental tests of its foundations are always of
considerable interest. Within that context, one of the most
important efforts of this type has historically been the search
for a rest mass of the photon…..”
The mass of the photon
Liang-Cheng Tu, Jun Luo and George T Gillies
Rep. Prog. Phys. 68 (2005) 77–130
The uncertainty principle, puts an ultimate upper
limit:

c t
2

66
 10 gms PCD_STiCM 10
  10 gms
66

Consequences of even this tiny mass:

• a wavelength dependence of the speed of light in free

space,

• deviations from exactness in Coulomb’s law and Amp`ere’s

law,

• the existence of longitudinal electromagnetic waves,

• the addition of a Yukawa component to the potential of

magnetic dipole fields, ……
The mass of the photon
Liang-Cheng Tu, Jun Luo and George T Gillies
Rep. Prog. Phys. 68 (2005) 77–130
PCD_STiCM 11
Range of the Coulomb interaction:
c
R : ct ~ c ~ 2
E  c
 0

r
R  rc
h 
c h
e e
V (r ) ~ ; i.e. V (r ) ~
r r

 0  Coulomb.

PCD_STiCM 12
 Rest mass of the photon

1
(distance) 2
At what rate does
Range of the
the potential
Coulomb potential
between two
charges diminish
with distance?

PCD_STiCM 13
 dS  dSnˆ
‘Field
r point’ E ( r )  E ( r ) uˆ

r  E (r ) 
r  r
‘Source q  r  r
point’ n̂
Consider the ‘source’ charge to Position vectors with
be in a 3-dimensional space prime: source points
bounded by a closed surface
Without prime:
having arbitrary shape.
PCD_STiCM
field points 14
  uˆ 
d     dS
 r  r 
2
 
 1 
  dS cos 
 r  r 
2
 

û  n̂ PCD_STiCM 15
 dS  dSnˆ
r E (r )  E (r ) uˆ
r û r  r
 E (r ) 
‘Source q  r  r
‘Field
point’
point’
n̂
 uˆ 
d     dS
 r  r 
2
 
dS cos   d  r  r 
2
 1 
  dS cos 
 r  r 
2 Independent of shape!
  PCD_STiCM 16
  q r  r 
 E (r )  dS    4 0 r  r 3   dS
 
 q uˆ 
 E (r )  dS    4 0 r  r 2   dS dS cos   d  r  r 2
 
 q dS cos   Independent of shape!
 E (r )  dS    4 0 r  r 2 
  Also, the result is
completely
 q d  r  r 2 
 E (r )  dS   
 4 0 r  r  
2
 independent of just
  where inside the
q arbitrary region is the
 charge placed!
0 PCD_STiCM 17
 qinside
 E (r )  dS  0
Independent of shape!

The result is completely independent

of just where inside the arbitrary
region the charge is placed!

Hence principle of linear superposition must hold!

qtotal charge inside

 E ( r )  dS 
0
PCD_STiCM 18
 qtotal charge inside
 E (r )  dS 
   r
3
( r )d
0
 E (r )  dS  0
q i , inside
 i
Gauss’
0
divergence

   r theorem
3
( r )d
   r
3
E ( r ) d
0 Differential

r
and Integral
Here, r
and are dummy forms of
labels; they get integrated out. Gauss’ law.

 (r )
  E (r ) 
0 PCD_STiCM 19
Integration and/or Source coordinates,
differentiation with or Field
respect to ‘which’ coordinates?
coordinates?
r  r
r r ‘Field
r  r
point’
q ( x ', y ', z ')
( x ', y ', z ') ‘Source point’
  
  eˆ x  eˆ y  eˆ z Primed/Unprimed
x y z variables:
  
  eˆ x  eˆ y  eˆ z Integration/differentiation
x y z with respect to
PCD_STiCM source/field coordinates 20
   (r )d r 3

   E (r )d r 
3

0
  E (r )  dS
The result is completely
independent of :
- shape of the region.
- where the charge/charges of charge-distributions
is/are located,
- and also irrespective of these charge distributions being in
any state of motion.

