Metro Train Case Study

"Metropolitan train" redirects here.
For the former service from Deutsche Bahn, see

Metropolitan (train).
For other meanings of the terms for rapid transit, see Rapid transit
(disambiguation), Metro (disambiguation), Subway (disambiguation), Rail
(disambiguation), and Urban rail transit.
The London Underground is the world's oldest underground system.
The New York City Subway is the world's largest single-operator rapid transit
system by number of metro stations, at 472.
Rapid transit networks around the world:[1]

Rapid transit in one city
Rapid transit in two or more cities
Rapid transit under construction
Planned rapid transit
No rapid transit
Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy rail, metro, subway,
tube, U-Bahn, T-Bane, metropolitana or underground, is a type of high-capacity
public transport generally found in urban areas.[2][3][4] Unlike buses or trams,
rapid transit systems are electric railways that operate on an exclusive right-of-
way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles of any sort,[5] and
which is often grade-separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.
Modern services on rapid transit systems are provided on designated lines between
stations typically using electric multiple units on rail tracks, although some
systems use guided rubber tires, magnetic levitation (maglev), or monorail. The
stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains, requiring
custom-made trains in order to minimize gaps between train and platform. They are
typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same
public transport authorities. However, some rapid transit systems have at-grade
intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit
lines.[6]
The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan
Railway which opened as a conventional railway in 1863, and now forms part of the
London Underground.[7] In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers
Patent Railway, initially a cable-hauled line using static steam engines.
As of 2021, China has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world—40
in number,[8] running on over 4,500 km of track—and is responsible for most of the
world's rapid-transit expansion in the past decade.[9][10][11] The world's longest
single-operator rapid transit system by route length is the Shanghai Metro.[12][13]
The world's largest single rapid transit service provider by number of stations
(472 stations in total)[14] is the New York City Subway. The three busiest rapid
transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Shanghai Metro, Tokyo
subway system and the Moscow Metro.
Contents
1 Terminology
2 History
3 Operation
3.1 Lines
3.1.1 Network topologies
3.2 Passenger information
3.3 Safety and security
3.4 Added features
4 Infrastructure
4.1 Trains
4.2 Tracks
4.3 Motive power
4.4 Tunnels
4.5 Elevated railways
4.6 Stations
5 Crew size and automation
6 Modal tradeoffs and interconnections
7 Costs, benefits, and impacts
8 See also
9 References
9.1 Citations
9.2 Sources
10 External links
Terminology
Main article: Passenger rail terminology
A crowded Paris Métro mean station platform in 2007
A station of the Guangzhou Metro in 2005

Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-
native English speakers.[15] Rapid transit systems may be named after the medium by
which passengers travel in busy central business districts; the use of tunnels
inspires names such as subway,[16] underground,[17] Untergrundbahn (U-Bahn) in
German,[18] or the Tunnelbana (T-bana) in Swedish;[19] the use of viaducts inspires
names such as elevated (L or el), skytrain,[20] overhead, overground or Hochbahn in
German. One of these terms may apply to an entire system, even if a large part of
the network (for example, in outer suburbs) runs at ground level.
In most of Britain, a subway is a pedestrian underpass; the terms Underground and

Tube are used for the London Und

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"Metropolitan train" redirects here.

For the former service from Deutsche Bahn, see

The London Underground is the world's oldest underground system.

Rapid transit networks around the world:[1]

A crowded Paris Métro mean station platform in 2007

A station of the Guangzhou Metro in 2005

In most of Britain, a subway is a pedestrian underpass; the terms Underground and

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