– as long as they remain inside the region under our

consideration. PCD_STiCM 21
 Continuous charge distributions:
q q    (r )d r
3
charge density  (r )  lim
V 0  V

f (0)   f ( x) ( x)dx


f (a)  

f ( x) ( x  a)dx


1   ( x  a)dx


 ( x  a) has a spike at x=a

DIRAC

‘function’
PCD_STiCM 22
   3
( r )d r
   E ( r ) d 3
r  (r )
0   E (r ) 
0
  E (r )  dS
Integral and Differential form of Gauss’ law:
First Equation in ‘Maxwell’s Equations’
Carl Friedrich Gauss James Clerk Maxwell
formulated the law in 1831-1879
1835; published in
1867 Showed
that
light
is
EM
phenomenon
PCD_STiCM 23
 We shall take a break here…….
Questions ? Comments ?
[email protected] http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/~labs/amp/

[email protected]

Next: L32
Unit 10 – Oersted-Ampere-Maxwell law
PCD_STiCM 2424
STiCM
Select / Special Topics in Classical Mechanics
P. C. Deshmukh

Department of Physics School of Basic Sciences

Indian Institute of Technology Madras Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Chennai 600036 Mandi 175001

[email protected] [email protected]

STiCM Lecture 32

Unit 10 : Classical Electrodynamics

Oersted-Ampere-Maxwell
PCD_STiCM
Law 25
How shall we write
the electric field
due to a point
charge as gradient
of a scalar
function?  1 1 
E (r )    
 4 0 r  r  
1  1 
  
4 0  r  r  

PCD_STiCM 26
  1 
 
 r  r 
     2  2
1
  eˆ x  eˆ y  eˆ z   x  x '   y  y '    z  z '  
2 2

 x y z   
  2  2
1
 
 x  x '   y  y '   z  z '  1 1
 eˆ x  eˆ y [..] +eˆ z [..] 2
2 2
2
x   y z
2  2   2 
3
1 
 ê x ( )  x  x '   y  y '   z  z '     x  x '    y  y '    z  z '     ...  ...
2 2 2 2

2    x  
2  2
3
1 
 ê x ( )  x  x '   y  y '   z  z '    2  x  x '    ...  ...
2 2

2  

 1  r  r r  r
  
 

r  r 
3/ 2 3
 r r  r  r
2

PCD_STiCM 27
  1  r  r r  r
  
 r  r    r  r
3/ 2 3
r  r
2

‘FIELD’,

 1 1  as
E (r )     negative
 4 0 r  r   gradient
q  1  of
  
4 0  r  r   ‘POTENTIAL’

PCD_STiCM 28
Curl of gradient is identically zero.

The electric field is conservative.

 1 1 
E (r )    
 4 0 r  r  
q  1 
  
4 0  r  r  

  E (r )  0

PCD_STiCM 29
  (r )
  E (r ) 
0
  E (r )  0
 (r )

    
0
 (r )
   ( r )    ( r )  
2 Siméon Denis Poisson
0 1781-1840

Poisson’s equation
“Life is good for only two things, discovering mathematics and
teaching mathematics.” - Poisson
PCD_STiCM 30
 Magnetic field B ( r ) does not originate from
magnetic ‘charges’ / ‘poles’
Electric charges, when in motion, constitute a
‘current’ which generates magnetic field.
0 I dluˆ (r )  (r  r )
uˆ (r )
B(r ) 
4  r  r
3

source
0
field
point
J (r )  (r  r )d 3r 

point

r Biot 4 r  r
3

r &
Empirical law,
Savart based on
1820 experimental
PCD_STiCM
observations. 31
 The primary definition of the magnetic field

0 I dluˆ (r )  (r  r )
4 
B(r ) 
r r 
3

 J (r )  (r  r )d 3r 
 0
4  r  r
3

gives the field’s B  0

divergence and curl
  B  0 J
This is not hard to see by using elementary
vector calculus. A useful result in this regard
is the following: (r  r )
  4 (r  r )
r  r
3

PCD_STiCM 32
  B  0 J
Stokes’ theorem

0  J  dS     B  dS   B  dl


Oersted-Ampere’s law
0 I   B  dl

PCD_STiCM 33
Source of electromotive force.

What is it that can have an influence on

an electric charge?

- Electric field generated by another

charge.

- An influence due to a changing

magnetic field.
PCD_STiCM 34
 Loop : ×
Stationary B
Lorentz
force (a) Clockwise Current
(b) Counterclockwise Current
predicts: (c) No Current

Loop : Dragged to the right.

B

q v B  v
Lorentz force predicts:

I
(a) Clockwise Current
× (b) Counterclockwise Current
(c) No Current
PCD_STiCM 35
Faraday’s experiments
Loop held fixed; Magnet field
dragged toward left.
B *NO* Lorentz force.
v
×
I

q v B 
Current: identical!
×
I
Strength of B decreased. B

Nothing is moving,
but still, current seen!!! Decreasing B↓

dB
I 
dt
PCD_STiCM 36
'Motion of Charged Particles
in
Electromagnetic Fields
and
Special Theory of Relativity'

P. Chaitanya Das, G. Srinivasa Murty, K. Satish

Kumar, T A. Venkatesh and P.C. Deshmukh
Resonance, Vol. 9, Number 7, 77-85 (2004)

http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/July2004/pdf/July2004Classroom3.pdf
PCD_STiCM 37
  1 1 
B E (r )    
 E    4 0 r  r  
t
q  1 
  
4 0  r  r  
 B 
  
 E  dS       dS
 t 
  B
 E  dl   t  B  dS   t ;
 B : magnetic flux crossing the surface

FARADAY – LENZ Law

PCD_STiCM 38
 Empirical laws of Classical Electrodynamics
 (r ) qenclosed
  E (r )  Coulomb,  E (r )  dS  0
 0 Gauss

 B
 E  
B Faraday,
Lenz
 E  dl   t
t

 B(r )  dS  0
No magnetic
B  0 ‘charges’/
‘monopoles’

  B  0 J Oersted,
Ampere
PCD_STiCM
 B  dl   I
0 enclosed
39
 Empirical laws
of
Classical Electrodynamics

Charles Carl Freidrich Andre Marie Michael

Coulomb Gauss Ampere Faraday
1736-1806 1777-1855 1775-1836 1791-1867
PCD_STiCM 40
 Electrodynamics:
synthesis of
electromagnetic
phenomena and
light/optics.

James Clerk Maxwell

1831-1879 PCD_STiCM 41
 B  0 J Oersted,
Ampere  B  dl   I
0 enclosed

 B 
 E  dl   t   t  B  dS Faraday,
Lenz

Maxwell added a term corresponding to changing

electric flux, similar to the term for changing
magnetic flux of Faraday-Lenz law

 B  dl   I0 enclosed  0 0  E  dS
t
Oersted,Ampere - Maxwell
E
  B  0 J  0 0
t
PCD_STiCM 42
 The equations of James Clerk Maxwell
 (r )
  E (r )  qenclosed
0  E (r )  dS  0

 B
 E  
B  E  dl   t
t

 B(r )  dS  0
B  0
 B  dl   I
0 enclosed 
E 
 0 0  E  dS
  B   0 J   0 0
t PCD_STiCM t 43
 B
Take the curl of the following vector:   E  
t

 
  E  
t
 B  

 
Work this out, it is easy :   E     E     E    

  
  E   E  
t

 B  
 E 
   
   E     E    0 J  0 0
t 

t 
PCD_STiCM 44
  E 
   
   E     E    0 J  0 0
t 

t 
    E  J  2
E
     E    0 J  0 0
2
   0  0 0 2
 0  t  t  t t

 E
2
In vacuum:  2 E  0 0
t 2
 2
B
Likewise (show!):  B  0 0 2
2

t
Second-order homogeneous partial differential equation

Wave equations 1
v
 0 0
PCD_STiCM 45
  2
E  2
B
 E  0 0 2
2
 B  0 0 2
2
t t

 1
v c
k 0 0


E (r , t )  E0 uˆ e  
i k  r t 

1ˆ
B(r , t )  k  E (r , t )
c
uˆ  kˆ  0
PCD_STiCM 46
 1
v  c  2.9979 108 m / s
0 0

Maxwell observed that v obtained as above agreed with the

speed of light.

He therefore concluded:
“light is an electromagnetic
disturbance propagated
through the field according to
electromagnetic laws”
PCD_STiCM 47
PCD_STiCM 48
PCD_STiCM 49
 We shall take a break here…….
Questions ? Comments ?
[email protected] http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/~labs/amp/

[email protected]

Next: L33
Unit 10 – Electrodynamics & STR
PCD_STiCM 5050
STiCM
Select / Special Topics in Classical Mechanics
P. C. Deshmukh

Department of Physics School of Basic Sciences

Indian Institute of Technology Madras Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Chennai 600036 Mandi 175001

[email protected] [email protected]

STiCM Lecture 33

Unit 10 : Classical Electrodynamics

Electrodynamics & Special Theory of Relativity
PCD_STiCM 51
  2
E  2
B
 E  0 0 2
2
 B  0 0 2
2
t t

 1
v c
k 0 0


E (r , t )  E0 uˆ e 
i k  r t 

1ˆ
B(r , t )  k  E (r , t )
c
uˆ  kˆ  0
PCD_STiCM 52
 Electrodynamics
& STR
The special theory of
relativity is intimately
linked to the general
theory of
electrodynamics.

Both of these topics

belong to ‘Classical
Mechanics’.
Albert Einstein
PCD_STiCM
1879 - 1955 53
 Galilean Relativity
?

152

152

PCD_STiCM
54
What is the velocity of the
oncoming car?
… relative to whom?

PCD_STiCM
55
Galilean relativity Time t is the same in the
red frame and
in the blue frame.
r (t )
YI
constant
r '(t )
F
OI XI
OI O '  uc t
Y’
ZI F’
X’
O’

r (t )  r '(t )  uct Z’ dr
 uc 
dr '
dt dt
dr dr ' What would happen if the object
  uc
dt dt of your observations is light?
PCD_STiCM
56
dr dr '
 uc 
dt dt Speed of light ?

PCD_STiCM
57
 Galilean & Lorentz Transformations.
Special Theory of Relativity.

Smoking is
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
1853-1928 injurious to
Galileo Galilei
1564 - 1642 health!

Albert Einstein
PCD_STiCM
58 1879-1955
Just what does it mean to say that
“Light (EM waves) travels at the constant speed in all
inertial frames of references” ?
ê y ê y'
L v
R
~~ ~~
ê x ê x'
OI The rocket frame moves
ê z ê z' toward the right at a constant
Inertial
frame velocity fc where 0<f<1.
COUNTER-INTUITIVE ? 1
Speed of light in a vacuum is a universal c=
constant for all observers regardless of the
motion of the observer or of the light source
PCD_STiCM
59
 0 0
 M

F
L R
v

S
(1)S detects both the flashes simultaneously.
(2)Light from both explosions travels at equal speed toward
S/M.
(3) M would expect his sensor to record light from the
right-cracker, before it senses light from the one on our left
side.
PCD_STiCM
60
Events that seem SIMULTANEOUS
to the stationary observer do not seem
to be so to the moving observer – who
also is in an inertial frame !

So, let us, in all humility, reconsider

our notion of TIME and SPACE !

PCD_STiCM
61
1. Maxwell’s equations are correct in all inertial frames of references.
1
2. Maxwell’s formulation predicts : EM waves travel at the speed c  .
0 0
3. HENCE, light (EM waves) travels at the constant speed
1
in all inertial frames of references. c
0 0

Notion of TIME itself would need to change

Einstein was clever enough, & bold enough, to stipulate just
that!

What happens to our notion of

space & time ? distance
speed 
time
PCD_STiCM
62
Time Dilation

Length Contraction

PCD_STiCM 63
 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
1853-1928
"in recognition of the extraordinary service they
rendered by their researches into the influence of
magnetism upon radiation phenomena"

Lorentz contraction!

Lorentz moving up! Lorentz moving to right!

Pieter Zeeman
1865-1943
http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/~suchii/lorentz.tr.html
PCD_STiCM
64
LORENTZ transformations (x,y,z,t) to (x’,y’,z’,t’)

Requirements:

Ensure that speed of light is same in all

inertial frames of references.
Transform both space and time
coordinates.
Transformation equations must agree
with Galilean transformations when
v<<<c.
PCD_STiCM
65
 Y Origins O and O’ of Y’
the two frames S v
X and S’ coincide at X’

Z
S t=0 and t’=0. Z’
S’

x'= (x-vt) x= (x'+vt') =

1
v2
1- 2
y'=y y=y' c

z'=z z=z' 1

1  2
 vx   vx' 
t'=  t- 2  t=  t'+ 2  Note :   1 as v  0.
 c   c 
Lorents transformations transform the space-time
coordinates of ONE EVENT. PCD_STiCM
66
Faraday’s
experiments
Reason here… 
q v B  v
B
I
v
B ×
I
×
Current: identical!
Reason here…
B ×
 E  
t B I

Strength of B decreased.
Nothing is moving,
Decreasing B↓
but still, current seen!!!

dB Einstein:
I  Special Theory of Relativity
dt
PCD_STiCM 67
“So the "flux rule" that the emf in a circuit is equal to the rate
of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit applies
whether the flux changes because the field changes or
because the circuit moves (or both).... Yet in our explanation
of the rule we have used two completely distinct laws for
the two cases :   E   B for "field changes“,
t
and v B for "circuit moves" .

We know of no other place in physics where such a simple

and accurate general principle requires for its real
understanding an analysis in terms of two different
phenomena.”
– Richard P. Feynman,
The Feynman Lectures on Physics
PCD_STiCM 68
We began with simple,
empirical foundations of classical electrodynamics

r1  r2 1 r1  r2
q1 F12  q1q2
q2 4 0 r1  r2
3

F21
Coulomb also
r2
r1 advanced the view
Experimental recognition of that negative
the inverse square law: charges exist, that
Priestly (1767) they did not merely
Robinson (1769) represent absence
of a positive
Cavendish (1771)
charge.
Coulomb (1785) PCD_STiCM 69
 Rest mass of the photon

1
(distance) 2
At what rate does
Range of the
the potential
Coulomb potential
between two
charges diminish
with distance?

PCD_STiCM 70
  q r  r 
 E (r )  dS    4 0 r  r 3   dS
 
 q uˆ 
 E (r )  dS    4 0 r  r 2   dS dS cos   d  r  r 2
 
 q dS cos   Independent of shape!
 E (r )  dS    4 0 r  r 2 
  Also, the result is
completely
 q d  r  r 2 
 E (r )  dS   
 4 0 r  r  
2
 independent of just
  where inside the
q arbitrary region is the
 charge placed!
0 PCD_STiCM 71
 Oersted,
 B  0 J Ampere  B  dl   I
0 enclosed

Biot-Savart

 B  Faraday,
 E  dl   t   t  B  dS Lenz

Maxwell added a term corresponding to changing

electric flux, similar to the term for changing
magnetic flux of Faraday-Lenz law

 B  dl   I0 enclosed  0 0  E  dS
t
Oersted,Ampere - Maxwell
E
  B  0 J  0 0
t
PCD_STiCM 72
 The equations of James Clerk Maxwell
 (r )
  E (r )  qenclosed
0  E (r )  dS  0

 B
 E  
B  E  dl   t
t

 B(r )  dS  0
B  0
 B  dl   I
0 enclosed 
E 
 0 0  E  dS
  B   0 J   0 0
t PCD_STiCM t 73
 The equations of James Clerk Maxwell
 (r )
  E (r ) 
0
Changing magnetic
field produces a
B rotational electric
 E   field.
t
1
v c c: constant.
0 0
B  0
Changing electric
field produces a
E rotational magnetic
  B   0 J   0 0 field.
t PCD_STiCM 74
Maxwell’s equations involve derivatives with respect
to space and time, and they unify electro-magnetic
phenomena and light/optics.

Space?
Feynman’s observations!
Time?

Special Theory of Relativity (STR)

connects all this up.

PCD_STiCM 75
F  q  E  v  B 
dp
F
dt
Charge particle dynamics observed
in different INERTIAL frames of
reference

PCD_STiCM 76
Examine trajectories of charged particles in EM fields, as
observed by two observers both in their respective inertial
frames. S‘ moves with respect to S at a constant
velocity v f along the X-direction.

Y Y’
vf
X
X’

Z Z’

dp
F where F  q  E  v  B 
dt
PCD_STiCM 77
dp
F where F  q  E  v  B 
dt

x, y, z, t  x ', y ', z ', t '

r  r (t ); r '  r '(t ')

 E, B    E ', B '
dp '
F' where F '  q  E ' v'  B '
dt '
r '  r '(t ')
PCD_STiCM 78
 We shall take a break here…….
Questions ? Comments ?
[email protected] http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/~labs/amp/

[email protected]

Next: L34
Unit 10 – Electrodynamics & STR
PCD_STiCM 7979
STiCM
Select / Special Topics in Classical Mechanics
P. C. Deshmukh

Department of Physics School of Basic Sciences

Indian Institute of Technology Madras Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Chennai 600036 Mandi 175001

[email protected] [email protected]

STiCM Lecture 34

Unit 10 : Classical Electrodynamics

Electrodynamics & Special Theory of Relativity
PCD_STiCM 80
Examine trajectories of charged particles in EM fields, as
observed by two observers both in their respective inertial
frames. S‘ moves with respect to S at a constant
velocity v f along the X-direction.

Y Y’
vf
X
X’

Z Z’

dp
F where F  q  E  v  B 
dt
PCD_STiCM 81
Speed of light: does not change…

…from one inertial frame

of reference to
another……

STR ED

… it is ‘time’
that changes!
PCD_STiCM 82
dp
F where F  q  E  v  B 
dt

x, y, z, t  x ', y ', z ', t '

r  r (t ); r '  r '(t ')

 E, B    E ', B '
dp '
F' where F '  q  E ' v'  B '
dt '
r '  r '(t ')
PCD_STiCM 83
  vf 
x   f  x  v f t  , y  y, z  z, t   f  t  2 x 
 c 
where  f  1
v 2f
1
c2

Ex  Ex Bx  Bx
E y   f  E y  v f Bz   vf 
By   f  By  2 Ez 
Ez   f  Ez  v f By   c 
 vf 
Unity of electric & magnetic Bz   f  Bz  2 E y 
phenomena – - note the  c 
constructs of linear superposition.
PCD_STiCM 84
 Demonstration of the ‘STR ED’
educational software
'Motion of Charged Particles in Electromagnetic
Fields and Special Theory of Relativity',

P. Chaitanya Das, G. Srinivasa Murty,

K. Satish Kumar, T A.Venkatesh
and P.C. Deshmukh
Resonance, Vol. 9, Number 7, 77-85 (2004)
You can download the software from this link:

http://www.physics.iitm.ac.in/~labs/amp/homepage/dasandmurthy.htm
PCD_STiCM 85
 Charge of the particle: -1.602e-19 C
electron
Mass of the particle: 9.1e-31 Kg
Case 1 Units: Electric field E in V/m,
Ex = 0.0 Bx = 0.1 vx = 4.6e7 Magnetic field B in Wb/m2
Ey = 0.0 By = 0.0 vy = 2.65e8 and velocity in m/s
Ez = 0.0 Bz = 0.0 vz = 0.0
vrel = 2 e8 Case 2
Ex = 0.0 Bx = 0.05 vx = 0.0
Ey = 0.0 By = 0.0 vy = 0.0
Ez = 10e3 Bz = 0.0 vz = 0.0
vrel = 1.5e8
Case 3
Ex = 35e3 Bx=0.05 vx = 0.0
Ey = 0.0 By=0.0 vy = 2.65e7
Ez = 0.0 Bz=0.0 vz = 0.0
vrel = -2.5e8
PCD_STiCM 86
Examine trajectories of charged particles in EM fields, as
observed by two observers both in their respective inertial
frames. S‘ moves with respect to S at a constant
velocity v f along the X-direction.

Y Y’
vf
X
X’

Z Z’

PCD_STiCM 87
 Charge of the particle: -1.602e-19 C
electron
Mass of the particle: 9.1e-31 Kg
Case 1 Units: Electric field E in V/m,
Ex = 0.0 Bx = 0.1 vx = 4.6e7 Magnetic field B in Wb/m2
Ey = 0.0 By = 0.0 vy = 2.65e8 and velocity in m/s
Ez = 0.0 Bz = 0.0 vz = 0.0
vrel = 2 e8 Case 2
Ex = 0.0 Bx = 0.05 vx = 0.0
Ey = 0.0 By = 0.0 vy = 0.0
Ez = 10e3 Bz = 0.0 vz = 0.0
vrel = 1.5e8
Case 3
Ex = 35e3 Bx=0.05 vx = 0.0
Ey = 0.0 By=0.0 vy = 2.65e7
Ez = 0.0 Bz=0.0 vz = 0.0
vrel = -2.5e8
PCD_STiCM 88
Electrodynamics in tensor notation

We provide a very brief introduction;

- once the structure of the equations is

understood, ordinary matrix algebra is
sufficient to interpret the relations.

Detailed work-out is left as rather straight-forward

exercises.
PCD_STiCM 89
 EM field expressed as derivable from ‘potential’
contravariant 4-vector

x  ( x , x)  ( x , x , x , x )
0 0 1 2 3 g   g 
 (ct , x, y, z ) x   g  x
covariant 4-vector x  g  x
x  ( x0  ct ,  x )
x   g  x
1 0 0 0 
0 1 0 0   x 0  1 0 0 0   x0 
   1    
g 
0 0 1 0   x   0 1 0 0   x1 
   x 2  0 0 1 0   x2 
0 0 0 1  3   
 x  0 0 0 1  x3 
PCD_STiCM 90
   
A   , A EM Potentials
c 
 
 A A EM Fields
F  
x x
Notation :
  
  and    
x x
PCD_STiCM 91
If a frame of reference S moves w.r.t. S along
X - axis at speed v f , the Lorentz transformation is :
 vf 
x   f  x  v f t , y  y, z  z, t   f t  2 x 
 c 
a 0   f  f  0 0 a0 
 1      1
a
   f f 0 0 a
 
a 2   0 0 1 0 a2 
 3    3
a   0 0 0 1 a 

   where  f  1 vf
a    a 1
v 2f 
c2 c
PCD_STiCM 92
 The EM field is conveniently expressed as an
antisymmetric tensor that has the following form :
 t 00  0 t 01
t 02
t 03

 10 
t   t 01
t11  0 t 12
t 13
t    20 
t  t 02 t  t
21 12
t 0
22
t 23 

 30 
 t   t 03
t 31  t13 t  t
32 23
t  0
33

 Ex Ey Ez 
 F 00
0 F 01
F 02
 F  03

 10 c c c 
F    F  F F 11  0 F 12  Bz F 13   By 
01

 F 20   F 02 F 21   F 12 F 22  0 F 23  Bx 
 
 F 30   F 03 F 31   F 13 F 32   F 23 F 33  0 
PCD_STiCM 93
a   a : Transformation rule for 1st rank tensor
4-vector

   
t   t
  :
nd
Transformation rule for 2 rank tensor

PCD_STiCM 94
 
F


 0 J : Maxwell's equations
x

where J  (c  , J x , J y , J z ) is the
Current Density 4-Vector.

PCD_STiCM 95
 
F

  J 
: Maxwell's
F 0 F 
00 Ex
equations
01
Ey
where
F 
02
F 
03 Ez
x
0
c c c
J  (c  , J x , J y , J z ) is the Current Density 4-Vector.


For  =0:
F 0 3
F 0 F 00 F 01 F 02 F 03
x
 
  0 x


x 0

x1

x 2

x 3
 0 J 0

1  Ex E y Ez 
  0 c 
1
i.e.    c
c  x y z  0 0

E 
PCD_STiCM
0 96
References:

[1] C Kittel, W D Knight, M A Ruderman, A C Helmholz and B J Moyer,

Mechanics. Berkeley Physics Course, McGraw HIll Inc., New York,
Vo1.I,1981.
[2] E M Purcell, Electricity and Magnetism Course, Berkeley Physics
Course, McGraw HIlI Inc., New York, Vol II, 1981.
[3] R P Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison- Wesley,
Vol II, 1964.
[4] D J Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics, Prentice Hall of India,
1999.
[5] A N Matveev, Mechanics and Theory of Relativity, Mir Publishers,
Moscow, 1989.
[6] Charles A. Brau ‘Modern Problems in Classical Electrodynamics’
Oxford Univ. Press, 2004.
[7] P. Chaitanya Das, G. Srinivasa Murty, K. Satish Kumar, T A.
Venkatesh and P.C. Deshmukh
'Motion of Charged Particles in Electromagnetic Fields and Special
Theory of Relativity',
Resonance, Vol. 9, Number 7, 77-85 (2004)
PCD_STiCM 97
 We shall take a break here…….
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Unit 11 – CHAOTIC DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS
PCD_STiCM 9898